Mathematics 2015

NAME OF THE SUBJECT : Mathematics

NAME OF THE MATERIAL : Basic Formulas
MATERIAL CODE : HG13AUM101
UPDATED ON : October 2015
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Name of the Student: Branch:

Algebra
1. Binomial Expansion:
1
 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...
1 x
1
 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...
1 x
1
 1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...
1  x 
2

1
 1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...
1  x 
2

The above formulas are valid if x  1 .

2. General:

 a  b
2
 a 2  b2  2ab

 a  b
2
 a 2  b2  2ab

a  b  c
2
 a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca

 a  b
3
 a 3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3

 a  b
3
 a 3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3

 a  b  a  b   a 2  b2

a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b2 

a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b2 

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Mathematics 2015

 x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab

 x  a  x  b  x  c   x 3   a  b  c  x 2   ab  bc  ca  x  abc

3. Converting to Perfect Square:

2
 a  a2
x 2  ax   x   
 2 4
2
 a  a2
x 2  ax   x   
 2 4

Trigonometry
1. Exponential Form:

e i  cos  i sin
e i  cos  i sin
e i  e  i
cos  
2
e  e  i
i
sin  
2i
2. Inter Relation Formulae:
1 1 1 sin 
sin   , cos   , tan   , tan   .
cosec sec cot cos
3. Identities:
sin2   cos2   1
sec2   1  tan2 
cosec2  1  cot 2 

4. Compound Angel Formulae:

sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A tan B

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Mathematics 2015

5. Product Formulae:
1
sin A cos B   sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )
2
1
cos A sin B   sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )
2
1
cos A cos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
2
1
sin A sin B   cos( A  B )  cos( A  B)
2
6. Special Formulae:
A A
sin 2 A  2sin A cos A sin A  2sin cos
2 2
cos 2 A  cos2 A  sin2 A
2tan A
tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
1  cos 2 A  2cos2 A
1  cos 2 A  2sin2 A
sin 3 A  3sin A  4sin3 A
cos 3 A  4cos3 A  3cos A

7. Power to Non Power Formulae:

1 
cos 2    1  cos 2  1  cos   2cos 2
2 2
1 
sin2    1  cos 2  1  cos   2sin 2
2 2
1
cos 3    3cos   cos 3 
4
1
sin 3    3sin   sin 3 
4

8. Sum to Product Formulae:

CD CD
sin C  sin D  2sin cos
2 2
CD CD
sin C  sin D  2cos sin
2 2
CD CD
cos C  cos D  2cos cos
2 2
CD CD
cos C  cos D  2sin sin
2 2

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Mathematics 2015

9. Hyperbolic Functions
e x  e x
cosh x 
2
e  e x
x
sinh x 
2
cosh   sinh2   1
2

Logarithmic

1. Basic Formulae

log  mn   log m  log n

m
log    log m  log n
n
1
log     log m
m

log1  0

Analytical Geometry
1. Equation of Straight Lines:
General Form:
ax  by  c  0
Intersect Form:
x y
 1
a b
Slope and Intersect Form:
y  mx  c
2. Perpendicular Distance:
Perpendicular Distance from a point  x1 , y1  to the straight line ax  by  c  0

ax1  by1  c

a 2  b2

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Mathematics 2015

Perpendicular Distance from a point  x1 , y1 , z1  to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0

ax1  by1  cz1  d


a 2  b2  c 2
3. Equation of Circle:
General Form:
x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  d  0

Centre   g ,  f  and Radius  g 2  f 2  d

Circle with Centre Origin and Radius a :

x2  y2  a2
Circle with Centre Non Origin and Radius a :

 x  h   y  k   a2 , Centre  h, k 
2 2

4. Equation of Sphere:
General Form:
x 2  y 2  z 2  2ax  2by  2cz  d  0

Centre  a , b, c  and Radius  a 2  b2  c 2  d

Circle with Centre Origin and Radius a :

x2  y2  z2  a2
Circle with Centre Non Origin and Radius a :

 x  l   y  m    z  n   a 2 , Centre  l , m , n 
2 2 2

5. Equation of Curve:
Sl.No. Curve Cartesian Equation Parametric Equation
1 Parabola y 2  4ax x  at 2
y  2at

x 2  4ay x  2at
y  at 2
2 Ellipse x2 y2 x  a cos 
 1
a 2 b2 y  b sin 

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Mathematics 2015

3 Hyperbola x2 y2 x  a sec 
 1
a 2 b2 y  b tan 

4 Rectangular Hyperbola xy  c 2 x  ct
c
y
t
5 Astroid x 2/3  y 2/3  a 2/3 x  a cos 3 
y  a sin 3 

Differential Calculus
1. Derivative Formula:
Sl.No. y dy
dx
1. Constant 0
2. xn nx n1
3. x 1
4. 1 n
xn x n1
1 1
x x2
5. x 1
2 x

ae 
ax  b 
e
6. ax  b 

ex ex
ax a x log a

7. log  ax  b  a
ax  b
1
log x
x
log10 x
1
log10 e
x

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Mathematics 2015

8. sin  ax  b  a cos  ax  b 

sin x cos x
9. cos  ax  b  a sin  ax  b 

cos x  sin x
10. tan  ax  b  a sec2  ax  b 

tan x sec2 x
11. cosec  ax  b  a cosec  ax  b  cot  ax  b 

cosecx cosecx cot x

12. sec  ax  b  a sec  ax  b  tan  ax  b 

sec x sec x tan x

13. cot  ax  b  a cosec2  ax  b 

cot x cosec2 x
14. sin1 x 1
1  x2
15. cos1 x 1
1  x2
16. tan1 x 1
1  x2

2. Special Formulae:
d dv du
 uv   u  v
dx dx dx
d dw du dv
 uvw   uv  vw  wu
dx dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d  u dx dx

dx  v  v2

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Mathematics 2015

Integral Calculus

1  ax  b 
n1
x n 1
1.   ax  b  dx   x dx  n  1  c
n
c n

a n1
e ax  b
2.  e ax  b dx  c  e dx
x
 ex  c
a
1 1 1 1
3.  dx  log  ax  b   c  x dx  c
ax  b a x

1 1
x n
dx 
 n  1 x n 1
c

2 x 3/ 2
4.  xdx 
3
c

1
5.  sin  ax  b  dx
  cos  ax  b   c
a  sin x dx   cos x  c

1
6.  cos  ax  b  dx  sin  ax  b   c  cos x dx  sin x  c
a
7.  sec x dx  log  sec x  tan x   c
8.  cosec x dx  log  cosecx  cot x   c
1
9.  tan  ax  b  dx a
log sec  ax  b   c  tan x dx  log sec x  c
1
10.  cot  ax  b  dx  log sin  ax  b   c  cot x dx  log sin x  c
a
dx  x dx
11.   sin 1    c   sin 1 x  c
a x
2 2
 
a 1 x 2

dx  x
12.   cosh 1    c (or ) log  x  x 2  a 2   c
x2  a2 a  
dx  x
13.   sinh 1    c (or ) log  x  x 2  a 2   c
a2  x2 a  
dx 1  x dx
14.  2  tan 1    c  1 x  tan 1 x  c
a x 2
a a
2

dx 1  xa 
15. x a22

2a
log 
 xa
c

dx 1 a x
16.  2  log  c
a x 2
2a a x
x 2 a2  x
17.  a  x dx 
2 2
a  x  sin 1    c
2

2 2 a

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Mathematics 2015

x 2 a2 1  x 
 a  x dx  2 a  x  2 sinh  a   c
2 2 2
18.

(or)
x 2 a2
 a 2
 x 2
dx  a  x 2
 log  x  a 2  x 2   c
2 2  
1  x 
2
x a
 x  a dx  2 x  a  2 cosh  a   c
2 2 2 2
19.

(or)
x a2
 x 2
 a 2
dx  x 2
 a 2
 log  x  x 2  a 2   c
2 2  
ax
e
 e sin bx dx  a 2  b2  a sin bx  b cos bx 
ax
20.

e ax
21.  e ax
cos bx dx 
a 2  b2
 a cos bx  b sin bx 

22. Reduction Formulae

 
2 2
n1 n 3 n 5 2
 cos x dx (or)  sin x dx 
n n

n n2 n4 3
... .1  if n is odd 
0 0
 
2 2
n1 n 3 n 5 1 
 cos x dx (or)  sin x dx 
n n
... .
n n2 n4 2 2
 if n is even 
0 0


2  m  1 m  3  ...  n  1 n  3  ...
0 
m n
sin x cos x dx
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...

2  m  1 m  3  ...  n  1 n  3  ...
0 
m n
sin x cos x dx [Both m and n are even]
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...
a a
23. 
a
f ( x ) dx  2 f ( x ) dx
0
[if f ( x )is an even function]
a


a
f ( x ) dx  0 [if f ( x )is an odd function]
a a
24. 
0
f ( x ) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0
b a
25.  f ( x ) dx
a
   f (a  x ) dx
b

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Mathematics 2015

26. Integration by Parts

 udv  uv   v du
27. Bernoulli’s Formulae
 uv dx  uv1  uv2  uv3  uv4  ...
28. Gamma Function:


  n  e
x
x n1 dx
0

  n 

e
 ax
 x n1 dx
an 0

  n    n  1 !
1
   
 2
Sequence and Series
 xn  an  n 1
1. Lt    na
x a
 x  a 
sin x
2. Lt  1
x 0 x
n
 x
3. Lt  1    e x
x 0
 n
x x2 x3
4. e  1 
x
  ...
1! 2! 3!
x x2 x3
5. e x  1     ...
1! 2! 3!
x3 x5 x7
6. sin x  x     ...
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
7. cos x  1     ...
2! 4! 6!
1 x2 x3
8. log  x   ...
1 x 2 3
1  a n 1
9. 1  a  a 2  a 3  ...  a n 
1 a

----All the Best----

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