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Tests For Glucose 1 - Benedict'S Test: Cus04 (Cupric Sulfide) + Reducing Substance Heat

1) The document discusses various tests for detecting glucose, ketones, blood, and myoglobin in urine samples, including Benedict's test, Copper Reduction Test, reagent strips, and chemical tests. 2) Key substances tested for include glucose, ketones, hemoglobin, acetoacetic acid, and myoglobin. Clinical significance of abnormalities in these substances is explained. 3) Testing procedures often involve use of chemical reagents and measuring color changes, with results reported qualitatively or semi-quantitatively according to the degree of color change.

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Lyka Papa
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68 views17 pages

Tests For Glucose 1 - Benedict'S Test: Cus04 (Cupric Sulfide) + Reducing Substance Heat

1) The document discusses various tests for detecting glucose, ketones, blood, and myoglobin in urine samples, including Benedict's test, Copper Reduction Test, reagent strips, and chemical tests. 2) Key substances tested for include glucose, ketones, hemoglobin, acetoacetic acid, and myoglobin. Clinical significance of abnormalities in these substances is explained. 3) Testing procedures often involve use of chemical reagents and measuring color changes, with results reported qualitatively or semi-quantitatively according to the degree of color change.

Uploaded by

Lyka Papa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tests for Glucose

1 . Benedict's Test
Reagent: Benedict's solution

Results:
Negative — clear blue color, blue precipitate may form
Trace — bluish green color
1+ - green color, green or yellow precipitate
2+ - yellow to green color, yellow precipitate
3+ - yellow-orange color, yellow-orange precipitate
4+ - reddish-yellow color, brick red or red precipitate

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2. Copper Reduction Test (Clinitest) one of the


earliest chemical tests performed on urine
Principle: relies on the ability of the glucose and other
reducing substances to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous
oxide in the presence of alkali and heat.
- Sensitivity: 200 mg/dL

CuS04 (cupric sulfide) + reducing substance Heat


Alkali
Cup (cuprous oxide) + oxidized substance —Y color

(blue/green —i orange/red)

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Reporting results:
Negative or 1/40/0
(Trace)
1/20/0 or
3/40/0
1%
2% or 4+
Pass Through Phenomen
May occur if >2g/d1 sugar is present in urine
It is prevented by changing 5 gtts to 2 gtts of urine
Subject to interference from other reducing sugars, ascorbic
acid, drug metabolites and antibiotics such as cephalosporins
KETONES

Presence of ketone bodies in urine results from increased fat


metabolism due to abnormal carbohydrate utilization
3 Intermediate products of Fat metabolism
1 . Acetone
2. Acetoacetic acid
3. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

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KETONES

Presence of ketone bodies in urine results from increased fat


metabolism due to abnormal carbohydrate utilization 3
Intermediate products of Fat metabolism
l . Acetone
2. Acetoacetic acid
3. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
SUMMARY 5-9 Clinical Significance o
Urine Ketones
Diabetic acidosis Strenuous exercise
Insulin dosage monitoring Vom it ing
Starvation Inborn errors Of
arnino
Malabsorptiorvpancreatic acid meta Ex)lism
di sorders (see Chapter 8)
Normal urine ketone: Not normally in urine

Metabolized fats are completely broken down into carbon


dioxide and water in normal individuals.

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TIC ACID
Gerhard's Test Hart's Test
Rothera's Test Acetest Orberg Tests
Acetest Legal's Test
Frommer's Test
Lange's Test

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Rothera's Test
A nitroprusside ring test which can detect about 1-5mg/dL of
diacetic acid and 10-25 mg/dL of acetone

Rothera'sTest

Hart's Test beta-hydroxybutyric acid is converted to acetone


through the addition of H202 then acetone is tested by sodium
nitroprusside reaction
Reagent Strip Reactions

Principle: Sodium nitroprusside reaction


Acetoacetate (and acetone) + sodium nitroprusside
alkaine
+ (glycine) purple color

Results are reported:


Qualitatively : Negative, Trace, Small (1 +), Moderate (2+)
and Large (3+)
Semiquantitatively : Negative, Trace (5 mg/dL), Small
(15mg/dL), moderate (40 mg/dL) and Large (80 to 160
mg/dL)

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SUMMARY 5-10 Ketone Reagent Strip


Reagents: Sodium nitroprusside
Glycine (Chemstrip)
Sensitivity: Multistix: 5 to 10
mg/cnacetoacetic acid
Chemstrip. 9 mg/dL
acetoacetic acid; 70 mg/dL
acetone
Interfererxe: False-positive:
Phthalein dyes
Highly pigmented red urine
Levodopa
Ndedications containing
free sulfhydryl groups
Fal se -neg ative:
Improperly preserved
specimens
Correlations: Glucose
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Acetest

Provides sodium nitroprusside, glycine, disodium phosphate


and lactose in tablet form
Lactose — added for better color differentiation
Can be used to test urine, serum, plasma or whole blood
About 1 Ox more sensitive to diacetic acid than acetone
Does not detect beta-hydroxybutyric acid
BLOOD

may be present in the urine either in the form of intact red


blood cells or as the product of red blood cell destruction,
hemoglobin.
Chemical tests for hemoglobin provide the most accurate
means for determining the presence of blood
Microscopic examination can be used to differentiate
between hematuria and hemoglobinuria

genitourinary in origin urinary trat particularly in


dilute, alkaline urine may
result form intravascular
hemolysis
l. Renal calculi l. Transfusion reactions
2. Glomerulonephritis 2. Hemolytic anemias
3. Pyelonephritis 3. Severe burns
Tumors 4. Infections/malaria
Trauma 5. Strenuous exercise
Exposure to toxic 6. RBD trauma
chemicals 7. Brown recluse spider bites
Anticoagulants
Strenuous exercise
Schistosoma
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CLINICAL SIGNIFIFCANCE OF BLOOD IN URINE


HEMATURIA HEMOGLOBINURIA
Bleeding is renal or Lysis of RBC produced in
MYOGLOBINURIA
Characterized by "cola drink" or "black coffee"
urine

l. Rhabdomyolosis
2. Muscular trauma/Crush syndrome
3. Prolonged coma
4. Convulsions
5. Muscle-wasting syndrome
6. Alcoholism/overdose
7. Drug abuse
8. Extensive exertion
9. Cholesterol-lowering station
HEMOGLOBr•WRIA VS MYOGLOBINURIA
Plasma Examination
Hemoglobin — rcd/pink (with dccrcascd haptoglobin)
Myoglobin — pale yellow (with increased CK and LD enzymes

Blondheim's Test
Use of 2.8g of ammonium sulfate
Hemoglobin — clear supernatant with (-) reaction in blood rgt
strip Myoglobin — red supernatant with (+) reaction in blood rgt
strip

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Reagent Strip Reactions

Principle: Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin


Hemogld)in
H202 + chromogen 0(idized chromogen + H20
PertÄi&se
Reporting:
Trace, small, moderate and large
Trace, 1+, 2+ and 3+

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