The Microscope

- Device used for producing enlarged images of objects that cannot be observed by the naked eye
Parts of the Microscope
1. Binocular Observation Tube
2. Eyepieces (10x)
3. Observation tube clamping knob
 Allows users to rotate the binocular
observation tube
4. Pre-focusing knob
 Controls the mechanism for preventing
collision between the specimen and
objective
5. Interpupillary distance adjustment scale
 Allows the user to regulate the two eyepieces according to the distance between your
eyes
 Allows the user to see a single microscopic image through 2 eyepieces
 Greatly reduces fatigue during focusing
6. Diopter Adjustment Ring
 Compensates for the difference in eyesight between your eyes
7. Eye Shades
 Prevents extraneous light from entering between the eyepieces and the eyes
 When wearing eyeglasses : Use in a normal, folded-down position
 When not wearing eyeglasses: Extend the folded eye shades
8. Revolving Nosepiece
 Allows one to shift
from one objective
into another

9. Objectives
 Does the initial magnification of the image
 4 types:

Objective Band Color Power

Scanning Objective Red 4x
Low Power Yellow 10x
Objective
High Power Blue 40x
Objective
Oil Immersion White 100x
Objective

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  Optical Characteristics of the Objectives
 Working Distance (WD):
 Distance between the top surface of the cover glass and the
objective extremity
 Resolution:
 Ability of an objective for identifying adjacent two lines in the
image; Expressed in terms of the minimum distance between two
points on the specimen surface- RESOLVING POWER
 Number of Aperture (NA)
 Figure corresponding to the F-number of a camera
 Associated with the resolution; Larger NA means higher resolution
 Focal Depth
 The depth range of a specimen, in which focusing is obtained at a
time
 Field Number (FN)
 Diameter of the image observed through the eyepiece, in millimeters
 Actual Field of View
 Diameter of the field of view, expressed as the size on the specimen
surface.
 Total power : Objective magnification x Eyepiece magnification

Objectives T.M.P N.A W.D. Eyepieces (10x) Resolution/ F.N (10x

(mm) Resolving Eyepieces)
Total F.D A.F.V Power (in mm)
Power (µm) (mm) (µm)

Scanning 40x 0.10 18.5 40x 175.0 4.5 3.36 22

LPO 100x 0.25 10.6 100x 28.0 1.8 1.34 22

HPO 40Ox 0.65 0.6 400x 3.04 0.45 0.52 22

OIO 1000x 1.25 0.13 1000x 0.69 0.18 0.27 22

10. Stage
11. Specimen Holder
12. Specimen Holder Scale
 Allow the position (coordinates) being
observed on the specimen to be identified

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 13. Specimen Holder Y-axis feed knob
 Moves the specimen in the vertical direction
14. Specimen holder X-axis feed knob
 Moves the specimen in the horizontal direction
15. Coarse Adjustment Knob
 Ascends or descends the stage so as to adjust the focus
16. Fine Adjustment Knob
 Ascends or descends the stage in a premeasured distance
shorter than the adjustment done by the CAK

17. Condenser
 Directs light into the specimen
 Causes light to pass in parallel waves through the
specimen
18. Condenser Height Adjustment Knob
 Ascends and descends the condenser so as to adjust the
brightness of the field
19. Aperture Iris Diaphragm Ring
 Controls the amount of light that enters the condenser
 Has an objective magnification scale (4x, 10x, 40x,
100x)
 Rotated so that the magnification of the objective in use faces forward
20. Main Switch
21. Light Intensity Adjustment Knob
22. Light Source
23. Filter Holder and Daylight (Blue) Filter

Focusing the Microscope

1. Connect the microscope in the power supply
2. Turn on the light source
• Maximum brightness by rotating the light intensity adjustment knob
3. Determine your interpupillary distance
• While looking through the eyepieces, move both eyepieces until both the left and the
right view coincide completely
• Place the specimen on the stage
4. USING THE LOW-POWER OBJECTIVE
• Hold and rotate the revolving nosepiece until the 10x ( Yellow Objective) is “clicked”
into position
• Rotate the condenser height adjustment knob to bring the condenser down to the bottom
• Rotate the aperture iris diaphragm until the “10x” mark is facing forward
• Turn the coarse adjustment knob so that the stage moves upward toward the objectives.
• Move it as upward as it can go
• Look through the eyepiece and slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob so that the stage
moves down
• Continue until the image comes into broad focus
• Turn the fine adjustment knob, as necessary, for precise focus

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 •After a clear image in the LPO, one should be able to change into a higher power
objective lens easily
5. USING THE HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE
• Hold and rotate the revolving nosepiece until the 40x objective lens is “clicked” into
position
• Rotate the condenser height adjustment knob to bring the condenser at its midheight
• Rotate the aperture iris diaphragm ring so that the 40x is facing forward
• While looking through the eyepiece, rotate the fine focus adjustment knob to bring the
specimen into precise focus (DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB)
6. USING THE OIL-IMMERSION OBJECTIVE
• Before engaging the oil-immersion objective, place a drop of immersion oil on the
specimen area
• Hold and rotate the revolving nosepiece in such a way that the 10x and the 40x objective
lenses never comes in contact with the oil slide
• Do so until the “100x” objective is “clicked” into position
• Rotate the condenser height adjustment knob to bring the condenser up
• Rotate the aperture iris diaphragm ring so that the “100x” mark is facing forward
• While looking through the eyepiece , rotate the fine focus adjustment knob to bring the
specimen into precise focus
• DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
• After use, remove the oil from the objective front lens by wiping with lens paper or gauze