SEMINAR REPORT

ON
INTELLIGENT BUILDING: A COMBINATION OF
SMART BUILDING AND GREEN BUILDING

SUBMITTED BY

ALISHA.A
C7B
B17CEB07

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 SEMINAR REPORT

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of different aspects that make a building technologically and
environmentally efficient can be observed through the study of Intelligent Building. Intelligent
building is a combination of Green building and Smart building. Intelligent buildings were a hot
topic since 1980s. The main operational benefits of installing Intelligent building components
include energy efficiency and higher environmental sustainability, increased user comfort and
productivity, improved safety and reliability, improved operational effectiveness and enhanced
cost effectiveness. The vision was to share telecommunication with energy management systems,
fire alarms, security systems and even office automation. The benefits include cost savings for
cabling and long term maintenance. The main aim of intelligent building is merely a
technological trend. But using intelligent building has wider effects on users than intended. This
paper deals with the characteristics of intelligent buildings, building automation systems, the
merits of intelligent buildings compared to conventional buildings and the obstacles in adoption
of these systems. A case study on the intelligent building system is also included.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
The term intelligent building is a controversial term used in the engineering world.
Intelligent buildings are defined in different ways. To the occupants, an intelligent building
offers economic and efficient environmental systems: heating, lighting and air conditioning. Also
it enhances safety and security. Moreover, it improves business potential with integrated data
communication systems. To the manufacturer, intelligent buildings offer a profitable market,
particularly if they are able to exploit both the commercial and consumer market.

A building can be made intelligent by adopting the right available techniques

and systems keeping in mind the economic viability of these techniques. Choosing the right
design and systems make a building intelligent. The adoption of intelligent building features can
reduce the cost of construction as well as the cost of labour.

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 The concept of green building and smart homes are popular nowadays. These
concepts when equipped with the automation systems will create an efficient and intelligent
environment to live in. By intelligence we meant, the automatic response of a building to its
outside environment. The commonality of a smart and green building is clearly shown in fig (a).
If a building can respond to its outer environmental variations without the interference of the
users of that building it can be said an intelligent building.

Figure (a): Commonality of smart and green building

(Source: Smart intelligent buildings solutions-65-638)

2. CHARACTERSTICS OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

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 As the wording, intelligent building suggests the building should be capable
of making intelligent decisions or respond intelligently to changes. Smart homes or intelligent
home are the terms commonly used to define a residence that uses a control system to integrate
the residence’s various automation systems. Integrating the home systems allows them to
communicate with one another through the control systems thereby enabling single button and
voice control of the various home systems simultaneously, in pre-programmed scenarios or
operating modes.

Intelligent building provides a productive and cost effective environment through

optimization of its four basic elements: structure, systems, services and management.

In details, the Intelligent Building is the building, which:

• Was designed and constructed with intelligence and talent—a building that is secure and safe.

• Can automatically adjust to naturally varying light, temperature, and humidity changes.

• Occupants can customize themselves to individual preferences.

• Operates efficiently and assists with its own maintenance—a building of distinction that
reflects its owners character.

An Intelligent Building is one equipped with the telecommunications

infrastructure that enables it to continuously respond and adapt to changing conditions,
allowing for a more efficient use of resources and increasing the comfort and security of
its occupants. An Intelligent Building provides these benefits through automated control systems
such as: heating, ventilation, and air -conditioning (HVAC); fire safety; security; and
energy/lighting management as clearly shown in fig (b). For example, in the case of a fire,
the fire alarm communicates with the security system to unlock the doors. The security
system communicates with the HVAC system to regulate the flow of air to prevent the fire from
spreading.

Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) defines as A building

and its infrastructure providing the owner, operator and occupant with an environment that is
flexible, effective, comfortable and secure, through the use of integrated technological building

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systems, communications and controls.” This means that, ideally, a building is judged
intelligent when the building subsystems provide the occupants with productive and comfortable
conditions by responding to and enhancing the workplace environment.

Finally it can be summarized from the previous definitions in one

comprehensive definition that is: The intelligent building is the building which is better to live or
work in rather than it’s the building which is designed with people in mind.

Figure (b): Characteristics of an intelligent building

(Source: HSG technology.com)

3. RESPONSIVENESS OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS TO HUMAN

NEEDS

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 Perhaps the most important business driver for intelligent buildings is the
ability to reduce cost, optimize manpower utilization and improve service levels by the use of
latest technologies in building management to control environment, access, safety and costs.
Providing flexible, social, healthy, individually connected and individually condition
environment and ensuring low energy environment were the characteristics architects used to
consider in order to define it as an intelligent building. On the other hand, Psychologists often
deals with human needs through five main categories which include physiological comfort,
safety/security, love, esteem and aesthetics.

3.1. FLEXIBILITY

Intelligent building design focuses first on flexibility. That means

reconfiguration to suit changing layouts limited by time and space needs. Flexibility can be
achieved easily with full modular infrastructure support. These infrastructure must be
integrated across a modular pattern plan determined by stackable, storage wall systems,
Floor based furnished with modular work surfaces.

3.2. ADAPTABILITY

Intelligent Buildings use technology to adapt to the needs of their

occupants mainly physiological needs. The human needs differ from person to person. They
also, differ according to sex, age and mentality. Adaptability is extremely important, since the
building's support infrastructure can quickly become obsolete if it isn't planned with the future
in mind.

3.3. COST EFFICIENT

Intelligent Buildings yield cost reductions in all of these areas by

optimization automated control, communication, and management systems. They also guard
against repair costs, employee time/productivity loss, revenue loss, and the loss of customers to
competitors.

3.4. PHYSIOLOGICAL COMFORT

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 The feeling of comfortable is a state of mind dependent on physical
sensations (physiological) and emotional states (Psychological).The comfort environment plays
a major role in efficient performance of all occupants. The environment can be considered in
three main components:

a. Thermal Comfort (Temperature, Humidity)

b. Illumination (Lighting)

c. Acoustics (Sound) & noise control

Thermal comfort is highly subjective. Enhancing tenants’ comfort is in fact,

a computerized energy management system. Tenants can program each room to his individual
desire, expecting complete temperature control accuracy regardless of extra inputs/changes.
Smart Rooms Comfort Controller also has built-in sensors to effectively monitor the operation of
each area. If that isn't enough, with the appropriate connections, you can remotely control
a total environment by telephone or Internet connection.

A healthy environment can assist staff in keeping their concentration

levels high, so contributing to productivity. To complement access floor air-conditioning and
provide an integrated, intelligent office design, there are a number of compatible accessories
such as partitioning, up lighting, cable management, power poles and floor panels of standard
and high fire resistant construction. To improve building comfort to satisfactory level is to
provide a means of individual thermal control to every building occupant, and to accomplish that
each occupant must have some connection to building’s comfort system.

3.5. OCCUPANT PRODUCTIVITY

Occupant productivity is highly linked with comfort. Environment affects

comfort, which affects human performance, which affects productivity. The building
environment affects the well-being and comfort of human in the workplace, and in turn it
influences human’s productivity, morale and satisfaction.

3.6. INDIVIDUALITY

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 When dealing with individuality the two sets of psychological needs
related to it, which are often in conflict with one another are: the need for personal autonomy
(privacy) and the need for a psychological sense of community. Building Personal needs change
with task, age, gender, and many other factors. Hence providing a ‘neutral’ or ‘optimal’
environment is not possible. Instead, designers need to provide an appropriate range of response
and a means for users to customize their space to meet their needs. Large zone HVAC and
lighting must be broken into office-sized zones with personal controls provided.

3.7. AESTHETICAL NEEDS

Aesthetical values of any building are a fundamental theme in

human reaction to the built environment. In intelligent buildings this fundamental theme
becomes more important since the abstract external appearance of an intelligent building is
intended as a metaphor of information age.

4. BUILDING AUTOMATION
Building automation describes the functionality provided by the
control system of a building. A building automation system (BAS) is an example of a
distributed control system. The control system is a computerized, intelligent network of
electronic devices, designed to monitor and control the mechanical and lighting systems in
building staff as in fig(c). The BAS functionality reduces building energy and maintenance costs
when compared to a non-controlled building. A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to
as an intelligent building system. BAS core functionality keeps the building climate within a
specified range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, and monitors system
performance and device failures and provides email and/or text notifications to building
engineering. Most building automation networks consist of a primary and secondary bus
which connect high-level controllers (generally specialized for building automation, but
may be generic programmable logic controllers) with lower-level controllers, input/output
devices and a user interface (also known as a human interface device).The primary and
secondary bus can be BAC net, optical fibber, ARCNET, RS-232, RS-485 or a wireless
network. Most controllers are proprietary. Each company has its own controllers for specific
applications. Some are designed with limited controls: for example, a simple Packaged

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Roof Top Unit. Others are designed to be flexible. Most have proprietary software that will
work with ASHRAE's open protocol BAC net or the open protocol Lon Talk. Some newer
building automation and lighting control solutions use wireless mesh open standards (such as
Zing Bee). These systems can provide interoperability, allowing users to mix-and-match devices
from different manufacturers, and to provide integration with other compatible building control
systems. Inputs and outputs are either analogy or digital.

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 Analogy inputs are used to read a variable measurement. Examples are
temperature, humidity and pressure sensor which could be thermostat , 4-20 Ma , 0-10 volt
or platinum resistance thermometer (resistance temperature detector), or wireless sensors. A
digital input indicates if a device is turned on or not. Some examples of a digital input would be a
24VDC/AC signal, an air flow switch, or a volt-free relay contact (Dry Contact).Analogy
outputs control the speed or position of a device, such as a variable frequency drive, a I-P
(current to pneumatics) transducer, or a valve or damper actuator. An example is a hot water
valve opening up 25% to maintain a set point. Digital outputs are used to open and close
relays and switches. An example would be to turn on the parking lights when a photocell
indicates it is dark outside.

Figure (c): Systems of building automation

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 (Source: Smart intelligent buildings solutions-65-638)

4.1. INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1.1. Controller

Controllers are essentially small, purpose-built computers with input and

output capabilities. These controllers come in a range of sizes and capabilities to control devices
commonly found in buildings, and to control sub-networks of controllers. Inputs allow a
controller to read temperatures, humidity, pressure, current flow, air flow, and other essential
factors. The outputs allow the controller to send command and control signals to slave devices,
and to other parts of the system.

Controllers used for building automation can be grouped in 3 categories.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), System/Network controllers, and Terminal

Unit controllers. However an additional device can also exist in order to integrate 3rd party
systems (i.e. a stand-alone AC system) into a central Building automation system of which PLC
have the highest responsiveness and processing power. But it is costlier. Terminal Unit
controllers are usually the least expensive and least powerful. PLC's may be used to automate
high-end applications such as clean rooms or hospitals where the cost of the controllers is
less of a concern. In office buildings, supermarkets, malls, and other common automated
buildings the systems will use System/Network controllers rather than PLC's.

Most System controllers provide general purpose feedback loops, as well as digital
circuits, but lack the millisecond response time that PLC's provide. Terminal Unit controllers
usually are suited for control of lighting and/or simpler devices such as a package rooftop unit,
heat pump, VAV box, or fan coil, etc. The installer typically selects 1 of the available pre-
programmed personalities best suited to the device to be controlled, and does not have to create

new control logic.

4.1.2. Occupancy

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 Occupancy is one of 2 or more operating modes for a building automation
system. Unoccupied, Morning warm-up, and Night-time Setback are other common modes.
Occupancy is usually based on time of day schedules. In Occupancy mode, the BAS aims to
provides a comfortable climate and adequate lighting, often with zone-based control so that users
on one side of a building have a different thermostat (or a different system, or sub system)
than users on the opposite side. A temperature sensor in the zone provides feedback to the
controller, so it can deliver heating or cooling as needed.

4.1.3. Lighting

Lighting can be turned on, off, or dimmed with a building automation or

lighting control system based on time of day, or on occupancy sensors, photo sensors and
timers. One typical example is to turn the lights in a space on for a half hour since the last
motion was sensed. A photocell placed outside a building can sense darkness, and the time of
day, and modulate lights in outer offices and the parking lot. Lighting is also a good candidate
for Demand response, with many control systems providing the ability to dim (or turn off) lights
to take advantage of incentives and savings. If occupancy sensors are present they can also be
used as burglar alarms.

4.1.4. Air handlers

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 Most air handlers mix return and outside air so less temperature change is
needed. This can save money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled/hot
water circuits). Some external air is needed to keep the building's air healthy. Analogy or digital
temperature sensors may be placed in the space or room, the return and supply air ducts, and
sometimes the external air as shown in fig (d). Actuators are placed on the hot and chilled water
valves, the outside air and return air dampers. The supply fan (and return if applicable) is
started and stopped based on either time of day, temperatures, building pressures or a
combination.

Figure (d): A schematic diagram of Air handlers used in intelligent buildings.

(Source: link-labs.com)

4.1.5. Constant volume air-handling unit

The less efficient type of air-handler is a "constant volume air

handling unit," or CAV. The fans in CAVs do not have variable-speed controls. Instead,
CAVs open and close dampers and water-supply valves to maintain temperatures in the
building's spaces. They heat or cool the spaces by opening or closing chilled or hot water valves
that feed their internal heat exchange.

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4.1.6. Variable volume air- handling unit

A more efficient unit is a "variable air volume (VAV) air-handling unit,"

or VAV. VAVs supply pressurized air to VAV boxes, usually one box per room or area. A
VAV air handler can change the pressure to the VAV boxes by changing the speed of a
fan or blower with a variable frequency drive or (less efficiently) by moving inlet guide
vanes to a fixed-speed fan. The amount of air is determined by the needs of the spaces served by
the VAV boxes. Each VAV box supplies air to a small space, like an office. Each box has a
damper that is opened or closed based on how much heating or cooling is required in its space.
The more boxes are open, the more air is required, and a greater amount of air is supplied
by the VAV air-handling unit. Some VAV boxes also have hot water valves and an
internal heat exchanger. The valves for hot and cold water are opened or closed based on the
heat demand for the spaces it is supplying. A minimum and maximum CFM must be set on VAV
boxes to assure adequate ventilation and proper air balance.

4.1.7. Vav hybrid system

Another variation is a hybrid between VAV and CAV systems. In this

system, the interior zones operate as in a VAV system. The outer zones differ in that the heating
is supplied by a heating fan in a central location usually with a heating coil fed by the building
boiler. The heated air is ducted to the exterior dual duct mixing boxes and dampers controlled
by the zone thermostat calling for either cooled or heated air as needed.

4.1.8. Central plant

A central plant is needed to supply the air-handling units with

water. It may supply a chilled water system, hot water system and a condenser water
system, as well as transformers and auxiliary power unit for emergency power. If well
managed, these can often help each other. An analogy temperature sensor is often used with this
system. For example, some plants generate electric power at periods with peak demand, using
a gas turbine, and then use the turbine's hot exhaust to heat water or power an absorptive
chillers.

4.1.9. Chilled water system

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 Chilled water is often used to cool a building's air and
equipment. The chilled water system will have chillers and pumps. Analogy temperature sensors
measure the chilled water supply and return lines. The chillers are sequenced on and off to chill
the chilled water supply.

4.1.10. Condenser water system

Cooling towers and pumps are used to supply cool condenser water to
the chillers. Because the condenser water supply to the chillers has to be constant,
variable speed drives are commonly used for the cooling tower fans to control temperature.

4.1.11. Hot water system

The hot water system supplies heat to the building's air-handling unit or VAV box
heating coils, along with the domestic hot water heating oil (Clarifier). The hot water
system will have a boilers and pumps. Some type of mixing valve is usually used to control the
heating water loop temperature. The boilers and pumps are sequenced on and off to maintain
supply.

4.1.12. Alarms and security

Many building automation systems have alarm

capabilities. If an alarm is detected, it can be programmed to notify someone. Notification can
be through a computer, pager, cellular phone, or audible alarm.

1. Common temperature alarms are: space, supply air, chilled water supply and hot water
supply.

2. Differential pressure switches can be placed on the filter to determine if it is dirty.

3. Status alarms are common. If a mechanical device like a pump is requested to start, and the
status input indicates it is off. This can indicate a mechanical failure.

4. Some valve actuators have end switches to indicate if the valve has opened or not.

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5. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors can be used to alarm if levels are too
high

6. Refrigerant sensors can be used to indicate a possible refrigerant leak.

7. Current sensors can be used to detect low current conditions caused by slipping fan
belts, or clogging strainers at pumps.

4.2. ROOM AUTOMATION

Room automation is a subset of building automation and with a
similar purpose; it is the consolidation of one or more systems under centralized control, though
in this case in one room. The most common example of room automation is corporate
boardroom, presentation suites, and lecture halls, where the operation of the large number of
devices that define the room function would make manual operation of the room very complex.

5. ADVANTAGES OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS OVER

COMMERCIAL-BUILDINGS

5.1. Intelligent buildings are superior to conventional green buildings:

Today buildings are constructed keeping in mind the ecological and
environmental impacts. Thus green features are installed to buildings to improve its efficiency.
However, merely installing green features is not enough for optimal efficiency. Buildings cannot
be efficiently managed until their performance can be monitored and measured. Adding sensors
to individual components and systems allows buildings to generate a significant amount of
actionable data, at a granular level of detail. Connecting those components to a BAS or FMS
(Facility Management System) enables real-time performance reporting. Adding sensors to
individual components and systems allows buildings to generate a significant amount of
actionable data, at a granular level of detail. Connecting those components to a BAS or FMS
(Facility Management System) enables real-time performance reporting. This real-time data
generates a baseline for the building’s performance, enhances compliance with LEED, and
can function as continuous commissioning to ensure that the building’s systems are
functioning optimally. Continuous commissioning goes beyond monitoring to adjust system
controls based on the monitoring results, reducing energy consumption by 10-30% or more.

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5.2. Intelligent features to conserve water:
Water efficiency is often overlooked in green buildings because
water currently comprises such a small percentage of overall operating expenses. Resource-
conserving fixtures such as waterless urinals, low-flow or dual flush toilets, and faucet
aerators are integrated with BAS or FMS by equipping them with wireless sensors. This
enables owners to increase efficiency by monitoring and managing water usage. Technologies
such as Sloan Monitored Systems enable property managers to monitor the real-time water usage
of buildings. Water management systems can also proactively manage wasted water and
potential liabilities related to flooding, leakage and other plumbing problems.

5.3. Intelligent buildings are safer than conventional buildings:

Certain intelligent building features reduce operational risks
related to water leakage, flooding, and fire. In addition, early detection and automated
responses can minimize secondary impact of water and fire dam age. The combination of
wireless sensors and real-time monitoring permits managers to detect and respond to problems as
they occur. In a connected building, if the system detects a leak, direct digital controls such as an
automated ball valve upstream of the problem could shut off water to that zone. Wireless
environmental monitoring systems could also track dampness and temperature in parts of
buildings where conditions could lead to meld growth. Similarly, integrated BAS systems
improve security and life safety functions. In event of a fire, the BAS can initiate a
sequence of operations to facilitate evacuation. The BAS can signal the HVAC to stop
delivering fresh air to the area and pressurize the path of egress to clear it of smoke. The BAS
signals access the control system to unlock doors, and surveillance cameras give
responders a live feed.

6. COST REDUCTION OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

Converged networks and integrated cabling design can be less expensive to install than
conventional infrastructure when individual systems are installed separately. As a result, they
reduce first costs for materials and labour, and can shorten overall project time lines. For
example, Ave Maria University in Florida constructed their campus using integrated systems on

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an IP platform. Eliminating the redundant wiring and cabling reduced their construction costs by
over a million dollars. Similarly, the 57-storey Torre Especial building in Madrid used 4,200
wireless En Ocean switches in lieu of conventional devices. En Ocean devices do not require
batteries; they generate mechanical energy from slight changes in light, pressure, temperature,
vibration, or even the motion of a switch being flipped. This single decision in the planning
phase eliminated the need for 20 miles of cable, the equivalent of 1.2 tons of copper. In
conventional buildings, each system has its own wiring. Eliminating this redundant wiring
reduces construction and demolition waste, reduces direct labour costs and project administration
costs. Labour represents roughly 50% of cabling costs; consolidating cabling and removing
redundant wiring can reduce this figure by 20-40%. Having a single provider for all
technology systems can reduce associated project management costs by roughly
30%.However, other technologies and equipment require additional initial investment.
Converged networks require less labour during the initial installation, and also require less labour
to maintain. Integrated systems reduce staffing costs by enabling a small staff to operate more
efficiently.

7. OBSTACLES TO ADOPTION
One of the obstacles to broader adoption is that appraisers,
insurers and lenders lack effective methods to quantify and value energy savings driven
by green or smart technologies. Combining green features with intelligent features allows
monitoring and measurement of performance, which should address this issue going
forward.

Split incentives are another obstacle to adoption. According to many

civil engineers, the conventional approach to development has been to minimize the initial
capital costs and to deliver buildings that barely meet code. Rather than addressing
building efficiency, developers and building owners have shifted the burden of rising utility
prices onto tenants through net leases. Real estate being a cyclical sector with higher risk
factors tends to be conservative, risk averse, and slow to adopt new technologies. The sector is
also highly fragmented. The regional or national companies have the capacity to adopt new

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technologies, but they generally have very little budget for research or development.
Besides the sector’s aversion to new technologies, there are also technological challenges to
integrating building systems. No turnkey offerings are available, and solutions need to be
customized to each building. Other obstacles to broader adoption include information security
and privacy concerns, a lack of awareness of the benefits of intelligent building features,
and the reluctance of vendors and utility companies to release proprietary technologies and
standards. High cost of renewable energy resources is also one reason.

8. CASE STUDY: INTELLIGENT BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Building Automation & Energy Management

Location: Taiwan

Project Introduction

An international computer company known for exceptional research, development, and

manufacturing was looking to implement an intelligent automation system in their
headquarters in Taiwan to monitor and control automation systems in the 13-floor building.
This project integrates a variety of equipment through powerful network functionality. The
design of this system was aimed at achieving an energy-saving solution: each floor is
equipped with automation monitoring and controlling equipment, the electrical power
system sets the scheduling for start and stop times, and the efficient security system
reduces the human resources needed on-site. This helps achieve maximum benefits with
minimum costs.

System Requirements:

A unified system integrated with energy saving features and a reliable network
infrastructure was required by the company. Furthermore, the wanted easy-to-use software
that could control multiple sub-systems simultaneously.

Project Implementation:

Browser-based SCADA/HMI Software

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System Description:

The entire automation system is composed of the following subsystems:

1. A temperature control system with trend displays and data logging.

2. A security system with access control which can generate alarms in the event of a breach.

3. A digital video surveillance system for continuous 24-hour a day operation.

4. An power system with energy-saving functionality.

5. A parking system that uses a card reader only allowing authorized access.

Web Access provides open integration components, such as Active X, HTML

report, Graphic import, DDE, OPC, ODBC I/F as well as JAVA/TCL/VB script which helps the
system integrator easily develop subsystem interfaces to form a complete intelligent building
automation system.

Web Access supports the use of live video cameras and DVRs that are
IP enabled ActiveX control, Windows Media player, JPEG and other formats supported by
Internet Explorer 6.0.

With browser-based Web Access software, engineers can remotely view and control
building automation systems using a standard web browser. Data is displayed to users in
real-time with dynamically updated graphics and full-motion animation. Furthermore, the
video image appears in the same display area as the graphic display, alarm and trend charts.
With Web Access’ powerful integration capabilities, the building owner can reduce human
resources and save energy costs to gain a quick return on their investment.

Project report: New Generation Intelligent building platform techniques

Recently, China launched a National Key Research and Development Program entitled new
generation intelligent building platform techniques with Grant No. 2017YFC0704100. Such
category of programs is the top tier of scientific projects sponsored by the Chinese
government, which reflects the prior research direction national wide. A typical financial
amount of such project is around 10 million US dollars and it will involve many partners

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diverse from universities, research institutes, industrial companies, etc. The aim of this
project (Grant No. 2017YFC0704100) is to introduce advanced information and control
technologies including system modeling, decentralized control and optimization, Internet of
Things (IoT) to address the challenges arising from the intelligent operation of building
devices in a highly dynamical centralized control schemes, such as the difficulties of
automatic configuration and deployment, self-organization, scalability, robustness, etc. The
new framework of the decentralized operating system is composed of many building space
units, which are working in a self-organized way. Each unit in the topology includes many
intelligent building devices, such as sensors and actuators of buildings. More importantly,
each space unit has a computing node, which monitors and controls all the devices inside this
space unit. Computing nodes also communicate with its neighbors in a peer-to-peer way,
which makes the total operating system work in a decentralized style.environment. The
paradigm of decentralized control and optimization is the key feature of this new building
platform. In the decentralized framework of smart buildings, there does not exist a
centralized node or computer to coordinate the whole control system. All the nodes in the
building are at a peer level and they are self-organized together to accomplish various
functions of the building. This decentralized framework of ICT can alleviate the deficiencies
caused by the traditional centralized control schemes, such as the difficulties of automatic
configuration and deployment, self-organization, scalability, robustness, etc. The new
framework of the decentralized operating system is composed of many building space units,
which are working in a self-organized way. Each unit in the topology includes many
intelligent building devices, such as sensors and actuators of buildings. More importantly,
each space unit has a computing node, which monitors and controls all the devices inside this
space unit. Computing nodes also communicate with its neighbors in a peer-to-peer way,
which makes the total operating system work in a decentralized style.

Some deliveries of this project include a decentralized operating system for smart buildings
and intelligent electromechanical devices working in decentralized form. The system will be
deployed in at least 5 demonstration buildings, more than 100,000 square meters. These
buildings are commercial complexes and located in different climate zones of China, two in
South China, one in East China, and two in North China. The operating system should
accommodate more than 5000 intelligent nodes, 30 types of electromechanical devices, and

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 20 software applications. The accumulative localization errors of indoor occupants should be
less than 10%.

9. CONCLUSION

The goal of having an intelligent building only starts with early planning in the
design stage. In many ways, this mirrors the design and fulfilment of many green projects
today, but it uses technology to provide for a superior space. There are enormous benefits to be
gained by creating intelligent buildings. It is necessary to continue to work as an industry to
quantify these benefits, educate owners and consultants, and to deliver a superior product to
the market. Intelligent buildings are those buildings which respond intelligently to the changes
of its surroundings. The intelligent building involves the use of modern technology to
create an efficient, safe and secure environment for the people residing in that building.
Intelligent building offers a suitable environment for the efficient working of the people of that
building, thus enhancing the productivity. The building automation system, the features of
intelligent buildings, the necessity of intelligent buildings, the advantages of adopting
intelligent building techniques, the obstacles in adoption of the intelligent building system
were included in the paper. The case study of building automation system in Taiwan was also
included.

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