© 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Modelling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Array

Using Matlab/Simulink
Kamal Keshavani1, Jigar Joshi2, Vishrut Trivedi3, Mitesh Bhavsar4
Students, L.D.R.P-ITR (Elect. Department),
KH-5, Sector-15, Gandhinagar, India
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract - Photovoltaic power supplied to the utility grid is gaining more and more visibility while the world’s powers
demand increases. In this paper we are defining a circuit-based simulation model for a PV cell in order to estimate the
electrical behavior of the cell with respect to changes in environmental parameters such as temperature and irradiance.
The PV system requires many special design considerations due to varying nature of the solar power generated resulting
from unpredictable and sudden changes in weather conditions which change the solar irradiation level as well as the cell
operating temperature of PV arrays. PV cell is the most basic element of photovoltaic generation units, which converts the
solar energy into electrical energy. This paper focuses on a MATLAB/Simulink model of a photovoltaic cell. This model is
based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode
and a series resistor. The developed model allows the prediction of PV cell behavior under different physical and
environmental parameters. In addition, this paper outlines the working principle of PV module as well as PV array. So
this completed model accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V as well as P-V
characteristic. In order to validate the developed model, the simulation results are compared with the standard results and
characteristic curves provided by the PV array manufacturer and they show excellent resemblance.

Key words - PV cell characteristics, modeling of PV module, validation.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of new energy sources is continuously enhanced because of the critical situation of the chemical industrial
fuels such as oil, gas and others. Thus, the renewable energy sources have become a more important contributor to the total energy
consumed in the world. Among the renewable energy resources, the energy through the photovoltaic (PV) effect can be considered
the most essential resource. In spite of the irregularity of sunlight, solar energy is widely available and completely free of cost.
The focus of this paper is on solar cell modeling. This paper carried out a MATLAB/Simulink model of PV cell behavior under
different varying parameters such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, series resistor, shunt resistor, etc. Then the simulation
results obtained are also compared with the standard results provided by the manufacturer. This model can be used to get
characteristic curves of any type of PV array under different environmental conditions.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF PV CELL
The electrical characteristic of the PV cell is generally represented by the current versus voltage (I-V) curve. Figure 1 shows the
I-V characteristic of a PV module.
The top left of the I-V curve at zero voltage is called the short-circuit current. This current is measured with the output terminals
shorted (zero voltage). The bottom right of the curve at zero current is called the open-circuit voltage. This voltage is measured
with the output terminals open (zero current).

Figure 1: Characteristics of a PV Cell

In the left region, the cell works like a constant current source, generating voltage to match with the load resistance. In the right
region, the current drops rapidly with a small rise in voltage. In this region, the cell works like a constant voltage source with an
internal resistance. Somewhere in the middle of the two regions, the curve has a knee point.

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939

III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PV CELL

The equivalent electrical circuit shown in figure 2 can represent the complex physics of the PV cell.

Figure 2: Equivalent Electrical Circuit of a PV Cell

The circuit parameters are as follows.
 The output-terminal current I is equal to the light-generated current IL, less the diode-current Id and the shunt-leakage
current Ish.
 The series resistance Rs represents the internal resistance to the current flow, and depends on the p-n junction depth, the
impurities and the contact resistance.
 The shunt resistance Rsh is inversely related with leakage current to the ground.

In an ideal PV cell, Rs = 0 (no series loss), and Rsh = ∞ (no leakage to ground). In a typical high quality one square inch
silicon cell, Rs = 0.05 to 0.10 ohm and Rsh = 200 to 300 ohms. The PV conversion efficiency is sensitive to small variations in Rs,
but is insensitive to variations in Rsh. Therefore, we can ignore Rsh from the equivalent electrical circuit for our modelling.
In the equivalent circuit, the current delivered to the external load equals the current IL generated by the illumination, less the
diode current Id.
( )
( ) (1)
where
 IL is the current generated by solar cell (A)
 Io is the diode saturation current (A)
 q is the electron charge = 1.6×10-19 Coulomb
 n is the ideality factor of diode which varies from 1 to 2
 k is Boltzmann constant = 1.38×10-38 Joule/Kelvin
 Tr is the rated cell temperature (K)

The cell could be represented by a voltage-current equation:

(2)
where
 V is the cell output voltage (V)
 I is the load (cell) output current (A)
 Vsh is the voltage across shunt resistance (V)

A MATLAB/Simulink model is made based on equations (1) & (2) as shown in fig. 3.

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Figure 3: PV Cell MATLAB/Simulink Model

IV. EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION VARIATION
The model shown in fig. 3 consists of two subsystems, one of them is photocurrent. The photocurrent depends on the radiation
and the temperature according to equation (3).

( )
( ( )) (3)
Where
 αIsc is the short circuit temperature coefficient (A/°C)
 G is operating solar radiation level (W/m2)
 Gr is rated solar radiation level (W/m2)

Based on the equation (3), the subsystem of Fig. 4 is obtained.

Figure 4: Subsystem of Photocurrent

V. EFFECT OF VARIATION IN CELL TEMPERATURE
The diode reverse saturation current IO in equation (1) varies as a cubic function of the temperature and it can be expressed
as:
( )
( ) ( ) (4)
( )
( ) ( )
(5)
( )

Where

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939

 Isc(Tr) is the short circuit current of the cell at rated temperature (A)
 Vg is the band gap voltage (V)
 Voc(Tr) is the open circuit voltage of the cell at rated temperature (V)
 T is operating temperature of the cell(K)

The other subsystem of the model shown in fig. 3 is Diode current, which contains a subsystem of diode reverse saturation
current as shown in fig. 5.

Figure 5: Subsystem of Reverse Saturation Current

VI. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PV ARRAY
Since a typical PV cell produces less than 2W at 0.5V approximately, the cells must be connected in series-parallel
configuration on a module to produce enough high power. A PV array is a group of several PV modules, which are electrically
connected in series and parallel circuits to generate the required current and voltage. The equivalent circuit for the solar module
arranged in NP parallel and NS series is shown in Fig. 6.

Figure 6: Equivalent Electrical Circuit of PV Array

Therefore, for the PV array, as shown in fig. 6, we can write output current equation as given below:
(6)
Now for an array containing NS cells in series and such NP strings in parallel as shown in fig. 6, we can modify the diode
current equations of the cell as presented below:
( )
( ) (7)

( )
( ) ( ) (8)

( )
( ) ( )
(9)
( )

VII. SIMULATION MODEL OF PV ARRAY

MATLAB/Simulink is used for the modelling task. The model is flexible for any number of modules connected in series and/ or
parallel branches in an array.

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939

A Solarex MSX PV type is chosen for PV array modelling. This type is well suited for virtually all applications where PV
System are feasible energy source, including pumping and irrigation, aids to navigation. The MSX60 module has 60W of rated
power and 36 series connected polycrystalline silicon cells. The performance of typical MSX60 module is described by the
electrical characteristics parameters given in below table 1.
The MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for a general PV array based on manufacturer data and from the mathematical
equations, the output presents the PV array operating current.
After including all the equation explained above, we have a model that has a subsystem of PV array and inputs of
environmental factors. Here, we have applied a ramp input for PV output voltage to produce the complete I-V and P-V graph.

Table 1: Key Specifications of the Solarex MSX60 PV Module

Description Value
Peak Power (W) 60
Open circuit-VOC (V) 21.10
Short-circuit current-ISC (A) 3.8
Reference Irradiance-Gr (W/m2) 1000
Reference Temperature-Tr (K) 298
Number of cell in series-NS 36
Number of cell in parallel-NP 1
Series resistance (Ω) 0.17
Ideality factor-n 1.35
Short circuit temperature coefficient-Kisc (A/K) 0.003
Bandgap Energy-Vg (eV) 1.1

Now we can get different output characteristics at different temperature and radiation levels by just changing the value of
input parameters T and G.

Figure 7: Simulink model of PV array

VIII. VALIDATION OF PROPOSED MODEL
The proposed model can provide calculated current, voltage and power relationships for different environmental conditions of
solar radiations and ambient temperatures. These I-V and P-V characteristics are produced by the proposed model for chosen PV
array type through MATLAB/Simulink environment .The validation of results are done in three steps:

 Validation under standard test conditions - The waveforms are produced for Standard Test Conditions (STC) of full sun
radiation (1000W/m2) and 298K temperature. A commercial software package (PVSyst) is used to present the I-V and P-V
characteristics for the same type from large database built in it. These characteristics developed by PVSyst are compared with
the ones obtained from Simulink model.

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 © 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Figure 8: I-V Curve at STC by PVSyst

Figure 9: I-V Curve at STC by Simulation

Figure 10: P-V Curve at STC by PVSyst

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Figure 11: P-V Curve at STC by Simulation

 Validation under different temperature levels - To assure the flexibility and accuracy of the developed Simulink model, the
model is tested under different temperature levels. These I-V and P-V characteristics are developed at 1000W/m2 and 313 K
from the manufacturer’s datasheet in PVSyst software and the proposed Simulink model.

Figure 12: I-V Curve at 313K by PVSyst

Figure 13: I-V Curve at 313K by Simulation

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Figure 14: P-V Curve at 313K by PVSyst

Figure 15: P-V Curve at 313K by Simulation

 Validation under different solar radiation levels - To further show capability of developed Simulink model to operate, not only
at different temperatures, but also for different solar radiation levels, the model is simulated under different radiation level and
results are compared to assure the accuracy. The simulations results using the developed Simulink model for radiation level
600 W/m2 are compared with PVSyst results.

Figure 16: I-V Curve at 600 W/m2 by PVSyst

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Figure 17: I-V Curve at 600 W/m2 by Simulation

Figure 18: P-V Curve at 600 W/m2 by PVSyst

Figure 19: P-V Curve at 600 W/m2 by Simulation

IX. CONCLUSION
A mathematical model can be built using MATLAB/Simulink for PV array using appropriate equations for that. After
comparing the results of industrial module and the proposed model, we can say that the results obtained by this method are very
near to authentic in different environmental conditions. Therefore, we can conclude that the proposed model can predict the
behaviour of any solar PV cell, module and array under climate and physical parameters changes.

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[4] M. R. Patel (1999), “Wind ans Solar Power Systems”, CRC Press
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