CEB 2063

SEPARATION
PROCESS II

DRYING OF
PROCESS
M AT E R I A L S
 TOPIC OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, students should

be able to:
1. understand the drying definition, principles
and methods
2. find the values of:
▪ humidity, humid volume, humid heat
▪ adiabatic saturation temperature
▪ wet bulb temperature
3. understand the equilibrium moisture content
principle
4. discuss and analyze rate of drying
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 DEFINITION

DRYING:
• Removal of small amount of water /
organic liquids / organic solvents from
process materials / solids

Internal
EVAPORATION vs DRYING

EVAPORATION DRYING
• Large amount • Removal small
of water amount of
removed water/organic
• Water liquids /
removed as organic
vapor at its solvent, usually
boiling point as a vapor by
air.
APPLICATIONS OF DRYING
• Preservation technique in
food industry, <10% water
~microorganisms are not
active.

• <5% water content to

preserve flavor and nutrition.

• Final processing step before

packaging

• Pharmaceutical
 METHODS OF DRYING
Batch Continuous
Input Added once Continuously added

Methods Performed for a Few cycles – 24 hours

given period of time

Product At the end of 1 cycle Continuously removed

Collection

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VAPOR PRESSURE & HUMIDITY
• Humidification - transfer of
water from liquid phase into
gaseous mixture of air and
water vapour.

• Dehumidification - transfer of water vapor from

vapour state to liquid state

• Capacity of air for drying depends on

– Air humidity
– Air temperature
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HUMIDITY, H

Humidity (H) – kg water vapor contained in 1 kg of

dry air
– depends on partial pressure of
water, pA & total pressure, P

P = total pressure = 101.325 kPa, 1 atm, 760 mmHg

Using the molecular weight of water (A) as 18.02 and

molecular weight of air as 28.97.

Internal 8
 SATURATION HUMIDITY, H S

18.02 p AS
Saturation humidity, HS =
28.97 P − p AS

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PERCENTAGE HUMIDITY, H P

H
Percentage Humidity, H P = 100
HS

PERCENTAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY, H R

pA
Percentage Relative Humidity, H R = 100
p AS

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EXAMPLE 1

• The air in a room is at 26.7 C with a

pressure of 101.325k Pa and contains
water vapor with a partial pressure, pA =
2.76 kPa. Calculate
a)Humidity
b)Saturation humidity and percentage
humidity
c)Percentage relative humidity

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EXAMPLE 1 (SOLUTION)

a) Given: pA = 2.76 kPa, P = 101.325 kPa

18.02 p A
H = 0.01742 kg H2O/kg air H=
28.97 P − p A

b) Refer steam table, at 26.7ºC, 101.325 kPa,

pAS (partial pressure of water vapor in saturated air) =
3.5 kPa 18.02 p
HS = AS
HS = 0.02226 kg H2O/kg air 28.97 P − p AS

H
c) HP = 78.3% H P = 100
HS

pA
d) HR = 78.9% H R = 100
p AS
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DEW POINT OF AN AIR-WATER VAPOR
MIXTURE

Dew-point temperature or dew point is the

temperature at which a given mixture of air and water
vapor would be saturated.

For example, at 26.7 oC, the saturation vapor pressure

of water is pAS = 3.50 kPa. Hence, the dew point of a
mixture containing water vapor having a partial
pressure of 3.50 kPa is 26.7 oC.

Dew-point temperature or dew point can also be

defined as temperature at which humid air becomes
saturated if it is cooled at constant pressure.
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HUMID HEAT OF AN AIR-WATER VAPOR
MIXTURE

– the humid heat, cs, is the amount of heat (in kJ

or J) required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of
dry air + water vapor present by 1 K or 1ºC
-Heat capacity of air & water vapor can be
assumed constant, at 1.005 kJ/kg dry air· K and
1.88 kJ/kg water vapor· K respectively

cS (kJ/kg dry air· K) = 1.005 + 1.88 H (SI)

cS (btu/lbm dry air· ˚F) = 0.24 + 0.45 H (english)

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HUMID VOLUME OF AN AIR-WATER VAPOR
MIXTURE

The humid volume vH is the total volume in m3 of 1

kg of dry air plus the vapor it contains at 1 atm abs
& the given air temperature

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TOTAL ENTALPHY OF AN AIR-WATER
VAPOR MIXTURE
The total entalphy of 1 kg of air plus its water vapor
is Hy (J/kg dry air or kJ/kg dry air)

T0 = reference temperature
0 = latent heat at T0 (kJ/kg)

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HUMIDITY CHART OF AN AIR-WATER
VAPOR MIXTURE

❑ a convenient chart of the properties of air-

water vapor mixtures at 1 atm abs pressure
❑ humidity, H, is plotted versus the actual
temperature (dry bulb temperature) of air-
water vapor mixture

Dry Bulb Temperature (Tdb) - air temperature

measured by a thermometer, thermocouple,
etc.

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HUMIDITY CHART OF AN AIR-WATER
VAPOR MIXTURE

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EXAMPLE 2

Air entering a dryer has a temperature (dry bulb

temperature) of 60ºC and a dew point of 26.7ºC.
Using the humidity chart, determine the:
a) actual humidity, H
b) percentage humidity, HP
c) humid heat, cs
d) humid volume, vH

Internal 19
EXAMPLE 2 (SOLUTION)

Percentage humidity,
Hp = 14%

H = 0.0225 kg water/ kg dry air

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EXAMPLE 2 (SOLUTION)

a) Actual humidity, H
Refer Humidity Chart, given Dry bulb temperature (air
temperature = 60ºC, Dew Point = 26.7ºC)
H = 0.0225 kg H2O/kg dry air

b) Percentage humidity, HP
Hp = 14%

c) Humid heat
cS (kJ/kg dry air) = 1.005 + 1.88 H = 1.047 kJ/kg dry air . K

d) Humid volume
vH = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 H) T K = 0.977m3/kg dry air
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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

❑Gas is contacted with spray of liquid water

❑adiabatic process (chamber is insulated)
❑The gas leaves having a different humidity and temperature

The temperature of the water being recirculated reaches a steady

state temperature called the adiabatic saturation temperature, TS

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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

❑ contact between entering gas and spray

❑ enough (sufficiently long time)
❑ gas and liquid at equilibrium
❑ leaving air is saturated at TS and HS
 obtain TS and HS on 100% saturation curve

❑ not sufficient
❑ leaving mixture at percentage saturation
< 100% but on same line

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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

The equation of an adiabatic humidification curve

when plotted on humidity chart.

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EXAMPLE 3

An air stream at 87.8ºC having a humidity H =

0.03 kg H2O/kg dry air is contacted in an
adiabatic saturator with water. It is cooled and
humidified to 90% saturation.
Determine:
a) The final values of H and T
b) For 100% saturation, what would be the
values of H and T

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EXAMPLE 3 (SOLUTION)

H=0.05 kg
90% H2O/kg dry air

H = 0.03 kg
H2O/kg dry air

42.5 oC 87.8 oC

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EXAMPLE 3 (SOLUTION)

a) The final values of H and T

H = 0.05 kg H2O/kg dry air,
T = 42.5 ºC

b) For 100% saturation, what would be the

values of H and T
H = 0.0505 kg H2O/kg dry air,
T = 40.5ºC

Internal 27
WET BULB TEMPERATURE

Internal 28
EXAMPLE 4

A water vapor-air mixture having a dry bulb

temperature of T = 600C is adiabatically passed
over a wet bulb. The wet bulb temperature
obtained is Tw = 29.5 0C. What is the humidity of
the mixture?

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EXAMPLE 4 (SOLUTION)

H=0.0135 kg
H2O/kg dry air

29.5 oC 60 oC

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LEARNING SATISFACTION POLL

All student must log in to Ulearn to do the

learning satisfaction poll every time after the
end of the class

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