MODUL PERKULIAHAN

English for
Engineering 2
Introduction – Technology in
Use

Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh

01
Fakultas Teknik Teknik Elektro F021700002 Regina Lionnie, S.T., M.T.

Abstract Competency
Grammar: An adjective clause is a Students are able to learn English in
multiword adjective that includes a Engineering in 4 parts : reading and
subject and a verb. vocabulary, grammar, listening and
writing/reading scientific paper.
When we think of an adjective, we
usually think about a single word used
before a noun to modify its meanings
(e.g., tall building, smelly cat,
argumentative assistant).
Content
Introduction
Welcome to the class of English for Engineering 2! In the next 16 weeks of our classes, each week we
will learn different topics in Engineering that are summarized in 4 parts: reading and vocabulary,
grammar, listening and how to read / write scientific paper. For each week, the forum and quiz in
the e-learning system will discuss the assignments and questions embedded in this lesson. To be able
to answer the forum and the quiz, you will have to read and learn carefully each part of the lesson in
each week.

Reading and Vocabulary

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

Main article taken from (https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/ICT-information-and-

communications-technology-or-technologies)

ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and
components that enable modern computing.

Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all
devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and
organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact
in the digital world.

Components of an ICT system

ICT encompasses both the internet-enabled sphere as well as the mobile one powered by wireless
networks. It also includes antiquated technologies, such as landline telephones, radio and television
broadcast -- all of which are still widely used today alongside cutting-edge ICT pieces such as artificial
intelligence and robotics.

ICT is sometimes used synonymously with IT (for information technology); however, ICT is generally
used to represent a broader, more comprehensive list of all components related to computer and
digital technologies than IT.

The list of ICT components is exhaustive, and it continues to grow. Some components, such as
computers and telephones, have existed for decades. Others, such as smartphones, digital TVs
and robots, are more recent entries.

ICT commonly means more than its list of components, though. It also encompasses the application
of all those various components. It's here that the real potential, power and danger of ICT can be
found.

2020 English for Engineering 2

2 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
ICT's societal and economic impact

ICT is leveraged for economic, societal and interpersonal transactions and interactions. ICT has
drastically changed how people work, communicate, learn and live. Moreover, ICT continues to
revolutionize all parts of the human experience as first computers and now robots do many of the
tasks once handled by humans. For example, computers once answered phones and directed calls to
the appropriate individuals to respond; now robots not only can answer the calls, but they can often
more quickly and efficiently handle callers' requests for services.

ICT's importance to economic development and business growth has been so monumental, in fact,
that it's credited with ushering in what many have labeled the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

ICT also underpins broad shifts in society, as individuals en masse are moving from personal, face-to-
face interactions to ones in the digital space. This new era is frequently termed the Digital Age.

For all its revolutionary aspects, though, ICT capabilities aren't evenly distributed. Simply put, richer
countries and richer individuals enjoy more access and thus have a greater ability to seize on the
advantages and opportunities powered by ICT.

Consider, for example, some findings from the World Bank. In 2016, it stated that more than 75% of
people worldwide have access to a cellphone. However, internet access through either mobile or
fixed broadband remains prohibitively expensive in many countries due to a lack of ICT infrastructure.
Furthermore, the World Bank estimated that out of the global population of 7.4 billion people, more
than 4 billion don't have access to the internet. Additionally, it estimated that only 1.1 billion people
have access to high-speed internet.

2020 English for Engineering 2

3 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
In the United States and elsewhere, this discrepancy in access to ICT has created the so-called digital
divide.

The World Bank, numerous governmental authorities and non-government organizations (NGOs)
advocate policies and programs that aim to bridge the digital divide by providing greater access to ICT
among those individuals and populations struggling to afford it.

These various institutions assert that those without ICT capabilities are left out of the multiple
opportunities and benefits that ICT creates and will therefore fall further behind in socio-economic
terms.

The United Nations considers one of its Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to "significantly increase
access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable
access to the internet in least developed countries by 2020."

Economic advantages are found both within the ICT market as well as in the larger areas of business
and society as a whole.

Within the ICT market, the advancement of ICT capabilities has made the development and delivery
of various technologies cheaper for ICT vendors and their customers while also providing new market
opportunities. For instance, telephone companies that once had to build and maintain miles of
telephone lines have shifted to more advanced networking materials and can provide telephone,
television and internet services; consumers now enjoy more choices in delivery and price points as a
result.

The significance of ICT in enterprises

For businesses, advances within ICT have brought a slew of cost savings, opportunities and
conveniences. They range from highly automated businesses processes that have cut costs, to the big
data revolution where organizations are turning the vast trove of data generated by ICT into insights
that drive new products and services, to ICT-enabled transactions such as internet shopping
and telemedicine and social media that give customers more choices in how they shop, communicate
and interact.

But ICT has also created problems and challenges to organizations and individuals alike -- as well as to
society as a whole. The digitization of data, the expanding use of high-speed internet and the growing
global network together have led to new levels of crime, where so-called bad actors can hatch
electronically enabled schemes or illegally gain access to systems to steal money, intellectual
property or private information or to disrupt systems that control critical infrastructure. ICT has also
brought automation and robots that displace workers who are unable to transfer their skills to new
positions. And ICT has allowed more and more people to limit their interactions with others, creating
what some people fear is a population that could lose some of what makes it human.

Vocabulary this week:

Infrastructure; artificial intelligence; exhaustive; disrupt; encompasses; leverage

2020 English for Engineering 2

4 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Grammar
What Is an Adjective Clause?

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is a multiword adjective that includes a subject and a verb.

When we think of an adjective, we usually think about a single word used before a noun to modify
its meanings (e.g., tall building, smelly cat, argumentative assistant). However, an adjective can also
come in the form of an adjective clause. An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies
and is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and a verb.

Examples of Adjective Clauses

Here are some examples of adjective clauses:

• The carpets that you bought last year have rotted.

• The follies which a man regrets most in his life are those which he didn't commit when he
had the opportunity. (US journalist Helen Rowland, 1876-1950)

(Even though this is a quotation by an American journalist, nowadays, most writers in the US
would use that instead of which. There's more on this below.)

• Bore: a person who talks when you wish him to listen.

The Components of an Adjective Clause

An adjective clause (also called a relative clause) will have the following three traits:

• Trait 1. It will start with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, or which) or a relative
adverb (when, where, or why).

(This links it to the noun it is modifying.)

(Note: Quite often, the relative pronoun can be omitted. However, with an adjective clause,
it is always possible to put one in. There is more on this below.)

• Trait 2. It will have a subject and a verb.

(These are what make it a clause.)

• Trait 3. It will tell us something about the noun.

(This is why it is a kind of adjective.)

Look at the three traits in this example:

2020 English for Engineering 2

5 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
 Quite often, the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. Look at the three traits in this
example:

Practice :
Combine the sentences below using the relative pronoun
1. a) The novel is interesting.
b) I bought in Singapore.
answer : The novel which I bought in Singapore is interesting.
2. a) The knife is very sharp.
b) We cut the bread with it.
Answer : The knife which we cut the bread with is very sharp.
3. a) I lost the book.
b) You had turn three of its pages.
Answer :
4. a) This is the horse.
b) It kicked the policeman.
Answer :

2020 English for Engineering 2

6 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Listening
For listening section, please open the URL :
https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/b2p085-stars-or-
stores
Then, you will see the prompt like this

Click Start and try to answer the following questions by listening to the speaker.

2020 English for Engineering 2

7 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Scientific Paper: Abstract

Definition

An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire
paper in a prescribed sequence that includes: 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research
problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a
result of your analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

Importance of a Good Abstract

Sometimes your professor will ask you to include an abstract, or general summary of your work, with
your research paper. The abstract allows you to elaborate upon each major aspect of the paper and
helps readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper. Therefore, enough key
information [e.g., summary results, observations, trends, etc.] must be included to make the abstract
useful to someone who may want to examine your work.

How do you know when you have enough information in your abstract?

A simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine that you are another researcher doing a similar study. Then ask
yourself: if your abstract was the only part of the paper you could access, would you be happy with
the amount of information presented there? Does it tell the whole story about your study? If the
answer is "no" then the abstract likely needs to be revised.

Structure and Writing Style

I. Types of Abstracts

To begin, you need to determine which type of abstract you should include with your paper. There are
four general types.

Critical Abstract
A critical abstract provides, in addition to describing main findings and information, a judgment or
comment about the study’s validity, reliability, or completeness. The researcher evaluates the paper
and often compares it with other works on the same subject. Critical abstracts are generally 400-500
words in length due to the additional interpretive commentary. These types of abstracts are used
infrequently.

Descriptive Abstract
A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments
about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key
words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research.
Essentially, the descriptive abstract only describes the work being summarized. Some researchers
consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very
short, 100 words or less.

2020 English for Engineering 2

8 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Informative Abstract
The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do
more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the
researcher presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in
the paper. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive
abstract [purpose, methods, scope] but it also includes the results and conclusions of the research
and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an
informative abstract is usually no more than 300 words in length.

Highlight Abstract
A highlight abstract is specifically written to attract the reader’s attention to the study. No pretense
is made of there being either a balanced or complete picture of the paper and, in fact, incomplete
and leading remarks may be used to spark the reader’s interest. In that a highlight abstract cannot
stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, rarely used in
academic writing.

II. Writing Style

Use the active voice when possible, but note that much of your abstract may require passive sentence
constructions. Regardless, write your abstract using concise, but complete, sentences. Get to the point
quickly and always use the past tense because you are reporting on a study that has been completed.

Formatting

Abstracts should be formatted as a single paragraph in a block format and with no paragraph
indentations. In most cases, the abstract page immediately follows the title page. Do not number the
page. Rules set forth in writing manual vary but, in general, you should center the word "Abstract" at
the top of the page with double spacing between the heading and the abstract. The final sentences of
an abstract concisely summarize your study’s conclusions, implications, or applications to practice
and, if appropriate, can be followed by a statement about the need for additional research revealed
from the findings.

Composing Your Abstract

Although it is the first section of your paper, the abstract should be written last since it will summarize
the contents of your entire paper. A good strategy to begin composing your abstract is to take whole
sentences or key phrases from each section of the paper and put them in a sequence that summarizes
the contents. Then revise or add connecting phrases or words to make the narrative flow clearly and
smoothly. Note that statistical findings should be reported parenthetically [i.e., written in
parentheses].

Before handing in your final paper, check to make sure that the information in the abstract completely
agrees with what you have written in the paper. Think of the abstract as a sequential set of complete
sentences describing the most crucial information using the fewest necessary words.

2020 English for Engineering 2

9 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
To summarize, an abstract SHOULD:

• in one paragraph
• 300 words or less
• include:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated
2) the basic design of the study
3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and,
4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

The abstract SHOULD NOT contain:

• Lengthy background or contextual information,

• Redundant phrases, unnecessary adverbs and adjectives, and repetitive information;
• Acronyms or abbreviations,
• References to other literature [say something like, "current research shows that..." or "studies
have indicated..."],
• Using ellipticals [i.e., ending with "..."] or incomplete sentences,
• Jargon or terms that may be confusing to the reader,
• Citations to other works, and
• Any sort of image, illustration, figure, or table, or references to them.

2020 English for Engineering 2

10 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
Daftar Pustaka
1. Mark Ibbotson (2016). Professional English for Engineering Cambridge

2. H. Glendinning, Eric and Glendinning, Norman. (2016). English for Electrical and
Mechanical Engineering. Oxford University Press.

3. https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/ICT-information-and-communications-
technology-or-technologies
4. https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adjective_clauses.html
5. https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/b2p085-stars-or-
stores
6. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/abstract

2020 English for Engineering 2

11 Regina Lionnie, S.T.,M.T
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id