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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION 1

Transient Stability Enhancement of Doubly Fed

Induction Machine-Based Wind Generator
by Bridge-Type Fault Current Limiter
Gilmanur Rashid, Student Member, IEEE, and Mohd. Hasan Ali, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—Transient stability is a major concern for doubly fed preferred choice for new installations and drawing higher atten-
induction machine (DFIM). A DFIM-based wind generator is read- tion than the traditional induction machine-based fixed speed
ily affected by faults at the grid side as its stator windings are
wind generators. Lower cost, durability, simple structure, pos-
interfaced to grid. However, the wind generators need to remain
connected and continue operation during faults at the grid side ac- sibility to cover a wide range of wind speed, partially rated
cording to the grid code requirements. Therefore, it is important to variable frequency ac/dc/ac converter and lower switching loss
enhance the transient stability of the DFIM-based wind generators. have made the doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) a superior
To achieve enhanced transient stability of the DFIM, a bridge-type choice over the other wind generator options [2], [3].
fault current limiter (BFCL) is proposed in this study. Symmetrical Compared to variable speed wind generators having full rated
as well as unsymmetrical faults were applied to the test system to
check the efficacy of the BFCL in transient stability enhancement. converter, the DFIM is more vulnerable to grid fault or distur-
Simulations were carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment. bances from the stability standpoint, as its stator windings are
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BFCL, its perfor- directly connected to grid while rotor windings are interfaced
mance is compared with that of the series dynamic braking resistor to grid via the rotor-side converter (RSC) and the grid-side con-
(SDBR). Simulation results show that the BFCL is a very effective verter (GSC) that are connected back-to-back through a dc-link
device to attain better stabilization of the DFIM and outperforms
the SDBR in all aspects. capacitor. At the event of grid fault, terminal voltage of the
DFIM goes very low and very high current flows through both
Index Terms—Bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL), doubly stator and rotor winding. This is a threat to stable operation and
fed induction machine (DFIM), grid code, series dynamic braking
resistor (SDBR), transient stability, variable speed wind turbine
may eventually burn the machine and the converters. Tradition-
(VSWT), wind generator. ally, to protect from such fault incidents, wind generators were
disconnected from the grid. As more and more wind power is in-
tegrated into the grid, it has become necessary that wind turbines
I. INTRODUCTION stay connected to grid during fault. Also, this is a requirement
ECHNOLOGICAL advancement and industrialization has by the grid codes set by different regulatory bodies [4]. For these
T raised the increase in electrical power demand all around
the world. Rapid exhaustion and limited reserve of fossil fuels,
reasons, the DFIM should have better stabilization and fault ride
through capability.
intensification of environmental concerns have made it urgent The converters of the DFIM topology has the control abil-
to seek for alternative energy sources and to devise improved ity to maintain stability at fault condition. Since the converters
methods of exploiting renewable energy sources. Among the have partial rating, their capacity alone is insufficient to ensure
available renewable energy sources, wind energy is the fastest stability. Additional auxiliary devices with small capacity are
growing and most prominent option to generate electric power required. Some solutions are proposed to overcome the stabil-
due to its zero fuel cost, no carbon emission, lower maintenance, ity issue from different aspects in the literature. Some works
cleaner, cheaper and renewable nature. It is estimated that about propose new control methods [5]–[14] that are suitable only for
10% of global electricity demand will be supplied from the wind new installations. An auxiliary device like static synchronous
energy by the year 2020 [1]. compensator is proposed in [15], [16] but it needs additional
Due to flexibility in operation and enhanced features like converter, coupling transformer and harmonic filters. Energy
higher output power, higher efficiency, improved power quality, storage systems like flywheel energy storage [17], supercon-
variable speed operation, lower mechanical stress on turbine ducting magnetic energy storage [18] and superconducting fault
hence lower maintenance, decoupled control of the active and current limiter [19] are also proposed, but the high installation
reactive power, the variable speed wind generators are becoming cost offsets their good performance [20].
The bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) is a new tech-
nique with promising applications in power systems [21], [22]
Manuscript received June 26, 2014; revised October 21, 2014 and December and fault ride through capability enhancement of fixed speed
6, 2014; accepted February 1, 2015. Paper no. TEC-00461-2014.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, wind turbine generators [23]–[25]. However, the BFCL is never
Herff College of Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 applied to enhance the transient stability of DFIM-based wind
USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). generators. In this study, performance of the BFCL on enhancing
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. the transient stability of the DFIM in wind energy application
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2015.2400220 is investigated.

0885-8969 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION

TABLE I
WIND TURBINE DATA

Characteristic Value

Turbine type Three blade horizontal axis

Radius 46 m
Rotor speed 18 r/min
Air density 1.225 kg/m3
Cut in wind speed 4 m/s
Rated wind speed 12 m/s
Tower height About 100 m

Fig. 1. Basic diagram of the DFIM with the test system.

TABLE II
WIND GENERATOR DATA

The effectiveness of the proposed BFCL is demonstrated Generator characteristic Value

through a test wind energy conversion system. The system con-
Nominal power (P) 2 MW
sists of a wind turbine equipped with a DFIM, a transformer
Rated voltage (V) 690 V
and the double circuit transmission lines connected to the in- Stator to rotor turns ratio 0.3
finite bus. Temporary symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults Rated frequency 50 Hz
Stator resistance (Rs) 0.0108 p.u.
were applied at the most vulnerable point of the system. In
Stator inductance (Ls) 0.102 p.u. (referred to stator)
order to see how much effective the proposed approach is, its Rotor resistance (Rr) 0.0121 p.u.
performance is compared with that of the series dynamic brak- Rotor reactance (Lr) 0.11 p.u. (referred to stator)
Mutual inductance (Lm) 3.362 p.u.
ing resistor (SDBR). Simulations were carried out using the
Lumped inertia constant (H) 0.5 s
Matlab/Simulink software.
This paper is organized as follows. Description of the wind
turbine and the DFIM modeling is given in Section II. The BFCL
and the SDBR configuration, operation, design and control are where Pw is the extracted power from the wind, ρ is the air
explained in Sections III and IV, respectively. Simulation results density, R is the blade radius, Vw is the wind velocity, and Cp is
are discussed in Section V. Finally, Section VI wraps up the the power coefficient which is a function of both the tip speed
findings of this study. ratio λ , and the blade pitch angle β and it is given by
1
Cp (λ, β) = (λ − 0.022β 2 − 5.6)e−0.17λ (2)
II. WIND TURBINE AND DFIM MODELING 2
A single mass system is considered for the modeling of the
wind turbine. The turbine mechanical part dynamics is neglected ωr R
λ= (3)
due to small duration of the considered faults. The DFIM itself is Vw
basically an induction generator with the stator windings directly where ωr is the angular mechanical speed. The wind turbine
connected to grid and accessible rotor windings connected to parameters used in this study, are given in Table I [28].
the grid through the ac/dc/ac converter as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 also shows the one line diagram of the test system model B. DFIM Modeling
[25], [26] along with the line parameters. A 2-MW DFIM is
Many works like [29]–[31] have described the modeling of the
connected to the point of common coupling (PCC) through
DFIM. The Park’s transformation model, which is essentially
a step-up transformer. The PCC is connected to grid through
the fifth-order two-axis representation [29] is chosen to model
double circuit transmission line. The BFCL is connected in
the DFIM. A synchronously rotating d − q reference frame is
series with one of the transmission lines to protect it as shown
used with its d-axis aligned with the stator flux. A decoupled
in Fig. 1. The SDBR is also connected at the same point in
control between the rotor excitation current and the electrical
similar fashion. Modeling of the wind turbine, the DFIM and the
torque is obtained. In this way, the reference frame is rotating
converter controllers are illustrated in the subsequent sections.
with the same speed as the stator flux. The DFIM parameters
used in this study are listed in Table II [32].
A. Wind Turbine Modeling
The modeling of the wind turbine depends on various phys- C. RSC Controller
ical and geometrical aspects. For simplicity, considering the
The RSC is a two-level, six-pulse, insulated gate bipolar tran-
electrical behavior of the system only, a simplified method of
sistor (IGBT) [CM200HG-130H] based full bridge power elec-
modeling the wind turbine is normally used. The commonly
tronic ac/dc converter that couples the rotor side to the dc link.
used mathematical relation for the mechanical power harnessed
The RSC controller takes the terminal active power Pt , the reac-
from the wind, can be expressed as follows [27]:
tive power Qt and the terminal voltage Vt as inputs and controls
1 the output active and reactive powers. It uses the proportional-
Pw = πρR2 Vw3 Cp (λ, β) (1)
2 integral (PI) controllers to produce appropriate three phase
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RASHID AND ALI: TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF DOUBLY FED INDUCTION MACHINE-BASED WIND GENERATOR 3

Fig. 2. RSC controller. Fig. 4. BFCL configuration.

system under consideration. A system with DFIM having pa-

rameters different from that of Table II, may need adjustment
of the RSC and GSC controller parameters. Otherwise, there
is a chance that the stability of the DFIM is likely to be com-
promised. A transfer function is used in the controllers so that
the system takes shorter time to reach the normal operation.
The parameters of the transfer function are picked up in a way
that they give faster response without affecting the normal op-
eration. Some nonlinear and complex controllers are available
but to avoid controller complexity, a linear control approach is
Fig. 3. GSC controller. adopted in this study.

III. BFCL
reference signal for space vector pulse width modulation
(SVPWM) signal generator block, so that it can generate pulses The detailed modeling of the proposed BFCL is given below.
for the IGBT switches of the RSC [27]. The Park’s transfor-
mation is used to convert three phase quantities into equivalent A. BFCL Configuration
d − q components and vice versa. The slip angle is generated The BFCL is composed of two sections, namely the bridge
by comparing the rotor position and the terminal voltage angle part and the shunt path [21], [22].
with the help of the phase-locked loop (PLL), and the slip is The first part is essentially the bridge part composed of a few
used as transformation angle in the Park’s transformation block. diodes D1 -D4 [Semikron SKNa 402], a small-valued dc reactor
Quantities with “*” refer to reference value as shown in Fig. 2. Ldc equipped with a parallel free-wheeling diode D5 placed
in series with an IGBT [CM200HG-130H] switch arranged as
D. GSC Controller shown in Fig. 4. The IGBT switches normally come in a package
with free-wheeling diode which is not shown here. Also, to
The GSC also contains a two-level, six-pulse, IGBT
include the inherited resistance of the inductor, a very small
[CM200HG-130H] based full bridge power electronic ac/dc
value resistor Rdc is considered.
converter with the dc side connected to the dc link and the
The second part is a shunt path composed of a resistor Rsh
ac side interfaced to the grid. This converter essentially helps
and an inductor Lsh placed in parallel to the bridge part as in
maintain a constant power factor at the connection point. It is
Fig. 4.
important to choose an appropriate switching frequency to keep
the harmonics to the minimum level. A frequency of 1650 Hz
B. BFCL Operation
is chosen as it is an odd multiple of the third harmonic and
can minimize up to thirteenth harmonics. The GSC controller During normal operating condition of the system, the IGBT
scheme is given in Fig. 3. It takes the dc link voltage Edc and switch in the bridge part remains closed. For one half cycle of
the rotor line reactive power QL as inputs and produces the nec- electrical frequency, the D1 -Ldc -Rdc -D4 path carries the line
essary outputs so that the SVPWM pulse generator can generate current and for the other half it is carried by D2 -Ldc -Rdc -D3 .
required pulses for the GSC converter. Also, by maintaining a So, the current through Ldc , flows in the same direction and this
constant dc-link voltage, the controller ensures the energy bal- current is the dc current idc . Ldc is charged to the peak current
ance on the both sides of the dc link. The dc link is necessarily and offers no impedance to idc . The dc reactor inherited resis-
a power capacitor of 16000 μF to smooth out the ripple of the tance, the IGBT turn-on resistance and the diode forward voltage
dc voltage and to keep it constant to 1300 V. drop cause some voltage drop, but this voltage drop is quite neg-
In Figs. 2 and 3, the parameters of the PI controllers are cho- ligible compared to line drop and has ignorable significance. So
sen such a way that they give the optimum performance for the the bridge has no impact on normal or steady state operation.
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION

C. BFCL Design Considerations

The test system equivalent diagram considering fault scenario
along with the DFIM is depicted in Fig. 1.
During normal operation, each of the double circuit line car-
ries equal amount of power. To ensure the least disturbance
toward the machine at fault, the BFCL should consume power
at least equal to the amount which the faulted line carries in pre-
fault situation. The power consumed by the BFCL at postfault
Pbfcl , is given by (4) and (5)
Pg
Pbfcl ≤ (4)
2
Fig. 5. BFCL controller.

Vp2cc Rsh
The impedance of the shunt path is chosen high enough to make Pbfcl = 2 + X2 (5)
Rsh sh
the full line current to flow through the bridge except some
ignorable leakage current at normal operating scenario. where Pg , Xsh and Vp cc are the power delivered by the machine,
At the event of a fault, initially the line current tends to shunt inductance and the PCC voltage, respectively. (4) and (5)
increase abruptly, but the dc reactor Ldc limits the increasing give

rate of line current. The IGBT switch is thus saved from high Vp2cc + Vp4cc − Pg2 Xsh 2
value of di/dt and a safe operation is maintained. The current Rsh ≥ . (6)
through the dc path idc , is compared with a predefined value of Pg
the maximum permissible current ith to take the IGBT turn off For Rsh to be real valued, the necessary condition is
decision. The value of ith is defined to be 1.3 times the nominal
value of idc . This ith value is found to be optimum for the system Vp2cc
Xsh < . (7)
under consideration. A lower value is likely to cause unwanted Pg
engaging of the shunt path due to output power fluctuation and The value of Xsh is found to be 0.029 p.u. that satisfies (7) and
current harmonics at the dynamic situation. A higher value will gives the best performance for the system. The same approach
cause delay in the BFCL controller response. When idc exceeds was applied in finding Rsh to be 0.0077 p.u. that complies with
ith , the IGBT is turned off by forcing its gate voltage signal (6) along with the best result. To make the BFCL practical, a
Vg t to low state. Thus, the IGBT is turned off. The bridge is small value of Rdc is considered which is 0.3 mΩ. Picking up
open circuited and the line current is bypassed to the shunt path a value of Ldc to be 1 mH gives a time constant (τ = Ldc /Rdc )
having high impedance. The shunt path limits the fault current of 3.33 s which is good enough for smoothing the dc reactor
and consumes excess energy from the DFIM. During the open- current.
circuited period of the bridge, the free-wheeling diodes of the
dc reactor and the IGBT provides path to discharge the stored D. BFCL Control Strategy
energy in them. Hence, high switching current at the IGBT turn
on instant is avoided. There are some parameters, such as the line current, the line
After the isolation of the faulty section by the circuit breaker voltage, the generator terminal current, the active and the reac-
opening, the system starts to recover and the bus voltages rise. tive powers that can be used in the BFCL control strategy. Here,
How long the shunt path will remain inserted in series along the dc current idc , through the dc reactor is used to control the
the line is decided by comparing the PCC voltage Vp cc with a IGBT switch. The dc reactor current is very sensitive to current
predefined reference value Vref . The value of the Vref is set to through the line and its rate of rise is faster than the line current or
be 90% of the nominal value of Vp cc . A lower value of the Vref other parameters. So, by using idc as a control parameter, faster
may cause early withdrawal of the shunt path resulting in rise of control is achieved. This is only used to turn off the IGBT, as
line current during voltage recovery period. Again, higher value idc becomes almost zero after IGBT opening. So, to turn on the
of the Vref incurs delay in the BFCL controller response and IGBT, choosing another control parameter becomes necessary.
voltage rise at the PCC beyond 1.1 times the nominal value of Maintaining the voltage at the machine terminal is important to
Vp cc . As the Vp cc reaches to Vref , after a delay of 1.5 cycle, the retain the transient stability, so the voltage at the PCC, Vp cc is
BFCL controller forces the IGBT gate voltage signal Vg t to high the best choice. As the voltage at the PCC, Vp cc crosses some
state. This delay is required to protect the BFCL controller from predefined reference value Vref , the IGBT is closed after a pre-
the effect of current oscillation resulted from the circuit breaker set delay period, provided that the circuit breaker is opened. As
arc discharge. The IGBT switch is turned on and the system is the IGBT is turned on, current flows through the bridge and the
brought back to normal operating state. The controller used for normal operation continues.
the BFCL is shown in Fig. 5. It is composed of two comparators
IV. SDBR
and a signal accumulator. Signals from two comparators are
collected, and an appropriate IGBT gate control signal Vg t is In this study, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
sent via a signal accumulator. proposed BFCL solution, its performance is compared with that
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RASHID AND ALI: TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF DOUBLY FED INDUCTION MACHINE-BASED WIND GENERATOR 5

Fig. 6. Single phase SDBR topology.

of the SDBR. The SDBR is a proved technology, and previous Fig. 7. Terminal voltage response for 3LG fault.
studies showed that it has the ability to enhance transient stability
and improve fault ride-through capability [23], [33] of the wind
generator systems.
A. Simulation Considerations
A. SDBR Configuration For the purpose of transient analysis, a fixed wind speed of
12 m/s is considered as it produces the rated power. The wind
The SDBR is modeled by arranging a resistor with a parallel
speed is assumed constant as the duration of fault is too short
switch as shown in Fig. 6. This study considers this switch to
for the wind speed to make any noticeable effect. The system
be the IGBT based, due to its fast response and modular design.
was operating normally when temporary faults were applied to
The free-wheeling diode of the IGBT is not shown.
the most vulnerable point of the system, i.e., at point F1 near the
PCC at 0.1 s. Circuit breakers CB1 and CB2 on the faulted line
B. SDBR Operation
open at 0.2 s and reclose successfully at 1.2 s. The simulation
During the normal condition, the SDBR would operate with time step used for the study is 10 μs. Analysis is carried out for
the IGBT switch closed. The line current will flow through the three-line-to-ground (3LG), line-to-line (LL), double-line-to-
IGBT switches bypassing the braking resistors. At the event ground (2LG) and line-to-ground (1LG) faults at different fault
of fault, the line currents tend to rise very sharply. The shunt points. Results are shown for the most severe (3LG) and the
resistor will be dynamically inserted into the network by opening most common (1LG) faults applied at point F1.Three different
the IGBT switch. The fault current will then flow through the cases are considered in the simulation, they are as follows:
inserted resistor and the resistor will continue to be in the circuit 1) Case A : with no auxiliary controller;
until a desired voltage Vref is achieved at PCC. As Vp cc passes 2) Case B : with BFCL;
Vref , the IGBT will be closed and the circuit will return to its 3) Case C : with SDBR.
normal state.

C. SDBR Design Considerations B. Transient Stability Analysis for Symmetrical Fault

The SDBR concept works by contributing directly to the bal- Fig. 7 shows the DFIM terminal voltage profile when a tem-
ance of the active power. At fault, the SDBR system dynamically porary symmetrical fault is applied. For the no controller case,
inserts resistor in the circuit. By consuming active power dur- the machine terminal voltage goes very low right after the fault
ing the abnormal period, the resistor mitigates the destabilizing initiation and goes even lower till the breakers open. The BFCL
electrical torque thus maintains the voltage at the terminals of keeps the voltage level to ±0.1 p.u. of nominal value and the
the generator at higher level. To make the comparison compati- SDBR cannot maintain voltage level to 0.9 p.u. Also, after the
ble, the value of resistors used in both the BFCL and the SDBR breaker opening, the terminal voltage comes back to the nomi-
is 0.0077 p.u. nal value faster with the help of the BFCL. This indicates that
the BFCL is more sensitive and faster to respond to faults and
D. SDBR Control Strategy gives better voltage stabilization than the SDBR.
The machine speed response for 3LG fault is shown in Fig. 8.
The control strategy for the SDBR is the same as the one used
The fault makes the DFIM speed to go high, and it may cause
for the BFCL. The same controller as shown in Fig. 5 is used
instability if fault duration is long enough and proper auxiliary
for both of them. Line currents are converted to dc quantity to
measure is not taken. The BFCL limits the rate of rising of
produce the equivalent idc for the SDBR.
machine speed and ensures better stability. It is more competent
to do this than the SDBR because it gives lower oscillation and
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
faster stabilization. Also, it is noticeable that, right after fault
To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed BFCL and to initiation, the machine speed drops and then rises sharply. This
make a performance comparison between the BFCL and SDBR, by directional speed variation is threatening for the mechanical
a test system is considered. Detailed simulation results are de- system and this is totally prevented by the application of the
scribed in subsequent sections. BFCL.
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6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION

Fig. 11. Active power consumed in BFCL and SDBR for 3LG fault.
Fig. 8. Speed response for 3LG fault.

Fig. 12. Terminal voltage response for 1LG fault.

Fig. 9. Machine output active power response for 3LG fault.

Fig. 10. Dc link voltage response for 3LG fault. Fig. 13. Speed response for 1LG fault.

active power than the SDBR from fault initiation to breaker

Fig. 9 shows the DFIM output active power response for 3LG
opening instants and hence gives better transient stability. Also,
fault. It demonstrates that without any controller, the output
it is noticeable that the BFCL or the SDBR consumes no active
power demand to the machine becomes very close to zero after
power during normal operation which clearly shows that they
the fault instant and remains the same till the opening of the
have no effect on the system during normal operation.
breaker. The breaker opening causes large imbalance of output
power without any controller action. With the SDBR, the output
power suddenly goes high and then goes low which is harmful C. Transient Stability Analysis for Unsymmetrical Fault
for the machine. Also, the breaker opening incurs rise of output In this section, simulation results for 1LG fault only have
power with the SDBR operation. But with the application of been shown, as it is the most frequent type of fault.
BFCL it is seen that the output power demand to the machine Fig. 12 shows the terminal voltage responses for 1LG fault.
is the highest with the lowest fluctuations at the fault and the With no controller, the voltage level drops to around 0.7 p.u.
breaker opening instants. Faster stabilization of the output power Both the SDBR and the BFCL can maintain the voltage at the
is also provided with the BFCL. rated level properly. However, the performance of the BFCL is
Fig. 10 shows that it is possible to maintain a more constant better than that of the SDBR.
dc link voltage with the BFCL compared to the SDBR, and the The machine speed profile is shown in Fig. 13. Like the 3LG
GSC controller works well in conjunction with the BFCL. fault, here the machine speed goes low right after the fault
Active power consumed by the BFCL and the SDBR are instant and then rises with no controller. But with the BFCL, the
shown in Fig. 11. It is clear that the BFCL consumes more machine speed oscillation is kept to the lowest and the speed
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RASHID AND ALI: TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF DOUBLY FED INDUCTION MACHINE-BASED WIND GENERATOR 7

TABLE III
VALUES OF PERFORMANCE INDICES FOR 3LG FAULT

Index parameters (%) Values of indices

No auxiliary controller SDBR BFCL

vlt (pu.s) 10.26 1.36 0.72

spd (pu.s) 0.77 0.13 0.07
pow (pu.s) 25.35 6.22 3.22

TABLE IV
Fig. 14. Machine output active power response for 1LG fault.
VALUES OF PERFORMANCE INDICES FOR 1LG FAULT

Index parameters (%) Values of indices

No auxiliary controller SDBR BFCL

vlt (pu.s) 3.44 0.57 0.23

spd (pu.s) 0.25 0.05 0.04
pow (pu.s) 10.44 2.71 1.91

duration of interest stretching from 0.1 to 1.5 s. The val-

ues of the indices for 3LG and 1LG faults are presented in
Tables III and IV, respectively. The system performance is the
Fig. 15. Dc link voltage response for 1LG fault.
worst without any auxiliary controller. A significant improve-
ment is observed using the BFCL. Compared to the SDBR, the
BFCL gives lower value of the indices and hence performs better
variation is the minimum. So, the machine is well stable with in stabilization.
the application of the BFCL. It is important to note here that the dc reactor Ldc , placed
Fig. 14 shows the machine output active power profile with within the bridge of the BFCL limits the sudden rise of fault
and without the control devices in case of 1LG fault. It is clear current at the moment of fault initiation. Thus, sudden voltage
that the output active power fluctuation is the lowest and the drop at machine terminal is prevented at the fault instant. Also,
active power demand to the machine is the highest from the the semiconductor devices are protected against at the severe
fault initiation to breaker opening with the application of the di/dt right at the beginning of fault. The SDBR lacks these
BFCL. advantages. Without proper protective devices for the semicon-
Fig. 15 shows the dc link voltage response for 1LG fault. It ductors, the SDBR may cease to operate. The controller of the
is seen that the BFCL can retain the more stable dc link voltage BFCL takes the IGBT switch opening decision by observing the
than the other two cases. dc current in the bridge while the SDBR controller uses the dc
equivalent of the line current. The dc current flowing through
D. Index-Based Comparison the bridge is much more sensitive than the dc equivalent of the
line current. This choice of control parameter really enables
For a clear insight of the performance comparison, sev-
the BFCL to act faster and respond quickly at the fault occur-
eral performance indices, namely, vlt(pu.s), spd(pu.s) and
ring moment. The shunt bypass path of the BFCL offers more
pow(pu.s) are considered. Lower value of the indices indicates
impedance to the fault current than the SDBR which enable the
better systems performance. Their definition is given below in
BFCL to maintain a higher voltage level from the fault initiation
(8)–(10).
 T till the breaker opening instant. Due to all of these features, the
BFCL provides better performance than the SDBR, as evident
vlt(pu.s) = |ΔV |dt (8)
0 from graphical and numerical results.
 T
spd(pu.s) = |Δω|dt (9) E. Implementation Feasibility
0
 T The probable placement location for the BFCL will be the
pow(pu.s) = |ΔP |dt (10) step up substation of the wind farm. As the controller of BFCL
0 uses local parameters, they can be used in stand-alone as well as
where ΔV , Δω and ΔP denote the PCC voltage deviation, the supervisory control and data acquisition controlled system
the machine speed deviation and the active power deviation which is very much important for smart grid implementation.
of wind generator at PCC, respectively. T refers to the time The BFCL configuration is based on some power electronic de-
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8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION

vices, namely diode and IGBT switches. With the advancement [12] J. P. A. Vieira, M. V. A. Nunes, and U. H. Bezerra, “Improving the
in semiconductor fabrication technology, current carrying and transient performance of doubly fed induction generators when submitted
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voltage withstanding capacity of diodes and IGBT switches are pp. 1–11.
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 This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

RASHID AND ALI: TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF DOUBLY FED INDUCTION MACHINE-BASED WIND GENERATOR 9

Gilmanur Rashid (S’13) received the B.Sc. de- Mohd. Hasan Ali (SM’08) received the Ph.D. de-
gree in electrical and electronic engineering from the gree in electrical and electronic engineering from the
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technol- Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido,
ogy (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 2009, and the Japan, in 2004.
M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Uni- He was a Lecturer with the Electrical and Elec-
versity of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA, where he tronic Engineering Department, Rajshahi University
is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at the of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh, from
same university. 1995 to 2004, where he became an Assistant Profes-
He was with the Engineering Department, Square sor in 2004. He was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gazipur, Bangladesh, from under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
February 2010 to July 2010, and with Grameenphone Program at the Kitami Institute of Technology, Ki-
Ltd., Dhaka, as a System Engineer from August 2010 to July 2012. His cur- tami, Hokkaido, Japan from November 2004 to January 2007. He was also a
rent research interests include fixed and variable speed wind energy conversion Research Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department, Changwon Na-
systems, smart-grid and microgrid systems, power electronics, and flexible ac tional University, South Korea, from February 2007 to December 2007. He was
transmission systems. a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada, from January 2008 to
June 2009. He was also a member of faculty in the Electrical Engineering De-
partment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA, from July 2009 to
August 2011. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA,
where he leads the Electric Power and Energy Systems Laboratory. His current
research interests include advanced power systems, smart-grid and microgrid
systems, renewable energy systems, energy storage systems, and flexible ac
transmission systems. He has more than 130 publications including two books,
one book chapter, 48 top ranked journal papers, 62 peer-reviewed international
conference papers, and 20 national conference papers.
Dr. Ali is the Chair of the Power and Energy Society of the IEEE Memphis
Section.