30

29
October 2016
April 2017

SAFE HANDLING OFFOR

RECOMMENDATIONS SOLID
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
AMMONIUMMANAGEMENT
NITRATE OF
COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES
 Member Companies (As of April 2017)

Accurate Energetic Systems LLC Nelson Brothers

McEwen, Tennessee Birmingham, Alabama
Austin Powder Company Nobel Insurance Services
Cleveland, Ohio Irving, Texas
Baker Hughes Orica USA Inc.
Houston, Texas Watkins, Colorado
Davey Bickford USA Inc. Owen Oil Tools LP
Salt Lake City, Utah Godley, Texas
Detotec North America, Inc. Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Schaumberg, Illinois
DYNAenergetics, US Inc. Senex Explosives, Inc.
Lakeway, Texas Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Dyno Nobel Inc. SLT Secured Systems International LLC/Taiko
Salt Lake City, Utah Scottsdale, Arizona 85255
General Dynamics - OTS Special Devices, Inc.
Joplin, Missouri Mesa, Arizona
GEODynamics, Inc. Teledyne RISI
Millsap, Texas Tracy, California
Hilltop Energy Tread Corporation
Mineral City, Ohio Roanoke, Virginia
Hunting Titan Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Houston, Texas Glendale, Arizona
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Alvarado, Texas Torrington, Connecticut
Maine Drilling & Blasting Visible Assets
Auburn, New Hampshire Stratham, New Hampshire
Maxam North America, Inc. W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Salt Lake City, Utah El Monte, California
MP Associates, Inc.
Ione, California
Explosives Safety & Technology Society –
Visfotak
Liaison Members: Maharashtra, India
Association of Energy Service Companies Federation of European Explosives
(AESC) Manufacturers (FEEM)
Friendswood, Texas Hennef, Germany
Australian Explosives Industry and Safety International Society of Explosives Engineers
Group (AEISG) (ISEE)
Tweeds Heads, NSW, Australia Cleveland, Ohio
Canadian Explosives Industry Association National Institute for Explosives Technology
(CEAEC) (NIXT)
Ottawa, Ontario, CA Lonehill, South Africa
SAFEX International (SAFEX)
Blonay, Switzerland

Copyright © 2017 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ 1
DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 2
LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ 2
SECTION 1 - CLASSIFICATION OF AN .............................................................................................. 3
SECTION 2 – PROPERTIES OF AN ...................................................................................................... 5
SECTION 3 – HAZARDS OF AN ........................................................................................................... 9
SECTION 4 - SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES .................................................................. 12
SECTION 5 - EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE ................................................... 21
SECTION 6 - FEDERAL REGULATIONS .......................................................................................... 22
SECTION 7 - ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ........................................................................................ 24
APPENDIX A – IME SAFETY DATA SHEET TEMPLATE FOR AMMONIUM NITRATE 26
 SLP-30
Safe Handling of Ammonium Nitrate

FOREWORD

IME SLP 30, The Safe Handling of Solid Ammonium Nitrate (“SLP-30”) is part of an effort by IME to
provide a best practice for the safe handling of ammonium nitrate to protect the public, workplace
employees and commercial explosives businesses.

The U.S. commercial explosives industry manufactures, handles, transports, stores and uses ammonium
nitrate (“AN”) in two physical forms: one form a solid, referred to as technical grade ammonium nitrate
(“TGAN”), and the other a liquid, referred to as ammonium nitrate solution (“ANS”). Together, TGAN
and ANS account for over 90% of the raw material feed used to manufacture modern commercial
explosive materials. 1

Commercial explosive materials used in the United States that contain AN in the form of TGAN or ANS
include bulk and packaged blasting agent emulsions, high explosive emulsions, bulk oxidizer emulsions,
and ammonium-nitrate/fuel-oil (“ANFO”). TGAN may also be blended with bulk emulsions to make
heavy ANFO, or added to packaged emulsions to achieve energy partitioning results. Lastly, AN is also
an important ingredient in the formulation of nitroglycerin-based explosives, including, ammonia
dynamites, semi-gelatin and ammonia gelatin dynamites. The importance of AN to the U.S. commercial
explosives industry is indisputable.

The information provided is not intended to cover all hazards, safe practices or technical challenges
associated with the manufacturing of AN; the manufacturing, storage or use of explosives or blasting
agents containing AN; or the transportation of AN and AN-containing products. For additional
information, please consult other sources including the appropriate references, standards, and regulations
cited at the end of this document.

IME discourages the recreational sale, distribution and use of any form of AN. In addition, we strongly
recommend that the sale and distribution of AN be limited to licensees authorized by the Bureau of
Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) under 27 CFR Part 555.

1
Ammonium nitrate is also used extensively by the fertilizer industry. The form of solid AN used in fertilizer
production is commonly referred to as fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate, or “FGAN.” Solid TGAN and FGAN prill
are chemically identical. The only difference between the two products is the density (see p. 5 herein). TGAN has
lower density to better retain additives used to produce blasting agents. Because this SLP is written by and intended
for use by the commercial explosives industry, the term TGAN is used frequently throughout the document.
Nevertheless, the recommendations in the SLP are equally relevant to the handling and management of FGAN.
Because TGAN and FGAN are chemically identical, both forms of the material present the same potential hazards if
improperly managed or subjected to similar stressors, such as fire, shock, and contamination. In addition, while
ANS is commonly used by the explosives industry, this document addresses the management of solid ammonium
nitrate in “prill” form. See page 5, infra.

1
 DEFINITIONS

Please refer to IME SLP 12, Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AN Ammonium Nitrate
ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil
ANS Ammonium Nitrate Solution
ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
BA Blasting Agent
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
C.F.R. Code of Federal Regulations
CHEMTREC CHEMical TRansportation Emergency Center
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DOT Department of Transportation
EAP Emergency Action Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act
ERG Emergency Response Guidebook
FGAN Fertilizer Grade Ammonium Nitrate
GHS Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
HE High Explosive
HMR Hazardous Materials Regulations
HMT Hazardous Materials Table
MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PETN Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
PG Packing Group
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
SAFEX SAFEX International
SHANA Secure Handling of Ammonium Nitrate Act
TACN Tetra Amine Copper Nitrate
TGAN Technical Grade Ammonium Nitrate
TNT Trinitrotoluene
UN United Nations

2
SECTION 1 - CLASSIFICATION OF AN

§1.1 Chemical Abstract Service (“CAS”)

AN has a CAS number of 6484-52-2. The CAS number refers to a unique numerical identifier
assigned by CAS (formerly the Chemical Abstract Service) for a single substance. A CAS
number is nominal; it is a number used to find a chemical in a database containing information on
nearly 100 million chemicals. The CAS number is always separated by hyphens and is always in
3 parts.

§1.2 Globally Harmonized System of Classification & Labeling of Chemicals (“GHS”)

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) implements GHS through its
Hazard Communication Standard (“HCS”) at 29 C.F.R. 1910.1200. Under the HCS, chemical
manufacturers and importers are required to determine the hazards of the chemicals they produce
or import. Chemical manufacturers and importers also must provide labels and safety data sheets
(“SDSs”) that include a signal word, pictogram, hazard statement, and precautionary statement
for each hazard class and category.

§1.3 United Nations

AN has been assigned an international transportation number UN 1942 or UN 2067. TGAN prill,
used by the commercial explosives industry, is transported as UN 1942.

§1.4 U.S. Department of Transportation (“DOT”)

TGAN is a DOT Class 5 Oxidizer, Division 5.1, UN1942, PG III material. TGAN is not an
explosive material as determined by U.S. DOT testing methods used to establish its classification
for transportation in commerce in the United States.

DOT’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (“HMR”) contains a Hazardous Materials Table in 49

C.F.R. §172.101 (“HMT”) displaying two AN descriptions. The description relevant to TGAN is
shown below in Table 1 excerpted from the HMT.

Hazardous Materials Description and Proper Hazard Class or Identification

Shipping Name Division Numbers

Ammonium nitrate, with not more than 0.2% total

combustible material, including any organic substance,
5.1 1942
calculated as carbon to the exclusion of any other
substance

Table 1

The commercial explosives industry uses AN described for transportation in U.S. commerce as a
Class 5, Division 5.1 Oxidizer, UN1942 material.

3
§1.5 U.S. Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)

TGAN is a DHS chemical of interest listed in Appendix A of the Chemical Facility Anti-
Terrorism Standards with a theft-diversion security issue. Solid AN with a minimum
nitrogen concentration of 23% or any mixture containing 33% solid AN, has a Screening
Threshold Quantity for risk of theft-diversion of 2,000 pounds.

4
SECTION 2 – PROPERTIES OF AN

§2.1 General

TGAN is a solid, whose physical state may be described as a white, spherical-like, porous “prill”
as shown in Figure 1:

Figure 1

§2.2 Chemical Properties

TGAN has a molecular formula written as NH4NO3. It is described as a nitrate salt of ammonia
and nitric acid. AN is a chemically bonded compound consisting of three (3) nonmetal elements:
nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) forming two molecules (ammonium and nitrate) that
create a compound having an atomic weight of approximately 80. Table 2 shows the element
breakdown of AN.

Element Atomic Wt. # Atoms Atomic Wt. in AN Percent AN

Nitrogen 14 2 28 35%

Hydrogen 1 4 4 5%

Oxygen 16 3 48 60%

Table 2

§2.3 Physical Properties

§2.3.1 Porosity

TGAN, a solid, is nevertheless a porous solid. Porosity is the amount internal air space
or void area inside TGAN prills. The porosity of TGAN prills is quite important in its
use as an oxidizer in the manufacture of commercial explosive materials, most of which
are blasting agents. The porosity of the TGAN prill is, for example, essential for the
manufacture of ANFO, because porosity provides interstitial space or air void that
permits a fuel, such as diesel fuel oil, to penetrate deep inside of the prill, resulting in a
more intimate contact between the oxidizer and fuel components of ANFO, a condition

5
 that is integral to attaining efficient blasting results. The porosity of TGAN prills varies
based on its manufacturer. All TGAN prill manufactured in the United States has
sufficient porosity to accommodate 6% fuel absorption to attain the desired oxygen
balance, a condition that maximizes the energy output of ANFO.

§2.3.2 Density

Density is defined as the weight per unit volume of a mass expressed in the metric system
as x grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). As a comparative reference, water is assigned a
density of 1.0 g/cc.

Bulk density is defined as the mass of a bulk material divided by the volume occupied by
that material. There are 2 types of bulk density for TGAN: poured and tapped.
• Poured bulk density is the density of TGAN without disturbance.
• Tapped bulk density involves packing the material to gain a higher bulk density
than occurs in poured TGAN. The tapped bulk density of TGAN may vary in
accordance to the amount of tapping and the condition of the prills.

TGAN has a lower density than fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate (“FGAN”). The bulk
density of manufactured TGAN varies within the range of 0.74 g/cc to 0.88 g/cc (46 to 55
lbs./cu.ft.), depending on the manufacturing plant or the specific formulation produced.
The bulk density of FGAN may range from 0.90 to 1.00 g/cc (56 to 62 lbs./cu.ft.). The
shape and size of TGAN prill granules will, in part, influence the bulk density of the
material.

§2.3.3 Shape and Size

TGAN prills, are neither perfect spheres, nor uniform in size. The shape and size of
TGAN prills, in part, affect the bulk density of the material. Whereas, perfect spheres
have an interstitial air space or void area of 26%, the interstitial air space or void area of
asymmetrical shaped, non-uniform diameter TGAN prills is greater, generally around 35-
40%.

The interstitial air space or void area of TGAN prills offers both advantages and
disadvantages. On one hand, it provides certain advantages when blending ANFO with
bulk emulsions on bulk trucks to make Heavy ANFO. A bulk truck equipped to
manufacture Heavy ANFO is capable of blending a wide range of blasting products
whose energies are greater than ANFO alone. As more emulsion is blended, the final
blend becomes more water resistant, which, when all the interstitial space or void area is
filled, maximizes the energy per foot in the blast hole.

On the other hand, the interstitial air space or void area in TGAN can result in increases
in bulk density that appear to be volumetric shrinkage. When TGAN is transported,
gravity, vibration and friction work to change TGAN bulk density. As such, volumetric
measurements to attain consistent weight accuracies are challenging.

§2.3.4 Friability

Friability is the measure of TGAN’s physical ability to withstand external forces that
would cause prill breakage or crushing during handling. Tests to determine friability are

6
 standard and will not be discussed in this section. The friability of TGAN prills varies by
manufacturer.

The friability of TGAN prills makes the material subject to being broken or crushed when
mechanically or pneumatically handled. When prills are broken or crushed the volume
occupied by the material decreases and the density increases. Increasing TGAN prill
density increases its energy per cubic centimeter and, thus, its sensitivity increases.

Breaking and crushing TGAN prills often occurs when the material is offloaded into an
overhead bin from a truck. The transfer requires a certain amount of pressure to be
applied to the offloading bulk tanker to move the prills vertically through a 3 to 4-inch
diameter pipe, often 50-ft in length. If excessive unloading pressures are used, undue
mechanical stress is likely to cause the breakage of TGAN prills. Maintaining unloading
pressures at appropriate levels specified by the manufacturer will allow for transfer that
minimizes TGAN prill damage. Certain delivery trucks dump TGAN prills into hoppers
that mechanically transfer the material into overhead bins, with only minor effect on
TGAN prill quality. While this section focuses on the transfer of prill from trucks, it is
recommended that all handling of the material be conducted in a way that minimizes the
potential for prill damage.

§2.3.5 Hygroscopicity

Hygroscopicity is the degree at which a substance absorbs moisture (water). Air contains
a certain amount of water vapor determined by temperature and humidity. Warm air
contains more water than cooler air. The water content in air is expressed by the term
relative humidity. Air saturated with water has a 100% relative humidity.

TGAN is subject to hydroscopic degradation caused by prills absorbing some of the

water contained in the air. At 59.4% relative humidity (the critical relative humidity),
TGAN will begin to absorb water from the air. It requires only a small percent of
absorption of water to affect the quality of TGAN prills. As TGAN prills absorb water
from the air, they become soft, start to crack, and therefore, lose their initial
manufactured integrity. Small particles of TGAN may form dust fines.

The higher the humidity, the higher the moisture available to be absorbed into TGAN.
As a result, TGAN has a propensity to “cake”. Caking causes TGAN to cling to the sides
of its storage vessel or container making unloading difficult.

Rotation of TGAN stock is necessary to maintain prill quality. Cleaning out overhead
storage bins, transport vehicle cargo bins, etc. is important also to maintaining safety. The
hydroscopic nature of TGAN prills is more pronounced during the warmer, humid
summer months in the United States.

§2.3.6 Solubility

Solubility is the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent. AN is a solute that
can be dissolved in water, a solvent. ANS may be made by dissolving AN prills in water.
A low concentration of AN dissolved in water is often used as a lubrication fluid for
water rings when pumping emulsions or emulsion/AN blends through hoses, resulting in
lower pumping pressures. As temperatures are reduced, water and anti-freezing
chemicals are used to make the lubrication fluid.

7
 The temperature of water, the solvent, determines how much TGAN may be dissolved.
The solubility of AN at 680 F (200 C) is 190 grams of AN in 100 milliliters (ml.) of water
at (65.5%). At higher temperatures, an 80-83% concentration of ANS can be prepared. If
the temperature were to drop, the solution would crystallize.

§2.3.7 State of Matter and Cycling

At normal temperatures of use, AN is a solid. However, at 1700C (3370F), its melting

temperature, AN changes from a solid to a liquid state.

There are five (5) crystalline transitional forms of AN depending on its temperature.
Below its melting temperature, TGAN is a solid and passes through several crystalline
phases. At each phase threshold, the crystalline structure changes. Phase changes
affecting the physical properties of AN during storage and handling are indicated in
Table 3. 2

Form Crystal System Temperature Range (0C)

Liquid __ Above 169.6

Phase I, Ꜫ Cubic 125.2 – 169.6

Phase II, σ Tetragonal 84.2 – 125.2

Phase III, ϒ Rhombic 32.3 – 84.2

Phase IV, β Rhombic -18 – 32.3

Phase V, α Tetragonal Below -18

Table 3

Some of the crystal phase changes involve a change in volume. The V to IV and III to II
phase transitions are accompanied by changes of 3.0% and 1.3% shrinkage, respectively,
while IV to II and II to I are accompanied by an expansion of 3.6% and 2.1%
respectively. Passing through these crystal phases only affects the volume of AN, not the
weight, contained in a storage vessel. AN fines and caking typically occur as the AN
goes through the phase changes.

§2.3.8 Detonation Characteristics

Although TGAN is stable under normal conditions of storage, it nevertheless may

become unstable and potentially detonable under certain hazardous conditions. Those
conditions are described in detail in the next section on Hazards.

2
Nitric Acid and Fertilizer Nitrates, edited by Cornelius Keleti (1985).

8
SECTION 3 – HAZARDS OF AN

§3.1 General

TGAN is a hazardous material that is stable at ambient temperatures and pressures. Because
TGAN is a hazardous material, it must be managed properly.

TGAN Hazards

Shock Contamination Fire

The primary safety hazards associated with TGAN are shock, contamination and fire. Hazard
avoidance is the first consideration to eliminate these hazards, any of which could, under certain
conditions, cause a partial or complete detonation.

The magnitude of the potential detonation risks arising from each of the three TGAN safety
hazards is expressed in terms of TNT. Theoretically, the TNT equivalency of TGAN is no more
than 42%. 3 This theoretical value of TGAN is not considered realistic, however, based on the
known chemical equivalency of the material. The TNT equivalency of TGAN is dependent on
the following 4:

TGAN Energy

Mode of
Confinement Prill Density
Initiation

3
“Ammonium Nitrate – Fertiliser, Oxidiser and Tertiary Explosive,” Dr. Martin Braithwaite, (Oct. 10, 2008).
“Army Field Manual 5-250,” Jun. 15, 1992, pgs. 1-2. Other subject matter expert sources have predicted ratings as
low as 0.25 TNT equivalence. See, Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-89, FM Global, (Apr. 2013), predicts 0.33 TNT
equivalence; Good Practice Guide for the Safe Storage of Solid Technical Grade Ammonium Nitrate, SAFEX, (Mar.
2014), predicts 0.33 TNT equivalence; and the U.S. Chemical Safety Board in a letter to EPA on Docket EPA-HQ-
OEM-2014-0328, pg. 4, (Oct. 29, 2014) predicts 0.25 TNT equivalence.
4
Good Practice Guide: Storage of Solid Technical Grade Ammonium Nitrate (March 2011). SAFEX
International. SAFEX Good Explosive Practice Series, GPG 02 rev. 1.

9
 First, when TGAN is confined, it is potentially more energetic even when the material is, for
example, trapped in floor drains. Second, the handling, cycling and caking of TGAN may
significantly increase the bulk density of TGAN, raising its bulk energy value and providing more
surface area for a reaction to occur. Lastly, the mode of initiation greatly affects the TNT
equivalency of TGAN from a low of 5% to a high of 32% TNT equivalency.

Table 4 below, developed by SAFEX, assigns different TNT values to corresponding TGAN
hazards or modes of initiation. 5

Hazard Chemical Explosives Overall SAFEX

Equivalency Yield TNT Recommended
Equivalency TNT Equivalency

Shock 0.32 100% 25-32% 32%

Contamination 0.32 10-50% 3-16% 16%

Fire 0.32 10% 3-5% 5%

Table 4 (“SAFEX Table”)

§3.2 Shock

The SAFEX table indicates TGAN detonated by a shock has the potential to release energy
equivalent to 32% of TNT. Thus, a quantity of 100,000 lbs. of TGAN has the potential energy
release of 32,000 lbs. of TNT. The SAFEX table also indicates that shock will derive the highest
energy release of any of the three modes of initiation. The shock hazard for TGAN in storage
must be sufficiently high to cause a detonation to occur. This typically requires supersonic
velocities such as from an explosive.

When stores of AN are located side by side with explosive materials, AN is considered an
“acceptor” and explosive materials are considered a donor. If explosive materials are accidentally
detonated, the resulting shock wave has the potential to detonate adjacent AN. Reducing the
weight of the donor, separating the donor from the acceptor and blocking the donor shock wave
by incorporating a substantial barricade are the primary means to eliminate the shock hazard.
When barricades are not used, further reducing the donor weight and increasing the separation
distance between the donor and acceptor are measures to prevent the sympathetic detonation of
the acceptor.

Regulations promulgated by ATF at 27 C.F.R. 555 prescribe mandatory separation distances for
AN and explosives when located side by side. See the above regulations at Subpart K - Storage,
for additional information. 6

§3.3 Contamination

Contamination is a hazard of concern associated with TGAN that may cause an energy release
equivalent to 16% of TNT (See SAFEX Table). Conducting a workplace hazard assessment to
eliminate the known TGAN contaminants is an essential step to eliminating this potential risk.

5
Id. Reprinted with permission of SAFEX.
6
27 C.F.R. 555.201 et. seq.

10
 Organic chemicals and acids or other corrosives are identified TGAN contaminants that can cause
explosive reactions. Compressed flammable gases, flammable and combustible materials and
solids or liquids, including wood chips, saw dust, lubricants, greases and oils are known organic
contaminants. Keep these materials away from TGAN to eliminate the potential explosive
hazard.

Inorganic substances are known TGAN contaminants that contribute to its sensitivity to
explosion. These include, but are not limited to, chlorides, phosphorus, sulfur, and some metals,
such as chromium, copper, copper alloys (brass and bronze), cobalt, and nickel, and finely
divided or powdered metals such as aluminum and magnesium. Keep these inorganic substances
away from TGAN to eliminate the potential explosive hazard.

Tetra Amine Copper Nitrate (“TACN”), is a friction and impact sensitive explosive. Tests of
impact sensitivity involving a 2 kilogram drop-hammer indicate the impact sensitivity of TACN
is between Lead Azide (1.1A explosive) and PETN (1.1D explosive). TACN is formed when
TGAN comes into the presence of moisture and in contact with copper or copper alloys, such as
brass and bronze. As such, copper and alloys of copper must not to be used in the construction of
bins, tanks, equipment or tools used for handling, storing or transporting TGAN. If these metals
are located anywhere in the facility then they should be painted or coated to prevent TACN
generation.

§3.4 Fire

Fire is a hazard concern associated with TGAN that may lead to an energy release equivalent to
5% of TNT (See SAFEX Table). Of particular importance regarding fire safety is the high
percentage of oxygen present in the TGAN compound - 60%. The high percentage of oxygen
provides one of the critical parts of the fire triangle (air, fuel and heat) required to ignite and to
sustain a fire. In a fire, TGAN will not burn, because it is not combustible. However, when
TGAN is involved in a fire, it becomes an excellent source of oxygen to sustain combustion.

If TGAN becomes involved in a fire, it may be heated above its melting point at 1700C (3370F).
TGAN will begin to decompose once the temperature reaches 2100 C (4100 F). When TGAN
melts it becomes more sensitive to detonation by shock, especially if any part of its mass is
confined and/or contaminants are present. When TGAN decomposes, it will release highly toxic
fumes (oxides of nitrogen), normally identified by visible red, orange and brownish smoke.

When heated, TGAN will decompose into a number of different chemical products. At lower
temperatures, it decomposes into nitrous oxide and water. Nitrous oxide supports combustion
since it is an excellent oxidizing agent. This reaction is accompanied by some decomposition that
creates ammonia and nitric acid. Increasing the temperature will significantly decompose TGAN
to potentially dangerous levels.

§3.5 Combined Hazards of Heat, Contamination and Shock

Hazards associated with TGAN may, in some cases, be combined. For example, if TGAN is
contaminated with a fuel and a fire occurs, both hazards significantly increase the probability of
an event. In addition, when TGAN is in its liquid state as a result of heating beyond its melting
point, it is significantly more sensitive to shock.

11
SECTION 4 - SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

§4.1 – SAFETY GUIDELINES

§4.1.1 - MANUFACTURING

TGAN is manufactured from anhydrous ammonia gas and concentrated nitric acid. Anhydrous
ammonia is a derivative of natural gas. In the manufacturing process, ammonia is passed over a
catalyst under high temperature and pressure to produce nitric acid that is subsequently
concentrated with more ammonia to produce a high-temperature, supersaturated ANS. The ANS
is pumped to the top of a tower passing through shower heads as cool air is blown upwards in the
tower to solidify the ANS as it descends the tower, thus forming TGAN prills. After prilling,
TGAN is dried, cooled, screened, and coated.

It is important to note that manufactured TGAN prills contain a very low percentage of internal
and external additives. These additives are necessary to modify unwanted effects associated with
cycling and to facilitate effective bulk handling for shipment and end-use. Additives must be
carefully controlled to ensure the material is classified by U.S. DOT as an oxidizer for
transportation in commerce.

§4.1.1.1 - General Guidelines

• Owner/Operators of manufacturing sites must comply with all applicable governmental

requirements. 7

• Facilities must implement a “hot work” program providing safe usage protocols for all heat,
flame and spark-producing equipment. 8

• Avoid heating TGAN in a confined space above 170℃ (337℉ ), (i.e., processes involving
TGAN should be designed to avoid this possibility).

• Avoid localized heating of TGAN, potentially leading to the development of high

temperature areas.

• Place warning signs near stores of TGAN to provide visual reminders to workplace
employees, contractors and visitors. Posting “NO SMOKING, NO OPEN FLAMES” and
“HOT WORK PERMIT REQUIRED” signs are appropriate for the workplace where TGAN
is located. Figure 2 provides examples of appropriate warning signs.

Figure 2

7
See Section 6 Federal Regulations, for more information.
8
OSHA requirements for hot work permitting are found at 29 C.F.R. 1910.252.

12
 • Ensure that TGAN is not exposed to shock (e.g., shock waves from explosives).

• Avoid contamination of TGAN with combustible materials or organic substances including

but not limited to: (i) organic chemicals, acids, or other corrosive materials; (ii) compressed
flammable gases, (iii) flammable and combustible materials, solids or liquids; and (iv) other
contaminating substances such as wood chips, organic materials, phosphorus, charcoals,
diesel fuels and oils, and sulfur. 9

• Avoid contamination of TGAN with inorganic materials that may contribute to its sensitivity
to explosion including, chlorides and some metals, such as chromium, copper, copper alloys
such as brass or bronze, cobalt, nickel, and finely divided or powdered metals.

• Ensure that all electrical components/systems are in compliance with the National Electrical
Code.

• Ensure that the facility has implemented a program, such as Lock Out/Tag Out, to control
hazardous energy sources.10

§4.1.2 - STORAGE 11

TGAN is a material used by the explosives industry for which inventory rotates frequently. Most
storage is, therefore, transitory. As such, TGAN may be stored, awaiting transfer or movement,
in transport vehicle cargo bins, in overhead storage bins, in bulk bags, in rail hopper cars and in
domes. Regardless of the method of storage, certain fundamental safety precautions should be
observed.

§4.1.2.1 General Storage Guidelines

• Ensure that the storage of AN is in compliance with applicable local, state, and federal
requirements. At sites where compliance with any provision is impracticable, the
Owner/Operator should ensure that an equivalent level of safety is maintained through
alternative means and that any necessary variances, permits, or authorizations have been
obtained from the authority(ies) having jurisdiction.

• Stores of AN should be readily identifiable by employees and emergency responders.

Signage should be used to identify these storage areas.12 The “fire diamond,” developed by
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), may be used to inform emergency
9
See also, NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code (2016).
10
OSHA regulations for Lock Out/Tag Out are at 29 C.F.R. 1910.147.
11
The storage of AN is regulated by OSHA under 29 C.F.R. 1910.109(i). Most of the recommended practices in
this section are also required by OSHA. Some recommendations may exceed existing OSHA requirements.
Readers are advised to also consult 29 C.F.R. 1910.109(i) for the exact regulatory language. Additional local and/or
state requirements may also apply. See Section 6, Regulatory Requirements for additional federal regulations that
may be applicable to TGAN storage facilities.
12
Because of security concerns, it is recommended that any signage that is visible to the public from outside the
facility perimeter not include the words “ammonium nitrate” or the abbreviations “TGAN” or “AN.” Use of the
NFPA Fire Diamond and the DOT placard will alert emergency responders to the presence of TGAN at the location.
A variance authorizing such signage may be required. See Section 5.2 Signage.

13
 responders of the presence of TGAN onsite, and the characteristics of the material that must
be considered in an emergency situation. 13 See Figure 3.

Figure 3

Placards prescribed by DOT for transportation may also be used to identify these storage
areas. The TGAN placard in Figure 4 communicates important first response information
such as hazardous material Class, Division and UN Identification Number.

Figure 4

DOT placards affixed to AN storage bins are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

13
The four divisions of the fire diamond are typically color-coded with red indicating flammability, blue indicating
level of health hazard, yellow for chemical reactivity, and white containing codes for special hazards.

14
 • Storage facilities should be located at least 30 feet from stores of combustible liquids and
should be protected from run-off in the event of a leak or breach of the containers holding the
liquids.

• Facilities must implement a “hot work” program providing safe usage protocols for all heat,
flame and spark-producing equipment. 14

• Avoid localized heating of TGAN, potentially leading to the development of high

temperature areas.

• Smoking, open flames and unauthorized sparking or flame-producing devices should be

prohibited.

• Place warning signs near stores of TGAN to provide visual reminders to workplace
employees, contractors and visitors. Posting “NO SMOKING, NO OPEN FLAMES” and
“HOT WORK PERMIT REQUIRED” signs are appropriate for the workplace where TGAN
is stored. Examples of appropriate warning signs appear in Figure 2.

• Ensure that TGAN is not exposed to shock (e.g., shock waves from explosives).

• Avoid contamination of TGAN with combustible materials or organic substances including

but not limited to: (i) organic chemicals, acids, or other corrosive materials; (ii) compressed
flammable gases, (iii) flammable and combustible materials, solids or liquids; and (iv) other
contaminating substances such as wood chips, organic materials, phosphorus, finely divided
metals, charcoals, diesel fuels and oils, and sulfur.

• Avoid contamination of TGAN with inorganic materials that may contribute to its sensitivity
to explosion including, chlorides and some metals, such as chromium, copper, copper alloys
such as brass or bronze, cobalt, nickel, and finely divided or powdered metals.

• Ensure that the facility has implemented a program, such as Lock Out/Tag Out, to control
hazardous energy sources. 15

• Vehicles using internal combustion engines should not be left running in a storage building
unattended.

• Vehicles must be equipped with a properly rated fire extinguisher and should be kept free
from leaks of fuel, lubricating oil or hydraulic fluids. (Page 20 identifies specific
extinguisher requirements).

• Bulk trucks should not be parked within 50-ft. of TGAN storage unless loading or unloading.

• Storage areas should be inspected regularly by an individual(s) trained to identify potential

hazards and ensure that all safety control measures are being properly implemented. Any
identified hazards should be addressed immediately.

14
OSHA requirements for hot work permitting are found at 29 C.F.R. 1910.252.
15
OSHA regulations for Lock Out/Tag Out are at 29 C.F.R. 1910.147.

15
§4.1.2.2 - Storage Building and Bin Construction Guidelines

• Buildings should be constructed in accordance with good engineering practices and should be
constructed of non-combustible materials.

• Brass and copper materials should not be used in the buildings. If their use is unavoidable,
they should be protected with an appropriate coating.

• Building floors should be constructed of non-combustible materials without drains, traps,

tunnels or other conveyances into which molten TGAN could flow and be confined in the
event of a fire.

• Any insulation used in buildings should be flame-resistant.

• Buildings constructed of combustible materials should have an automated water-based

sprinkler system and fire detection system which should activate a local audible and visual
alarm system to notify occupants.

• Automatic sprinkler systems, if installed, should be in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard
for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 29 C.F.R. 1910.109(i)(7)(i).

• Buildings should be one story only. TGAN stores should not be any higher than 36 inches
below the roof of the building.

• All electrical components/systems should be in compliance with the National Electrical Code.
Electrical equipment should be protected from corrosion.

• Buildings should be provided with adequate lighting. Light fixtures should be protected to
prevent components from falling onto stored TGAN.

• Buildings should have adequate ventilation. Where appropriate to the materials being stored,
natural ventilation is acceptable.

• Bins and other structural materials in immediate contact with TGAN should be constructed of
non-combustible materials.

• Bins made of carbon steel should be protected with an epoxy coating or other suitable
material to prevent corrosion from TGAN.

• Bins, including any coatings, should be regularly inspected and maintained.

§4.1.2.3 - Additional Guidelines for Specific Locations/Conditions

§5.1.2.3.1 ATF-Licensed Locations

 Bulk storage of TGAN at ATF-licensed locations must comply with applicable

ATF regulations at 27 C.F.R. 555.220.

16
 §4.1.2.3.2 Mine Sites

 Bulk storage of TGAN at mine sites should comply with ATF regulations at 27
C.F.R. 555.220. 16
 Bulk trucks operating under or near stores of TGAN should be compliant with
MSHA regulations.
 Bulk trucks should not be parked within 50-ft. of TGAN storage unless loading
or unloading.

§4.1.2.3.3 Rail Sidings

 The hazards associated with TGAN should be communicated using a DOT

placard in accordance with 29 C.F.R. 1910.1201.
 Owner/Operators of storage bins at railcar sidings should subscribe to a
nationally recognized emergency response information system for hazardous
materials transportation (e.g., CHEMTREC), and should post siding areas with
relevant contact information. Signage should be of sufficient size and should be
located where it is clearly visible to emergency responders.
 An assessment should be made of all electrical hazards at rail sidings and safety
measures taken to reduce the likelihood of a fire caused by the electrical power
source, motors, and conduit required to off-load a railcar into a bin.
 Water supplies, fire hydrants, or other suitable fire control devices such as
properly rated portable fire extinguishers should be available to respond to small
fires not involving TGAN.
 Storage bins or silos should be designed to prevent water intrusion.
 Storage bins or silos should be vented to prevent pressure build-up or vacuum
conditions within the unit caused by loading or unloading operations.
 Combustible materials should never be stored underneath a bin or silo.
 Bin or silo design should be sufficient to withstand wind and seismic forces as
well as the falling of caked material within the unit.
 Spills of fuels or combustible materials should be prevented from running
underneath a bin or silo.

§4.1.2.3.4 Open Air and Shipping Container Storage

 The base of the storage area should be constructed of concrete, compacted stone,
low (less than 9%) bitumen asphalt, or compacted earth.
 Storage areas should be constructed to prevent environmental contamination
associated with TGAN.
 TGAN stores should be protected from exposure to water, snow, ice and direct
sunlight without restricting free movement of air (e.g., tarps or pallet covers).
 Shipping containers should be maintained in good condition and should prevent
the intrusion of water, snow or ice.
 Bagged TGAN should be handled with care to prevent damage and associated
spillage. Damaged bags should be contained to prevent spillage to the
environment.

16
The Mine Safety and Health Administration has not promulgated regulations applicable to the storage of TGAN at
mine sites. IME recommends that Owner/Operators apply 29 C.F.R. 1910.109(i), or equivalent safety measures
(including this SLP) for mine site storage.

17
  Storage areas should be separated from combustible materials and vegetation by
at least 30 feet.
 Storage areas should be separated from liquid fuel tanks and from associated
piping, where practicable, by at least 30-feet, and should be protected from run-
off in the event of a leak or breach of the tanks.

§4.1.3 – USE AND HANDLING

TGAN is used as an oxidizer in the manufacturing of explosives such as ammonium nitrate/fuel

oil (“ANFO”), emulsions and water gels for use in coal mines, metal mines, rock quarries, and
pipeline and civil construction. The manufacturing process may take place at a manufacturing
plant or at a job site.

TGAN should be used and handled under controlled conditions including the provision of
adequate ventilation, particularly in confined areas. Owner/Operators should determine whether
any occupational exposure limits are applicable to operations at the facility. A site-specific risk
assessment should be performed to determine the need for personal protective equipment
(“PPE”).

§4.1.3.1 Use and Handling Guidelines

• Appropriate PPE should be used when handling TGAN. Users should consult the Safety
Data Sheet for the material. Risk assessment may also be used to determine appropriate
PPE. PPE may include protective clothing to prevent TGAN contacting skin (e.g.,
overalls/coveralls), eye protection, impervious gloves, proper footwear, and head
covering.

• Avoid generating and inhaling dusts. If determined by a risk assessment that an inhalation
hazard exists, wear a dust mask/respirator meeting the requirements of 29 C.F.R.
1910.134.

• Always wash hands after handling TGAN and before smoking, eating, drinking, using the
restroom, and before leaving work.

• Do not allow pallets, ropes, tarpaulins or other equipment to become impregnated with
TGAN.

• Keep walls, floors and equipment clean.

• Although not required by regulation, emergency eye wash facilities and/or safety showers
should be available near any areas where exposure could occur.

• Installation of equipment containing oil or grease, such as motors or gearboxes, above

TGAN conveyors should be avoided. Excess grease and oil should be removed from all
lubrication points on equipment. Grease contaminated with AN must be disposed of
properly in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local environmental
requirements.

• Avoid confining TGAN in mechanical equipment and underneath bolts and rivets. All
equipment should be regularly cleaned to prevent the buildup of TGAN on surfaces.

18
 • Ensure that any contaminated equipment is thoroughly washed to remove TGAN before
allowing maintenance, particularly that involving heat, such as welding or cutting. A Hot
Work or Permit to Work program should specifically identify the hazards of confined
TGAN.

§4.1.4 – CLEANUP AND DISPOSAL

All spills of TGAN should be handled in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local
environmental requirements.

• Spills should be promptly cleaned up and disposed of. Consult the manufacturer’s SDS for
relevant handling information.
• Do not use organic matter as a cleaning aid (e.g. sawdust); instead, use an inert material such
as sand or vermiculite.
• Spilled material should be placed in non-combustible containers.

§4.1.5 – TRANSPORTATION

The transportation of TGAN is regulated by DOT. See Section 1 herein, “Classification of AN.”

§4.1.5.1 Hazardous Materials Shipping Papers

There are six (6) pieces of information required to prepare a hazardous materials shipping
paper. One piece of information is the basic description of the material that includes the
identification number, the proper shipping name, and the hazard Class and Division.
Hazardous materials shipping papers for TGAN must include the following description in
the sequence noted:

UN1942, Ammonium nitrate, 5.1

Please note that this information is derived directly from the HMT. This information is
also available on SDSs provided by TGAN manufacturers.

§4.1.5.2 - Hazardous Materials Placarding

Figure 6 is a TGAN placard that is used for transportation in commerce that

communicates important first response information such as hazard Class, Division and
UN Identification Number:

Figure 6

19
§4.1.5.3 - Emergency Guide

The Emergency Response Guide (“ERG”), used by first responders, contains important
safety information for actions to be initially taken at the scene of a hazardous materials
incident (see Figure 7). The date of the printing of the ERG appears on the cover.
Every 4 years, the ERG is reviewed and updated as may be required.

Figure 7

The yellow ERG pages list materials in sequential order based on their UN number. The
blue pages list the same materials in alphabetical order based on their names. The
description of AN in Table 5 appears in the yellow-colored ERG pages.

Identification Guide Number Description

Number

1942 140 Ammonium nitrate, with not more than

0.2% combustible substances

Table 5

The Guide Pages have information that first responders need during the initial period
after they encounter incidents involving hazardous materials. SDSs provide first
responders with more specific information about the hazardous material(s). Although the
ERG is specific to transportation, it is frequently used by first responders at scenes
involving hazardous materials in storage, and is used in conjunction with NFPA 704
Hazard Warning Signs (See Figure 3).

§4.1.5.4 Additional Transportation Guidelines

• Vehicles such as loaders, forklift trucks, etc. should be kept clean and well-maintained to
prevent TGAN from being contaminated with fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid or grease. Any
leaking equipment should be removed from the TGAN area and any spilled fuels, etc.
cleaned up immediately.

• Vehicles should not be left running unattended inside a building where TGAN is stored.
Vehicles should be provided with at least two fire extinguishers, each with a rating of at
least 4-A:40-B:C. See IME SLP 14.

20
 • Vehicles should only be parked underneath a storage bin for loading or unloading.

• Bulk trucks should not be parked within 50-ft. of TGAN storage unless loading or
unloading.

SECTION 5 - EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

§5.1 Emergency Action Plans

Although TGAN can be stored safely, it is nevertheless recommended to develop and implement
an emergency action plan (“EAP”) in accordance with the requirements set forth in OSHA 29
C.F.R. §1910.38. Owner/Operators should also consider hosting outreach programs to
demonstrate to the emergency response community the measures taken to ensure safety.

Owner/Operators should provide information to customers describing the hazards associated with
TGAN, proper management and housekeeping requirements, and information regarding
regulatory requirements applicable to the safe storage of TGAN.

§5.2 Signage

All facility access points should be posted with a durable, reflective danger warning sign at least
4ft. x 4ft. that is clearly visible to emergency responders including fire departments and law
enforcement. The sign should include the following hazard communication information:

“WARNING. DO NOT FIGHT FIRE; EXPLOSION HAZARD. Refer to ERG Guide 140
and Safety Data Sheet (SDS). In case of emergency CALL 9-1-1 or [local emergency number].”

Owner/Operators should also consider posting appropriate areas with a “Fire Diamond” to alert
emergency responders to the presence of TGAN and its potential hazards. 17 The Fire Diamond
should be located, with the concurrence of the authority having jurisdiction, where it is clearly
visible to emergency responders including fire departments and law enforcement.

OSHA regulations at 29 C.F.R. 1910.109(i)(4)(ii)(c) require that AN storage bins or piles be

“clearly identified by signs reading ‘Ammonium Nitrate’ with letters at least 2 inches high.” In
areas where this required signage may, in the judgement of the owner/operator, pose a security
concern, the owner/operator should consult with the regional OSHA office or the authority having
jurisdiction to obtain a variance from the requirement.

§5.3 Emergency Response

§5.3.1 Fire

DO NOT FIGHT FIRES INVOLVING TGAN. The only acceptable response to fires involving
TGAN is evacuation. Small (i.e., “incipient”) fires may be fought by trained facility personnel
provided that the fires do not involve TGAN. 18

17
See, NFPA 704 – Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
(2012). See also, Section 7 Additional Resources, for more detailed information on the AN fire diamond. The fire
diamond commonly used to indicate the presence of TGAN is pictured in Figure 3 herein.
18
OSHA requirements for industrial fire brigades are found at 29 C.F.R. 1910.156.

21
 There is a risk that TGAN involved in a fire may detonate, especially if confined. Evacuate the
area in all directions for 1 mile or more if any amount of TGAN is involved in a fire. Evacuation
is recommended if the initial (incipient) fire, not involving TGAN, becomes intense.

§5.3.2 Other Emergencies

[RESERVED]

SECTION 6 - FEDERAL REGULATIONS

§6.1 General

TGAN and activities involving TGAN are regulated by a number of federal agencies including: OSHA;
EPA; ATF; and DHS.

§6.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

AN is a hazardous chemical covered under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. Facilities
handling and storing AN must submit information regarding chemical hazards (including AN) to their
State Emergency Response Commission (SERC), Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), and
local fire department in accordance with the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA).

§6.2.1 29 C.F.R. 1910.109(i) – Explosives and Blasting Agents Standard, Storage of Ammonium
Nitrate

OSHA regulates the storage of AN in its Explosives and Blasting Agents Standard at 29 C.F.R.
1910.109(i). The regulations incorporated an NFPA standard for AN 19 but have not been updated
since originally promulgated. Current information on AN is available in NFPA 400, Hazardous
Materials Code; Chapter 11, Ammonium Nitrate Solids and Liquids.

§6.2.2 29 C.F.R. 1910.1200 – Hazard Communication Standard

Under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard at 29 C.F.R. 1910.1200, chemical

manufacturers and importers are required to evaluate the hazards of the chemicals they produce or
import, and prepare labels and SDSs to convey the hazard information to their downstream
customers. All employers with hazardous chemicals in their workplaces must have labels and
SDSs for their exposed workers, and train them to handle the chemicals appropriately. Appendix
A includes a template for the preparation of an SDS for AN.

§6.3 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

40 C.F.R. Part 355 – Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (“EPCRA”)

EPCRA was created to help communities plan for emergencies involving hazardous substances. EPCRA
requires hazardous chemical emergency planning by federal, state and local governments, Indian tribes,
and industry. It also requires industry to report on the storage, use and releases of hazardous chemicals to

19
NFPA 490, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate (1970).

22
federal, state, and local governments. Under EPCRA Sections 311 and 312, facilities manufacturing,
processing, or storing designated hazardous chemicals must make SDSs available to state and local
officials and local fire departments. Facilities must also report to state and local officials and local fire
departments, inventories of all on-site chemicals for which SDSs exist.

§6.4 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)

27 C.F.R. Part 555 – Commerce in Explosives

ATF regulates the storage of AN in Subpart K of the Federal Explosives Regulations. The table in 27
C.F.R. 555.220, “Table of Separation distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from
Explosives or Blasting Agents” (“ATF Table 220”) provides the regulatory requirements used to
eliminate a potential shock hazard. Note: For the purpose of storage, the Federal Explosives Regulations
in Subpart K classify explosives materials into 3 groups: high explosives, blasting agents and low
explosives.
In accordance with §555.220(1), when AN is co-located with explosives and/or blasting agents at a
distance equal to or less than the specified minimum distance from the donor, 50% of the weight of the
AN acceptor must be added to the total weight of the donor charge for the purposes of determining the
minimum safe distances to the nearest inhabited building, public highway and passenger railway.
The distances specified in ATF Table 220 are derived using artificial barricades located between the AN
acceptor and the explosives and/or blasting agents donor. The thicknesses of the barricades are indicated
in ATF Table 220 and increase as donor weights increase. Materials for artificial barricade construction
are defined in 27 C.F.R. §555.11. Alternatively, §555.220(5) allows for the use of certain natural
barricades. Otherwise, if there is no barricade in place, i.e., an unbarricaded separation situation, then
§555.220(2) requires the separation distance in Table 220 to be multiplied by six.
ATF Table 220 also specifies two distinct acceptors; AN and blasting agents. Considering that the
blasting agent ANFO is 94% AN by weight, there is a contrast between the specified minimum distances
of the two acceptors as indicated in Table 6 , a modified excerpt from ATF Table 220.

HE or BA HE or BA AN AN BA BA

Donor Donor Distance to Distance to Distance to Distance to

Weight Weigh Donor Donor
(Pounds) (Pounds) Charge Charge Donor Donor
Over Charge Charge
Not Over Barricaded Unbarricad Barricaded Unbarricaded
ed

90,000 100,000 32 ft. 192 ft. 115 ft. 690 ft.

180,000 200,000 48 ft. 288 ft. 173 ft. 1,038 ft.

275,000 300,000 64 ft. 384 ft. 230 ft. 1,380 ft.

• HE is high explosives, BA is blasting agents, and AN is ammonium nitrate

Table 6

Table 6 may be used to illustrate the relative shock sensitivity of AN, an oxidizer material to ANFO, a
Class 1, Division 1.5 blasting agent material. For example, the minimum separation distance permitted to
store AN, the acceptor, from 300,000 pounds of high explosives is 64 feet barricaded and 384 feet

23
unbarricaded. Comparatively, the minimum separation distance permitted to store ANFO, the acceptor,
from 300,000 pounds of high explosives, the donor, to prevent sympathetic detonation of the ANFO by
the high explosives is 230 feet barricaded and 1,380 feet unbarricaded. Indirectly, ATF Table 220
underscores the potential for change in shock sensitivity between solid AN and solid AN when
contaminated with a fuel.

§6.5 Department of Transportation (DOT)

As noted above, TGAN is a DOT Class 5 Oxidizer, Division 5.1, UN 1942, PG III (packing group III)
material. DOT regulations for transporting hazardous materials by highway are at 49 C.F.R. Parts 100-
185. Regulations governing the transportation of TGAN by vessel are at 49 C.F.R. 176.410.

§6.6 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

In 2007, Congress enacted the Secure Handling of Ammonium Nitrate Act (SHANA). DHS has the
discretion to exempt the explosives industry from SHANA in recognition of the close regulation of the
industry by ATF. At the time of publication of this SLP DHS has not yet promulgated regulations
implementing SHANA.

SECTION 7 - ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

• Chemical Advisory: Safe Storage, Handling, and Management of Solid Ammonium Nitrate Prills,
EPA 550-F-15-001 (2015). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
06/documents/an_advisory_6-5-15.pdf
• Principal Emergency Response and Preparedness Requirements and Guidance, OSHA (2004),
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3122.pdf
• NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code (2016).
• NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
Response (2017).
• IME SLP 12, Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms (2013).
• IME SLP 14, Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive Materials (2013).
• USCG 33 C.F.R. 126.

24
 APPENDIX A
IME SAFETY DATA SHEET TEMPLATE FOR AMMONIUM NITRATE
(IME TEMPLATE) 1 SAFETY DATA SHEET
AMMONIUM NITRATE

Section 1 -- IDENTIFICATION

Product identifier; manufacturer or distributor name; address; phone number; emergency phone number;
recommended use; restrictions on use.

Section 2 – HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

Classification of the Substance – Hazard Statements (GHS-US)

Physical Hazards:
H272 – May intensify fire. Oxidizing solid, Hazard Category 3

Health Hazards:
H319 – Causes serious eye irritation, Hazard Category 2

Environmental Hazards:
H402 – Harmful to aquatic life, acute toxicity, Hazard Category 3

Label Elements

Signal Word: Warning

Hazard Pictograms (GHS-US)

Precautionary Statements (GHS-US)

1
This template was developed by IME for the sole purpose of assisting IME member companies in the preparation
of ammonium nitrate SDSs for their own use. This template is not intended to be used as an SDS and IME makes
no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, as to the accuracy and completeness of the
information included herein.

25
 P210 – Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No
smoking.

P260 – Do not breathe dust or fumes.

P273 – Avoid release to the environment.

P280 – Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection.

P301+P310+P331 – IF SWALLOWED, seek immediate medical attention. DO NOT induce

vomiting.

P264+P302+P313+P332+P352+P362+P363 – IF ON SKIN, wash contact area with soap and

water. If irritation occurs, seek medical attention. Remove contaminated clothing and wash
before reuse.

P304+P340 – IF INHALED, remove person to fresh air. Keep at rest in a position comfortable
for breathing.

P305+P313+P337+P338+P351 – IF IN EYES, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.

Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If eye irritation persists, seek
medical attention.

P308+P313+P314 – If exposed and concerned, or if you do not feel well, seek medical attention.
P370+P372+P373 – In case of fire: Increased risk of explosion. Evacuate area. DO NOT FIGHT
FIRE when fire reaches ammonium nitrate.

P401+P403+P405 – Store locked up in a ventilated space, in accordance with all applicable

regulations.

P501 – Dispose of contents/containers in accordance with all applicable regulations.

Other Hazards
Over-exposure reaction may be aggravated for those with pre-existing eye, skin, or respiratory
conditions. Over-exposure may cause methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia decreases the
blood’s ability to carry oxygen and results in symptoms such as dizziness, drowsiness, headache,
shortness of breath, blue skin and lips, rapid heart rate, unconsciousness, and possibly death.
Unknown Acute Toxicity (GHS-US)
Not available.

26
Section 3 – COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

Name CAS No. % (w/w) Classification

Ammonium 6484-52-2 100% H272 – Oxidizing Solid
Nitrate
H319 – Causes serious eye irritation
H402 – Toxic to aquatic life

Section 4 – FIRST AID MEASURES

Description of First Aid Measures

General: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If you feel unwell, seek
medical attention (show the label, where possible).

Inhalation: When symptoms occur, move to open air, keep at rest in a position comfortable for
breathing. Seek medical attention. Ventilate suspected area.

Skin Contact: Wash contact areas with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. Seek
medical attention if irritation develops or persists. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Eye Contact: May cause serious eye irritation. Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contacts if present, and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Seek medical attention if irritation
persists.

Ingestion: Rinse mouth. DO NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention.

Most Important Symptoms and Effects both Acute and Delayed

General: Irritation to eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Inhalation: Prolonged exposure may cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms include:
sneezing, coughing, burning sensation of throat with constricting sensation of the larynx and
difficulty in breathing.

Skin Contact: May cause mild skin irritation. Symptoms may include: redness, pain, swelling,
itching, burning, dryness, and dermatitis. May cause a more severe irritation or allergic reaction
in sensitive individuals.

27
 Eye Contact: May cause serious eye irritation. Symptoms may include redness, pain, swelling,
itching, burning, tearing and blurred vision.

Ingestion: Ingestion may cause methemoglobinemia. Initial manifestation of

methemoglobinemia is cyanosis, characterized by blue lips, tongue and mucous membranes, with
skin color being slate grey. Further manifestation is characterized by headache, weakness,
dyspnea, dizziness, stupor, respiratory distress and death due to anoxia. If ingested, nitrates may
be reduced to nitrites by bacteria in the digestive tract. Signs and symptoms of nitrite poisoning
include methemoglobinemia, nausea, dizziness, increased heart rate, hypotension, fainting, and
possibly shock.

Chronic Symptoms: Prolonged exposure may cause irritation to the respiratory tract.

Indication of Any Immediate Medical Attention and Special Treatment Needed: If exposed
or concerned, seek medical attention. If ingested, may cause methemoglobinemia – emergency
response should treat appropriately, such as by intravenous administration of methylene blue.

Section 5 – FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

DO NOT FIGHT FIRES INVOLVING AMMONIUM NITRATE. There is

an increased risk that ammonium nitrate involved in a fire may detonate,
especially if confined. Evacuate the area in all directions for 1 mile or more if
any amount of ammonium nitrate is involved in a fire. Evacuation is
recommended if the initial (incipient) fire, not involving ammonium nitrate,
becomes intense. General extinguishers may be used on the initial fire, not
involving ammonium nitrate. Water may be used to cool ammonium nitrate not
involved in the initial fire. Consult the most current Emergency Response
Guidebook (ERG), Guide 140 for additional information (the recommended
evacuation distance in the 2017 edition of the ERG will be 1 mile). NFPA 400
Chapter 11 recommends an evacuation distance of 1 mile.

28
Extinguishing Media

Suitable Extinguishing Media: Only water must be used on fires involving ammonium nitrate.
General extinguishers may be used on fires not involving ammonium nitrate, such as conveyors,
electrical equipment, tires, bearings, general plant equipment or the like when only minimal
amounts of ammonium nitrate are present. For large fires use unmanned monitor nozzles, if
available.

Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: For fires near ammonium nitrate, dry chemicals, carbon
dioxide, foams, steam and smothering devices are not effective, can lead to possible explosion,
and MUST NOT be used.

Special Hazards Arising from the Substance or Mixture

General: In intense fires, ammonium nitrate can melt and detonate if confined, contaminated, or
exposed to strong shocks.

Fire Hazard: Ammonium nitrate is an oxidizer and may intensify a fire. Will accelerate the
burning of other combustibles, resulting in more rapid spread of fire.

Explosion Hazard: Heat may build pressure, rupturing closed containers, spreading fire and
increasing risk of burns and injuries. Smothering, contact with organic or combustible material,
may increase the explosion hazard.
Reactivity: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer.

Advice for Firefighters/Responders

Precautionary Measures: Evacuate area in all directions for 1 mile or more if ammonium nitrate
is involved in a fire because the exact conditions at a facility during the emergency might not be
known. Only fires which are in the initial (incipient) stage or those involving minimal amounts
of ammonium nitrate should be attacked using manual fire extinguishing methods (fire
extinguishers, hose streams, etc.) that require a human operator. If a fire in an area where
ammonium nitrate is stored or in vehicles transporting ammonium nitrate progresses beyond the
incipient stage or involves the ammonium nitrate, evacuation is REQUIRED. All responders
assisting in an evacuation who must be located downwind of a fire involving ammonium nitrate
should wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Firefighting Instructions (Incipient Fires Only): When fighting an initial (incipient) fire not
involving ammonium nitrate, firefighters should follow standard firefighting procedures for the
materials involved.

Hazardous Combustion Products

Nitrogen oxides. Toxic fumes may be released. Carbon oxides (CO, CO2). Ammonia.
Additional Information

If a fire has not reached the ammonium nitrate, cool the ammonium nitrate or its container to prevent the
fire from reaching it. Ammonium nitrate does not burn by itself and thus needs to be kept separate from
combustible materials. Ammonium nitrate is an oxidizer and will significantly increase the burning rate
of combustible materials. When in confinement and in the presence of a strong detonating source, the

29
 material can explode when subject to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperatures. Avoid temperatures
above 410 F (210 C) which may cause thermal decomposition or explosion, especially in confined or
poorly ventilated spaces. Do not allow run-off from firefighting to enter drains or water courses.

Section 6 – ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Personal Precautions, Protective Equipment and Emergency Procedures

General Measures: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Avoid breathing (dust, vapor, mist, gas). Avoid contact with eyes or skin. Keep away from
combustible materials.
Contact the manufacturer or CHEMTREC. No smoking, open flames or flame/spark producing
items in the area.

For Non-Emergency Personnel

Protective Equipment: Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

Emergency Procedures: Evacuate non-essential personnel.

For Emergency Personnel
Protective Equipment: Provide cleanup crew with proper PPE.
Emergency Procedures: Stop the discharge if possible to do so. Ventilate area.
Environmental Precautions
Avoid releases to the environment including, sewers, ditches, public water courses.
Methods and Material for Containment and Cleanup
General: Contact the manufacturer or CHEMTREC.
Containment: Avoid generation of dust during cleanup of spills. Use a broom for small spills
and do not mix with other materials.
Methods for Cleanup: Contact competent authorities after a spill. Clean up spills immediately
and dispose of waste safely. Do not sweep up or combine spilled ammonium nitrate with
combustible materials such as sawdust or cellulosic material.

Section 7 – HANDLING AND STORAGE

Precautions for Safe Handling

General: When heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes. Smothering, contact with organic
material, or combustible material in a fire situation may create the potential for explosion. Do not
puncture or incinerate containers.

30
 Additional Hazards when Processed: Any proposed use of ammonium nitrate in elevated
temperature processes should be thoroughly evaluated to ensure that safe operating conditions are
established and maintained. A “hot work” program consistent with OSHA requirements at 29
CFR 1910.252 must be used when performing hot work on ammonium nitrate and/or explosives
process equipment, storage areas, or containers.

Hygiene Measures: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety procedures.
Wash hands and other exposed areas with soap and water before eating, drinking, or smoking,
and again before leaving work. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
Conditions for Safe Storage, Including Any Incompatibilities

General: Comply with applicable regulations including, 29 CFR 1910.109(i). Consult Institute
of Makers of Explosives (IME), Safety Library Publication 30.
Technical Measures: May be corrosive to metals. Smoking, open flames, and unauthorized
sparking and/or flame producing devices are prohibited.
Storage Conditions: Store in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area. Keep containers closed when
not in use. Keep/store away from combustible materials, ignition sources, and incompatible
materials.
Storage areas should be inspected regularly by an individual trained to identify potential hazards
and ensure that all safety and security control measures are being properly implemented. All
ammonium nitrate storage sites must comply with applicable regulatory requirements.
Incompatible Materials: Strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizers, reducing agents, halogens
(F, Cl, Br, I), copper and any alloys (e.g., bronze and brass), metal powders, chlorine
compounds, chlorinated inorganics (potassium, calcium and sodium hypochlorite) and
hydrogen peroxides, organic materials.

Section 8 – EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION

Control Parameters

Occupational Exposure Limits:

ACGIH TLV-TWA – None

• Use limit for particulates not otherwise regulated (PNOR): Total dust, 15 mg/m3;
respirable fraction, 5 mg/m3.
•
OSHA PEL-TWA – None

• Use limit for particulates not otherwise classified (PNOC): Inhalable particulate, 10
mg/m3; respirable part., 3 mg/m3.

31
 Product should be handled and used under strictly controlled conditions. Emergency eye wash
fountains and safety showers should be available in the vicinity of any areas where exposure
could occur, but are not required.

Exposure Controls

Appropriate Engineering Controls:

Ensure that all applicable regulatory requirements are observed. Ensure adequate ventilation,
especially in confined areas.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The selection of PPE is dependent on a detailed risk assessment. The risk assessment should
consider the work situation, the physical form of the chemical, the handling methods, and
environmental factors.

OVERALLS, SAFETY SHOES, CHEMICAL GOGGLES, GLOVES, DUST MASK.

Consider overalls/coveralls, safety shoes, chemical goggles and impervious gloves as determined
by the risk assessment. Avoid generating and inhaling dusts. If determined by a risk assessment
that an inhalation risk exists, wear a dust mask/respirator meeting the requirements of 29 CFR
1910.134. Always wash hands before smoking, eating, drinking or using the restroom. Wash
contaminated clothing and other protective equipment before storage or re-use.

32
Section 9 – PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Information on Physical and Chemical Properties

Appearance Solid white to gray spheres

Odor Odorless
Odor Threshold Not relevant
Vapor density Not relevant
pH Not relevant
Melting point 170 º C (337 º F)
Initial boiling point and boiling range Not available
Flash point Not relevant
Evaporation rate Not relevant
Flammability Will not burn
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits Not available
Vapor pressure Not available
Bulk density 0.70-0.95 g/cc (45 – 59 lb/cf)
Relative density Not available
Partition coefficient: n-octol/water Not available
Auto-ignition temperature Not available
Decomposition temperature 170-210 º C (410 º F)
Viscosity Not relevant
Specific gravity 0.72 – 1.00 (poured bulk density)
Solubility Soluble in water: 192g/100ml @ 20 ºC
(68 ºF); 118g/100ml@0 ºC (32 ºF)
Explosive properties Mass detonation hazard when involved in a
fire
Explosion Data-Sensitivity to Mechanical Not sensitive to mechanical impact
Impact
Explosion Data – Sensitivity to Static Not sensitive to static discharge
Discharge

33
 Section 10 – STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Reactivity and Chemical Stability

Reactivity: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer. May accelerate the burning of other
combustible materials. Smothering, contact with organic material or combustible
material may cause a potentially explosive situation.

Chemical Stability: Stable and non-reactive under normal conditions of transportation,

storage, handling and use.

Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: Hazardous polymerization will not occur.

Conditions to Avoid: Extremely high temperatures, overheating, open flame,

combustible materials, sources of ignition, incompatible materials.

Incompatible Materials: Strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizers, reducing agents,
halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), copper and any alloys (e.g., bronze and brass), metal powders,
chlorine compounds, chlorinated inorganics (potassium, calcium and sodium
hypochlorite) and hydrogen peroxides, organic materials, and combustible materials.

Hazardous Decomposition Products: No unusual fumes or decomposition products are

expected under normal conditions of transportation, storage, handling and use. However,
if decomposition occurs, toxic fumes and other decomposition products will be present
(CO, CO2, NOx, and other typical combustion gases, ammonia, nitric acid).

Section 11 – TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Information on toxicological effects - Product

 Acute Toxicity: Not classified

 LD50 and LC50 Data: Not available
 Skin Corrosion/Irritation: May cause skin irritation
 Eye Damage/Irritation: May cause serious eye irritation
 Respiratory or Skin Sensitization: Not classified
 Germ Cell Mutagenicity: Not classified
 Teratogenicity: Not available
 Carcinogenicity: Not classified
 Reproductive Toxicity: Not classified
 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Single Exposure): May cause drowsiness or dizziness

34
 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Repeated Exposure): May cause damage to organs
(respiratory tract) through prolonged or repeated exposure.
 Aspiration Hazard: Not classified
 Symptoms/Injuries after Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled, causes methemoglobinemia.
Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, nausea and a loss of coordination.
 Symptoms/Injuries after Skin Contact: May cause mild skin irritation. Symptoms may include:
redness, pain, swelling, itching, burning, dryness and dermatitis. May cause a more severe or
allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
 Symptoms/Injuries after Eye Contact: May cause serious eye irritation. Symptoms may include
redness, pain, swelling, itching, burning, tearing and blurred vision.
• Symptoms/Injuries after Ingestion: Burning sensation, abdominal pain, abdominal cramps,
• vomiting. Ammonium nitrate ingestion may cause methemoglobinemia.
• Chronic Symptoms: Although none are expected under normal conditions, prolonged or
repeated
• inhalation exposure may cause methemoglobinemia and may damage respiratory tract.

Ammonium Nitrate, CAS No. 6484-52-2

LD50 Oral Rat 2,217 mg/kg

LC50 Inhalation Rat > 88.8 mg/l/4h

ATE CLP (oral) 2,217 mg/kg body weight

Information on toxicological effects - Ingredients

35
Section 12 – ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Ecotoxicity: Avoid contaminating waterways.

Aquatic Toxicity: Ammonium nitrate was evaluated at 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg (NH4+)/L. The
fertility of Daphnia magna was decreased at 50 mg/L. Post embryonic
growth of crustacea was impaired at 10, 25 and 50 mg/L.

Section 13 – DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

Handling and Disposal Recommendations

Collect spillage for possible reuse. Contact the manufacturer or other emergency response
service provider (e.g., CHEMTREC). Dispose of any waste material in accordance with
regulatory requirements.

Additional Information
Clean up even minor leaks or spills if possible without unnecessary risk.

36
Section 14 – TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION

Section 14.1 – US Department of Transportation

Proper Shipping Name: Ammonium Nitrate with not more than 0.2% total combustible
material, including an organic substance, calculated as carbon to
the exclusion of any other added substance.
Hazard Class: 5.1

Identification Number: UN1942

Label Codes: 5.1
Packing Group: III
ERG Number: 140

Section 14.2 – IMDG Code

Proper Shipping Name: Ammonium Nitrate

Hazard Class: 5.1
Identification Number: UN1942
Label Codes: 5.1
Packing Group: III
EmS-No. (Fire): F-H
EmS-No. (Spillage): S-Q

Section 14.3 – IATA Code

Proper Shipping Name: Ammonium Nitrate

Hazard Class: 5.1
Identification Number: UN1942
Label Codes: 5.1
Packing Group: III
ERG Code (IATA) 5L

Section 14.4 – TDG

Proper Shipping Name: Ammonium Nitrate with not more than 0.2% total combustible
material, including an organic substance, calculated as carbon to
the exclusion of any other added substance.
Hazard Class: 5.1
Identification Number: UN1942
Label Codes: 5.1
Packing Group: III

37
 Section 15 – REGULATORY INFORMATION

US Federal Regulations

Occupational Safety and Health Act

• Subpart H, Hazardous Materials, Explosives and Blasting Agents 29 CFR 1910.109

 Ammonium Nitrate, 29 CFR 1910.109(i)

Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA), a/k/a Superfund

Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III:

• SARA Section 311/312

 Reactive Hazard
 Fire Hazard
 Health Hazard

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

• TSCA Section 8
 Listed on the TSCA inventory

State Regulations

[To be used by member companies at their own discretion]

International Requirements

[To be used by member companies at their own discretion]

Section 16 – OTHER INFORMATION, INCLUDING DATE OF LAST REVISION

Revision Date: _______________

Other Information: This document has been prepared in accordance with

the SDS requirements of the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

GHS Full Text Phrases:

38
Eye Irrit. 2A Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 2A

Ox. Sol. 3 Oxidizing solids Category 3

H272 May intensify fire; oxidizer

H319 Causes serious eye irritation

NFPA Health Hazard: 1 - Exposure could cause irritation but only minor
residual injury even if no treatment is given.

NFPA Fire Hazard: 0 – Materials that will not burn.

NFPA Instability: 3 – Capable of detonation or explosive reaction, but

requires a strong initiating source or must be heated
under confinement before initiation, or reacts
explosively with water (water reactivity is inapplicable
to ammonium nitrate).

NFPA Specific Hazard: OX – This designates and oxidizer, a chemical which

can greatly increase the rate of combustion/fire.

Party Responsible for Preparation of this Document:

Company Name:
Address:
Phone:

39
Disclaimer

[To be drafted by each member company]

40
 Safety Library Publications

SLP SLP Name Copyright Date

Number
SLP – 1 Construction Guide for Storage Magazines September 2006
SLP – 2 American Table of Distances June 1991 (Incorporates
changes through April
2017)
SLP – 3 Suggested Code of Regulations for the October 2015
Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, Sale,
Possession and Use of Explosive Materials
SLP – 4 Warning and Instructions for Consumers in October 2016
Transporting, Storing, Handling and Using
Explosive Materials
SLP – 12 Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms May 2013
SLP – 14 Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution May 2013
of Explosive Materials
SLP – 17 Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling October 2015
and Use of Explosive Materials
SLP – 20 Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio December 2011
Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of
Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)
SLP – 22 Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of February 2007
Detonators in a Vehicle with Certain Other
Explosive Materials
SLP – 23 Recommendations for the Transportation of October 2011
Explosives, Division 1.5, Ammonium Nitrate
Emulsions, Division 5.1, Combustible Liquids, Class
3, and Corrosives, Class 8 in Bulk Packaging
SLP – 24 Recommendations for Handling 50 Metric Tons or May 2011
more of Commercial Division 1.1 or 1.2 Break-Bulk
and Containerized Explosive Materials in
Transportation at Commercial Waterfront
Facilities in the United States
SLP – 25 Explosives Manufacturing & Processing Guideline May 2011
to Safety Training
SLP – 27 Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage April 2012
and Use of Commercial Explosives
SLP – 28 Recommendations for Accountability and Security September 2007
of Bulk Explosives and Bulk Security Sensitive
Materials
SLP – 29 Recommendations for the Environmental October 2016
Management of Commercial Explosives
SLP – 30 Safe Handling of Solid Ammonium Nitrate April 2017
IMESAFR
Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR? Why was

Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a
software model that was developed through a joint effort by IME and
IMESAFR
A-P-T Research, Inc. developed?
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk IMESAFR was developed
to personnel from explosives facilities. This software not only to provide a more
calculates Quantity Distances (QD) based on the American comprehensive
Table of Distances and other QD regulations, it can assessment of
determine a level of safety based upon risk.   the overall risk of
explosives operations.
The commercial
explosives industry
in the United States
uses the American
Table of Distances
(ATD) as the basis for
safe siting of explosives
storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation
of a specific magazine and
inhabited building or public
highway, which are referred to
as a Potential Explosion Site
(PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields
the recommended separation
IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed distance based on the factors
sites, and duration of exposed personnel to determine a level of safety.  The that affect risk, including
program provides users with the ability to work in metric or imperial measures, whether a barricade exists.
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with Although the same criteria
visualizing facility layouts and results. can be applied to explosives
manufacturing operations,
the ATD was intended for
Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache use in limited permanent
ƒ The first time a registered
storage situations. In addition
image is loaded into the to permanent storage
program, an image cache
file is created the situations, IMESAFR accounts
computer.
for other activities such as
manufacturing, assembly, and
Identifying Risk Drivers
ƒ Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
loading and unloading.
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
ƒ Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below:

1e-02

1e-04

1e-06

1e-08

1e-10

1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse ƒ Image tiles can be easily loaded right into the
Debris

• Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?

• What could be done to address the risk driver? program for future use.
• Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?

M6-7 M4-11
 IMESAFR Training Course
The course is presented over three Course Content Course Outline
days with eight hours of mixed
lecture and discussion each day for The IMESAFR Training Course will 1. Overview
a total of 24 classroom hours. Daily guide the user through the overall 2. QD Concepts & Background
class hours are from 8am to 5pm user interface of the IMESAFR 3. QRA Concepts & Background
with an hour for lunch and breaks Software. Some of the topics
4. IMESAFR Features
mid-morning and mid-afternoon. A discussed are listed below.
5. Class Exercise 1
competency test will be given at the ƒƒ A background on the concepts
end of the course. 6. Risk Management
and terminology used in the
7. Advanced Tools
Class Size: minimum of 10, IMESAFR risk assessment
software. 8. Architecture - Part 1
maximum of 25.
9. Architecture - Part 2
ƒƒ A thorough guide on using input
Where 10. IMESAFR Protocols
screens and choosing the proper
The class is normally held at the 11. Linking Architecture to Testing
input selection.
APT Safety Engineering and Analysis
12. Class Exercise 2
Center (SEAC) in Huntsville, AL, ƒƒ A description of the capabilities
conveniently located in Cummings’ of IMESAFR including menu 13. Approval Process
Research Park near Redstone options, functions of the tool 14. Input Decisions
Arsenal. bar, help menu and generating 15. Group Exercise
See www.apt-research.com/ reports. 16. Test
contacts/contactUs.html Each student is
ƒƒ An overview of the 26-step
for detailed directions. responsible for
process used by IMESAFR to
The class may also familiarize the user with the bringing a laptop to
be offered at exposure and consequence training. A training
other locations. analysis. book is included in
On-site training the course fee.
ƒƒ Multiple examples (some worked
courses can be
individually and some as a
arranged, as
group) demonstrating the various
well as courses
capabilities of IMESAFR.
that run in
conjunction with ƒƒ Practical applications of the
conferences and software and its use in the risk
meetings. management process.

Schedule Cost Registration Information

www.apt-research.com/  New IMESAFR 2.0: To register for a class in Huntsville
capabilities/training.html ƒƒ Non IME member: US$1800 or if you are interested in setting up
ƒƒ IME member: US$750 a training course at a location other
CEU than Huntsville, please contact:
Upon completion of this course, Upgrade IMESAFR 2.0:
attendees will be credited with 2.0 ƒƒ Non IME member: US$750 Dean Nichols
Continuing Education Units (CEU). ƒƒ IME member: US$375 256.327.3373
Training voucher: US$1800 [email protected]

institute of makers of explosives APT Point of Contact

202.429.9280 John Tatom 4950 Research Drive
www.ime.org 256.327.3373 Huntsville, AL 35805
[email protected] www.apt-research.com

M-09-00810
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
1212 New York Avenue, NW
Suite 650
Washington, DC
Tel 202/429-9280
Fax 202/293-2420
www.ime.org
[email protected]