Special Science Program

Research 10
Quarter 1
Home-Based
Science Investigatory Project

Learning Package
Project TUKLAS
Toolkits for Understanding sKills Leaning to Active Scientific Investigations
What This Module is About

Welcome to the Research 10 (Science and Technology) Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module.
This Module is a teacher-made designed for Grade 10 students under Special Science
Program of Valencia National High School. Competencies in Research 10 were designed to
equip students with enhanced knowledge of conducting experimental research. This may serve
as an avenue for the students to demonstrate higher level of competence in research by
enhancing their previous research project, conducting a continuing research or a new research
project. In order to acquire mastery and competence in conducting sound researches,
establishing a stronger linkage, collaboration and maximizing the available resources of
research institutions and the community shall be practiced. Likewise, constant coaching and
consultation with experts will also be done for robust and well-guided execution of the
enhanced research project/plan.

To the parents:
As vital partners in education, your support to your children’s learning at home is a great
factor to ensure that they will become successful in what they do. As parents, you are expected to
monitor your children’s progress while they are accomplishing the tasks in this module while at
the same time, ensuring that they learn independently.
The objectives set for this learning material will be certainly accomplished with your steadfast
guidance and support.

To the learners:
This learning resource hopes to engage you into guided and independent learning
activities at your own pace and time. This also aims to help you acquire the needed 21st century
skills while taking into consideration your needs and circumstances.
Furthermore, it is our objective that you will have fun while going through this material.
Take charge of your learning pace and in no time, you will successfully meet the targets and
objectives set in this module which are intended for your ultimate development as a learner and as
a person.

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
 A Quality
Lesson
Research Paper
1
What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. identify the features of a scientific report; and
2. utilize the standards (criteria or checklist) in evaluating a research paper.

What I Know (Pre-Test)

Multiple Choice: Read the following sentences carefully. Select the best answer from the choices
given. Write your answers on the activity sheet.

1. Which of the following should appear first in your research paper?

A. works cited page B. introduction C. title D. conclusion

2. Which of the following is NOT a credible source?

A. A news article C. A interview with an expert
B. What your neighbor said D. A documentary on the topic

3. What is the most credible source type on the internet?

A. A narrative written on a personal blog.
B. A Wikipedia article on any given topic.
C. An anonymously posted comment on a social media site
D. An article that was published through a magazine, journal, encyclopedia, etc.

4. A paper should be evidence based, what does it mean to be evidence based?

A. The data has been verified
B. The research has been peer-reviewed
C. The experiment validated by other scientists
D. All of the above

5. Which of the following should appear last in your research paper?

A. works cited B. in-text citations C. thesis D. title
 What’s In

The quality of a research paper depends primarily on the quality of the research study it
reports. However, there is also much that authors can do to maximize the clarity and usefulness of
their papers. Journals' instructions for authors often focus on the format, style, and length of
articles. The research question should be stated clearly, along with an explanation of where it
came from and why it is important. The study methods must be reported fully and, where
appropriate, in line with an evidence-based reporting guideline. Any relevant conflicts of interest
should be declared.

Therefore, quality assessment plays many important roles in the research community. It
enlightens crucial decisions on the funding of projects, teams and whole institutions, on how
research is conducted, on what is published or disseminated, and on what researchers and others
choose to read. It makes trust in the work of the research community.

What is It

Many versions of a format for a scientific report can be found in the literature however
most versions have a number of features in common. The following scaffold may be useful for to
you as a student-researcher.

Scientific Report Scaffold

Scaffold Notes
Title Communicate what your investigation is about i.e.
e.g. The effect of UV light on the rate of the title should include: the effect, the independent
growth of mould on bread variable and the dependent variable.

Introduction Describe the problem/question and current

research related to the problem.
Explain what it is you are trying to address that is
different to what has already been done.
State the hypothesis.

Method Describe how you conducted your investigation

mentioning all appropriate variables and controls,
the materials and any technologies you used.

Write the method as a procedural recount for the

steps that you followed in order to collect data. A
procedural recount is written in the past tense.
 Results Report the results you observed for the procedure.
Present average values (from number of trials or
number of samples) rather than every measurement
that was made. Use graphs where appropriate.

Do not interpret the results in this section. Do that

in the Discussion section.

Discussion Assess your results (trends and patterns) and

summarize the most important findings. Conclude
how well the results supported your hypothesis.
Provide plausible explanations for your findings.
Suggest additional research that might be
considered in the future.
Discuss how your results fit into a broader context
or relate to a broader context.

References and acknowledgements Acknowledge the assistance you have received from
other people.

Provide references for any published secondary

sources that you used, such as books, newspapers,
journals, CD ROMs and the Internet.

Use a standard referencing style.

Appendix Could be your log book or appendix of results

*Source : Investigating scientifically in Stage 4. 2004. State of NSW, Department of Education

and Training K-12 Curriculum Directorate, 2004

What’s More
Activity 1
Scientific Report Scaffold

Direction. Read three (3) scientific papers in google scholar or any other scholarly search engine.
Each paper is classified as: a) Life Science, b) Physical Science/Applied Science, c)
Robotics. Write a Scientific Report Scaffold of each paper.

What I Have Learned

 Activity 2
Discussion Checklist

Direction. Select one (1) scientific report from Activity 1, and evaluate the paper according to the
requirements/standard presented in table below. Mark / if the items meet the typical
requirements in discussing the research findings and mark X if otherwise. Lastly,
provide annotation or justification of your evaluation.

Title of a Research Study: ____________________________________________________

Requirements Remarks Annotation (justification)

( /or x)
1. Is the paper provided a brief
overview of what is the study all
about?

2. Is the paper posed a significant

important question that can be
investigated empirically and that
contributes to the knowledge base?

3. Is the paper has a well‐defined

research topic and a clear hypothesis

4. Is the paper has a complete chain and

coverage of the relevant literature?

5. Are the applied methods best address

the research questions of interest?

6. Are the findings presented are in the

light of the research questions/
objectives?

7. Is there any capsulated findings

presented such as table, graph or any
figures prior to the discussion?
8. Are the tables and figures presented in
the paper convey information and
relationships clearly and accurately?
9. Is there any explanation on the key
findings of the research based on the
figures presented?

10. Are the results presented were

compared to the findings with the
existing literature?

11. Are the existing literature presented in

discussions were properly cited?

12. The conclusions and

recommendations both logical and
consistent with the findings.

What I Can Do
Direction: Based from your reasings in scientific reports, what are some problems that you
would like to solve at home, school or in your community.
 Scientific Report Scaffold

Life

Scaffold
Title
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACTS OF
DIFFERENT PARTS OF (Lantana Camara)

Introduction

Oxidative pressure is a significant danger in the pathogens of various present ailments.

Furthermore, other responsive oxygen species are perceived as operators associated with the
irregular pathogens for example, asthma, fiery arthropathities, diabetes, Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s disease and infections. Receptive oxygen species are additionally said to be
answerable for the human aging.

Cancer prevention agent can be extensively characterized as any substance that delays or
hinders oxidative harm to an objective molecules. The quality of a cell reinforcement and its
capacity to trap free extremists. Cancer prevention agent mixes like phenolic acids, polyphenols
and flavonoids search free extremists, for example, peroxide, hydro peroxide or lipid peroxyl
and subsequently hinder the oxidative systems that lead to degenerative diseases. Home grown
plants considered as great cell reinforcement since antiquated occasions.

Lantana camara L (Verbenaceae) (L. camara) is a huge weed of which there are nearly
650 assortments in more than 60 nations or island gatherings. Customary healers have utilized
Lantana species for quite a long time to treat different maladies. Various pieces of L. camara
have been utilized for.

Method

Preparation of Materials and Plant Samples

Various samples of Lantana Camara was taken from Amanjaya, Kedah, Malaysia in

february 2008. The plant was identified and confirmed. A voucher with the containing number
11008 was stored at the herbarium of biology school in University of Sains, Malaysia.
 Extraction Procedure

Various samples of Lantana camara were washed with alkaline water and brushed with a
soft brush before drying. The clean plant was transferred to the oven at 50 degrees celcius and
was stayed in the oven for a total of 96 hours. After drying, the Lantana Camara was powdered
by electric blender. Approximately 100g of different parts of Lantana Camara was added to the
400ml methanol and soaked for 4 days. Removal of the plant material from solvent it was done
via filtration method through a cheesecloth, and the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary
evaporator.

Gries-llosary Method

Superoxide levels were used using gries-llosary method. Superoxide levels were
estimated by the Griess-Ilosvay method. In an acidic arrangement, nitrite particles are changed
over to nitrosonium particles; a diazotizing reagent (sulfanilic corrosive) is added to frame a
diazonium particle, and this diazonium particle ties with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride to create an azo compound, which is noticeable as a fuchsia dye. Same method
as xanthine oxidase hindrance measure was applied. In the wake of halting the response by HCl,
the shading reagent comprising 200 µL sulfanilic corrosive (last focus 300 µg/mL), 200 µL of
N-(1-naphthyl)- ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (last focus 5 µg/mL), also, 1 mL frigid acidic
corrosive (last fixation 16.7% (v/v) was included. The blend was permitted to represent 30 min
at room temperature, and the absorbance at 550 nm was estimated by spectrophotometer. The
test was done in three-fold. Superoxide rummaging impact was determined as following recipe.

Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay

The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured. Using the described DPPH Free
Radical Scavenging Assay With others, Alterations. The universal bottle was, in short, included.
With 50 μL of L. Extracts from camera in concentrations of 1 to 1 The 0.004 percent (w / v)
solution of DPPH was 5 mg / mL and 5 mL. Appended. Vortexed was the obtained mixture,
incubated for 30 minutes in a relatively dark location at room temperature and It was then read
at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer. THE The 80% (v / v) methanol was blank. (Vitamin C)
ascorbic acid For contrast, was used. Measurements were performed in To triple.

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitation Assay

The xanthine oxidase inhibitation assay was done through the method of xanthanine
oxidase. The uric acid production was calculated according to the increasing absorbance. The
uric acid production was calculated from the differential absorbance with a blank solution in
which the xanthine oxidase was replaced by buffer solution. A test mixture containing no extract
was prepared to measure the total uric acid production

Data Analysis

The data was analyzed via SPSS. The values were obtained by linear regression statistics
based on the least squares method. Following one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
treatments were compared using post hoc comparisons test. Kruskal-wallis H non parametric
test. It was used for examining superoxide scavenging effect data.

Results and Discussion

Figure 1. The DPPH radical scavenging activity results

The DPPH radical scavenging activity results are shown in Figure 1 as comparable with

known antioxidant Vitamin C. From the analysis of Figure 1, we can conclude that the

scavenging effects of leaves, flower, root and stem extracts on DPPH radicals were excellent,

especially in the case of L. camara leaves. The RSA values were also remarkably good for
flower, root and stem, but L. camara fruits revealed a low value of antioxidant activity. Figure 1

shows antioxidant activity with IC50 values of L. camara Vitamin C, leaves, flower, root, stem

and fruit measured by DPPH radicalscavenging assays. Overall, L. camara leaves revealed the

best antioxidant properties (significantly lower IC50).

Figure 2. The relationship between xanthine oxidase inhibition and final

concentration of the extracts

At

concentrations of 2.00-20.00 µg/mL, all extracts from leaves, stem and root displayed the

inhibition of superoxide formation greater than that of other parts and the xanthine oxidase

inhibition effect of all samples was in the order of allopurinol > leaves > stem > root > fruit >
flower. In the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, the IC50 value of all leaves extract was found

the highest. Hence, leaves also showed a stronger xanthine inhibition activity than other parts

after allopurinol. Figure 2 shows the relationship between xanthine oxidase inhibition and final

concentration of the extracts from various parts of L. camara.

Figure 3. Relationship between nitric oxide scavenging and final concentration

The extract showed potent scavenging activity of nitric oxide with IC50 values in the
order of root > leaves >allopurinol > flower > stem > fruit. Figure 3 showed the relationship
between nitric oxide scavenging and final concentration of the extracts from various parts of L.
camara.

Acknowledgements
 This work was partly supported by USM Incentive Grant (Grant Number: 2009/167)

From Universiti Sains Malaysia.

References

Aberoumand A, Deokule SS. Comparison of phenolic compounds of some edible plants

of Iran and India. Pakistan J Nut 2008; 7: 582-585.

Abou-Karam M, Shier WTA. Simplified plaque reduction assay for antiviral agents from
plants. Demonstration of frequent occurrence of antiviral activity in higher plants. J Nat Prod
1990; 53: 340-344.

Afolayan AJ, Meyer JJM. The antimicrobial activity of 3, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone

isolated from the shoots of Helichrysum aureonitens. J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 57: 177-181.

Chandel M, Sharma U, Kumar N, Singh B, Kaur S. Antioxidant activity and

identification of bioactive compounds from leaves of Anthocephalus cadamba by ultra–
performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass
spectrometry. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2012; 5(12): 977-985.
Chellaiah M, Muniappan A, Nagappan R, Savarimuthu I. Medicinal plants used by
traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine
2006; 2: 43.

Chiavaroli V, Giannini C, De Marco S, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Unbalanced oxidant-

antioxidant status and its effects in pediatric diseases. Redox Rep 2011; 16: 101-107.

Cos P, Ying L, Calomme M, Hu JP, Cimanga K, Poel BV, et al. Structure-activity

relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide
scavengers. J Nat Prod 1998; 61: 71-76

Das DK, Engelman RM, Clement R, Otani H, Prasad MR, Rao PS. Role of xanthine
oxidase inhibitor as free radical scavenger: a novel mechanism of action of allopurinol and
oxypurinol in myocardial salvage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 148: 314-319.

Galbusera C, Orth P, Fedida D, Spector T. Superoxide radical production by allopurinol

and xanthine oxidase. Biochem Pharmaco 2006; 71:1747-1752.

Hernández T, Canales M, Avila JG, Duran A, Caballero J, Vivar AR, et al. Ethnobotany
and antibacterial activity of some plants used in traditional medicine of Zapotitlán de las
Salinas, Puebla (México). J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88: 181-188.

Ingrid ALP, Karin P, Staffan H, Rolf GGA. Effects of cocoa extract and dark chocolate
on angiotensin-converting enzyme and nitric oxide in human endothelial cells and healthy

Kalra S, Jena G, Tikoo K. Mukhopadhyay AK. Preferential inhibition of xanthine

oxidase by 2-amino-6-hydroxy-8- mercaptopurine and 2-amino-6-purine thiol. BMC Biochem
2007; 8: 8.
 Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Ouattara L, Anani K, Savadogo A, Agbonon A, et al.
Antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, haemolytic and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from three
selected Togolese medicinal plants. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4(10): 808-813.

Poongothai K, Ponmurugan P, Syed Zameer Ahmed K, Senthil Kumar B, Sheriff SA.

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaves (field grown & in
vitro raised) extracts on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4(10): 778-
785.
Ramalakshmi S, Edaydulla N, Ramesh P, Muthuchelian K. Investigation on cytotoxic,
antioxidant, antimicrobial and volatile profile of Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. flower used in
Indian medicine. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012; 2(Suppl 1): S68-S75.

Sahgal G, Ramanathan S, Sasidharan S, Mordi MN, Ismail S, Mansor SM. In vitro

antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of methanolic Swietenia mahagoni seed
extracts. Molecules 2009; 14: 4476-4485.

Torey A, Sasidharan S, Latha LY, Sudhakaran S, Ramanathan S. Antioxidant activity

and total phenolic content of methanol extracts of Ixora coccinea. Pharm Biol 2010; 48: 1119-
1123.

Wu YY, Li W, Xu Y, Jin EH, Tu YY. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main
theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses. J Zhejiang Univ
Sci B. 2011; 12: 744-751.

Yamagishi S, Matsui T. Nitric oxide, a Janus-faced therapeutic target for diabetic

microangiopathy-Friend or foe? Pharmacol Res 2011; 64: 187-194.

Zuraini Z, Rais A, Yoga Latha L, Sasidharan S, Xavier R. Antioxidant activity of Coleus

Blumei, Orthosiphon stamineus, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha arvensis from Lamiaceae
Family. Int J Nat Eng Sci 2008; 2: 93-95.

Appendix
 Scientific Report Scaffold

Physical

Scaffold
Title
Effect Of Rice-Husk Ash On Durability Of
Cementitious Materials

Introduction

The Food and Agriculture Organization’s forecast of global rice production over the 2009
season was 678 million tones about 20% of which is rice husk which is typically a waste material
from the point view point of industrial and agricultural processes. Even after its incineration, 20%
of rice husk’s weight remains as a waste material in the form of rice-husk ash (RHA) As an
example, in Uruguay, where rice production has had a dramatic increase over the past ten years
(becoming the most important crop since 2001), the main use of rice husk is as fuel in the rice
paddy milling process. But the use of this fuel generates a huge volume of ash which has no
immediate useful application and is usually dumped into water streams causing pollution and
contamination of springs.
 As a result, the use of RHA has aroused great interest. The chemical composition of RHA
depends on temperature and burning time, but the variations in the components are not significant.
The ash from open-field burning (or from non-controlled combustion in industrial furnaces)
usually contains a higher proportion of non-reactive silica minerals such as cristobalite and
tridymite, and it should be ground into very fine particles to develop pozzolanic activity. In
addition, highly pozzolanic ash can be produced by means of controlled combustion when silica is
kept in non-crystalline form. Such silica can react when added to cement in the presence of water
(with calcium hydroxide) resulting in cementitious compounds Most research confirms the fact
that burning temperature is a critical point in the production of amorphous reactive ash.
 Method

The materials below were used in the preparation of the Specimens: type I (normal
Portland cement) of Portland cement; Natural river sand of siliceous natural sand with optimum
aggregate size 4.75 mm; coarse aggregate with a maximum of (crushed granite) 12.5 mm
aggregate size; and a superplasticizer based on sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate
(42 percent solid content). Two RHA sources were considered: a residual RHA that was generated
Not successfully in the burning temperature parboiling process Managed (from the only parboiled
rice factory in Uruguay); And a homogeneous ash from controlled incineration provided by the
United States (CRHA). In this study, the residual RHA used A refined waste that has been dry-
milled for the required purposes A given specific specific time to obtain a median particle size of 8
lm, Surface by absorption of nitrogen and maximum index of operation according to ASTM C311-
98b. The procedure for residual In previous RHA optimization is discussed. THE Optimization

Air permeability: on concrete cylinders of 150 300 mm at 28 days of age was determined
by the ‘‘Torrent Permeability Tester” method [40,41] according to the Swiss Standard SIA 262/
1:2003. The particular features of the Torrent method are a two chamber vacuum cell and a
pressure regulator, which ensure that air flows at right angles to the surface directed towards the
inner chamber; this allows the calculation of the permeability coefficient Kt on the basis of a
simple theoretical model.

Chloride ion penetration: in 10 by 20 cm concrete cylinders at 28 days. All the specimens

were cast following the directions of Mercosur Code; then they were labeled and cured in molds
for 24 h. Afterwards, they were demolded and cured in a moist-curing

Acid attack: the influence of RHA in the chemical deterioration of concrete was studied
according to Mehta and Folliard and ASTM C267 on mortar cylinders of 50 100 mm exposed to
1% HCl solution. The mass of the cylinders from each of the mixtures, after 7 days of moist-curing
(temperature of 20 C and a relative humidity of 100%), was determined in the saturated surface dry
(SSD) condition, before immersion in the HCl solution.

Alkali-silica expansion: to study the influence of the two RHAs behavior concerning the
ASR, tests were performed according to the ASTM C1260 method on mortar bars. Water–
cementitious materials ratio of 0.47 was used with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of RRHA
replacement by mass, and 10% and 20% of CRHA, respectively.
 Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges the financial support of CSIC and INIA, Uruguay. The author
would like to express her appreciation to M. Arq. Carola Romay and M.Sc. Stela Sabalsagaray for
their assistance in carrying out the experimental program; and to the companies ARROZUR S.A.,
ANCAP, Canteras Montevideo and SIKA Uruguay for the materials supplied.

References

Bui DD, Stroeven P. Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended grap-
graded Portland cement concrete. Cem Concr Compos 2005;27:357–66
Bhanumathidas N, Mehta PK. Concrete mixtures made with ternary blended cements
containing fly ash and rice husk ash. In: Malhotra VM, editor. Proceeding of 7th international
conference CANMET-ACI on fly ash, silica fume, slag, & natural pozzolans in concrete, Chennai
(Madras, India), 2001. SP 199-22; 2004. p. 379–91.
Bouzoubaa N, Fournier B. Concrete incorporating rice-husk ash: compressive strength and
chloride-ion penetration. CANMET: Materials Technology Laboratory; 2001.
Chindaprasirt P, Kanchanda P, Sathonsaowaphak A, Cao HT. Sulfate resistance of blended
cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash. Construct Build Mater 2007;21:1356–61.
Dakroury AE, Gasser MS. Rice husk ash (RHA) as cement admixture for immobilization
of liquid radioactive waste at different temperatures. J Nucl Mater 2008;381(3):217–77
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food market monitor, December
2009, vol. XII(4)
Gastaldini ALG, Isaia GC, Gomes NS, Sperb JEK. Chloride penetration and carbonation in
concrete with rice husk ash and chemical activators. Cem Concr Compos 2007;29:176–80.
Hasparyk NP, Monteiro PJM, Carasek H. Effect of silica fume and rice husk ash on alkali-
silica reaction. ACI Mater J 2000;97(4):486–91.
Habeeb GA, Fayyadh MM. Rice husk ash concrete: the effect of RHA average particle size
on mechanical properties and drying shrinkage. Austral J Basic Appl Sci 2009;3(3):1616–22.
Kilinckale FM. The effect of MgSO4 and HCl solutions on the strength and durability of
pozzolan cement mortars. Cem Concr Res 1997;27(12): 1911–8.
Malhotra VM, Mehta PK. Pozzolanic and cementitious materials. In: Advances in concrete
technology, 1. Canada: Gordon and Breach Publ.; 1996.
Manmohan D, Mehta PK. Influence of pozzolanic, slag and chemical admixtures on pore
size distribution and permeability of hardened cement pastes. Cem Concr Aggre 1981;3(1):63–7.
Mehta PK. Rice-husk ash – a unique supplementary cementing material. In: Proc advances
in concrete technology. CANMET, Ontario; 1992. p. 419–43.
Mehta, PK. The chemistry and technology of cement made from rice husk ash. In: Proc
UNIDO/ESCAP/RCTT workshop on rice husk ash cements, Peshamar, Pakistan. Bangalore
(India): Regional Centre for Technology Transfer; 1979. p. 113–22.
Mehta PK. Highly durable cement products containing siliceous ashes. USA patent 5, 346,
548. 13, September, 1994. p. 20.
Mehta PK, Polivka M. Use of highly active pozzolans for reducing expansion in concrete
containing reactive aggregate. Living with marginal aggregates ASTM STP597. 1976:25–35.
Mehta PK, Pirtz D. Use of rice hull ash to reduce temperature in high-strength mass
concrete. ACI J 1978;75:60–3.
Ponce JM, Batic OR. Different manifestations of the alkali-silica reaction in concrete
according to the reaction kinetic of the reactive aggregate. Cem Concr Res 2006;26:1148–56.
RILEM. Detection of potential alkali-reactivity of aggregates – the ultraaccelerated.
Mortar-bar test. Mater Struct 2000;33(229):283–9.
RILEM. Detection of potential alkali-reactivity in concrete – outline guide to the use of
RILEM methods in assessments of alkali-reactivity potential. Mater Struct 2003;36(261):472–9.
Rizwan SA. High-performance mortars and concretes using secondary raw materials. PhD
thesis, Technischen Universitat Bergakademic Freiberg, Germany; 2006. 132p.
Rashid MH, Ali Molla MK, Ahmed TU. Mortar incorporating rice husk ash: strength and
porosity. European J Sci Res 2010;40(3):471–7.
Rukzon S, Chindaprasirt P. Use of waste ash from various by-product materials in
increasing the durability of mortar. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2008;30(3):485–9.
Santhanam M, Cohen MD, Olek J. Mechanism of sulfate attack: a fresh look – part 1:
summary of experimental results. Cem Concr Res 2002;32: 915–21.
Torrent R, Frenzer G. A method for rapid determination of the coefficient of permeability
of the covercrete. In: Proceedings of international symposium non-destructive testing in civil
engineering (NDT-CE); 1995, p. 985–92.

Appendix