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Brakes 160217042737

This document discusses different types of brakes used in vehicles. It describes drum brakes and disc brakes, including their main components and working principles. Drum brakes can be internal expanding or external expanding, using brake shoes and drums. Disc brakes use brake pads that squeeze a rotating disc via hydraulic pistons in a caliper. The document outlines advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes in areas like stability, temperature resistance, and maintenance, as well as some disadvantages of disc brakes.

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Marthande
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153 views21 pages

Brakes 160217042737

This document discusses different types of brakes used in vehicles. It describes drum brakes and disc brakes, including their main components and working principles. Drum brakes can be internal expanding or external expanding, using brake shoes and drums. Disc brakes use brake pads that squeeze a rotating disc via hydraulic pistons in a caliper. The document outlines advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes in areas like stability, temperature resistance, and maintenance, as well as some disadvantages of disc brakes.

Uploaded by

Marthande
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE III

BRAKES
CONTENTS:-
1. Brakes and types
2. Stopping Times & Distance, Braking Efficiency
3. Brake Drums And Liners,
4. Theory Of Shoe Brakes
5. Determination Of Brake Torque
6. Disc Brakes
7. Classification Of Brakes
– Hydraulic Brakes
– Mechanical Brakes
– Servo Brakes
– Power Assisted Brakes
– Air Brakes
– Exhaust Brakes
– Retarders
8. Layout And Details Components
Introduction:
• Brakes are mechanical devices used for retarding
the motion of a vehicle.

• Brakes are also used to stop the vehicle quickly


within a short distance.

• Brakes are also used to hold the vehicle at rest


on an inclined road against the pull of gravity.
Construction
• Brake action starts as the brake pedal is depressed. Two sets of
members constitute the brake of every vehicle.

• One member is directly connected to the axle shaft and thus it


becomes a rotating member.

• The second member is attached to the frame or axle housing and


thus it acts as the stationary member.

• The brake works by causing friction between the non-rotating


member and the disc or drum that turns with the road wheel.

• Friction produces the force required to slow down the vehicle. By


means of friction, the brake converts the power of momentum
(kinetic energy) of the vehicle into heat.

• The heat produced, disappears into the air around the brakes.
Different arrangements of braking a rotating wheel can be seen
in figures given below.

A) Wagon wheel brake is used in rail wagons.


B) External contracting brake is used in rail wagons.
C) Internal expanding shoe brake is used intensively in automotive vehicles
Principle of brake
• A moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy that is converted into
heat energy on the application of brakes.

• This heat is transferred to the surrounding air.

• In the simplest form, a brake comprises a stationary brake shoe


with a friction lining on it and a brake drum.

• The road wheel is fixed to the rotating brake drum.

• The driver applies force on the brake pedal that gets amplified
and pushes the stationary shoe to make contact with the brake
drum and stops its rotation due to frictional resistance.

• The heat generated due to braking action is proportional to the


force that brings the shoe in contact with the drum.
PURPOSE OF BRAKES
The main purposes of fitting brakes on motor vehicle are as given under.

1. In emergencies to bring the vehicle to rest in the shortest possible


distance.

2. To control the vehicle when it is in the hills.

3. To keep the vehicle in desired position after bringing it in complete rest


when there is no driver.

To full fill the above needs two independent braking systems are provided in
the vehicle.

(a) "Service brake" which is operated by foot pedal in general during regular
operation.

(b) "Emergency brake" which is operated by a hand lever while parking the
vehicle.
Requirements of Brake
• Brakes, in general, are required to slow, stop or hold the vehicle
and convert the kinetic energy of motion into heat and then to
dissipate this heat

1. Application of brakes should bring the vehicle to a relatively quick


to stop on any type of road-wet, dry, even, uneven, uphill or
downhill. This has to be achieved at any speed, laden or unladen.

2. A separate mechanical brake is required to hold the vehicle in


position on a gradient.

3. The braking system components must require minimum


maintenance.

4. The pedal effort required to produce maximum deceleration


should be minimum and should not vary with the condition of
the road.
Requirements of Brake (Cond..)
5. The braking system should allow minimum time between
application of pedal effort and actual braking effect on the
drum.

6. The braking action should not involve any noise, or drift


the vehicle away from its desired path.

7. Provisions for quick heat dissipation must be


incorporated.

8. A secondary braking system must be incorporated, should


the primary braking system fail.
Types of BRAKES

1. DRUM BRAKE
2. DISC BRAKE
DRUM BRAKE
• It may be
1. Internal expanding and
2. External expanding.

• Internal expanding brakes have brake shoes


contained within the brake drums and expand
outwards to make contact with the rotating drum,

• whereas external expanding brakes contract to


make contact with the rotating drum.
1.Brake drum
5. Anchor pin
2. CAM
6. Fixed wheel cylinder
3. Brake lining
7. Fixed wheel cylinder
4. Return spring
Brake drum materials
• Brake drums are made of nickel-iron casting; this metal
gives optimum rate of heat transfer and provides good
anti-wear qualities.

• Scooter and motorcycle brake drums are made of cast


aluminum with a bonded cast iron liner.

• The linings have hi temperatures of about 3500C


without distortion and are made of asbestos based
materials having high coefficient of friction (0.4).

• The different lining materials are (i) molded pulp (ii)


compressed fabric, (iii) woven
Disc Brakes

1.Connecting tube

2. Cylinder

3. Piston

4. Friction pad

5. Hydraulic fluid

6. Brake disc

7. From master cylinder

8. Caliper
Components of disc brakes
1. Disc
2. Calipers
3. Friction Pads
Disc
• It is made of high-grade of gray cast iron having
pearlitic structure to give better wear resistance
property.

• This disc, which rotates with the car wheel, is


efficiently cooled as most of its area lies
exposed.
Calipers
• These are of V-shaped type and are in two halves.
Each half has a pad bonded to a steel plate, a steel
piston and a brake cylindrical housing bolted
together.

• Both these halves are hydraulically linked so that


equal pressure may be applied on the pad through
floating pistons.

• Hydraulic pressure is applied only on one side of


the piston.
Friction Pads
• These are made of asbestos, fiber and metal oxide fillers
bonded with organic compounds.

• Each pad is fixed to a steel plate that has to take torque


during braking on to the caliper.

• The pads may be of square, rectangular, oval or segmental


in shape.

• The size of the piston is made the same as that of pads to


avoid noise during braking.

• Rubber sealing rings prevent dust and moisture to enter the


piston housings.
Working of disc brake
• When the driver applies pressure on the brake pedal,
hydraulic pressure pushes the pistons out from their housing.

• The pistons, in turn, press the brake pads against the moving
disc faces, causing friction and hence slowing it down.

• Hydraulic pressure is equally applied by the hydraulic fluid to


the floating pistons on either side.

• When the driver takes his foot off the brake pedal, hydraulic
pressure on the friction pads is released; the pistons move
inwards and break their contact with the disc.
Advantages of Disc Brakes over Drum
Brakes
1. Disc brakes provide better stability since these have
uniform pressure distribution over the pads than that
of the brake linings in the case of drum brakes.

2. Increased temperature does not affect the disc pads


much compared to the brake linings of the drum
brakes.

3. The design of the brake adjusters becomes simple


because when hot, the discs expand towards the pads
causing no loss in pedal travel.

4. Maintenance and repairs of disc brakes is easy.


Disadvantages
1. Disc brake assemblies are costlier than drum brakes.

2. The pads wear off fast compared to brake shoe linings of drum brakes.
Disc brakes have higher brake pressures.

3. Complete protection to the disc from road residue is provided with great
difficulty.

4. The high temperature operation of disc brakes causes evaporation of the


brake fluid and weakening of seal.

5. In the case of cars fitted with disc brakes, an external servo mechanism is
required because these have no self energizing effect, Such an
arrangement is not required in cars having drum brakes.

6. Handbrakes can be installed on drum brakes because these have self-


energizing effect. Disc brakes offer difficulty in installing hand brakes.

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