CyberPatriot

Session VI
Topic 4:
Basic Routing

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Topic 4 – Basic Routing

 IP addressing a simple network

 Static routing/RIP routing
 L3 Tools (Ping, traceroute)
Cisco Basic Routing Agenda

 Review IP Addressing: 10 min

 Review Basic Routing: 20 min
 Static Routing: 15 min
 Static Routing Lab: 30 min
 RIP Routing: 20 min
 RIP Routing Lab: 20 min
Topics
 Identify a router as a computer with an OS and
hardware designed for the routing process.
 Demonstrate the ability to configure devices and
apply addresses.
 Describe the structure of a routing table.
 Describe how a router determines a path and
switches packets
 Discuss Static and RIP Routing
Router as a Computer
 Describe the basic purpose of a router
-Computers that specialize in sending packets over the data
network. They are responsible for interconnecting networks by
selecting the best path for a packet to travel and forwarding
packets to their destination

 Routers are the network center

-Routers generally have multiple network connections:
-WAN connection to ISP
-WAN connection to other remote sites
-Multiple LAN connections
Router as a Computer
 Data is sent in form of packets between 2 end devices
 Routers are used to direct packet to its destination
Router as a Computer
 Routers examine a packet’s destination IP address
and determine the best path by enlisting the aid of a
routing table
 Router as a Computer
 Two major groups of Router Interfaces
LAN Interfaces:
Are used to connect router to LAN
network
Has a layer 2 MAC address
Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP
address
Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack
 WAN Interfaces
Are used to connect routers to external networks that
interconnect LANs.
Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2 address
may be used.
Uses a layer 3 IP address
Router as a Computer
 Routers and the Network Layer
Routers use destination IP address to forward packets
The path a packet takes is determined after a router
consults information in the routing table.
After router determines the best path
Packet is encapsulated into a frame
Frame is then placed on network medium in form of Bits
Router as a Computer
 Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2 & 3
Router receives a stream of encoded bits
Bits are decoded and passed to layer 2
Router de-encapsulates the frame
Remaining packet passed up to layer 3
-Routing decision made at this layer by examining
destination IP address
Packet is then re-encapsulated & sent out outbound interface
Configure Devices and Apply Addresses
 Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
 When designing a new network or mapping an existing
network you must provide the following information in
the form of a document:
-Topology drawing that Illustrates physical connectivity
–Address table that provides the following information:
Device name
Interfaces used
IP addresses
Default gateway
Configure Devices and Apply Addresses
 Verify Basic Router Configuration
-Issue the show running-config command
-Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy
running-config startup-config command
-Additional commands that will enable you to further verify
router configuration are:
Show running-config - Displays configuration currently in
RAM
Show startup-config - Displays configuration file NVRAM
Show IP route - Displays routing table
Show interfaces - Displays all interface configurations
Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated interface
configuration information
Routing Table Structure
 Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information
about:
Directly connected networks - this occurs when a device is
connected to another router interface
Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is not
directly connected to a particular router
Detailed information about the networks include source of
information, network address & subnet mask, and Ip address of
next-hop router

 Show ip route command is used to view a routing table

Routing Table Structure
 Adding a connected network to the routing table
-Router interfaces
Each router interface is a member of a different network
Activated using the no shutdown command
In order for static and dynamic routes to exist in routing
table you must have directly connected networks
Routing Table Structure
 Static routes in the routing table
-Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address of
next hop router or exit interface
-Denoted with the code S in the routing table
-Routing tables must contain directly connected networks used
to connect remote networks before static or dynamic routing
can be used

 When to use static routes

-When network only consists of a few routers
-Network is connected to internet only through one ISP
-Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network
Routing Table Structure
 Connected and Static routes
Routing Table Structure
 Dynamic routing protocols
-Used to add remote networks to a routing table
-Are used to discover networks
-Are used to update and maintain routing tables

 Automatic network discovery

-Routers are able discover new networks by sharing routing
table information
Routing Table Structure
 Maintaining routing tables
-Dynamic routing protocols are used to share routing information with
other router & to maintain and up date their own routing table.
 IP routing protocols. Example of routing protocols include:
-RIP
-IGRP
-EIGRP
-OSPF
Routing Table Structure
 Routing Table Principles
-3 principles regarding routing tables:
Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the
information it has in its routing table.
Different routing table may contain different information
 A routing table can tell how to get to a destination but not
how to get back
Routing Table Structure
 Effects of the 3 Routing Table Principles
-Packets are forwarded through the network from one router
to another, on a hop by hop basis.
-Packets can take path “X” to a destination but return via
path “Y” (Asymmetric routing).
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that
provide information about the packet and the sending
and receiving hosts
 Fields that are importance for students:
-Destination IP address
-Source IP address
-Version & TTL
-IP header length
-Precedence & type of service
-Packet length
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 MAC Layer Frame Format
 MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They include:
-Preamble
-Start of frame delimiter
-Destination MAC address
-Source MAC address
-Type/length
-Data and pad
-Frame check sequence
 Router Paths and Packet Switching
 A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols help
determine the best path to a destination
–The smaller the metric value the better the path
 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are:
-Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel
through to get to its destination
-Bandwidth - this is the “speed” of a link also known as the data
capacity of a link
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Path determination is a process used by a router to pick the best
path to a destination
 One of 3 path determinations results from searching for the best
path
Directly connected network
Remote network
No route determined
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Switching Function of Router is the process used by a
router to switch a packet from an incoming interface to
an outgoing interface on the same router.
-A packet received by a router will do the following:
Strips off layer 2 headers.
Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3
header to find best route to destination.
Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame.
Forwards frame out exit interface.
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 As a packet travels from one networking device to another
-The Source and Destination IP addresses NEVER change
-The Source & Destination MAC addresses CHANGE as packet
is forwarded from one router to the next.
-TTL field decrement by one until a value of zero is reached at
which point router discards packet (prevents packets from
endlessly traversing the network)
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Path determination and switching function details. PC1
Wants to send something to PC 2 here is part of what
happens
Step 1 - PC1 encapsulates packet into a frame. Frame
contains R1’s destination MAC address
Router Paths and Packet Switching
Step 2 - R1 receives Ethernet frame.
R1 sees that destination MAC address matches its own
MAC.
R1 then strips off Ethernet frame.
R1 Examines destination IP.
R1 consults routing table looking for destination IP.
After finding destination IP in routing table, R1 now looks up
next hop IP address.
R1 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame.
R1 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/1 interface.
Router Paths and Packet Switching
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants to
send something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
Step 3 - Packet arrives at R2
R2 receives Ethernet frame
R2 sees that destination MAC address matches its own
MAC
R2 then strips off Ethernet frame
R2 Examines destination IP
R2 consults routing table looking for destination IP
After finding destination IP in routing table, R2 now looks up
next hop IP address
R2 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new data link frame
R2 forwards Ethernet packet out S0/0 interface
Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants to
send something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
Step 4 - Packet arrives at R3
R3 receives PPP frame
R3 then strips off PPP frame
R3 Examines destination IP
R3 consults routing table looking for destination IP
After finding destination IP in routing table, R3 is directly
connected to destination via its fast Ethernet interface
R3 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame
R3 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/0 interface
Step 5 - IP packet arrives at PC2. Frame is decapsulated &
processed by upper layer protocols.
Summary
 Routers determine a packets path to its destination by
doing the following
Receiving an encapsulated frame & examining destination
MAC address.
If the MAC address matches then Frame is de-encapsulated
so that router can examine the destination IP address.
If destination IP address is in routing table or there is a static
route then Router determines next hop IP address. Router will
re-encapsulate packet with appropriate layer 2 frame and send
it out to next destination.
Process continues until packet reaches destination.
Note - only the MAC addresses will change the source and
destination IP addresses do not change.
Interfaces
 Examining Router Interfaces
-Show IP route command – used to view routing table
-Show Interfaces command – used to show status of an
interface
-Show IP Interface brief command – used to show a portion of
the interface information
-Show running-config command – used to show configuration
file in RAM
Interfaces
 Configuring an Ethernet interface
-By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
-To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command
Routing Tables
 Purpose of the debug ip routing command
Allows you to view changes that the router performs when
adding or removing routes
Example:
-R2#debug ip routing
-IP routing debugging is on
Routing Tables
 To configure an Ethernet interface
Example:
-R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
-R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
Routing Tables
 When a router only has its interfaces configured & no
other routing protocols are configured then:
-The routing table contains only the directly connected networks
-Only devices on the directly connected networks are reachable
Routing Tables
 Routing Tables
 Checking each
route in turn
The ping
command is
used to check
end to end
connectivity
Static Routes
 Purpose of a static route
A manually configured route used when routing from a network
to a stub network
 Static Routes
 IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
Example:
-Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-mask {ip-
address | exit-interface }
Static Routes
 Dissecting static route syntax
ip route - Static route command
172.16.1.0 – Destination network address
255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of destination network
172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP address on R2, which is
the "next-hop" to this network
Static Routes
 Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
Use the following commands for R1
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
Static Routes
 Zinin’s 3 routing principles
Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision alone, based on
the information it has in its own routing table.“
Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in
its routing table does not mean that other routers have the same
information.“
Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one
network to another does not provide routing information about
the reverse, or return path."
Static Routes
 Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles, how would you
answer the following?
-Would packets from PC1 reach their destination?
Yes, packets destined for 172.16.1.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24
networks would reach their destination.
-Does this mean that any packets from these networks destined
for 172.16.3.0/24 network will reach their destination?
No, because neither R2 nor R3 router has a route to the
172.16.3.0/24 network.
Static Routes
 Verifying the Static Route Configuration
-Use the following commands
Step 1 show running-config
Step 2 verify static route has been entered correctly
Step 3 show ip route
Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table
Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can reach
destination and that Return path is working
Summary and Default Route
 Default Static Route
This is a route that will match all packets. Stub routers that
have a number of static routes all exiting the same interface are
good candidates for a default route.
-Like route summarization this will help reduce the size of the
routing table

 Configuring a default static route

Similar to configuring a static route. Except that destination IP
address and subnet mask are all zeros
Example:
-Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ip-
address ]
Summary and Default Route
 Static routes and subnet masks
The routing table lookup process will use the most specific
match when comparing destination IP address and subnet
mask

 Default static routes and subnet masks

Since the subnet mask used on a default static route is 0.0.0.0
all packets will match.
 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
 Packet forwarding
with static routes.
(recall Zinin’s 3
routing principles)
 Router 1
Packet arrives on R1’s
Fastethernet 0/0
interface
R1 does not have a
route to the
destination
network,
192.168.2.0/24
R1 uses the default
static route.
 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
 Packet forwarding with static routes. (recall Zinin’s 3
routing principles)
 Router 2
The packet arrives on the Serial 0/0/0 interface on R2.
R2 has a static route to 192.168.2.0/24 out Serial0/0/1.
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
 Packet forwarding with static routes. (recall Zinin’s 3
routing principles)
 Router 3
The packet arrives on the Serial0/0/1 interface on R3.
R3 has a connected route to 192.168.2.0/24 out Fastethernet
0/1.
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
 Troubleshooting a Missing Route
 Tools that can be used to isolate routing problems
include:
-Ping– tests end to end connectivity
-Traceroute– used to discover all of the hops (routers) along the
path between 2 points
-Show IP route– used to display routing table & ascertain
forwarding process
-Show ip interface brief- used to show status of router interfaces
-Show cdp neighbors detail– used to gather configuration
information about directly connected neighbors
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
 Solving a Missing Route
 Finding a missing or mis-configured route requires
methodically using the correct tools
-Start with PING. If ping fails then use traceroute to determine
where packets are failing to arrive

 Issue: show ip route to examine routing table.

-If there is a problem with a mis-configured static route remove
the static route then reconfigure the new static route
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic Routing Protocols
 Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
-Dynamically share information between routers.
-Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
-Determine best path to a destination.
Dynamic Routing Protocols
 The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:
-Discover remote networks
-Maintaining up-to-date routing information
-Choosing the best path to destination networks
-Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer
available
RIPv1
 RIP Characteristics
-A classful, Distance Vector (DV) routing protocol
-Metric = hop count
-Routes with a hop count > 15 are unreachable
-Updates are broadcast every 30 seconds
RIPv1
 RIP Operation
–RIP uses 2 message types:
Request message
-This is sent out on startup by each RIP
enabled interface
-Requests all RIP enabled neighbors to send
routing table
Response message
-Message sent to requesting router
containing routing table
 RIPv1
 IP addresses initially divided
into classes
-Class A
-Class B
-Class C
 RIP is a classful routing
protocol
-Does not send subnet
masks in routing updates
 Basic RIPv1 Configuration
 A typical topology suitable for
use by RIPv1 includes:
-Three router set up
-No PCs attached to LANs
-Use of 5 different IP
subnets
Basic RIPv1 Configuration
 Router RIP Command
–To enable RIP enter:
-Router rip at the global configuration prompt
-Prompt will look like R1(config-router)#
Basic RIPv1 Configuration
 Specifying Networks
–Use the network
command to:
-Enable RIP on all
interfaces that
belong to this
network
-Advertise this
network in RIP
updates
sent to other
routers
every 30 seconds
 Verification and Troubleshooting

 Show ip Route
 To verify and
troubleshoot routing
-Use the following

commands:
-show ip route
-show ip protocols
-debug ip rip
 Verification and Troubleshooting
 show ip
protocols
command
-Displays
routing
protocol
configured
on router
Verification and Troubleshooting
 Debug ip rip command
-Used to display RIP routing updates as they are
happening
 Verification and Troubleshooting
 Passive interface command
-Used to prevent a router from sending updates through
an interface
-Example:
Router(config-router)#passive-interface interface-type interface-number
 Verification and Troubleshooting
 Passive interfaces
 Default Route and RIPv1
 Modified Topology: Scenario C
 Default routes
Packets that are not defined specifically in a routing
table will go to the specified interface for the default
route
Example: Customer routers use default routes to
connect to an ISP router.
Command used to configure a default route is
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/1
Default Route and RIPv1
Default Route and RIPv1
 Propagating the Default Route in RIPv1
 Default-information originate command
-This command is used to specify that the router is to originate
default information, by propagating the static default route in
RIP update.
Summary

 RIP characteristics include:

Classful, distance vector routing protocol
Metric is Hop Count
Does not support VLSM or discontiguous subnets
Updates every 30 seconds
 Rip messages are encapsulated in a UDP segment
with source and destination ports of 520