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Implementation of SCADA Systems for a Real Microgrid Lab Testbed

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DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2019.8810795

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 Implementation of SCADA Systems for a Real Microgrid
Lab Testbed
Luigi Martirano, Mostafa Kermani, Francesco Manzo, Arsalan Bayatmakoo & Umberto Graselli
Department o f Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE)
Sapienza University o f Rome, Italy.
{martirano, mostafa.kermani, umberto.grasselli}@uniroma1.it, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract— Considering the complexity of controller systems in and provided through the use o f cogeneration units [5]. A MG can be
also managing a microgrid (MGs), using automation systems can be a residential, industrial or commercial facility or a university [6].
an effective step in increasing energy efficiency, high reliability, as The aim o f this paper is to introduce a small MG testbed, so first
well as economic and environmental issues. In order to achieve these some MGs experience which implemented in recently has been
goals, this paper presents a comprehensive testbed for control and
listed.
energy management in MG lab project is called LAMBDA MG in
Sapienza University of Rome. The MG is composed of several II. M g s Ex p e r ie n c e A c t i v i t y
sources (Photovoltaic, Storage, Emergency Generator Set) a smart 1. NTUA MG, Greece [7].
switchboard and loads (lights, HVAC, plugs). The control strategy NTUA MG testbed is formed by PV (1.21kW), WT (1kW),
consists of two different subnets: the first one is based on a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and different type o f
distributed home and building electronic system (HBES) for the loads which is connected to local LV grid. For regulation o f
supervisory and control for energy and comfort goals and the second voltage and frequency in island mode, the BESS and GenSet are
one based on a central PLC for the operation of the different sources connected to the MG. In on grid mode, the inverter follows the
in grid and island mode respect the grid. The two subnets are grid. The system controlled by Java agent development
integrated in a common SCADA system able to provide a real time
framework 3.0 platform. The operation o f multi agent system
monitoring, alarm handling, human machine interfacing, event and
data. which include 4 agents, production, consumption, power system
and MGCC are for controlling the entire infrastructure.
Keywords—Microgrid (MG), Supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA), Photovoltaic (PV), Battery Energy Storage 2. Manchester University MG, UK [8].
System (BESS), PLC. MG capacity o f Manchester University is 20kVA. This test
system includes an induction motor, synchronous generator,
I. I n t r o d u c t io n Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and a three-phase
Problems with traditional distribution systems include resistive load o f 12kW at the end o f the line. For connecting the
reliability, environmental and energy efficiency challenges caused MG and FESS to the supply grid, interface devices are used.
electrical engineers utilize the small networks based on smart grid During islanded mode FESS regulate the voltage and frequency.
by using power generating units that installed near the consumer While FESS is in o ff mode, a 600VDC Rectifier is connected
to decrease the power grid challenges. Smart grids by using through a variac and help to maintain voltage level. When the
modern devices can provide required energy for customers as an FESS is run again to proper speed, this unit can be disconnected.
intelligent automatic power system to benefit from various sources Also, the 12kW load with a dump resistance is used for
o f small-scale power generation either as a concentrated dissipating excess energy.
production or distributed generation (DG) units. Combination o f
3. HFUT MG, China [9].
DGs has led to the formation o f a new electricity grid structure is
This project consists o f Fuel Cell, BESS, Ultracapacitor (UC),
called Microgrid (MG). A MG is a small electricity grid which
conventional generators, three-phase WT and PV used to simulate
equipped with different elements for control, communication and
the hydro and fossil generators and couple o f AC/DC loads.
measurement infrastructure [1]. The concept o f the MG was first
Controlling is done in two steps, central and local controllers
introduced by CERTS in the United States. A MG is combination
which central controller is used for startup and shut down o f
o f loads and small DG resources that can be controlled and
system to make the optimal schedule for each DG and real time
connected to the low or medium voltage distribution network and
control decisions each 15 and 30 minutes or more to take the best
provides the power and heat simultaneously for the desired area
results about power fluctuation in PV and WT as well as
[2]. In addition, due to the increasing the penetration o f DC power
economic load dispatch for preventing unbalancing the grid
in grids, the concept o f DC MG is proposed, but, still, the majority
power. This system is managed by an energy management system
o f MGs are AC [3]. In MG usually each DG unit has a local
with IEC 61970 CIM standards, supervisory control and data
controller, in addition a communication system for exchanging
acquisition (SCADA) system, automatic generation control.
information between micro source controller and MG central
Local controllers are used for controlling feeder bus, frequency
controller is needed to obtain an advanced control system. The
and voltage, power quality and protection.
central controller is the main interface between the grid and MG.
In the fast growing sector o f MGs, Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind 4. Institution o f Engineering and Technology MG, India [10].
Turbine (WT) power are currently providing the best and cost In this MG inverters are equipped by PSO method to transfer the
effective solutions in comparison to traditional fossil fuel maximum power o f two FCs, sine PWM inverter fed from a DC
resources [4]. In a MG, the customer's thermal needs can be

978-1-5386-4722-6/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

motor driven induction generator (squirrel cage) (2.2 kW, 415 V, Tab I. Testbed MGs [17].
50Hz, Three-phase, 0.85 P.F.). MG Testbed Name Total Type of DG Type of ESS
Capacity MG
NTUA, Greece 10 kW Hybrid PV, WT BESS, FESS
5. Genoa University, Italy [11].
Manchester 200 kW AC - FESS
The main propose for built the MG test system in the university University, UK
Lab is environmental issue. The optimization algorithm and HFUT, China 200 kW Hybrid PV, WT BESS, UC
control strategy o f PV system and different type o f elements such IET, India - AC WT, FC -
Genoa University, 200 kW Hybrid PV, WT BESS
as storage device and gas turbine is used to prevent any wrong Italy
forecasting o f supply energy, power control from the grid. This Nottingham 500 Kw DC WT BESS
facility consists o f MV/LV transformers, distribution University, UK
technologies, heat and air conditioning and couple o f renewable Nimbus, Ireland 200 kW Hybrid WT, FC BESS
UTC, France - DC PV BESS
energy resources. Seville University, 10 kW Hybrid PV, FC BESS
Spain
6. University o f Nottingham MG, U K [12]. Porto University, 100kW Hybrid WT, FC,PV BESS
University o f Nottingham has installed a 500kW DC MG in 2011. Portugal
This system is made by renewable sources, storage device and
load. In this system one o f the distribution system is primary III. LAMBDA MG LAB
energy source which is directly connected to the grid, the second Fig. 1 shows a comprehensive scheme o f the LAMBDA MG
one can be either supplied by renewable sources or generator and Laboratory located in the electrical department. The Lab consists
at a same time this grid system can be used as voltage source or a o f several sources:
current source. For reducing energy cost and consumption the - A three phases photovoltaic system PV1 with a rated power
hydrogen cell and BESS used as a storage device. For - P = 12kW;
communication medium LAN or GPRS is used. - A single phase photovoltaic system PV2 with a P = 2 kW
which installed but it is currently disconnected;
7. Nimbus MG Testbed, Ireland [13]. - An Emergency Generator Set (EGS) with a P = 5.2 kW which
For producing the entire building energy and power management installed but it is currently disconnected;
at a campus level, United Technologies Research Centre o f - A BESS with 6.5kWh o f rated capacity, 2.2 kW o f AC charge
capacity and 1.8 kW o f AC discharge capacity
Ireland and Cork Institute Technology in partnership with
- An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) which supplies the
National Sustainable Building Energy Test-bed in CIT. This MG
electronic components.
used mostly font residential load includes CHP 50kW (electric) /
The sources are connected to a smart switchboard (LAMBDA SB)
80kW (heat), thermal storage, monitoring o f CO2, humidity & supplied by the main electric switchboard o f the Department
temperature, BESS (30kW), wind generation (12kW) people (MLVSB) [18] by a main circuit breaker QA1. Fig. 1 and Tab. II
counters, airflow monitoring and meters. show the electrical architecture and the components with the
related switches o f the LAM BDA MG Lab. A ll the circuit breakers
8. Compiegne University Technology (UTC) MG, France [14]. o f the LAM BDA SB are monitored and controlled by the SCADA
The testbed MG o f UTC consists o f PV system to support the grid system. The circuit breaker QA5 is a bypass useful to supply the
and a building integrated MG based on grid communication. This loads o f the MG directly from the main grid by disconnecting all
system mixed with power grid and common bus to carry out a the local sources. The circuit breaker QA4 is used to supply in
local renewable generation and by using o f decentralized, it can reverse mode the preferential section o f the main switchboard o f
operate in island mode too. MPPT is used to control PV power the Department in case o f failure o f the main grid.
generation. To this section a 3-phase coffee machine has been connected. In
normal operation, the local sources (PV1 and BESS) are connected
9. University o f Seville, Spain [15]. in parallel with the grid. PV1 is operated with a MPPT control
The MG has done by University o f Seville, in this configuration (maximum power point tracking) to the grid. BESS is operated in
PV array is used to supply the power grid. An electrolyser is used order to avoid power flux from the LAMBDA to the Department.
to increase the stability in the MG. FC works as a storage system In case o f failure or black out o f the main grid, PV1 and BESS
automatically w ill disconnect according to the national standards
by using the excess energy production. Lead Acid BESS try to fix
(IEEE 1547).
voltage level. Control o f this system has done by SCADA and
The EGS w ill start in few seconds and the MG can be supplied by
PLC.
the EGS after the disconnection by the Main grid (QA1 and QA5
opened). After at least 5 minutes, i f the voltage and frequency are
10. Porto University MG, Portugal [16]. properly set, the PV1 is re-connected and the same process for re-
The MG testbed system at Porto University is controlled by MG connecting the BESS. The control o f voltage and frequency in a
central controller at the 20kV/4kV substation. Total capacity of certain range in island mode is carried out by the PLC. In case o f
this campus located distribution system was 100 kW. It includes availability o f power from the local source it is possible to close
o f PV system (13kW), FC (30 kW), WT (15 kW), BESS and the circuit breaker QA4 and supplies the preferential section o f the
micro turbine (30 kW) and residential loads. main switchboard in reverse mode. Also, this operation is
Tab. I shows a brief information about the MG testbed system managed by the PLC.
which were investigated above.

2019 IEEEMilan PowerTech

 M V/LV SUBSTATION
minimize the shadow effect for PV panels and also it has an
important role in increasing the power o f the PV panels.
The PV system is monitored by a TVCC system and by a
multisensory (irradiation, Temperature, humidity and wind speed)
and weather station, connected to the integrated SCADA.

IV. LAMBDA MG LAB INFORMATIONS

In this section, the technical specifications for the equipment in Fig 2. Screen shot of the PV panel’s configuration by the TVCC.
the LAM BDA MG are reviewed. Tables III to V show the
information o f PV systems, EGS, BESS and inverter. ^ Inverter system.
The inverter used in this MG is 12.5-3-M model by Fronius
Tab II. Testbed MGs [17]. Company. This inverter is equipped with two MPPT systems,
Sources Switch # Loads Switch # which is used for every 22 panels MPPT. The MPPT control
Main Grid QA1 Preferential/Coffee QA4 system implemented in this inverter is such that at all times the
Machine 3ph power received from the PV system is at its maximum value. The
PV 3ph QB1 Lighting System QA6
technical specifications o f Inverter Fronius Symo 12.5-3-M is
PV 1ph QA2 A ir Conditioning QA7
presented in Tab. IV.
EGS QB2 PC1 plug QA8
BESS QA3 PC2 plug QA9 Tab IV. Inverter Fronius Symo 12.5-3-M characteristic.
UPS QB4 PC3-TV plug QA10 Inverter parameters Input Data
Main Switches Switch # PF3 3ph plug QA11 Number of MPP trackers 2
Max Power 12.5 kW
Main Disconnector QB3 UPS QA12 AC voltage range 150-280 V
By-pass QA5 RIS 1ph plug QA13 Total harmonic distortion 2%
Disconnector Ambient temperature range -40 to 60°C
QRV switch QA16 PC4 plug QA14 AC output current (Iacnom) 18 A
RIS 3ph plug QA15 input current (Idcmax) 27 / 16.5 A
PC5 plug QA17 Max. efficiency (PV - grid) 98.0 %
Actuator P1-P8 QA18
The inverter is equipped with a data manager able to furnish
RIS2 1ph plug QA19
electrical information as current, voltage and etc.

> Photovoltaic PV1 system. > Storage system BESS.

The technical specifications o f the PV1 modules (12kW) Vitovolt The uncertainty in power generation by the photovoltaic system
300 Type P270 MB model is shown in Table III. and the load fluctuations makes it necessary to double the use o f
Tab III. PV panel characteristic. batteries in grid networks, especially in island mode. The BESS in
PV module parameters Unit this MG is used to provide a balance between load and generation
Power (max) 270 W units. The system used in this grid is an all in one battery with
Voltage at MPP 31 V
Current at MPP 8.7 A
inverter inside, Varta's model. The depth o f discharge in this
Voc (open-circuit voltage) 38.3 V battery set on 90%.
I sc (short-circuit current) 9.12 A
Efficiency 16.27 % Tab V. Battery Energy Storage System characteristic.
Temperatures for Voc vs. I sc 25 C Battery parameters Unit
Number of cells 60(6*10) Cell voltage 51.8
Dimensions (w*d) in mm 996*1661 Cycle life 10 years or 4,000 cycles
Nominal system capacity 6.5 kWh (up to 13kWh)
In this project, 44 PV panels based on Fig. 2 have been arranged Mains connection 400 V AC, 3-phase, 50 Hz
Dimensions (w*h*d) in mm 600*1.175*500
in 2 strings. In order to achieve the best arrangement o f PV panels,
Electrochemistry Li-Ni manganese cobalt oxide
the PVsyst software has been used. This arrangement is capable to Depth of discharge 90%

2019 IEEEMilan PowerTech

> Emergency generator set (EGS). total LAM BDA MG load is less than 2 kW. For the second step,
The use o f diesel generators in combined grid systems is used at three coffee machines with an average power about 6 kW w ill be
times when new energy-based units and energy storage units are connected to the LAMBDA lab. The main goal o f this MG is to
not capable o f supplying demand. This, in addition to providing supply the whole power o f the electrical engineering department
power, w ill increase the reliability o f the grid. The presence o f in island mode. Since the voltage level o f the MG is not the same
diesel generator in this grid is designed only in the mode o f island with the electrical department (because the phase to phase voltage
operation o f the grid, which is when the PV system and the BESS o f the electrical engineering department is 230 volts according to
are unable to provide power. Also, the grid control system is the ancient Italian electricity grid standard, but the voltage phase-
to-phase is equal to 380 volts). For this reason, the excess power
designed to not allow the battery to be charged from diesel
in the MG is sent to the main grid.
generator under any circumstances, as it w ill increase fuel costs
and reduce diesel lifetime. The rated power, current and voltage - Island mode operation control (Future Plan).
are 5.2 kW, 9.4 A and 400 V respectively. The EGS is equipped The LAMBDA MG control in the island mode is done by PLC.
with a board by PLC which is able to switch on electrically the Voltage, current and frequency are the parameters which
engine. considered as plc input, and the plc outputs consist o f four
commands. After going the LABBDA MG to the island mode, first
V. LAMBDA MG LAB AIM
the QA1 and QA5 w ill opened and by closing the QB2, EGS w ill
Designing an efficient distribution system by using smart devices be switched on. Then, by closing the QB1, LAM BDA MG loads
can provide a systems with near zero energy load system [19] and w ill be supplied by EGS. Finally by closing QA4, i f there is excess
in large dimensions, it w ill create a MG with enhancing safety, power, it w ill send to the grid.
high local power quality and energy management [20]. A MG
choices the optimal operation mode based on some issues such as VI. CONTROL STRATEGY BY SCADA SYSTEM
stability and economic. When a MG is connected to the grid, The use o f the SCADA system is a step in the direction o f smart
voltage and frequency is supplied by the grid, but in island mode power grids [23]. The SCADA system collects data, which
for power supply as well as stability ESSs are used [21-22]. Two includes the state o f the devices and analogue quantities. Fig. 3
controllers are implemented for LAM BD A MG: depicts the communication layer o f the LAM BDA MG LAB. It is
1. Working in normal operation (connected to the grid and local based on two different communication protocols, i.e. Modbus and
sources in parallel) able to optimize the power flux to the grid. This KNX. So, there are two gateways which interface the LAN
control operated by the HBES/SCADA. network to the relative protocol. Every node o f the network is
2. Operation in emergency condition (Island mode) able to manage accessible from the PC desktop connected to the LAN. In this way
the LAMBDA MG by the EGS based on PLC. a proper control strategy can be automated to smartly manage the
laboratory. The essential components are connected to an UPS in
- Normal operation control order to guarantee the continuity o f supply.
The performance o f DG units in LAMBDA MG to supply load
power. Load power includes three main parts. A t the moment, the

SCADA System
24V 0V
Smartlink SI B
IP Node: Ethernet
KF2 (Master) 1.1.1.5 1“
W - l RACK LAN
CE4
Ethemej Ethernet^ Ethernet^
9 B B B B BR
S-4
-

f t f t f t -r
9 9 if. §_ V If I ■•w'' | T I NVR

- A)
+KNX
-KNX

IP Node:
1.1.1.6

Temptrature
< 0 Weather Inadiance
Sensors Wind speed
Humidity

111111
QA13 QA14 QA15 q A 16 QA17 QA18 QA19
1 IP Node:
1.1.1.7

Fig. 3. LAMBDA control strategy based on SCADA.

2019 IEEEMilan PowerTech

SCADA consists o f three main parts: Master Station, RTU and
Data Link for sending and receiving information and commands.
The function is that the information is collected by RTU and
transmitted through the Data Link to the central computer for
processing and performing the necessary operations. After
processing and deciding the central computer with the data lines,
the commands are communicated to the RTU and they set the
system according to the command. The connection between the
terminals and the central computer can be used in several ways,
such as a telephone, UHF systems, VHF, fiber optics, radio
communication, and especially PLC, which is used in the grid of
the PLC Siemens model. The PLC processes all information for
each section and issues the necessary commands for different
parts. The MG is based on the SCADA system with the control
center acting as Master and S7-1200 PLC Slave. By SCADA, it is
8000
possible to monitor the behavior of a MG in grid and island mode
to see the performance o f the system [24].
Four steps and three scenarios have been considered from 20th
to 23rd o f November 2018. It is worth to be mentioned that the
complete monitoring system for the LAM BDA MG Lab started
from 1st o f November 2018. For this reason, this period has been
selected to explain the behavior of the LAM BDA MG.
1. During the day, i f Ppv > P TotalLoad, first the BESS sets in charging
mode.
2. During the day, i f Ppv > P Total Load and i f the BESS is full
charged, the excess power w ill be sent to the main grid. 20 40 60
Time [for each 15 Minutes]
3. At night, i f Ppv < P TotalLoad , first the BESS sets in discharging
(b)
mode. Fig 4. Grid-connected w/o coffee-machine (Scenario!)
4. At night, i f Ppv < P Total Load and i f the BESS is full discharged,
the required power w ill be received from the main grid.

1. Utilization of available capacity of BESS (E = 6.5 kWh)

Fig 4a shows the power profiles for different parts of the
LAM BDA MG Lab. The control strategy provides a proper energy
management at all times.
For instance, for the second day, i.e. cloudy day, the output power
o f the PV panel is not enough to meet the Total Load, so the Main
Grid intervenes to make equal the Total Load and the production.
For a clear performance, in Fig. 4b, by exciting excess power in
LAM BDA M g Lab after sunrise, the first step is to send the excess
power o f PV system to charge the BESS, considering that the
maximum rated power for charging the BESS is 2.2 kW which is
properly set and remaining power send to the main grid.

2. Increase Capacity o f available BESS to E = 9.8 kWh.

The rated capacity has been increased in order to lessen the time
in which the LAM BDA MG Lab is connected to the Main Grid.
The big issue in the first scenario was that after only 2h and 30
minutes the BESS was completely discharged and the Main Grid
intervened for a too long time.With the improvement in the rated
capacity o f the BESS, as seen in Fig. 5b, the BESS is able to meet
the Total Load demand near 2.2 times more than the previous case.
After sunrise, the first step is to send the excess power of PV
system to charge the BESS, considering that the maximum rated 20 40 60
power for charging the BESS is 3.4 kW which is properly set by Time [for each 15 Minutes]
the control strategy. The remaining power is sent to the main grid. (b)
Fig 5. Grid-connected w/o coffee-machine (Scenario1)

2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech

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