Unit 4.

1 Moment Distribution Method

Introduction

4.1 Introduction
• This is a method evolved by prof Hardy cross and can be used with advan-
tage to analyse statically indeterminate beams and frames with rigid joint.

• It is also known as Hardy cross method of successive approximation.

• It is the most suitable manual method for analysis of continuous beams and
rigid jointed plane frames.

• This method is not an exact method but a method of successive approxima-

tion where any degree of accuracy can be obtained by repeated iteration.

• This method consists in solving indirectly the equilibrium equations formu-

lated in slope deflection method without finding the displacements.

• Less tedious compared to slope deflection and strain energy methods.

4.2 Nature of method: It is a

• Displacement method.
• Equilibrium method
• Stiffness coefficient method.
• Iteration method.
• Relaxation Method
• Successive approximation method.

4.3 Basic Concepts:

6.3.1 Fixed End Moments:

All members of a given frame are initially assumed fixed at both ends. The loads
acting on these fixed beams produce fixed end moments at the ends. These are the
moments exerted by the supports on the beam ends. These (non existent) moments
keep the rotations at the ends of each member zero.

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 2 Moment Distribution Method

Sign convention: For Micro Notes by the

Student
These moments are treated as positive if clockwise and negative if anticlockwise.

4.3.2. Stiffness (k):

• Stiffness is generally taken as the force required to produce a unit displace-
ment (in a member or structure).

• It is also the moment required to produce unit rotation at a specified point in

a beam / structure.

• It can be extended to denote the torque needed to produce unit twist.

• In moment distribution method we are interested to know the moment re-

quired to produce a unit clockwise rotation at a support point in a beam.

• When structural member of uniform section is subjected to a moment at one

end only, then the moment required so as to rotate that end to produce unit
slope.

Examples:

a) Far end fixed

M=4EI/L B
A Far end
T=1

M 4EI
K T L

b) Far end hinged:

M=3EI/L
A B
Far end
T=1

M 3EI
K T L

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 3 Moment Distribution Method

c) If farend is a guided roller For Micro Notes by the

M Student
A B
Far end
L

EI
K L

d) If farend is a roller

M
A B
Far end
L

K 0
M
A B
Far end
L

3EI
K L

It is easy to realize that ‘K’ will be large if E or/

and I are large. K is less when L is more.

4.3.3 Relative stiffness of members:

a) for far end fixed, K LI

b) for far end hinged, K 34 I/L

4.3.4 Rotational stiffness of a joint:

It is the sum of stiffness of all members meeting at a joint (6K)

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 4 Moment Distribution Method

For Micro Notes by the

Student

4.3.5 Distribution Factor (DF):

The distribution factor for a member at a joint is the ratio of the stiffness of the mem-
ber to the total stiffness of all the members meeting at the joint.

1. Sum of distribution factors at a joint is one.

2. Distribution factor to a cantilever is zero as
its stiffness is zero.

4.3.6 Carry Over Moment (COM):

In moment distribution method, we have to analyse the effects of applying imagi-
nary moments at a specified point.

(a) When a moment ‘M’ is applied to produce rotation without translation at the
near supported end ‘A’ of a beam whose farther end ‘B’ is fixed in the carry
over moment MBA at the farther end is one half the applied moment ‘M’ and is
of the same sense (order) as the applied moment.

M
C.O.M
2

(b) If farther end is simple support,

C.O.M 0

(c) If farther end is guided roller

C.O.M  M

4.3.7 Carry Over Factor (COF):

It is defined as the ratio of the moment at the far end to the moment at the rotating
near end.

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 5 Moment Distribution Method

For Micro Notes by the

Student

Case 1: If far end is fixed

M/2 1
COF M 2

Case 2: If far end is hinged

0
COF M 0

Case 3: If far end is guided roller

M
C.O.M 1
M

4.4 Procedure of moment distribution method:

(for beams prismatic with in a span )

Step 1: Calculate rotational stiffness of each member at a joint depending upon condi-
tions of far end.
• If far end fixed K = 4LEI
• If far end hinged K = 3LEI
• If far end free K = 0

Step 2: Calculate distribution factors for each member at a joint. These factors are not-
ed along each member at the joint.
K
D. F = 6 K

Step 3: Assume all the joints to be fully restrained (the structure is converted as kine-
matically determinate)

Step 4: Calculate fixed end moments (F.E.M) for each member for the given loading.

Step 5: Moments are released at the hinged or simply supported ends. These moments
are referred as released moments (R. M). The released moments are carried over to
the far ends of the corresponding members depending upon the carry over factor.
These moments are known as carry over moments (C. O. M).

Step 6: Unbalanced moments at each joint are computed from the total moments (T.M).
These unbalanced moments are distributed among various members meeting at
the joint on the basis of their distribution factor. The unbalanced moments distrib-
uted at a joint are called distributed moments (D.M).

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 6 Moment Distribution Method

Step 7: The distributed moments are carried over to the far ends of the corresponding For Micro Notes by the
Student
members on the basis of their carry over factor (C. O. F)

Step 8: Steps 6 & 7 are repeated at each joint until no unbalanced moment exists at
any joint or till the moment carried over is negligible compared to the final end
moments (Generally within 1%)

Step 9: The algebraic sum of all the moments (F.E.M or T.M, R.M, D.M & C.O.M)
from all the cycles (Steps 6 to 8 ) for each member metting at the joint is calculat-
ed. These moments are called final end moments (F. M).

6.6 Sinking of Supports:

• In practical structures such as in Rigid frame bridges, Continuous beam

bridges, building frames and frames for industrial structures, ‘loading’ can
be changed even by sinking of supports or rotation of ‘fixed’ ends. Supports
sink mostly due to soil settlement.

• Rotation of ‘fixed’ ends can happen either because of soil settlement or up-
heaval of horizontal or inclined fixed ends.

• Fixed end moments induced in beam ends because of settlement or rotation

of supports.

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 7 Moment Distribution Method

For Micro Notes by the

Previous Gate Questions Student

01. The ratio of the stiffness of a beam at the near end when the far end is hinged to
the stiffness of the beam at the near end when the far end is fixed is
(GATE - 94)
1 3
(a) 2 (b) 4

4
(c) 1 (d) 3

02. If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero then the
Bending Moment at the section is (GATE - 95)
(a) Zero (b) Max.
(c) Min. (d) Max. or Min.

03. M- relationship for a simply supported beam shown below is given by
(GATE - 96)
M M
a b
T T

l
M, M,
(a) EI 2T (b) EI 3T

M, M,
(c) EI 4T (d) EI 6T

04. Carry-over factor CAB for the beam shown in the figure below is (GATE - 06)

A C B

Internal Hinge
L L

(a) 1 / 4 (b) 1 / 2
(c) 3 / 4 (d) 1

Key
01. (b) 02. (b) 03. (a) 04. (d)

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 8 Moment Distribution Method

For Micro Notes by the

Previous IES Objective Questions Student

01. The value of moment distribution factors for the joints B and C respectively
are (ESE - 1991)
A B C D
6m 4m 4m 1m
1.5I I 2I I

(a) 0.5, 0.5, 0.25, 0.75 (b) 0.33, 0.66, 0.25, 0.75
(c) 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6 (d) 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5

02. For the continuous beam (EI constant) loaded as shown in figure, the moment
at ‘B’ is (ESE – 1993)

w w
l/2 l/2

A B C

l l

(a) 0.75 times free moment at mid-span

(b) same as the free moment at mid-span of AB
(c) 1.50 times free moment at mid-span of AB
(d) 2.00 times free moment at mid-span of AB

KEY
01. (c) 02. (a)

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 9 Moment Distribution Method

Previous TSPSC Questions For Micro Notes by the

Student

01. Hardy Cross method of analysis is based on (AEE-2004)

(a) Slope displacement method (b) Moment area method
(c) Conjugate beam method (d) Virtual work method

02. For prismatic members, the stiffness factor is computed as: (AEE-2008)
EI L 1
(a) EI (b) L (c) EI (d) EI

03. The carry over factor in a prismatic beam whose far end is hinged, is:
(AEE-2008)
3 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2

Key
01. (b) 02. (b) 03. (a)

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 10 Moment Distribution Method

Analysis of beam by MDM part 1 For Micro Notes by the

Student

Analysis of beam by MDM part 2

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 11 Moment Distribution Method

For Micro Notes by the

Analysis of beam by MDM part 3 Student

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Unit 4.2 Slope Deϔlection Method

Introduction

.1 Introduction :
• The slope deflection method was developed by Axel Bendixson in Germany
in 1914. Subsequently, Wilson and Maney in the year 1915 reported the
analysis for the effect for lateral loads on tall buildings.

• Popularly, it is credited to G.A. Maney by many in present days.

• Static equilibrium conditions are adequate to analyze determinate structures.

• The method can be used to analyse statically indeterminate beams and

frames with rigid joints.
• Axial and shear deformations are neglected.
• In case of statically indeterminate structures, both static equilibrium
conditions and compatibility conditions of deformations shall be satisfied.
• In the slope deflection method (displacement methods), the compatibility
conditions are used first which will be followed by equilibrium conditions.
• It is a displacement or equilibrium or stiffness coefficient method.

• In this method displacements (slope and deflection) are treated as unknowns.

Thus the slope deflection method is a displacement method.
• In this method, it is assumed that deformations are caused due to bending
moment only and axial deformation are neglected.

• To find unknown displacements, joint moment equilibrium conditions and

column shear equations are used.

• A series of simultaneous equations, each expressing the relation between the

moments acting at the ends of the members are written in terms
of slope deflection. The solution of slope deflection equations along with
equilibrium equations, gives the values of unknown joint displacements.
Knowing these displacements, the end moments are calculated using slope
deflection equations.

• Kani’s rotation contribution method and Stiffness matrix methods, mainly

depend upon slope deflection method.

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 2 Slope Deflection Method

4.2 Sign Convention: For Micro Notes by the

Student
a) Moments:

+ve
A B

-ve

The clockwise moments are treated as positive and anticlockwise moments

are taken as negative.

b) Slopes (Rotations):

A B

TA
+ve

A B

TB
-ve

When the tangent on elastic curve rotates in clockwise is treated as positive. When
the tangent rotates in the anticlockwise direction it is treated as negative.

c) Settlement:
The settlement is also called sinking or subsidence.
Far end
Near end

Near end Far end

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 3 Slope Deflection Method

When the far end support settles down with respect to the near end, the induced For Micro Notes by the
moments are anticlockwise and hence negative. If the near end settles down with Student
respect to the far end, then the moments developed at both ends will be clockwise
direction and hence positive.

4.3 Derivation of slope deflection equations:

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 4 Slope Deflection Method

For Micro Notes by the

Student

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 5 Slope Deflection Method

4.4 Equilibrium equations: For Micro Notes by the

Student

A B C

MBA + MBC = 0
MCB = 0

The no. of equilibrium equations shall be equal

to the no. of unknown Joint displacements.

4.5 Analysis of continuous Beams without support settlement:

• Analysis of a beam and rigid joint frame means determination of bending

moment and shear force throughout the length of the member i.e. determination
of BMD and SFD for the member.

• BMD and SFD for a member of structure can be drawn if we know the
internal end moments of a member.

• The slope deflection equations for beams without settlement / subsidence/

lateral displacement are obtained from

M FAB  L 72T A  T BA
2EI
M AB

M FBA  L 72T B  T AA
2EI
M BA

The procedure is as follows:

Step1: Identify the kinematic redundants, viz unknown displacements at the

supports/joints.

Step 2: Compute the fixed end moments in each span.

Step3: Write down the expression for end moments in each span in terms of the
fixed end moments and end rotations using slope deflection equations.

Step 4: Using joint moment equilibrium equations, a set of linear simultaneous

equations are obtained.

Step 5: Determine the slopes by solving the simultaneous equations.

Step 6: The end moments are obtained by back substitution of slopes in the slope
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 6 Slope Deflection Method

deflection equations. For Micro Notes by the

Student
Step 7: 98i are drawn for each span separately and the bending moment diagrams
/ shear force diagrams are drawn.

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 7 Slope Deflection Method

For Micro Notes by the

Previous Gate Questions Student

01. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved in the slope deflection method
is equal to (GATE - 95)
(a) static indeterminacy
(b) kinematic indeterminacy
(c) number of joint displacements in the structure
(d) none of the above

Key
01. (c)

Previous IES Objective Questions

01. Which one of the following statements is correct? (ESE - 2007)

(a) In slope-deflection method, the forces are taken as unknowns
(b) In slope-deflection method, the joint rotations are taken as unknowns
(c) Slope-deflection method is not applicable for beams and frames having
settlement at the supports
(d) Slope-deflection method is also known as force method

02. In the slope-deflection equations, deformations are considered to be caused by

(ESE - 2016)
(a) Shear forces and bending moments only
(b) Axial forces, shear forces and bending moments
(c) Axial forces and bending moments only
(d) Bending moments only

03. Statement (I): Slope-deflection method is a displacement method of analysis.

Statement (II): Forces are the basic unknowns in the slope-deflection method.
(ESE-2017)

KEY
01. (b) 02. (d) 03. (c)

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 8 Slope Deflection Method

For Micro Notes by the

Previous TSPSC Questions Student

01. The slope deflection method formulates (AEE 2003)

(a) equilibrium conditions only
(b) compatibility conditions only
(c) both equilibrium and compatibility conditions
(d) either equilibrium or compatibility conditions

02. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved in the slope deflection

method is equal to (AEE-2006)
(a) static indeterminancy
(b) kinematic indeterminancy
(c) number of joint displacements in the structure
(d) none of the above

03. The number of equations required to analyse a single bay single storey portal
frame with hinged supports by slope deflection method is (AEE-2006)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (D) 4

KEY
01. (a) 02. (c) 03. (c)

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 9 Slope Deflection Method

Previous JNTU Conventional Questions For Micro Notes by the

Student
01. What is carryover moment?

02. Explain how the applied moment is distributed among the members meeting at a
joint.

03. A continuous beam is as shown in figure. The support B sinks by an amount of 15/
EI. Analyse the beam by using Slope deflection method?
20kN/m 80kN 40kN
A B C
D
6m (2I) 1m E (I)5m 2m (I)

04. Draw BMD for the continuous beam shown in figure 6 by using Moment distribu-
tion method?

8kN 12kN/m 15kN

A D
1m E 2m B 5m C 2m F 2m
(I) (2I) (I)

05. Determine the distribution factors of a beam supported and loaded as shown in
figure.
100kN 75kN
25kN/m 1m 1m
2EI 3EI
3m 4m

06. Determine the Reaction at the prop of a beam loaded as shown in figure.
60kN
2m
EI
4m

07. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure 9, by slope-deflection method.

50kN 60kN
2m 30kN/m 3m

4m 3m 5m

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 10 Slope Deflection Method

08. Using moment distribution method, analyse the continuous beam shown in figure. For Micro Notes by the
Student
150kN
30kN/m 3m 40kN/m

3m 5m

09. A Fixed beam AB of span 6.0 m carries point loads 150 kN and 200 kN as shown
in figure. If the left and the right supports sink by 15 mm and 7 mm respectively,
find the fixing moments at the supports. Find also the reactions at supports. Draw
also the BMD for the beam by using Moment distribution method.
Take EI= 6000 kN-m2.

150KN 200KN
A B

2.0m 2.0m 2.0m

10. Analyse the frame by Slope deflection method as shown in figure?

20KN
B 2.5m 2.5m C
D
1.5m 5m
2m
20KN
3m

11. Write down the slope deflection equation for a beam element and also explain
this method is preferable.

12. In a member AB, if a moment of 10 kN-m is applied at A, what is the moment

carried over to the fixed end B?

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 11 Slope Deflection Method

For Micro Notes by the

Previous JNTU Objective Questions Student

01. The distribution factor for a member at joint is _________

02. A fixed beam AB of span ‘L’. If one of its support ‘A’ rotates clock wise by a value
‘’, what will be moments developed at A and B are ________

03. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved in the slope deflection method
is equal to __________.

04. The left end A of a member with partial fixity under goes clockwise rotation of ‘’
and sinks by ‘’ . The end B under goes an anticlockwise rotation of /2 and sinks
by /2. Assuming uniform flexural rigidity, and for no transverse loading for a span
length L., The moment, MBA = __________

05. Carry over factor CAB for the beam shown in figure below is _____

A L L B
Internal hinge

06. The maximum vertical reaction at B due to the loading system shown in figure is
_____.
100KN 100KN 100KN
2m 2m 2m 2m
A B

07. The ratio of stiffness of a beam at the near end to when the far end is fixed is
_______

08. For the plastic analysis, the criteria for the analysis of a structure is based on
________ load.

09. Equilibrium method for the analysis of statically indeterminate structure is also
known as ___________

10. The general slope deflection equation considers the effect of _______ deforma-
tion.

11. The general slope deflection equations do not consider the _______ and _____
deformation.

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 12 Slope Deflection Method

12. Moment distribution begins by assuming each joint of structure _________ For Micro Notes by the
Student
13. The distribution factor is to the ____________ of the member/ total ________ for
the joint

14. Fixed end moment due to moment applied at the centre is ______

15. The stiffness factor for a symmetrical beam subjected to symmetric loading of the
centre span in the continuous beam is _______

16. The distribution factor for the fixed end is ________

17. In case of beam with far end fixed the carry over factor is _______

18. A prismatic beam of length ‘ , ’ is pinned at A and fixed at other end B. The
___________ at A is ____ (EI/I)

19. In a moment ‘M’ is applied at the prop, then the induced moment at the other end
that is at fixed support is
(a) M (b) 1.5 M (c) 2 M (d) 0.5 M

20. The degree of static indeterminacy of a fixed beam with symmetrical vertical load-
ing is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

21. The slope deflection equations give the relationship between

(a) Slope and deflection only (b) B.M and rotation only
(c) B.M and vertical deflection only (d) B.M rotation and deflections

22. In slope deflection method the displacements considered are due to

(a) Shear force (b) bending moment
(c) axial force and bending moment (d) shear force and bending moment

23. The displacement method is also referred to as which one of the following
(a) Minimum strain energy method (b) Maxwell-mohr method
(c) consistent deformation method (d) Slope-deflection method

24. A live load of 80 kN/m moves on a simply supported girder of span 12 m. The
maximum bM which can occur at a section 4 m from left end
(a) 1280 kN-m (b) 1208 kN-m
(c) 1820 kN-m (d) 1028 kN-m
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 13 Slope Deflection Method

25. The relative stiffness of a propped cantilever of length L is For Micro Notes by the
3
(a) 4 L (b) 3/L (c) 2/3L (d) None Student

26. Cause for side sway of frame is

(a) Settlement of supports (b) horizontal loading
(c) unsymmetrical loading (d) all the above

27. Moment distribution method is proposed by

(a) Hardy cross (b) Muller
(c) Hooke (d) None

28. The method used for analysis of indeterminate beams and rigidly jointed frames
(a) Moment area method (b) Shear force
(c) Slope deflection method (d) None

29. In slope deflection method, the deformations are considered to be caused by

(a) BM (b) Shear force
(c) Axial force (d) All

30. The slope deflection equations give the relationship between

(a) Slope and deflection only (b) BM and rotation only
(c) BM and Shear force (d) BM, rotation and deflection

31. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved in slope deflection method is

equal to
(a) Static determinacy (b) Kinematic indeterminacy
(c) both (d) None

32. The slope deflection equations are formulated using

(a) Principle of virtual work (b) Principle of superposition
(c) Principal of reciprocal deflection (d) Castigliano’s theorem

33. In slope deflection method, the slope deflection equation for a continuous beam
can be expressed as
(a) MN = 2Ek (2N + P FEM)N
(b) MN = 3Ek (NFEM)N
(c) MN = 2Ek (2F + N FEM)N
(d) MN = 2Ek (2F + N FEM)F

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 14 Slope Deflection Method

34. Moment distribution is a method of ___. For Micro Notes by the

(a) Solving simultaneous equation Student

(b) Distributing the external moments

(c) Successive approximations to a desired accuracy
(d) Simultaneous iteration

35. The frictions of total resisting moment applied the member is called _______
(a) Stiffness factor (b) Joint stiffness factor
(c) Carryover factor (d) Distribution factor

36. The stiffness factor for a symmetric beam under antisymmetric loading of the cen-
tre span is
(a) 6EI/L (b) 4EI/I (c) 2EI/I (d) 3EI/I

37. In moment distribution method, the sum of distribution factors of all the mem-
bers meeting at any joint is always
(a) Zero (b) Less than 1
(c) greater than 1 (d) equal to 1

38. If Ki is the stiffness of ith member at a joint, the distribution factor for the
member is
Ki
(a) 6Ki (b)  Ki
(c) Ki (d) (Ki –Ki)

39. A portal frame having single bay, single storey configuration can be analysed by
using
(a) Slope deflection method (b) Kanis method
(c) Moment distribution method (d) All (a), (b) & (c)

40. The ratio of stiffness of a member when far end is hinged to that of the member
when far end is fixed is
(a) 1 (b) 2
3 4
(c) 4 (d) 3
41. A two span continuous beam ABC, fixed at ‘A’ and ‘C’ have equal spans of 5.0
each. EI is same for both spans. The distribution factor for member BA is
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4
(c) 1/3 (d) 2/3

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 15 Slope Deflection Method

42. In moment distribution method the sum of distribution factors of all the members For Micro Notes by the
meeting at one joint is always Student

(a) zero (b) less than one

(c) 1 (d) greater than once

Answers
01. The ratio of stiffness of a member to total stiffness of all the member at a joint

4EIT 2EIT
02. L , L 03. No. of joint displacement instruction

04. 3EI /L2 05. 1 06. 120 07. 1.0

08. Ultimate 09. Displacement method

10. Bending 11. Axial and shear 12. Fixed

13. Stiffness factor / stiffness factor 14. M/4 15. 2EI/L

16. 1 17. 0.5 18. Stiffness factor

KEY
19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d)
24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (c)
29. (d) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (a)
34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (a)
39. (d) 40. (c) 41. (a) 42. (c)

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 16 Slope Deflection Method

For Micro Notes by the

Slope deflection method overview part-1 Student

Slope deflection method overview part-2

AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
 17 Slope Deflection Method

For Micro Notes by the

Analysis of Beam using Slope deflection method Student

AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)