MODEL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

KARUNAGAPPALLY
MANAGED BY IHRD
(A GOVT OF KERALA UNDERTAKING)

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
SOLAR POWERED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY
AKHIL S (18200743)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2018-2021
 MODEL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
KARUNAGAPPALLY
MANAGED BY IHRD
(A GOVT OF KERALA UNDERTAKING)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar report entitled “SOLAR POWERED SMART
IRRIGATION SYSTEM” is a bonafide record of the work done by AKHIL S (18200743)
towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Diploma in Electronics and
Communication Engineering under our supervision during the academic year 2018-2021

Mrs. ASHA R Mr. MANIKANTAKUMAR V J

HOD(ECE) PRINCIPAL

Internal examiner: External examiner:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to specifically thank honorable Principal Mr. MANIKANTAKUMAR

VJ for allowing me to do this seminar also I would like to express my deepest gratitude to
Mrs. ASHA R HOD in Electronics and Communication Engineering and for their valuable
advice and guidance for achieving my project a great success.

I further thanks to our teachers and friends for being source of inspiration and
encouragement above all I would like to thank lord Almighty for his great blessing

AKHIL S

Reg.No:18200743
 ABSTRACT

In this project we are introducing solar powered smart irrigation system which is the
suitable alternative for farmers in the present state of energy crisis of India. This introduced
system conserves electricity by reducing the usage of grid power and conserves water by using
reducing water losses.

Solar panel has the main function of converting light energy into solar energy with the
help of PV cells. Moisture sensor indicates the level of moisture sensor in agricultural fields.
Arduino atmega 328 board is a microcontroller-based system.

This system consists of solar powered water pump along with an automatic water flow
control using moisture sensor. Moisture sensor’s sensed data is given as input to Arduino
Atmega 328 which controls the whole circuit. It gives command to inverters to switch ON/OFF
the pump to irrigate the field.

The aim of this project is to help the farmers to use water effectively and use solar
energy for irrigation purpose. This proposed technology of irrigation system is to reduce human
interference and ensure proper irrigation.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TOPICS PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 THE TASKS OF OUR PROJECT 2
3 SOLUTION FOR THE PROBLEMS STATED 4
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6
5 COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION IMPLEMENTATION 7
6 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 19
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6
5.1 MOISTURE SENSOR 7
5.2 ATMEGA328 8
5.3 ARDUINO ATMEGA328 11
5.4 PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO 12
5.5 SOLAR PANEL 14
5.6 CHARGE CONTROLLER 15
5.7 BATTERY BANK 16
5.8 INVERTER 17
6 DIGITAL MODE-INTERFACING 19
 SOLAR POWERED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy in the world. Solar power is not
only an answer to today’s energy crisis but also an environmentally friendly form of energy.
Photovoltaic generation is an efficient approach for using the solar energy. Solar panels (an
array of photovoltaic cells) are nowadays extensively used for running street lights, for
powering water heaters and to meet domestic loads. The cost of solar panels has been constantly
decreasing which encourages its usage in various sectors. One of the applications of this
technology is used in irrigation systems for farming. Solar powered irrigation system can be a
suitable alternative for farmers in the present state of energy crisis in India. This a green way
for energy production which provides free energy once an initial investment is made.

In this paper we propose an automatic irrigation system using solar power which drives
water pumps to pump water from bore well to a tank and the outlet valve of tank is
automatically regulated using controller and moisture sensor to control the flow rate of water
from the tank to the irrigation field which optimizes the use of water.

According to the survey conducted by the Bureau of Electrical Energy in India in 2011 there
are around 18 million agricultural pump sets and around 0.5 million new connections per year
is installed with average capacity 5HP. Total annual consumption in agriculture sector is 131.96
billion KWh (19% of total electricity consumption).

India emerged as the third largest solar market in the world after China and the US.
India’s solar installations reached 8.3 GW, including large-scale and rooftop solar units,
according to a report by Mercom Communications India and was published in “THE HINDU
BUSINESS LINE” dated 15th April 2019.The country’s cumulative solar capacity is 28 GW
as of 2018.

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CHAPTER 2

THE TASKS OF OUR PROJECT

(1) Underutilisation has been mere on account of causes like:

a. Lack of coordination between the departments of agriculture and irrigation at the project
formulation stage.

b. Failure to carry out adequate soil surveys and assess suitability of the land and soil for
irrigation.

c. Failure to minimize conveyance losses and associated problems of water logging and soil
salinity.

d. Structural inadequacies with the main system and consequent, inability to deliver the right
quantity of water at the right time to the irrigation outlets.

e. Absence of field distribution system, water control structures and farm drainage facilities.

f. Failure to formulate appropriate cropping patterns based on water availability and soil
characteristics.

g. Failure to get land shaped and levelled.

h. Absence of infrastructural facilities like roads, marketing, credit etc.

i. Lack of farmer organisations and proper extension services.

The recent response of the Government to problem has been the strengthening of the Command
Area Development Programme (CADP). The CADP was originally launched in 1974-75 to
execute on-farm development works like construction of field channels, land-levelling and
shaping and construction of field drains. A new initiative, “Hariyali” intending to strengthen
the technical capabilities of Panchayati raj institutions for implementing the existing watershed
development programmes has launched on January 27, 2003.

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Another important development has been the significant shift in the government’s approach in
the form of emphasis on participatory irrigation management for distribution of water by
beneficiaries themselves and taking up the maintenance and operation up to apportion of
irrigation system. The government has activated the second phase of the National Water
Management Project.

(2) Problem of Drainage:

Irrigation has also raised the problems relating to drainage, congestion, waterlogging, mal-
distribution and wastage of water, etc. Canals and road construction interfere with natural
drainage.

(3) Problem of Floods:

Rivers are the most effective natural drainage system, and any unplanned interference with
them is bound to have its repercussions on the natural drainage and, therefore, on the incidence
of floods in a country with the rainfall concentrated in short periods.

(4) Lack of Coordination between Irrigation and Agricultural Development:

Changes in the cropping pattern and practices alter the demand for water both in the volume
and the time of its supply. The irrigation authority takes action to adjust the supply to changes
in demand after a considerable time lag. Consequently, a proper use of irrigation facilities has
been quite a delayed process.

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CHAPTER 3

SOLUTION FOR THE PROBLEMS STATED

A solar panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light, to knock electrons free
from atoms, generating a flow of electricity. Photovoltaic simply means they convert sunlight
into electricity. Many cells linked together make up a solar panel. Solar energy generated from
the solar panels is used for operating the irrigation pump.

The charge controller circuit is used to charge the photovoltaic cells for supplying the
solar energy to the whole circuit. Charge controller or charge regulator is basically a voltage
and/or current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and
current coming from the solar panels going to the battery. Most "12 volt" panels put out about
16 to 20 volts, so if there is no regulation the batteries will be damaged from overcharging.
Most batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully charged.

The circuit comprises moisture sensors built by using OP-AMP IC. The OP-AMP is
used as comparators. The FC28 Soil Moisture Sensor is a simple breakout for measuring the
moisture in soil and similar materials. The soil moisture sensor is pretty straight forward to use.
The two large exposed pads function as probes for the sensor, together acting as a variable
resistor. The more water that is in the soil means the better the conductivity between the pads
will be and will result in a lower resistance, and a higher SIG out.

Two stiff copper wires are inserted into the soil to know whether soil is wet or dry. The
input signals are then sent to the Arduino atmega 328 microcontrollers, which controls the
whole circuit.

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Fig 3: Block Diagram

The microcontroller is programmed using C/ C++ software. Whenever the soil

condition is dry, the microcontroller sends commands to switch ON the motor and supplies
water to the field. And, if the soil gets wet, the motor gets switched OFF.

The signals that are sent from the sensors to the microcontroller through the output of
comparator operate under the control of a software program which is stored in the
microcontroller.

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CHAPTER 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 4: Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER 5
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION IMPLEMENTATION

(1) MOISTURE SENSOR:

FC-28: The FC-28 is soil moisture measurement sensor which is used with Arduino Uno.
The working principle of FC-28 is very simple, it detects the resistance of soil, when soil
contain more water its conductivity of current will increase i.e. less resistance and when the
soil contains less water it will conduct less current resulting in high resistance. Thus, by
calculating the current flow we can detect the moisture of soil.

Fig 5.1: Moisture Sensor

Interface Description (4-wire):

VCC: 3.3V-5V
GND: GND

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DO: digital output interface (0 and 1)

AO: analogue output interface

(2) ATMEGA 328:

The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family

(later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture
8-bit RISC processor core.

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory
with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines,
32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial
interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter, programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates
between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

Fig: 5.2: ATMEGA328

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KEY PARAMETERS OF ATMEGA 328:

Parameter Value

CPU type 8-bit AVR

Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz

Flash memory 32 KB

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Pin count 28 or 32 pin: PDIP-28, MLF-28, TQFP-32, MLF-32

Maximum operating frequency 20 MHz

Number of touch channels 16

Hardware QTouch Acquisition No

Maximum I/O pins 23

External interrupts 2

USB Interface No

USB Speed –

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(1) ARDUINO ATMEGA 328:

Nearly 7, 00,000 numbers of Arduinos are present in the market. Of these, Arduino
ATMEGA-328 microcontroller consist of 14 input and output analogue and digital pins (from
these 6 pins are considered to be a PWM pins), 6 analogue inputs and remaining digital inputs.
Power jack cable is used to connect Arduino board with the computer. Externally battery is
connected with the Arduino microcontroller for the power supply. Arduino is an open source
microcontroller from which there is no feedback present in the microcontroller. This Arduino
board consist of I2C bus, that can be able to transfer the data from Arduino board to the output
devices. These Arduino boards are programmed over RS232 serial interface connections with
atmega Arduino microcontrollers. The operating volt ranges from 5v. The input voltage
recommended for Arduino microcontroller is from 7v and the maximum of 12v. The DC input
current given to the Arduino board is in the range of 40mA. Arduino has been programmed by
using c and c++ programming language. These c and c++ are high level languages.

ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor for the Arduino board. Nearly it
consists of 28 pins. From these 28 pins, the inputs can be controlled by transmitting and
receiving the inputs to the external device. It also consists of pulse width modulation (PWM).
These PWM are used to transmit the entire signal in a pulse modulation. Input power supply
such as Vcc and Gnd are used. These IC mainly consists of analogue and digital inputs. These
analogue and digital inputs are used for the process of certain applications.

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Fig: 5.3: ARDUINO ATMEGA328

The working of Arduino microcontroller is where the proper connection is made. Checking all
the input ports as well as the power supply connection. The output of the pins can be connected
with the external devices according to their applications. The program to be executed for the
applications can be done by using Arduino software. From this Arduino software, we can edit
according to the applications. This software can work on c and c++ programming language. It
is fully a high-level language. By using the conditions of working, we can create a program to
proceed for the applications. Then after, these programs can be uploaded through the Arduino
microcontroller by using the power jack cable. The program can be uploaded to the
microcontroller and ready for further process. ATMEGA-328 microcontroller can save a
program and these IC can acts as a processor to do the process without any error. After by
giving an analogue or digital input to the system, we can do the process according to the
applications. We can control the process of the application by editing the program in the
Arduino software and again can be uploaded to the Arduino microcontroller via power jack
cable. There is an option of reset button. The purpose of reset button is to reset the program
which means the previous programs are deleted and we can use the Arduino for the other
application purposes. Likewise, these Arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontrollers can be used for
n number of applications. These Arduino microcontrollers are widely used in automation
industries for controlling the process and to work the system in an automation mode.

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Pin Diagram Representation of Arduino Atmega 328:

Fig: 5.4: PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO ATMEGA328

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1.SOLAR PANEL:

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-
film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the
back layer. Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are connected
electrically in series, one to another to a desired voltage, and then in parallel to increase
amperage. The wattage of the module is the mathematical product of the voltage and the
amperage of the module.

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output
interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to facilitate
easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface can also be
used.

Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes) of the solar panel or the PV system.
The conducting wires that take the current off the modules are sized according to the ampacity
and may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass
diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize
the output of module sections still illuminated.

Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses
or mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such
as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector
shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.

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Among the 10 Best Solar Panels in India (2020), the most efficient and low-cost solar panel
is “Loom Luminous Solar 180-watt monocrystalline Solar panel”. Monocrystalline panels are
more efficient because they are cut out from a single source of silicon.

Fig: 5.5: SOLAR PANEL

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(1) CHARGE CONTROLLER:

A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric
current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may protect
against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan and may pose a safety
risk. It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a battery, or perform
controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life. The terms
"charge controller" or "charge regulator" may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to control
circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery charger.

PWM charge controller (Pulse Width Modulation) are durable and inexpensive. It is
available in many sizes for a variety of applications. Used for years in solar systems and are
well established. Charge controller used in this implementation is “Sparkel Auto USB Charge
Controller Solar Panel Display PWM Regulator and with Ambient Temperature Indicator”.

Fig: 5.6: CHARGE CONTROLLER

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(3) BATTERY BANK:

A salt water battery employs a concentrated saline solution as its electrolyte. They are non-
flammable and more easily recycled than batteries that employ toxic or flammable materials.
It is 50-60% less costly than lithium batteries. It has life expectancy of 80%.

Aquion Energy's batteries are classified as standard goods with no special handling required
in shipment. It has no life-reducing side reactions while not in use. It is robust to any variable
cycling profiles and long duration intervals while partially charged. Maintenance cycling to
maintain performance/life is unnecessary. Its optimal operating temperature range is -5 °C to
40 °C and are little affected by operational temperature swings. It operates without auxiliary
loads or an external power supply. Its chemistry is not susceptible to thermal runaway. Active
thermal management is generally not required, except given extreme ambient temperature. Its
mechanical materials can be recycled in normal recycling streams. Chemical materials can be
disposed of without special equipment or containers.

Fig: 5.7: BATTERY BANK

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(1) INVERTER:

A power inverter, or inverter, is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct
current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the
design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power
is provided by the DC source.

A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects

(such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in
the conversion process.

Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents and
voltages are present; circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals, which
usually have very low currents and voltages, are called oscillators. Circuits that perform the
opposite function, converting AC to DC, are called rectifiers.

Fig: 5.8: INVERTER

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Inverter used here is “Luminous Zelio+ 1100 Home pure Sinewave UPS inverter”.
Protection: Overload, deep discharge, short-circuit, Reverse polarity & Input mains protection
through MCB. LED Display for status of Power back-up / battery charging time in Hours and
Minute.

A power inverter device which produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC waveform is

referred to as a sine wave inverter. To more clearly distinguish the inverters with outputs of
much less distortion than the modified sine wave (three step) inverter designs, the
manufacturers often use the phrase pure sine wave inverter. Almost all consumer grade
inverters that are sold as a "pure sine wave inverter" do not produce a smooth sine wave output
at all, just a less choppy output than the square wave (two step) and modified sine wave (three
step) inverters. However, this is not critical for most electronics as they deal with the output
quite well.

Where power inverter devices substitute for standard line power, a sine wave output is desirable
because many electrical products are engineered to work best with a sine wave AC power
source. The standard electric utility provides a sine wave, typically with minor imperfections
but sometimes with significant distortion.

Sine wave inverters with more than three steps in the wave output are more complex and have
significantly higher cost than a modified sine wave, with only three steps, or square wave (one
step) types of the same power handling. Switch-mode power supply (SMPS) devices, such as
personal computers or DVD players, function on modified sine wave power. AC motors
directly operated on non-sinusoidal power may produce extra heat, may have different speed-
torque characteristics, or may produce more audible noise than when running on sinusoidal
power.

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CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

In a smart irrigation system, we are using an Arduino microcontroller to control and

sense the thing in the projects such as sense or measure the moisture in the soil we are using
soil moisture sensor. The soil moisture sensor is a sensor which varies the value when it
contacts the moisture. Basically, it is a resistor that works on moisture condition. When the
moisture is more than the value of resistance will decrease and when the moisture is less than
the resistance value is more.

So, we have to first calibrate the sensor into the different moisturizing condition of the
water. you can check it into the water also. So now you have some value from the different
conditions. Now, you can make the code according to the value. Put these values in the if
condition of code and this if condition decide whether the pump will work or not.

Digital Mode – Interfacing Arduino and Soil Moisture Sensor

Fig: 6: DIGITAL MODE-INTERFACING

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To connect the soil moisture sensor FC-28 in the digital mode, we will connect the
digital output of the sensor to the digital pin of the Arduino. The Sensor module contains a
potentiometer with it, which is used to set the threshold value. This threshold value is then
compared with the sensor output value using the LM393 comparator which is placed on the
sensor module.

The LM393 comparator will compare the sensor output value and the threshold value
and then gives us the output through the digital pin. When the sensor value will be greater than
the threshold value, then the digital pin will give us 5V and the LED on the sensor will light
up and when the sensor value will be less than this threshold value, then the digital pin will
give us 0V and the light will go down.

The connections for connecting the soil moisture sensor FC-28 to the Arduino in digital
mode are as follows.

 VCC of FC-28 to 5V of Arduino

 GND of FC-28 to GND of Arduino

 D0 of FC-28 to pin 12 of Arduino

 LED positive to pin 13 of Arduino

 LED negative to GND of Arduino

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BENEFITS OF THIS PROJECT:

 This irrigation system is to reduce human interference and ensure proper irrigation.

 No greenhouse gas emissions = climate mitigation.

 Potential for adaptation to climate change by mobilizing groundwater resources when

rains fail or rainfall patterns are erratic.

 Potential for improving water quality through filtration and fertigation systems (more
efficient application of less fertilizer overall). Less pollution resulting from inadequate
fuel handling (diesel pumps).

 SPIS can provide significant environmental and socio-economic benefits, both at farm
level and at national level.

 Through improved access to energy and water, SPIS can help to stabilize, increase and
diversify production (e.g. vegetable production including during dry seasons to
complement staple crops).

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

In the project, a demo model of Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System was developed with
the help of:

(a) Arduino Atmega 328P

(b) FC-28 Moisture Sensor

(c) DC pump

(d) 6F22 9V General Purpose Battery

(e) USB Connector for uploading Program

(f) Jumper wires and connector

The connections were given as shown in the photo above and the circuit diagram already
mentioned in previous chapters.

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The sensors have at least three pins: VCC, GND, and DO. The DO pin changes according to
the amount of moisture in the soil and increases as there is more water in the soil. Some models
have an additional base called AO. If the moisture amount is less than the permissible amount
(which can be changed by the potentiometer on the sensor) the DO pin will be "1", otherwise
will remain "0".

Here the FC-28 Moisture Sensor is used. It has a detection length of 46mm and a working
voltage of 2V-5V. It has a fork-like design, which makes it easy to insert into the soil. The
digital output voltage boosts along with the soil moisture level increases.

To connect the soil moisture sensor FC-28 in the digital mode, connect the digital output of the
sensor to the digital pin of the Arduino. The Sensor module contains a potentiometer with it,
which is used to set the threshold value. This threshold value is then compared with the sensor
output value using the LM393 comparator which is placed on the sensor module.

The LM393 comparator will compare the sensor output value and the threshold value and then
gives us the output through the digital pin. When the sensor value will be greater than the
threshold value, then the digital pin will give us 5V and the LED on the sensor will light up
and when the sensor value will be less than this threshold value, then the digital pin will give
us 0V and the light will go down.

The connections for connecting the soil moisture sensor FC-28 to the Arduino in digital mode
are as follows.

• VCC of FC-28 to 5V of Arduino

• GND of FC-28 to GND of Arduino

• D0 of FC-28 to pin 12 of Arduino

• LED positive to pin 13 of Arduino

• LED negative to GND of Arduino

For each soil moisture measurement, take an average of 100 sensor data to make the data more
stable and accurate. Please note that after 10-20 months, the sensor may get oxidized in the soil

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and lose its accuracy. Therefore, the soil moisture sensor should be replaced every year. Since
it has a low price and easy setup, it worth the annual replacement. Further research on this
problem gave a detailed explanation on all the moisture sensors and at last opted for capacitive
soil moisture sensors.

After all the connections as mentioned above, program is entered in the Arduino
Atmega 328P. When the digital value of moisture sensor falls below 1.7V the moisture sensor
will send the input signals to Arduino Atmega 328P microcontrollers. The signals that are sent
from the sensors to the microcontroller through the output of comparator operate under the
control of a software program which is stored in the microcontroller. The microcontroller will
send commands to switch ON motor and supplies water to the field. And, if the soil gets wet,
the motor gets switched OFF.

Working Cases of Smart Irrigation System:

Case: Value of Moisture Pump Switched

Sensor: ON/OFF:
Case 1 0.7 ON
Case 2 1.4 ON
Case 3 2.1 OFF
Case 4 2.9 OFF

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CONCLUSION
The agriculture sector is biggest sector of India it provides employment to 50% work
force of India. Each and every sector of India is directly or indirectly connected to agriculture
sector, despite of this the development in technology is very less. Farmers are still using
conventional techniques for farming; the developed technologies are either expensive or does
not required by farmer. In this paper a Smart irrigation system is discussed which is economical
and have great impact on irrigation system. The system controlled in two modes first is manual
and second is automatic control for controlling the operation of water pump. The pump is
controlled by using Atmega328P IC which is programmable in nature using relay as switch
and taking the feedback from soil moisture sensor and rain sensor for controlling the water
pump.

By implementing the proposed system there are various benefits for the government
and the farmers. For the government a solution for energy crisis is proposed. By using the
automatic irrigation system, it optimizes the usage of water by reducing wastage and reduce
the human intervention for farmers.

The excess energy produced using solar panels can also be given to the grid with small
modifications in the system circuit, which can be a source of the revenue of the farmer, thus
encouraging farming in India and same time giving a solution for energy crisis. Proposed
system is easy to implement and environment friendly solution for irrigating fields.

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FUTURE EXPANSION

Online technologies will further improve SPIS and make it more versatile. Monitoring
(e.g. groundwater), remote control and extended communication platforms can be expected to
be part of even small-scale applications at minimal extra cost.

Possibilities exist for unused electricity (when pumping is not required) to be fed into
the electricity grid or to be used for other on-farm productive applications, further increasing
the economic viability of SPIS. However, this requires more research and development as well
as specific policy and governance decisions to support such multiple use applications.

After introducing the MPPT in a solar power system and replacing the fixed solar panels
with Dual Axis Tracking connected panels, the modified system can be much more efficient.
Some other features like smart grid system can be a plus. The solar tracker will constantly keep
the track of the sun’s movement in both azimuth and horizontal direction, providing the
maximum absorption of the light energy. The MPPT will draw the maximum required power
from the panel to charge the battery by matching the load, no matter what the weather
conditions are. The solar inverter converts the DC power to AC, for use in household.
Additional feature like smart grid acts when the power is in surplus. It means when the required
amount of power is full filled the switching mechanism will send back the power to the grid,
also helping the consumer to get compensated from the power supply agency.

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 SOLAR POWERED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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