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I. Integration: I.I Indefinite Integrals

Integration is a technique for finding an antiderivative (indefinite integral) or area under a curve (definite integral). There are several methods for performing integration including u-substitution, integration by parts, partial fractions, trigonometric substitution, and completing the square. U-substitution involves making a substitution of the form u=f(x) to put the integral in terms of the variable u. Integration by parts uses the formula ∫u dv = uv − ∫v du to break up integrals that are otherwise difficult to evaluate.

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148 views

I. Integration: I.I Indefinite Integrals

Integration is a technique for finding an antiderivative (indefinite integral) or area under a curve (definite integral). There are several methods for performing integration including u-substitution, integration by parts, partial fractions, trigonometric substitution, and completing the square. U-substitution involves making a substitution of the form u=f(x) to put the integral in terms of the variable u. Integration by parts uses the formula ∫u dv = uv − ∫v du to break up integrals that are otherwise difficult to evaluate.

Uploaded by

Marco Plays
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

Integration
in mathematics, technique of finding a function g(x) the derivative of which, Dg(x), is
equal to a given function f(x). This is indicated by the integral sign “∫,” as in ∫f(x), usually
called the indefinite integral of the function. The symbol dx represents
an infinitesimal displacement along x; thus ∫f(x)dx is the summation of the product of f(x)
b

and dx. The definite integral, written: ∫ f ( x ) with a and b called the limits of integration,


a
is equal to g(b) − g(a), where Dg(x) = f(x).

I.I Indefinite integrals


Indefinite integration, also known as antidifferentiation, is the reversing of the
process of differentiation. Given a function f, one finds a function F such that F' = f.

Finding an antiderivative is an important process in calculus. It is used as a method to


obtain the area under a curve and to obtain many physical and electrical equations that
scientists and engineers use everyday. For example, the equation for the current
through a capacitor is, where I is current in Amperes, C is capacitance in Farads, V is
voltage in Volts and t is time in seconds. To obtain an unknown (like V), one would have
to use integration to obtain a voltage at a certain time interval.

While a true integral exists between a given boundary, taking the indefinite integral is
simply reversing differentiation in much the same way division reverses multiplication.
Instead of having a set of boundary values, one only finds an equation that would
produce the integral due to differentiation without having to use the values to get a
definite answer.

I.II Definite integrals


When integration was introduced as the reverse of differentiation, the integrals you dealt
with were indefinite integrals. The result of finding an indefinite integral is usually a
function plus a constant of integration. In this block we introduce definite integrals, so
called because the result will be a definite answer, usually a number, with no constant
of integration. Definite integrals have many applications, for example in finding areas
bounded by curves, and finding volumes of solids. Applications such as these will be
described in later examples.
II. Techniques of integration
II.I Integration By Using U Substitution

Example 1:

Example2:

Example 3:
II.II Integration By Parts
Example: 1 ∫ x 2e3x dx.

Example:2 ∫ x cos x dx.


Example3: ∫ x lnx dx .

II.III integration by partial functions


II.IV Triqonometric Substitution
Example1 :
Example2:

Example3:
II.V Integration Power of Sine and Cosine
Example:1

Example2 :

Example3:

II.VI Integration By completing the square


Example1:
Example2:

Example3:

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