ADV. JAVA With SCWCD/ OCWCD Material By Mr.

Durga

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Servlet Technology Model

Agenda:

1) Servlet API and life cycle

 javax.servlet Package :
 Interfaces :(14)
 Classes : (9)
 Exceptions : (2)
 javax.servlet.Servlet interface :
 load-on-startup
 Life Cycle of the Servlet that implements Servlet interface :
 GenericServlet(AC):
 javax.servlet.http package :
 Interfaces :(8)
 Classes :(7)
 Structure of HttpRequest :
 Structure of HttpResponse :

2) Http Methods
 GET
 POST
 HEAD
 OPTIONS
 PUT
 DELETE
 TRACE
 HttpServlet
 Life Cycle of HttpRequst

3) HttpServletRequest
 To retrive request parameters
 To retrive request headers
 To retrive request cookies
 Retrieving client & Server information from the request

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4) HttpServletResponse
 To set response headers
 To set ContentType of response
 To get Text Stream for response
 To get Binary stream for response
 To perform redirecting
 To add Cookies to the response
 Differences between send-Redirection and forward mechanism :

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Introduction :
2-tier:
known and fixed number of clients we can access 2-tier.

Web Application: collection of web resources.

Web Resource: each web resource is capable of generate one web page.
(Ex: html , servlets, Jsp's , java script )

Web resources :
2 types
 static
 Dynamic
A web page whose content is fixed i.e., static web page
Ex: html , js , images

A web page whose content will be changed dynamically based on time of request generate input
values of the request.
Ex:Servlets, JSP's , Server side java script(ssjs) , PHP
Based on the place client side web resources program executed.(in browser)
Based on the place server side web resources program executed but not resides .(in server side)

WEB APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS :

1. Browser software.
2. Technology to develop client side.
3. Technology to develop server side.
4. User software.
5. DataBase software.

WEB Server Software :

Web server software is special piece of s/w (or) special s/w which can manages the web
applications and web resources we executes this web resources automatically or dynamically

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when ever your requesting .

Responsibilities of web server :

1. It collects all client http requests.

2. It passes to appropriate web resources of web application.
3. Web server proceed built middle ware software.
4. container built in controller software.
5. Gives resultant out put.

Responsibilities of Servlet Container :

1. To provide the environment to manage web resource of Web Application.

2. It Perform total life cycle operations.
3. In case of JSP to generate corresponding Generated Servlet.
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J2SDK software is instalable.

(through cmd prompt )
J2EE is not a instalable software , It is a specification,(not through cmd prompt )

Specification is a document , it contain set of RULES(interfaces) and GUIDELINES(classes).

SERVLET ia not a technology , It is a specification.

Specification related package consists of more number of INTERFACES and less number of
CLASSES.
RULES --->interfaces(method declarations)
GUIDELINES----> classes(concrete methods )

In servlets we use the instance variables are not Thread Safe.

Web Programming for Static information :

Client sends a request for a static file.

Web server searches whether the requested static file is available or not at Server side.
If the requested resource is available then it will return that static file as response.
If it is not available ,then web server sends 404 status code saying RequestResource is not
available.
To serve static file, no processing is required at server side .Hence webserver always loves to
serve static information.

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Web Programming for Dynamic information :

Client sends a request to the Web server.

Web server checks whether the request is for static or Dynamic information.
If the request is for static information , web server searches for the required Static file.
If it is available it returns that file , other wise it returns 404 status code.
If the request is for Dynamic information web server forwards the request to some Helper
Application.
Helper Application analyzes and process the request and generate required dynamic
information.
Helper Application forwards that response to the web server and web server forwards that
response to the client.

The following are various possible Helper Applications at Server side.

1.Servlet
2.Jsp
3.Asp.net
4.PHP
5.cold fusion
6.CGI
7.server side Java Script.

A servlet is a Server side web component managed by web container for generation of
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dynamic information.
Web container is the best assistent to the programmer . It maintains entire life cycle of the
servlet.
So that programmer has to concentrate only on Business logic.The remaining operations
Instantiation of Servlet , Executing life cycle, Destroying the Servlet object and etc, taken care
by Web container.

TYPES OF WEB CONTAINER:

There are 3 types of web containers are possible.

1. Stand alone :
Both web server and web container are available in a single integrated component ,
such type of web container are called Stand-alone web container.
Ex : Tomcat
This type of web containers are best-suitable for small scale applications and rarely
used.

2. In-Process Web container :

If the web container runs in same address space(same machine) of web server and it is
available as plug-in such type of web containers are called In-Process web container.
In this case both web server and web container need not be from the same vendor.

3. Out-Process Web container:

Web server and web container both are running on different machines , Web
container is attached to the web server externally.Such type of web containers are
called Out-process web containers.
we can configure front-end apache has to forward the request to the back-end
weglogic server. These type of web containers are industry using.
This type of web Containers are most commonly used web containers.

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Differences between CGI and Servlets :

CGI SERVLETS

It is Process based i.e, for every request a It is thread-based i.e, for every request a
separate process will be created and it is new thread will be created and it is
responsible to generate required response. responsible to process the request.

Creation and Destruction of process for every Creation and Destruction of new thread for
request is costly. If the number of requests every request is not costly . Hence there is
increase it will effects performance of the no effect on performance even though
system.Hence CGI technology fail to the destroy number of requests increases due to this it
of scalable. succeeds to delevary scalable.

Two process never share same address

All threads share common address space
space(memory).Hence there is no chance of
hence there may be a chance of
concurrency, inconsistency problems and
concurrency, inconsistency problems.
syncronization is not required.

CGI programs can be written in multiple

languages.But most commonly used language is Servlets can be written only in Java.
PERL.

Most of the CGI languages are not object Java language itself is Object-Oriented .
oriented.Hence we are missing benefits of OOPs. Hence we can get all benefits of OOPs.

Servlet technology is platform

CGI technology is platform dependent.
independent.

FAST CGI :

It improves performance when compared with traditional CGI. In this case web container
maintains a pool of process so that a single process can serve multiple requests one by one.

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Servlet Technology Model :

1. servlet API and life cycle

2. Http methods
3. HttpServletRequest
4. HttpServletResponse

Servlet deffination : Servlet is a single instance multiple thread based server side Technology
to develop Dynamic web resources of web application.

Servlet API :

We can develop Servlets by using the following 2 packages.

1. javax.servlet: This package defines several classes and interfaces to develop servlets
from scratch irrespective of any protocol.
2. javax.servlet.http : It is the sub package of javax.servlet and contains several
convenient classes and interfaces to develop http based servlets.

javax.servlet Package :

Interfaces of javax.servlet Package :(14)

1) Servlet :
Every servlet in java should implement servlet interface either directly or indirectly. ie, Servlet
interface acts as a root interface for all java Servlets.
This interface defines the most common methods (including life cycle methods) which are
applicable for any servlet object.

2) ServletRequest :
ServletRequest object can be used to hold client data.
ServletRequest interface defines several methods to acts as end users provided data from the
request object.
Ex: getParameter()

3) ServletResponse :
ServletResponse object can be used to prepare and send responds to the client.
ServletResponse interface defines several methods which are required for preparation of

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response.
Ex: getWriter(), setContentType()

4) ServletConfig :
For every servlet , web container creates one ServletConfig object to hold its configuration
information like logical name of the Servlet , instantiation parameters etc.
ServletConfig interface defines several methods to access servlets configuration information.
Ex: getServletName()
getInitParameter()

5) ServletContext :
For every web application, web container will create one ServletContext object to hold
application level configuration information like name of the app'n and ServletContext
parameter etc.
Note : ServletConfig is per Servlet , where as ServletContext is per web application.

6) RequestDispatcher :
By using RequestDispatcher object we can dispatch the request from one component to
another component.
This interface defines two methods.
1. forward()
2.include()

7) SingleThreadModel :
 Servlet technology is single instance multi threaded model. i.e, multi threads can
operate simultaneously on the servlet object . Hence there may be a chance of data
inconsistency problems.
 we can resolve these problems by using SingleThreadModel interface. If a servlet
implements SingleThreadModel interface, then a single thread can access servlet object
at a time i.e, Servlet can process only one request at a time. i.e, the main objective of
SingleThreadModel interface is to provide thread-safety.
 But the problem with SingleThreadModel is Servlet can process only one request at a
time which impacts performance of the system. Because of this problem
SingleThreadModel interface is not recommended to use and it is deprecated in Servlet
1.3 version without introducing any replacement.
 we can provide thread-safety to the Servlet by using syncronized keyword.
 SingleThreadModel interface doesn't contain any methods . It is a marker interface.
 Note: In addition to above interfaces javax.servlet package defines the following
interfaces also .
8) Filter
9) FilterConfig
10) FilterChain
----- to implements Filter Concept.
11) ServletRequestListener
12) ServletRequestAttributeListener
13) ServletContextListener
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14) ServletContextAttributeListener
----- to implements Listener Concept.

Classes of javax.servlet package : (9)

1) GenericServlet :
This class implement Servlet interface and provides dafault implementation for every method
except service( ). Hence it is an abstract class.
we can use this class as a base class to develope protocol independent servlets.

2) ServletOutputStream :
we can use this class object to send binary data( pdf files , image files , video/audio files etc )
as response to the client.

3) ServletInputStream:
we can use ServletInputStream objects to read binary data send by the client.
Note:
In addition to above classes javax.servlet package defines the following classes also

4) ServletRequestWrapper
5) ServletResponseWrapper
-----------to implement wrapper concept.

6) ServletRequestEvent
7) ServletRequestAttributeEvent
8) ServletContextEvent
9) ServletContextAttributeEvent
-----------to define Events for Listeners.

All Events are classes and Listeners are interfaces

Exceptions of javax.servlet package :

javax.servlet package defines the following 2 exceptions.

1. ServletException.
Servlet can throw this exception whenever it faces any difficulty while processing
client request.

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2. UnavailableException :
It is the child class of ServletException and it is depricated .

Note :
In total javax.servlet package defines
14 - Interfaces
9--Classes
2--Exceptions

javax.servlet.Servlet interface :

Every servlet in java should compulsary implement Servlet interface either directly or
indirectly i.e, Servlet interface acts as a root interface for all servlets.
This interface defines the most common methods which can be applicable for any Servlet
object.
The following are the methods defined in Servlet interface.

1. init( )
2. service( )
3. destroy( )
4. getServletConfig( )
5. getServletInfo( )

1. init():

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public void init(ServletConfig config ) throws ServletException

This method will be executed only once by the web container immediately after Servlet
instantiation to perform initialization activities .

Web container won't place Servlet object into service( ) method in the following cases :
1. If init() throws ServletException.
2. If init() doesn't return with in the time period specified by web container.

In the above cases web contaioner makes that servlet object eligible for Garbage Collection
without calling any other life cycle method .
In this case web container creates a new Servlet object to provide service.

2. service( ) :

public void service(ServletRequest request , ServletResponse response )

throws ServletException,IOExceptuion

web container calls this method for every request to provide response.
Entire servicing logic/business logic , we have to define in this method only.

3. destroy() :

public void destroy( );

This method will be executed only once by the web container to perform claen up activities ,
when ever web container takes servlet object from out of service. This is usually happens at
the time of application undeployed (or) at the time of server shut down (or) Web Container
requires some free memory .

when ever web container calls destroy( ) method , it may not be executed immediately. It will
wait untill completing all currently executing threads.

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NOTE : init( ) , service( ) , destroy( ) are called life cycle methods of Servlet.
we can call destroy() explicitly from the init( ) and service( ) , in this case destroy( ) will be
executed just like a normal method call and servlet object won't be destroyed .

4. getServletConfig :

public ServletConfig getServletConfig( );

This method can be used to get ServletConfig object .

By using this config object Servlet can get its configuration information.

5. getServletInfo ( ) :

public void getServletInfo()

This method returns information about Servlet like Author, version , copy right information
etc.

Demo program the develope a servlet by implementing Servlet interface

FirstServlet.java

1) package com.jobs4times;
2) import java.io.IOException;
3) import java.io.PrintWriter;
4) import javax.servlet.Servlet;
5) import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
6) import javax.servlet.ServletException;
7) import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
8) import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
9)
10) public class FirstServlet implements Servlet {
11)
12) static {
13) System.out.println("Servlet class loading");
14) }
15) public FirstServlet () {

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16) System.out.println("servlet instantiation");

17) }
18)
19) ServletConfig config;
20) public void init(ServletConfig config ) throws ServletException {
21) this.config=config;
22) System.out.println(" we are in init( ) method ");
23) }
24) public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
25) throws ServletException, IOException {
26) System.out.println("We are in service( ) method ");
27) PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
28) out.println("welcome to SCWCD");
29) }
30) public void destroy() {
31) System.out.println("We are in destroy() method ");
32) }
33) public ServletConfig getServletConfig( ) {
34) return null ;
35) }
36) public String getServletInfo() {
37) return "Written by Jobs4Times " ;
38) }
39) }

web.xml

1) <web-app>
2) <servlet>
3) <servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
4) <servlet-class>com.jobs4times.FirstServlet</servlet-class>
5) <load-on-startup>5</load-on-startup>
6) </servlet>
7) <servlet-mapping>
8) <servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
9) <url-pattern>/fs</url-pattern>
10) </servlet-mapping>
11) </web-app>

http://localhost:8080/SCWCD1A/fs

1. When ever we are sending the request ,webserver checks whether this request is for
static or dynamic information by using URL pattern.

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2. If the request is for static information , Webserver searches for the required static file
and provides required response.
3. If the request is for dynamic information , Webserver forwards that request to
webcontainer .
The webcontainer identifies the corresponding servlet class by using web.xml
4. Webcontainer loads that .class file , perform instantiation , and execute init( ) and
service( ) methods and provide required response to the webserver
5. webserver inturn forwards that response to end-user.

WithOut <load-on-startup> :
First Request:

1. loading .class file (/ servlet loading)

2. Instantiation
3. init( )
4. service( )

Second Request: service( )

With <load-on-startup> :
At server startup/Application deployment

1. loading .class file (/ servlet loading)

2. Instantiation
3. init( )

First Request : service( )

Second Request : service( )

Note:
The allowed values for <load-on-startup> tag is an integer i.e., +ve , zero , -ve
In the case of <load-on-startup> in deployment descriptor

 Highest value to give the least priority

 Lowest value give high Priority
 Zero will give last priority
 -ve value means ignore the <load-on-startup> concept.

If we give the two servlets having the same <load-on-startup> value we can't expect
execution order or behaviour .

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What is the advantage of <load-on-startup> :

We can equalize the response time of first request and remaining requests.

The main disadvantage of <load-on-startup> is it increases server start up time without any
specific requirement don't configure this <load-on-startup> on servlet.

Note:
From servlet 2.5v onwards a single servlet can be mapped with multiple <url-pattern>tags
i.e., we can take multiple <url-pattern> tags with in single <servlet-mapping> tag.

Ex:

1) <servlet-mapping>
2) <url-pattern>/test </url-pattern>
3) <url-pattern>/test </url-pattern>
4) </servlet-mapping>

Note :
Whenever we are writing 2 servlets having same url-pattern , if we are sending a request to
particular url-pattern

The order of evaluation of web.xml is decided by the underling webserver , there is no

specification rules

 In the case of Tomcat the order of evaluation of web.xml is Bottom to Top.

 In the case of Weblogic the order of evaluation of web.xml is Top to Bottom.

Life Cycle of the Servlet that implements Servlet interface :

1. Servlet class loading by class loader.(It is part of Jvm)

2. Servlet Instantiation by webcontainer , For this web container always calls public-no-
argument constructor . Hence Every servlet should compulsary contain public-no-
argument constructor.Otherwise we will get RuntimeException saying
java.lang.Instantiation exception .
3. Execution of init(-) by webcontainer
Note: The above 3 steps will be performed Generally at the time of first
request.If<load-on-startup> is configured these will be executed at the time of either
server startup or at the time of application deployment.
4. Execution of service( ) by web-container.
5. Execution of destroy( )

Note:If we are invoking destroy( ) explicitly inside service( ) that time any exception will be
raised the exception will show to the end-user, when we won't handle this situation .
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If web-container calls destroy( ) then that time the exception will be raised the exception that
surpressed by the web-container.

constructor Vs init( ) :

 In general , we can use constructor to perform initialization activities but in old

versions of java, constructor cannot accept dynamically generated class name as
argument.
 To perform initialization of servlet compulsary we should provide ServletConfig object
as argument. whose class name is dynamically generated by web-container
 As constructor cannot accept these dynamically generated names, Sun people ignores
constructor concept and introduced a specific method init( ) to perform initialization
activities , which can take dynamically generated class names as the arguments.
 In the older versions , constructor cannot take any arguments but to perform
initialization of a servlet compulsary we should provide ServletConfig as argument.
 Hence we can't use constructor to perform initialization activities , Sun people
introduced a specific methods init( ) . for this , which can take ServletConfig as
argument.

destroy( ) Vs finalise( ) :

 Before destroying any object Garbage collector always calls finalise( ) to perform
cleanup activities. But we can't expect exact behaviour of Garbage collector. which is
vendor dependent.
 Hence instead of depending on finalise( ) , Sun people introduced a specific method
destroy( ) to perform cleanup activities , which should be executed always.

GenericServlet(AC):

 We can develope servlet by implementing Servlet interface directly. In this apprach

compulsary we should provide implementing for all methods of servlet interface
whether it is required or not . This approach increase length of the code and reduces
readability. We can resolve this problem by using GenericServlet.
 GenericServlet implements Servlet interface and provide default implementation for
every method except service( ). Hence it is an abstract class.
 We can develope servlets very easily by extending GenericServlet, instead of
implementing Servlet interface directly. In this appraoch we have to provide
implementation only for required methods instead of implementing all. It reduces
length of the code and improves readability.
 GenericServlet is protocol independent servlet.
 GenericServlet implements ServletConfig and Serializable interfaces also.

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Demo program to develope Servlet by extending GenericServlet :

1) public class FirstServlet extends GenericServlet {

2) public void service(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)
3) throws ServletException, IOException {
4) PrintWriter pw=response.getWriter();
5) pw.println("Developing Servlet by GenericServlet");
6) System.out.println("This is Service() in First Servlet ");
7) }
8) }

Internal implementation of GenericServlet :

1) public abstract class GenericServlet implements Servlet , ServletConfig , Serializable {

2) private transient ServletConfig config ;
3) public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
4) this.config=config ; //webcontainer purpose
5) init( );
6) }
7) public void init( ) throws ServletException { //programmer purpose
8) }
9) public abstract service(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)
10) throws ServletException, IOException ;
11) public void destroy() {
12) }
13) public ServletConfig getServletConfig( ) {
14) return config;
15) }
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16) public String getServletInfo( ) {

17) return "this is GenericServlet" ;
18) }
19) ----- ------ ---- ------
20) -------- ------ ------
21) }

GenericServlet contains 2 init( ) , we can override init( ) in our Servlet as follows .

1st way :

1) public void init(ServletConfig config ) throws ServletException {

2) // my own initialization
3) }

This approach is not recommented , because we are not saving config object for the future
purpose . Hence in our servlet any one calls getServletConfig( ), this method returns null .

If we are calling getServletName() then we will get Runtime Exception saying

java.lang.NullPointerExceprion

2 nd way :

1) public void init(ServletConfig config ) throws ServletException {

2) super.init(config);
3) ............................
4) }

This approach is valid , but not recommended to override in Servlet , because internally 3
init () are executed , which impacts performence of the system .

3rd way :

1) public void init( ) throws ServletException {

2) // my own initialization activities
3) }
4)

This way is highly recommented to define init( ) in our servlet.

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How many init( ) present in GenericServlet and explain the need of it ?

2 init( ) methods are available in GenericServlet.

One is for web-containers purpose and the Second one is programmers purpose.

In how many ways we can override init( ) in our Servlet and which is the best way ?

3 ways 3rd one is the best way.

In GenericServlet why config variable declared as transient ?

1. Every Servlet in java is Serializable. At the time of Serialization of servlet object the
corresponding config object is serialized automatically . Because it is part of object-
graph of Servlet object.
2. If we are serializing config object , from that config object hacker may get
corresponding context object reference. Once hacker got context object he can able to
perform any operation on our application , which is never be recommended security
wise. Hence at the time of serialization of servlet object , we can't Serialize config
object. Due to this reason config variable declared as transient.

2.javax.servlet.http package :

This package defines more convenient classes and interfaces to define http based Servlets .
//protocol dependent

Interfaces of javax.servlet.http : (8)

1) HttpServletRequest :
It is the child interface of ServletRequest .
HttpServletRequest object can be used to hold client information.

2) HttpServletResponse :
It is the child interface of ServletResponse.
This object can be used to prepare and send response to the client.

3) HttpSession :
We can use HttpSession object to remember the client information across multiple
requests. i.e., we can use session object for session management purpose.

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4) HttpSessionListener :
To implement http based Listener

5) HttpSessionAttributeListener :
To implement http based Listener

6) HttpSessionBindingListener :
To implement http based Listener

7) HttpSessionActivationListener :
To implement http based Listener

8) HttpSessionContext :
deprecated and hence not recommended to use

Classes of javax.servlet.http package : (7)

1) HttpServlet :
It is the child class of GenericServlet . It can be used for developing http based Servlets .

2) Cookie :
We can use Cookie objects to implement Session management.

3) HttpSessionEvent :
To define Events for http based Listeners.

4) HttpSessionBindingEvent :
To define Events for http based Listeners.

5) HttpServletRequestWrapper :
To define http based Wrappers.

6) HttpServletResponseWrapper :
To define http based Wrappers.

7) HttpUtils :
Deprecated , not recommended to use .

Note:
In total javax.servlet.http package defines
8 ------->interfaces
7------->classes

Webserver and webclient communicate by using some common language ,which is nothing

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but HTTP .
Http defines a standard structures for HttpRequst and HttpResponse .

Structure of HttpRequest :

Browser always sends the request in the following format :

Request Line

Request Headers

Request Body

Request Line :

GET /login.jsp HTTP/1.0

(Request method) (Request URI) (protocol version used by browser)

Request Headers :
The request headers describes configuration information of the browser like

1. media types accepted by browser , language accepted by browser , encoding types

supported by browser etc.
2. Web server use this information to send custimized responses to the client .

Request Body :

1. It contains end-user provides information for the GET request it is optional where as
for the POST request it is mandatory.
2. This is the structure of HttpRequest , If the browser sends request in this format , then
only webserver understands the request . i.e, webserver understandable form.

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Structure of HttpResponse :

Status Line

Response Headers

Response Body

Status Line :

200 OK HTTP/1.1

(Status code) (Description) (protocol version used by server)

Status Codes :

1xx --------> Informational

2xx--------->Successful
3xx--------->Redirectionaal
4xx--------->client error
5xx--------->Server error

Response Headers :
These will provide configuration information of the server and information about the
response [meta data] like content type of response , content length , last modified data etc.,
Browser will use these response headers to represent properly the response to the end-user.

Response Body :
It contains the original response provided by webserver.
If the server sends the response in the above form , then only browser understands the
response i.e., it is browser understandable form.
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Types of HttpRequest methods :

Based on type of information requested by the browser HttpRequest methods are divided as
follows

1. GET
2. POST
3. HEAD
4. OPTIONS
5. PUT
6. DELETE
7. TRACE
8. CONNECT
9. MOVE
10. LOCK
11. PROFIND

1 - 3 methods introduced in http 1.0

4 - 11 methods introduced in http 1.1
1 - 7 are Big Http methods

GET :

1. We can use get request if we are expecting information from the server .
2. Usually for the get request read operation will be performed at server side . Hence
status of application won't be changed in get request.
3. In GET request end-users provided information will be appended to the url as the part
of Query string.
4. As the end-users information is visible in url. there may be a chance of security
problems will raise. Hence sensitive data we can't send by using get request.
5. The length of the url is fixed . Hence we can send only limited amount of information
by get request .
6. Only character data is allowed in url . Hence we can't send binary data by using get
request.
7. As extra client provided information is available in the url , Bookmarking of url is
possible .

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Idempotent request :
By repeating the request multiple times , if there is no change in response such type of
requests are Idempotent requests.
Ex: GET requests are Idempotent and POST requests are not Idempotent.

Safe request :
By repeating the same request multiple times , if there is no side-effect at server side , such
type of requests are called safe-requests .
Ex: GET requests are safe , where as POST requests are not safe to repeat.

Triggers to send GET request :

1) Type url in the address bar and submit is always GET request.
2) Clicking hyperlink is always GET request.
3) Submitting the form , where method attribute specify with GET value is always GET
request.

1) <form action="/test" method="GET">

2) ----------- ----
3) </form>

4) Submitting the form without method attribute is always GET request i.e., default
method for form is GET.

1) <form action="/test">
2) ----------
3) ---------
4) </form>

POST :

1. If we want to post huge amount of information to the server then we should go for
POST.
Ex: uploading our resume in job portal.
2. Usually in post requests update operation will be performed. The state of operation
will be changed.
3. In post request , client information will be encapsulated in the request body instead of
appending to the url . Hence we can send sensitive data by using POST request.
4. There is no limit on size of request body . Hence we can send huge amount of
information to the Server.

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5. We can send binary data also in addition to text data.

6. Bookmarking of POST request is not possible.
7. POST requests are not Idempotent and not-safe to repeat.

Triggers to send POST request :

There is only one-way to send POST request that is to use the form with method attribute
value is POST .

1) <form action="/test" method="POST">

2) ----------
3) ---------
4) </form>

I.e., without having the form there is no chance of sending POST request.

Differences between GET & POST :

GET POST
If we are expecting information from server , If we want to post huge information to server ,
then we should go for GET . then we should go for POST .
Usually read operation will be performed. Write & update operators will be performed .
Client data will be appended to url in the Client data will be encapsulated in request
form of Query-String . body .
We can't send sensitive information . We can send sensitive information .
We can send only limited information. We can send Huge information.
We can send only text data. We can send text & binary data.
Bookmarking is possible . Bookmarking is not- possible .
GET requests are Idempotent & Safe. POST requests are not-Idempotent & not-Safe.
Multiple ways to send GET request. Only one way to send POST request.

HEAD :

 We can use this method to get only response header information like content type ,
content length , last modified date etc., but no response body i.e., head request
retrives always respone header but not response body.

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 For HEAD request , internally doGet( ) will be executed. HEAD request is part of GET
request.
 HEAD requests are Idempotent & Safe.

1) HEAD request -----> doHead {

2) doGet {
3) take only header part of GET response and
4) provide that as response to HEAD request.
5) }
6) }

OPTIONS :

 This method is for getting supporting http methods to retrive a perticular resource
from the Server side .
 OPTIONS method is Idempotent and Safe.
 Note: HEAD response is the part of GET response and OPTIONS is the part of HEAD
response .

response from OPTIONS method request :

Http 1.1 | 200 | OK

Host : www.jobs4times.com
Server : Apache
Date : Fri, o8 Nov
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Allow : OPTIONS , HEAD , GET , POST

Content length : 0

PUT :

1. We can use PUT method for placing a resource at Server side where the location is
specified by URL.
2. At the specified location , if already another resource present then the old resource is
replaced with provided new resource .
3. By means of status code we can identify whether replacement is happend or not .
4. 200 means replacement happen , 201 means replacement not happen.
5. PUT method is Idempotent but not Safe .

DELETE :

 We can use this method for deleting a perticular resource from Server side. It is
exactly counter part of PUT method.
 DELETE is Idempotent , but not-Safe.

Note: As the PUT & DELETE methods are not safe. Most of the web-servers won't allow these
methods by default.
To allow these methods at server side some configuration changes are required.

TRACE :

We can use this method for debugging purposes. If we want to know what request , server
getting exactly as response, then we should go for TRACE method.
TRACE method is Idempotent and Safe.

Method Is Idempotent ? Is Safe ?

GET Yes Yes
POST No No
HEAD YES YES
OPTIONS Yes Yes
PUT Yes No
DELETE Yes No

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TRACE Yes Yes

Note : The only non-idempotent method is POST .

The following methods are not safe : POST , PUT , DELETE .

HttpServlet :

We can use HttpServlet class as a base class to develop Http based Servlets.
It is the child class of GenericServlet.
For every Http method XXX , HttpServlet class contains the corresponding doXxx() methods.

protected void doXxx() throws ServletException, IOException

Ex:
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request , HttpServletResponse response ) throws
ServletException, IOException

doGet( ), doPost( ), doHead( ), doOption( ), doPut( ), doDelete( ),doTrace( ) .

HttpServlet contains 2 service( ) methods.

1. public void service(ServletRequest request , ServletResponse response ) throws

ServletException, IOException
2. protected void service(HttpServletRequest request , HttpServletResponse response )
throws ServletException, IOException

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Ex: Demo program for HttpServlet.

login.html
We can use this to send post request to the server

1) <html>
2) <body><h1>This is HttpServlet Demo</h1>
3) <form action="/scwcd1c/test" method="post">
4) Enter Name : <input type="text" name="uname" >
5) <input type="submit">
6) </form>
7) </body>
8) </html>

FirstServlet.java
1) import javax.servlet.*;
2) import javax.servlet.http.*;
3) import java.io.*;
4) public class FirstServlet extends HttpServlet {
5) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
6) throws ServletException, IOException {
7) PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
8) String name=req.getParameter("uname");
9) out.println("Hello"+name+"Good Morning , This is doGet method");

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10) }
11) public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
12) throws ServletException, IOException {
13) PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
14) String name=req.getParameter("uname");
15) out.println("Hello"+name+"Good Morning , This is doPost method");
16) }
17) }

web.xml
1) <web-app>
2) <servlet>
3) <servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
4) <servlet-class>FirstServlet</servlet-class>
5) </servlet>
6) <servlet-mapping>
7) <servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
8) <url-pattern>/fs</url-pattern>
9) </servlet-mapping>
10) </web-app>

Deployment Structure :

Life Cycle of HttpRequst :

1) When ever we are submitting the form , browser prepares HttpRequest and send to
the Server.
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2) Webserver checks whether the request is for static or for dynamic information, by
using URL.
3) If the request is for static information , webserver provide required response.
4) If the request is for dynamic information , then webserver forwards that request to
web-container.
5) Webcontainer identifies the corresponding matched servlet by using web.xml
6) Webcontainer checks whether the corresponding Servler object is already available or
not . If it is not already available , then webcontainer loads the corresponding .class
file and perform instantiation by executing public no argument constructor .
7) After instantiation , immediately webcontainer creates the ServletConfig object and
invoke init( ) by passing that config object as argument.
8) Webcontainer creates ServletRequest and ServlerResponse object and by passing
those as arguments , It will invoke public service( ).
9) With in that service( ) , request and response objects will be type casted into
HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse and invoke protected service( ) by
passing those as arguments.

1) public void service(ServletRequest req , ServletResponse res )

2) throws ServletException, IOException {
3) HttpServletRequest req=(HttpServletRequest)req ;
4) HttpServletResponse res=(HttpServletResponse)res ;
5) service(req1 , res1);
6) }

10) With in the protected service( ) we will identify HttpRequest method and
corresponding doXxx( ) will be invoked. If it is not a valid Http method then it is
method will return 501 status code response saying invalid Http method .

1) protected void service(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

2) throws ServletException, IOException{
3) String method=request.getMethod( ) ;
4) if(method.equals("GET")) {
5) doGet(req , res) ;
6) }
7) else if(method.equals("POST")) {
8) doPost(req , res) ;
9) }
10) else if(method.equals("HEAD")) {
11) doHead(req , res) ;
12) }
13) ..........................
14) .........................
15) else {
16) prepare response with 501 Status code saying Invalid Http Method.
17) }
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18) }

11) If our Servlet class contain required doXxx( ) , then it will be executed . Otherwise
parent class doXxx( ) will be executed.

NOTE :

1. For every web application, web container creates one ServletContext object at the
time of application deployment.
2. For every Servlet , web container creates one ServletConfig object just before calling
init( ).
3. For every request web container creates one ServletRequest and one ServletResponse
objects just before calling service( ) . Once service( ) completes both request and
response objects will be eligible for Garbage Collector(GC).

Case 1 : If we are writting public service( ) in our Servlet , then for any type of request [GET or
POST] only service( ) will be executed.

Case 2 : If our Servlet contains both public service( ) and protected service( ) , then for every
request only public service( ) will be executed.

Case 3 : If our Servlet contains both service( ) and doGet( ) , then for any request including
GET , only service( ) will be executed. And there is no chance of executing doGet( ).
Note: It is never recommended to place service( ) in our Servlet. i.e., defining service( ) in our
Servlet is stupid kind of activity.

Case 4 : If we are sending get request , but our Servlet doesn't contain doGet( ) , then
HttpServlet doGet( ) will be executed which provides response with 405 status code saying
Http method GET is not Supported by this url.

Case 5 : If we are sending post request , but our servlet doesn't contain doPost( ) , then
HttpServlet doPost( ) will be executed , which provide 405 status code saying Http method
POST is not Supported by this url.

Case 6 : HttpServlet class doesn't contain any abstract method , still it is declared as abstract
class what is the reason ?
For majority methods in HttpServlet , proper implementation is not available and these are
just to send error information .
Hence if we are creating HttpServlet object directly and calling these methods , we will get
just error information , with that we can't do anything.
To prevent instantiation of HttpServlet , Sun people declared HttpServlet class as abstract .

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Case 7 : To provide same response for both GET and POST request , we have to implement
doGet( ) and doPost( ) as follows .

Ex:

1) public class FirstServlet extends HttpServlet {

2) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
3) throws ServletException, IOException {
4) // implemented required information
5) }
6) public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
7) throws ServletException, IOException {
8) doGet( ) ;
9) }
10) }

Case 8 : In our Servlet , It is not recommended to override the following methods . Because
these methods are properly implemented inside HttpServlet.

1. service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

2. service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
3. doHead( )
4. doOptions( )
5. doTrace( )

Case 9 : In our Servlet , it is highly recommended to override the following methods , because
these methods doesn't have proper implementation in HttpServlet.

6. doGet( )
7. doPost( )
8. doPut( )
9. doDelete( )

Case 10 : To provide response to HEAD request , we have to override either doHead( ) or

doGet( ) , otherwise we will get 405 status code saying Http method GET is not supported by
this url.

HttpServletRequest :(I)

Using HttpServletRequest , write code to

1. Retrieve Form parameters

1. getParameter( )
2. getParameterValues( )

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3. getParameterNames( )
4. getParameterMap( )
2. Retrieve request Headers
1. getHeader( )
2. getHeaders( )
3. getHeaderNames( )
4. getIntHeader( )
5. getDateHeader( )
3. Retrive Cookies
1. getCookies( )

Retrieve Form parameters :

 Form parameters are key-value pairs , where both key and values are String objects
only.
 A parameter can be associated with either a single value or with multiple values.
 ServletRequest interface defines the following methods to retrieve Form parameters
at server side .
1. getParameter( )
2. getParameterValues( )
3. getParameterNames( )
4. getParameterMap( )

1. getParameter( ) :

public String getParameter(String pname )

 It returns the value associated with specified parameter.

 If the parameter associated with multiple values then this method simply
returns only first value.
 If the specified parameter not available then we will get null argument is case-
sensitive .

String user=request.getParameter("uname");

2. getParameterValues( )

public String[ ] getParameterValues(String pname )

 It returns all values associated with specified parameter.

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 If the parameters not available , we will get null .

 Argument is Case-Sensitive.
 Ex:

1) String[] course=request.getParameterValues("course");
2) for(String s:course) {
3) out.println(s);
4) }

3. getParameterNames( )

public Enumeration getParameterNames( )

 Returns all Form parameters names.

 If the request is not associated with any form parameters. Then we will get empty
enumeration object but not null.

Ex:

1) Enumeration e= request.getParameterNames( ) ;
2) while(e.hasMoreElements( ) {
3) String pname=(String)e.nextElement( ) ;
4) String pvalue=request.getParameter(pname);
5) out.println(pname+" "+pvalue);
6) }

4. getParameterMap( )

public Map getParameterMap( )

 Returns the map object containing parameter names as keys and parameter values as
map values.
 Keys are strings and values are string[ ] .
 If the request doesn't associated with any parameters , this method returns empty
map object , but not null.

key(String) value(String[ ])
subject {SCJP , SCWCD }
user { arun }
.......... ...........
---------- ---------

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Ex:

1) Map m = request.getParameterMap( ) ;
2) for(Object o : m) {
3) Map.Entry m1=(Map.Entry) o;
4) String pname=(String)m1.getKey( );
5) String[ ] pvalue=(String[])m1.getValue() ;
6) out.print(pname+"......." );
7)
8) for( String s1 : pvalue ) {
9) out.println(s1 + " , ");
10) }
11) out.println(" ");
12) }
13) output :
14) subject .....SCJP , SCWCD
15) user.......arun

Example :

1) Map m=req.getParameterMap();
2) Set keySet=m.entrySet();
3) Iterator itr=keySet.iterator();
4) while(itr.hasNext()) {
5) Map.Entry entry=(Map.Entry)itr.next();
6) String pname=(String)entry.getKey();
7) out.println(pname);
8) String[] pvalues=(String[])entry.getValue();
9) out.println(pvalues);

Example :

1) public void doPost(..).. {

2) response.setContentType();
3) PrintWriter pw=res.getWriter();
4) out.println("");
5) out.println("name :"+ request.getparameter("uname"));
6) ............
7) ............
8) }

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Retrieving Request headers :

 For every request browser sends its configuration information in the form of request
headers. These may include the media types accepted by browser , encoding types
supported by browser the type of browser etc.
 Server uses these request headers to send customized responses to the client.

The following are some of the important request headers.

1) Accept :
media types accepted by browser.[ like txt/html , pdf , ppt , jar ]

2) Accept-Encoding:
Encoding types supported by browser.

3) User-agent:
It represents the type of the browser.

4) Content-length:
It represents the length of request body.

5) Cookie :
Used to send cookies for Session managament.

Utilities of Request headers :

1. By using Accept-Encoding request header at Server side we can identity whether

browser supports compression from or not.
2. If browser supports compressed form , we can send response in compressed form. So
that we can save download time and bandwidth.
3. By using User-agent request header at server side we can identify the type of browser
which sends the request. Based on that we can send browser compatable customized
responses.
4. By using Cookie request header we can send Cookie to the server so that we can
achieve session management.

HttpServletRequest defines the following methods to retrieving header information at server

side

1. getHeader( )

public String getHeader(String hname)

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 It returns the value associated with specified request header.

 If the header associated with multiple values then this method returns only
1st value .
 If the specified request header is not available then we will get null.
 Argument is not-case sensitive .

Ex:

String hvalue=request.getHeader("accept");

output :
accept -- text/html , application/xhtml+xml , application/xml ;

2. getHeaders( )
public Enumeration getHeaders(String hname)

 Returns all values associated with specified header .

 If the specified header not available , then this method returns empty Enumeration
object, but not null.
 Argument is not-case sensitive .

3. getHeaderNames( )

public Enumeration getHeaderNames( )

Returns all request header names associated with that request object.

HttpServletRequest defines the following more convinient methods to retrive int and
date values(Headers) directly .

4. getIntHeader( )
public int getIntHeader(String hname);
Ex:
String length=request.getIntHeader("content-length");
int l=Integer.parseInt(length);
(OR)
int l=request.getIntHeader("content-length");

If the specified request header is not associated with int value , then this method
returns NumberFormatException.

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req.getIntHeader("user-agent");//RE:java.lang.NumberFormatException

If the specified request header is not available in getIntHeader() , this method returns
"-1" but not null.
5. getDateHeader( )

public long getDateHeader(String hname);

 Returns the date value associated with specified header as no. of milliseconds
Since Jan 1st 1970.
 If we pass these milliseconds as arguments to Date constructor. We will get
exact date
Ex:

long l=request.getDateHeader("date");
Date d=new Date(l);

 If the specified header is not associated with the date , then we will get
RuntimeException saying IllegalArgument Exception.
 If the specified request header is not available in getDateHeader() , this
method returns "-1" but not null.

Write a Servlet to print all request-headers associated with the request.

EX:

1) public class ReqHeader extends HttpServlet {

2) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
3) throws ServletException, IOException {
4) PrintWriter out = response.getWriter( ) ;
5) Enumeration e = request.getHeaderNames( ) ;
6) while(e.hasMoreElements( ) ) {
7) String hname=(String)e.nextElement( );
8) String hvalue=request.getHeader(hname);
9) out.println(hname+"------"+hvalue);
10) }
11) }
12) }

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Retriving Cookies from the request :

HttpServletRequest interface defines the following methods to retrive cookies from the
request object .
Cookie[] c = request.getCookiees( ) ;

Retrieving client & Server information from the request :

ServletRequest interface defines the following methods to retrieve client and server
information from request.

public String getRemoteHost( )

Returns fully qualified name of the client which sends the request.

public String getRemoteAddr( )

Returns IP-address of the client .

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public String getRemotePort( )

Returns the port no. on which the client is running .

public String getServerName( )

Returns the name of the Server to which the request has been sent .

public String getServerPort( )

Returns the port no. on which server is running .

A request triggered from www.jobs4times.com with an IP-address 192.168.203.32 running on

port 1012. Place the appropriate ServletRequest methods to their corresponding values.

HttpServletResponse :

By using HttpServletResponse interface , write code

1. To set Response Headers .

2. To set content type of Response .
3. To acquire text stream for response.
4. To acquire binary stream for response .
5. To redirect the request to another URL .
6. To add cookies to response.

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Setting HttpResponse Headers :

 Http response header describes the configuration information of the server and
information about the response like content-type , content-length , last modified data
etc.,
 Browser using these response headers to display response body properly to the end
user.

HttpServletResponse defines the following methods to add headers to the response .

public void addHeader(String hname , String hvalue )

 If the specified header name is already available , to the existing values , this new
value will also be added.
 Replacement will not Occur .

public void setHeader(String hname , String hvalue )

 If the specified header is already available . Then the old value will be replaced with
new value .

Some times headers associated with int & date values .

1. public void addIntHeader(String hname , int hvalue )

2. public void setIntHeader(String hname , int value )
3. public void addDateHeader(String hname , long ms )
4. public void setDateHeader(String hname , long ms )

Note:
If the header associated with multiple values . Then we have to use addHeader( )
If the header associated with only one value , then we should go for setHeader( )

Set Content type of Response :

Content type header represents MIME type (multipurpose internet mail extension) of the
response.

Common MIME Types :

1. text/html --------> Html text as response

2. text/xml --------> xml document as response
3. image/jpeg --------> JPEG as response
4. image/png --------> png as response
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5. application/ms-excel --------> excel sheet as response

6. application/ms-word --------> word document as response
7. application/pdf --------> PDF file as response
8. application/jar --------> jar file as response

We can set MIME type by using the following 2 ways

By ServletResponse interface :
It contains the following method to set the response.
public void setContentType(String mimeType)
Ex:
response.setContentType("application/PDF")

By HttpServletResponse interface :
It contains setHeader( ) to set content type.
public void setHeader(String hname , String hvalue)
Ex:
response.setHeader("content type" , "text/html");
Note: In general response.setContentType( ) is recommended to use.

To acquire text stream for the response :

1. We can send text data as the response by using PrintWriter object .

2. We can get PrintWriter object by using getWriter( ) of ServletResponse .

public PrintWriter getWriter( ) throws IOException

Ex:
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter( ) ;

To acquire Binary stream as response :

1. We can send Binary information(video , image files) by using ServletOutputStream object.

2. By using getOutputStream( ) of ServletResponse we can get this object .

public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream( ) throws IOException

Ex:
ServletOutputStream sos=response.getOutputStream ( ) ;

Demo program to send image file as response to the client

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1) import javax.servlet.*;
2) import javax.servlet.http.*;
3)
4) public class BinaryStream extends HttpServlet {
5) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
6) throws ServletException,IOException{
7) response.getContentType("image/jpeg");
8) ServletOutputStream sos = response.getOutputStream( ) ;
9)
10) //File f= new File("c:\\tomcat\sunset.jpeg");
11)
12) String path=getServletContext( ).getRealPath("sunset.jpeg");
13) File f= new File(path);
14) FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream(f);
15)
16) byte[] b=new byte[(int)f.length()];
17) //f.length() returns long so we have to convert into int.
18) //[] --> accepts int only
19)
20)
21) fis.read(b); //reading the image & place into byte[]
22) sos.write(b); //write byte[] to response
23) sos.flush( );
24) sos.close( );
25) }
26) }

To send XML data as a response :

1) response.setHeader("content-Type","text/xml");
2) PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
3) out.print("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>");
4) out.print("<greeting language=\"en_US\">");
5) out.print("hello world");
6) out.print("</greeting>");

Note :
At any point of time we can get either PrintWriter object (or) ServletOutputSteram object but
not both , simultaneously.
Otherwise we will get RuntimeException saying IllegalStateException
Because from the Servlet we can send only one response at a time.

1) public void doGet( ) {

2) PrintWriter out=response.getWriter( );
3) ServletOutputStream sos =response.getOutputStream( ) ;
4) -----------
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5) -----------
6) }

Output: RuntimeException saying IllegalStateException getWriter( ) has already been called

for this response.

IIQ: By using which of the following stream we can send both binary & text data as response
from the Servlet ?

1. PrintWriter( )

2. ServletOutputStream ( )

3. ServletInputStream ( )

4. None of the above ( )

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Re-directing HttpRequest to another url :

Forward & include should work when both servlets should be in same server .
Some times we have to re-direct the request to another url we can achieve this by using
sendRedirect( ) of HttpServletResponse .

public void sendRedirect(String targetpath) throws IOException

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Process of send Redirection :

1. Browser sends request to Servlet1

2. If servlet1 is not responsible to provide response , then it will update browser to contact
servlet2. This can be informed by setting status code 302 & location header with servlet2.
3. Browser by seeing status code 302 creates a new request object & sends to Servlet2.
4. Servlet2 provides desired response to the browser & the browser inturn display that
response to the end user .

Demo program for send Re-direct :

1) public class FirstServlet extends HttpServlet {

2) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
3) throws ServletException, IOException {
4) response.sendRedirect("test2");
5) (or)
6) response.setStatus("302");
7) response.setHeader("location" , "scwcd/test2");
8) }
9) }
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1) public class SecondServlet extends HttpServlet {

2) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
3) throws ServletException, IOException {
4) PrintWriter out=response.getWriter( );
5) out.println("2nd Servlet ");
6) }
7) }

 When ever we are sending request to FirstServlet , SecondServlet will provide the
response through re-direction
 After committing the response we are not allow to perform re-direction. Otherwise we
will get RuntimeException saying IllegalStateException(Tomcat people doesn't provide
support for this).

1) public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

2) throws ServletException, IOException {
3) -----------------
4) ---------------------
5) out.flush(); //committing the response
6) response.sendRedirect("/test2"); //RE:IllegalStateException
7) }

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Applicable for forward also.

Differences between send-Redirection and forward mechanism :

send Re-direct forward

This mechanism will work at client side. Hence This mechanism will work at server side and
client aware of which Servlet is providing the it is not visible to the client. Hence client is
required response. not aware of which Servlet is providing the
required response.
In this approach an extra trip is required to the No extra trip is required to the client &
client side . Hence network traffic increases & hence there are no network traffic &
effects the performence of the system. performance problem.
forward mechanism will work with in the
This is only possible mechanism to
web-container only and we can't use this
communicate with resoueces which are present
mechanism to communicate with the
outside of web-container.
resources present outside of container.
Seperate new request object will be created in
Same request object will be forwarded .
send Redirection .
By using HttpServletResponse object . we can By using Request Dispatcher object we can
achieve send redirection. achieve forward mechanism .
response.sendRedirect("/test2"); rd.forward(req , res);

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After commiting the Response we are not allow

After Commiting Response , we can't
to perform send Redirection .Otherwise we will
perform forward otherwise
get RuntimeException saying
IllegalStateException.
IllegalStateException.

Adding Cookies to the response :

HttpServletResponse contains the following method to addCookie to the Response object.

public void addCookie(Cookie c )

Ex:
Cookie c=new Cookie(String name , String value) ;
response.addCookie(c);

NOTE :

1. We can use redirection to communicate either with in the same server or outside the
server. But recommended to use communicate outside.
2. forward mechanism is applicable to communicate only with in the same server . But
outside of server we can't use.
3. To communicate with in the same server we can use either forward or send
redirection but recommended to use forward.

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