REGULATIONS AND CURRICULUM

M.Sc – Medical Courses

JSS UNIVERSITY
(Established under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
JSS Medical Institutions Campus,
Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara,
Mysore - 570 015, Karnataka, India

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 GOALS AND GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF POSTGRADUATE M.Sc IN
MEDICAL SCIENCE

GOAL

The goal of postgraduate M.Sc in medical sciences shall be to produce competent

medical teachers.

i. who shall have acquired a spirit of scientific inquiry and is oriented to the
principles of research methodology and
ii. who shall have acquired the basic skills in teaching of the medical and
paramedical professionals;

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of the postgraduate training in the discipline concerned the student shall be
able to;

i. Demonstrate competence in basic concepts of research methodology and be able to

critically analyze relevant published research literature.
ii. Develop skills in using educational methods and techniques as applicable to the
teaching of medical/nursing students and paramedical health workers.

COMPONENTS OF THE COURSE CURRICULUM :

The major components of the Postgraduate curriculum shall be:

• Theoretical knowledge
• Practical skills
• Thesis skills.
• Attitudes including communication skills.
• Training in research methodology.

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 Regulations
1. Courses offered in M.Sc medical sciences:

a) M.Sc in Anatomy
b) M.Sc in Biochemistry,
c) M.Sc in Microbiology
d) M.Sc in Pharmacology
e) M.Sc in Physiology

2. Eligibility for Admission

A candidate seeking admission to M.Sc medical science course should have a bachelor
degree under recognized university.

3. Qualifications

The candidate must have passed B.Sc with atleast one subject of biological Sciences or
BAMS or MBBS or BHMS or BPT or B.Pharm or any other professional graduates from
a recognized University.

4. Duration of the course:

Duration shall be for a period of 3 years.

5. Attendance
Candidates should have attended at least 80% of the total number of classes conducted in
an academic year, from the date of commencement of the term to the last working day, as
notificed by the University, in each of the subjects prescribed for that year, separately in
theory and practical, to be eligible to appear for the university examinations.

6. Monitoring Progress of Studies:

Periodic tests: The concerned departments conduct exams, from first year to third year.
The tests may include written papers, particles and viva voce. Records and marks
obtained in such tests will be maintained by the Head of the Department and sent to the
University, when called for.

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Records: Records and marks obtained in tests will be maintained by the Head of the
Department and will be made available to the University.

7. Dissertation
Every candidate pursuing M.Sc degree course is required to carry out work on a selected
research project under the guidance of a recognized post graduate teacher in their
respective subjects in second and final year. The results of such a work shall be
submitted in the form of a dissertation.

8. Schedule of Examination
The university examination for M.Sc courses shall be held at the end of first and third
academic year.

9. Scheme of Examination

I year M.Sc (preliminary) exam:

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT: (50 marks in each subject)

Three tests, 1st IA at the end of 3rd month, 2nd internal at the end of 6 month, 3rd internal
exam at the end of completing I year course. Average of best two is taken for internal
assessment. A candidate should get minimum 35% IA marks to take the university exam.

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION:

Theory – 3 hours paper, 100 marks each in Anatomy, Physiology and Bio-chemistry.

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 Pattern of theory question paper

Theory

Marks
Type of Number of
for each Total
Questions Questions
question

Long Essay 2 10 20

Short Essay 10 5 50

Short Answer 10 3 30

Total Marks 100

NO PRACTICAL EXAMINATION FOR I YEAR M.Sc (medical) STUDENTS.

Criteria for declaring as pass in University Examination: A candidate should get 50%
marks in each subject (Theory including IA marks).
A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described above shall be declared to have
failed in the examination. Failed candidate may appear in subsequent examination upon
payment of fresh fee to the Registrar (Evaluation).
A successful candidate is awarded pass class irrespective of percentage, as these marks
will be considered while awarding the class at the end of final year.

Carry over system: A candidate who has failed in one or more subject in the I year
university examination can be permitted to enter II year, the candidate should clear all
the I year subjects 6 months before taking the final year university exams.

For the declaration of the class at the end of final year candidate must have passed
all the subjects in first attempt. Otherwise the result will be declared as pass class.

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Syllabus for I year M.Sc (Medical) Anatomy:

General anatomy, Regional anatomy, General embryology and

systemic, Histology, and Genetics.

General anatomy includes introduction to anatomy, Skeleton system with classification,

types of bone, features of long bone, ossification, blood supply, Joints – classification
with examples, structure of typical synovial joints, Myology – classification with
examples, types of skeletal muscles, tendon, aponeurosis, Nervous system – subdivisions,
types of cells in CNS, neuron - structure, types, ganglia and nuclei, plexuses.

Regional anatomy – Head and neck – gross including osteology and radiology, Thorax –
gross including osteology and radiology, abdomen and pelvis – gross including osteology
and radiology.

General embryology includes introduction, mitosis and meiosis, gametogenesis,

fertilization, implantation, bilaminar germ disc, notochord formation, trilaminar germ
disc, embryonic folds, fetal membranes, placenta.

Systemic embryology includes pharyngeal arches and pouches, development of face and
palate, GIT, Respiratory system, CVS, UG system.

Histology – microscopy, basic tissues, blood vessels, lymphoid tissue, salivary glands,
tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder,
trachea, lung, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate,
ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, placenta, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands,
suprarenal gland, and skin.

Genetics – introduction, chromosomes, inheritance, karyotyping, chromosomal

abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism and genetic counselling.

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PRACTICAL SYLLABUS M.Sc I year:
Demonstration of dissected specimens – Region wise Thorax, Abdomen and pelvis, Head
and Neck and Brain including osteology and radiology.

Histology – Study of histology slides - system wise.

Distribution of theory and practical hours:

4 hours theory/week.

2 hours practicals/week for gross anatomy.

2 hours practicals for histology.

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS

I Gross Anatomy

1. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Student By R.S. Snell 7th Edition 2003
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

3. Grants Atlas of Anatomy By A. Agur, M. Lec 11th Edition 2004

II. Histology

1. Histology: A text & atlas By M.H. Ross 4th Edition 2002 G.I. Kaye, W.
Pawlina Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2. DiFiore’s- Atlas of Histology with By V. Eroschenko Functional correlations
International Edition 10th Edition 2004

III Developmental Anatomy

1. Langman’s- Medical Embryology T. Sadler with Simbryo Version 1CD-ROM

Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins 9th Edition 2003

IV Neuroanatomy

1. Clinical Neuroanatomy By Richard S. Snell for Medical Students Lippincott,

William and Wilkins 5th Edition 2001

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 UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION

THEORY : 100 Marks

Distribution of chapters for anatomy paper with weightage of marks for University
Examination

Anatomy
Topics Marks
Head and Neck 25
Brain, Spinal cord 10
Abdomen, pelvis and perineum 25
Thorax including diaphragm 15
General Anatomy - 05
Embryology - 10 25
Histology - 10
Total 100

For passing candidate should get 50% in theory including Internal

assessment.

Maximum marks theory – 100

Internal assessment - 50

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 Syllabus for I year M.Sc (Medical) PHYSIOLOGY

I. General physiology:

Organisation of the cell and its functions

Structure of cell membrane, cell organelles
Intercellular communications
Transport across cell membrane
Membrane potentials
Body fluid compartments and changes in body fluid compartments, oedema and
dehydration, osmolarity and osmolality
Homeostasis, concepts of physiological norms, range and variations
Genetic control of protein synthesis, apoptosis, programmed cell death.

II. Blood:

Composition and functions of blood

Plasma proteins – Types, normal values, origin, functions, variation in health and
diseases
Red blood cells – erythropoiesis definition, sites and stages of erythropoiesis,
regulation
Morphology of RBC, functions, normal vaiues, variations, PCV and ESR,
determination, anemias and its clinical significance
Haemoglobin – structure, functions, types, derivatives, methods of estimation,
normal values, anemias, tyoes and features
Life span and destruction of RBC, RE system, functions, jaundice, types
Leucocytes – leucopoiesis, sites of granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis and
monocytopoiesis
Morphology of different types of leucocytes, functions, variations, immunity,
transplantation of tissues and organs
Platelets – thrombopoiesis, sites, stages, morphology, functions, normal values
and variation
Hemostasis and blood coagulation – definition, clotting factors, mechanism of
clotting
Clot retraction, fibrinolysis, bleeding disorders, tests for clotting, anticoagulants,
actions and uses
Blood groups – ABO system and Rh factor
Blood transfusion – indications, types, reactions, lymph – origin, circulation,
functions of lymph and lymph nodes, blood volume, determination, regulations

III. Nerve and muscle:

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Structure of a neuron and classification of nerve fibers, properties, potential in
nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibers, Neuroglia
Muscle: types, physiological anatomy of skeletal muscle
Neuromuscular junction and myasthenia gravis and NMJ blocking drugs
Mechanism of muscle contraction and its molecular basis, types of contraction –
isotonic and isometric contractions
Energetics of muscle contraction – Rigor mortis
Types and properties of muscle fiber
Structure ond types of smooth muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle

IV. Gastrointestinal system:

Introduction – Anatomy of GItract, salivary secretion, types of salivary glands,

innervations, composition of saliva, regulation, functions
Gastric secretion – structure of gastric mucosa, innervation, origin, composition
and function of gastric juice, mechanism of secretion of HCL, functions
Regulation of gastric secretion, methods of study, phases of gastric secretion,
factors influencing gastric secretion, peptic ulcer
Pancreatic secretion – structure of pancreas, innervations, composition and
functions of pancreatic juice, Mechanism of secretion, regulation, tests for
pancreatic exocrine function
Liver and gall bladder – function of liver, composition and functions of bile,
function of gall bladder, filling and emptying, regulation, cholecystectomy, gall
stones
Small intestine – structure, composition and function of succus entericus,
regulation, large intestine – structure, function, secretion
Gastro-intestinal motility – stages of degulation, mechanism, disturbances, types
of movement, gastric emptying regulation
Movement of small intestine – types, regulation, ileo-caecal valve, functions,
movements of colon, defecation
Gastro-intestinal hormones and their actions, digestion of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats
Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, water and electrolytes

V. Kidney, skin and temperature regulation:

Functional anatomy of kidney, renal blood flow, its determination, regulation and
peculiarities
GFR – definition, measurement, filtration membrane, forces involved, control of
GFR
Tubular function – reabsorption, secretion and concentration mechanism
Nerve supply to urinary bladder, micturition, Non excretory functions of kidney
Renal function tests
Skin and its functions and temperature

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 VI. Respiration:

Introduction – functional anatomy of respiratory tract

Pulmonary ventilation – mechanism of ventilation, muscles, pressure changes,
pressure volume inter relationship, compliance, airway resistance
Surfactant – source, chemical nature, functions, lumg volumes and capacities,
definition, determination, normal values, significance
Alveolar ventilation – dead space, significance, pulmonary circulation, ventilation
perfusion ratio and its significance
Respiratory membrane, partial pressure of gases, diffusion of gases, diffusion
capacity, factors affecting diffusion of gas
Oxygen transport – forms of transport, O2 – Hb dissociation curve, factors
affecting it, myoglobin
CO2 transport – form of transport, CO2 dissociation curve, chloride shift,
Haldane effect
Regulation of respiration – organization of respiratory centers, Non-chemical
regulation, respiration and acid-base balance
Hypoxia – types, effects, voluntary hyperventilation, periodic breathing
Dyspnoea, Asphyxia, Cyanosis, Decompression sickness, Artificial respiratory
methods
Pulmonary function tests, respiratory adjustments during muscular exercise

VII. Cardio vascular system:

Functional anatomy of heart, blood vessels, conducting system, systemic and

pulmonary circulation
Innervation of the heart and blood vessels, VMC
Haemodynamics
Properties of cardiac muscle
Cardiac cycle
Heart rate and regulation of heart rate
Cardiac output definitions, variations, method of determination, regulation
Blood pressure
Shock
Regional circulation
Cardio vascular changes during muscular exercises

VIII. Endocrines:

Introduction to endocrinology, classification, general properties and mechanism

of action of hormones

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 Pituitary gland – anterior pituitary hormones, their actions, control and disorders,
actions, control and disorders of posterior pituitary hormones
Thyroid gland – synthesis, actions of iodine containing thyroid hormones, control
of secretion, thyroid function tests and disorders
Calcium – functions, control- parathormone, calcitonin and 1-25 (OH) D -23
disorders
Endocrine pancreas – Insulin and Glucagon, source, actions, regulation, clinical
disorders
Adrenal gland – adrenal cortex – nomenclature, actions, control, disorders,
adrenal medullary hormones – synthesis, actions and control

IX. Reproduction:

Introduction
Male reproductive system – physiological anatomy, spermatogenesis and its
regulation, testicular hormones, composition of semen
Female reproductive system – menstrual cycle, pregnancy and parturition,
lactation and family planning

X. Central nervous system:

Organization of central nervous system

Synapse – transmission and properties, neurotransmitters
Receptors and properties
Sensory system – primary sensations, ascending tracts and sensory cortex
Pain sensation and thalamus
Spinal cord – reflexes
Motor tracts, basal rebellum, contral of motor ganglia, vestibular apparatus, cavity
and postural reflexes
Hypothalamus, ANS, Limbic system, prefrontal lobe
Higher mental functions
Sleep and EEG
Learning and memory
Language and speech
CSF and blood brain barrier (BBB)

XI. Special senses:

Vision – functional anatomy of eye

Aqueous humour, IOP, Glaucoma
Optics of eye
Image forming mechanism
Visual activity

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 Errors of refractions
Retina – structure and electrical activity of photoreceptors
Visual pathway and its lesion, visual cortex, depth perception
Accomdation, dark adaptation, papillary reflexes
Colour vision with applied aspect.

Hearing – functional anatomy of ear

Physics of sound
Role of tympanic membrane, middle ear and cochlea in hearing
Auditory pathway and auditory cortex
Tests for hearing and deafness.
Taste and smell – modalities, receptors, pathways, cortical and limbic areas associated
with taste and smell, olfaction and memory.

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS M.Sc I year:

Study of the microscope
Hemoglobin estimation and Packed cell volume estimation
Study of Haemocytometer and Red cell count
Blood indices
Rouleaux formation and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Behaviors of RBCs in different tonicities of sodium chloride solution and osmotic
fragility
Construction of Price-Jones curve
Determination of blood groups, major and minor, cross matching, Determination
of agglutinin
White cell count
Preparation and staining of a peripheral smear: Differential leucocyte count
Arneth count: sex differences in Neutrophil, Absolute Eosinophil count
Reticulocyte count
Platelet count
Laboratory tests for haemostasis: Bleeding time, clotting time, prothrombin time,
clot retraction
Clinical examination of CVS, Respiratory system and cranial nerves.
Demonstration of Human experiments (Spirometry, ECG)

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 RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS

1. GUYTON (Arthur C), Text of Medical Physiology 11th Edition, 2008,

Prism Publishers, Bangalore.
2. GANONG (William F), Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition, and
Lange.
3. CHAUDHURI (Sujith K), 5th Edition Concise Medical Physiology New
Central Books, Calcutta.
4. TORTORA (Gerald J), Principles of anatomy and physiology 11th Edition
John Waley & Sons, Ref. college publication.
5. A.K. Jain – Textbook of Medical Physiology, 4th Edition 2008.
6. BIJLANI (RL), Understanding medical physiology; text book for medical
students, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi
7. Shambulingam – Text book of Physiology.

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION

THEORY : 100 Marks

Distribution of chapters for anatomy paper with weightage of marks for University
Examination

PAPER - I
Subjects Marks
General Physiology 03
Blood 10
Cardiovascular system 12
Respiratory system 10
Gastrointestinal system 09
Renal system 06
Endocrine 10
Special senses 09
Reproduction 06
Central Nervus system 14
Muscle-Nerve 08
Skin & Body Temperature 03

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For passing candidate should get 50% in theory including Internal
assessment.

Maximum marks theory – 100

Internal assessment - 50

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Syllabus for I year M.Sc (Medical) Bio-chemistry:
THEORY

I. Introduction
Importance and scope of medical biochemistry in prevention, diagnosis
and therapeutics of diseases
II. Cell Biology
a. Cell membrane – structure and composition
b. Functions of cellular structures
c. Transport across the cell membrane
i. Facilitated diffusion
ii. Passive transport
iii. Active transport
iv. Receptor mediation
v. Endocytosis and exocytosis

III. Chemistry of Carbohydrates

a. Definition, classification and their biological importance
b. Monosaccharides – structure, classification and properties (along
with important derivates of monosaccharides and reactions of
carbohydrates)
c. Isomerism and stereoisomerism
d. Disaccharides & oligosaccharides-structure, properties & importance
e. Polysaccharides – homo and heteropolysaccharides – structure,
distribution and functions
f. Dietary fibres

IV. Chemistry of amino acids, peptides and proteins

a. Amino acids – Structure, types, various classifications and properties
b. Peptides – structure and functions of biologically important peptides
e.g. Glutathione, oxytocin and vasopressin, ANP and BNP

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 c. Proteins – definition, classifications, functions, properties (physical
and chemical), structural organization, structure- function
relationship with reference to hemoglobin
d. Separation techniques – electrophoresis and chromatography

V. Chemistry of lipids
a. Definition, classification, properties and biological importance
b. Simple lipids – Structure, distribution and functions
c. Compound lipids – phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids –
composition, distribution and functions
d. Derived lipids – fatty acids, steroids, eicosanoids – chemistry,
distribution, classification and functions

VI. Chemistry of nucleic acids

a. Purines and pyrimidines – structure, structural analogues and their
clinical applications
b. Nucleoside, nucleotide and other biologically important nucleotides
c. Nucleic acids – definition, types
d. DNA – structure, types of DNA and functions
e. RNA – structure, types and functions

VII. Enzymology
a. Definition, classification, properties
b. Coenzymes and cofactors (apoenzyme, holoenzyme, cofactors and
activators)
c. Mechanism of enzyme action
d. Factors affecting enzyme activity and Km, its significance
(derivation not required)
e. Enzyme inhibition – types with Lineweaver-Burk plots and clinical
importance
f. Enzyme regulation – modes, mechanism and importance
g. Isoenzymes – definition, chemistry, separation and clinical
importance
h. Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of enzymes
i. Proenzymes, multienzyme complex and metalloenzymes

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 j. RIA and ELISA

VIII. Vitamins
a. Definition and classification
b. Chemistry, sources, absorption and transport, biochemical role,
RDA, and deficiency, antivitamins and hypervitaminosis of fat and
water soluble vitamins

IX. Minerals
a. Classification, sources, absorption, transport, fate, metabolism,
biochemical functions, excretion, regulation, RDA, deficiency
manifestations of the following: calcium, phosphorous, iron, copper,
iodine, zinc, fluoride, magnesium, manganese, selenium, sodium,
potassium and chloride.

X. Bioenergitics and Biological Oxidation

a. Redox potential, concept of bioenergetics in relation to
thermodynamics
b. High energy compounds
c. Enzymes involved with special reference to oxygenases
d. Shuttle mechanisms
e. Components and organization of respiratory chain in mitochondria
f. Oxidative phosphorylation
g. Formation of ATP and its regulation
h. Inhibitors and uncouplers (Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis)

XI. Digestion and absorption

a. Carbohydrate
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Malabsorption syndromes and other related disorders

XII. Metabolism of carbohydrates

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 a. Glucose transporters
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation of pyruvate
d. TCA cycle
e. Gluconeogenesis, Cori’s cycle
f. Metabolism of glycogen (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, storage
disorders)
g. HMP shunt pathway
h. Metabolism of fructose, galactose, uronic acid pathway, inborn
errors associated with them
i. Blood glucose regulation
j. Diabetes Mellitus – etiology, metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus,
biochemical basis of acute and chronic complications, laboratory
diagnosis and monitoring (Glycated Hb, Fructosamine)
k. Glucose tolerance test and glucose challenge test

XIII. Metabolism of amino acids and proteins

a. Dynamic state of body proteins, protein turnover, nitrogen balance
b. Cellular reactions of amino acids
c. Formation, transport and disposal of ammonia (urea cycle)
d. Metabolism of amino acids – glycine, serine, aromatic amino acids,
sulphur containing amino acids, histidine, arginine, glutamic acid,
branched chain amino acids (first three steps) and metabolic
disorders associated with them along with laboratory diagnosis.
e. Specialized products obtained from amino acid metabolism and their
importance (Polyamines, creatine, nitric oxide)*

XIV. Metabolism of lipids

a. oxidation of fatty acids – alpha, beta, omega – beta oxidation of odd
chain and even chain fatty acids along with disorders
b. Formation and utilization of ketone bodies and ketosis
c. De novo synthesis of fatty acids, elongation and desaturation
d. Phospholipids (lecithin and cephalin only) and triglycerides –
formation and breakdown
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 e. Lipid storage disorders
f. Synthesis of cholesterol (only crucial intermediates), Fate of
cholesterol and other compounds derived from cholesterol
g. Lipoproteins – classification, metabolism, functions and disorders
h. Atherosclerosis and role of PUFA in preventing atherosclerosis
i. Eicosanoids
j. Metabolism in adipose tissue, fatty liver and lipotrophic factors

XV. Metabolism of nucleic acids

a. Biosynthesis and breakdown of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
b. Salvage pathways and disorders

XVI. Intermediary metabolism

a. Integration of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
b. Regulation by hormones in starvation, well fed state and diabetes
mellitus
c. Methods of study of intermediary metabolism

XVII. Hemoglobin metabolism

a. Biosynthesis of heme, regulation and porphyrias
b. Degradation of hemoglobin
c. Biochemical basis of jaundice and distinguishing features of
different types of jaundice
d. Hemoglobin variants and Hb derivatives
e. Abnormal hemoglobins, hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia

XVIII. Genetics and Molecular biology

a. DNA replication
b. Transcription, post transcriptional modifications, reverse
transcriptase
c. Genetic code, translation, post translational modifications

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 d. Regulation of gene expression, mutation, Polymerase Chain
Reaction, recombinant DNA technology, gene therapy, blotting
techniques, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, DNA
fingerprinting

XIX. Nutrition
a. Nutrients, Calorific value of food, BMR, SDA, respiratory quotient
and its applications
b. Balanced diet based on age, sex and activity, biological value of
proteins, nitrogen balance
c. Protein energy malnutrition – kwashiorkor and marasmus
d. Biochemistry of starvation and obesity
e. Dietetics, Total parenteral nutrition, dietary fibres

XX. Acid base balance

a. Basic concepts of acids, bases, buffers, pH, H ion concentration,
derivation of Henderson – Hasselbach equation with its applications
b. pH of blood and its regulation
c. Anion gap and its importance
d. Acidosis, alkalosis, assessment of acid-base status

XXI. Water and electrolyte balance

a. Body water compartments, Donnan membrane equilibrium,
osmolality, electrolytes concentration in body fluid compartments,
water balance, regulation of water balance
b. Electrolyte balance, regulation and its disorders

XXII. Function tests

a. Liver function tests
b. Renal function tests
c. Thyroid function tests

XXIII. Endocrinology

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 Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, Mechanism
of action of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and steroid hormones

XXIV. Plasma proteins

a. Classification, site of synthesis, functions, electrophoretogram in
health and disease
b. Acute phase proteins
c. Immunoglobulins – structure, types, functions and associated
disorders

XXV. Metabolsim of Xenobiotics

XXVI. Radioisotopes and their application in medicine

XXVII. Biochemistry of cancer

a. Carcinogens
b. Oncogenes
c. Growth factors
d. Tumor markers
XXVIII. Myocardial Infarction
a. Causes
b. Cardiac markers
c. Lipid profile

XXIX. Free radical and antioxidants

XXX. Quality control

XXXI. Biomedical waste management

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PRACTICALS SYLLABUS:

I. Introduction
II. Demonstration – reactions of carbohydrates
III. Reactions of glucose, fructose and xylose
IV. Reactions of lactose and maltose
V. Reactions of sucrose and starch
VI. Identification of unknown carbohydrate
VII. Demonstration - Precipitation reactions of albumin and casein
VIII. Precipitation reactions of albumin and casein
IX. Demonstration – colour reactions of proteins
X. Colour reactions of albumin
XI. Colour reactions of casein
XII. Identification of unknown protein
XIII. Demonstration and practical – reactions of NPN substances
XIV. Identification of substance of physiological importance
XV. Demonstration - Analysis of normal urine
XVI. Analysis of normal urine
XVII. Demonstration – analysis of abnormal urine
XVIII. Analysis of abnormal urine
XIX. Spectroscopic examination of hemoglobin derivatives and
preparation of hemin crystals
XX. Spot test for Phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, homocystinuria
XXI. Spotters
XXII. Estimation of blood glucose and interpretation
XXIII. Estimation of blood urea and interpretation
XXIV. Estimation of urinary creatinine and calculation of creatinine
clearance and interpretation
XXV. Estimation of serum inorganic phosphate and interpretation
XXVI. Estimation of serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio and
interpretation
XXVII. Interpretation of charts and case reports

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 XXVIII. Principles of colorimetry
XXIX. Paper chromatography
XXX. Electrophoresis
XXXI. GTT and OGCT
XXXII. Determination of ALT and AST
XXXIII. Estimation of serum cholesterol
XXXIV. Principles of flame photometry and Ion Selective Electrode
XXXV. Estimation of serum bilirubin
XXXVI. Determination of glucose and proteins in CSF
XXXVII. Estimation of albumin in urine and tests for Bence Jones proteins
in urine

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS

1. MURRAY (Robert.K.M), Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. Published by

Lange Medicals
2. D.M.VASUDEVAN and SREEKUMARI.S Textbook of Biochemistry for
Medical students, published by Jaypee Medical Publishers, New Delhi
3. CHAMPE, HARVEY & FERRIER. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews of
Biochemistry. Published by Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins
4. U. SATYANARAYANA Textbook of Biochemistry published by Books and
Allied (P) ltd.
5. DEBAJYOTI DAS Biochemistry. Published by Academic publishers.

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Weightage of marks in university examination

Sl. Weightage
Topic
No of Marks
1 Cell structure and function, sub cellular organdies, cell 5
membranes, transport across the membranes
2 Chemistry, digestion, absorption and metabolism of 15
Carbohydrates
3 Amino acids and protein chemistry, general reactions of amino 15
acids, digestion and absorption, urea cycle and metabolism of
amino acids
4 Chemistry, digestion, absorption and metabolism of lipids 15
5 Enzymes 15
6 Biological oxidation, integration of metabolism and regulation of 10
metabolism
7 Detoxification and Xenobiotics 5
8 Free radicals and antioxidants 5
9 Endocrine function 5
10 Biochemistry of cancer, oncogenes and tumour markers 5
11 Bio-medical Waste 5
12 Nucleotides and nucleic acid chemistry 5
13 Nucleotides and Nucleic acid metabolism 10
14 Protein Biosynthesis, Molecular genetics, regulation of gene 10
expression, recombinant DNA technology, PCR, Human Genome
Project & gene therapy
15 Vitamins 15
16 Minerals 10
17 Water and Electrolyte balance, Acid - base balance 10
18 Nutrition and energy metabolism 10
Heme metabolism, normal and abnormal hemoglobins, Plasma
19 10
proteins and immunoglobulins
20 Liver function tests 5
21 Kidney function tests, Thyroid Function tests 5

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22 Radio-isotopes, Cardiac Markers 5
23 Clinical chemistry, SI Units, quality control, interpretation and 5
reference values and analysis

Note:
a. Weightage of marks assigned to chapters/topics may add to more than 100.
b. Long essay questions may be asked from topics with weightage of 10 & 15
marks.
c. Short Essay and short answer questions may be asked from any of the topics.

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M.Sc (MEDICAL) FINAL YEAR CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS:

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIO-CHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY

AND MICROBIOLOGY.

TEACHING EXPOSURE:

1. In order to get the teaching experience, post-graduates are suppose to take practical
classes for MBBS/ BPT/BDS and other allied health science students (Dissection and
Histology).

2. Post-graduates should present seminars/Journal club at regular intervals.

DISSERTATION WORK:

During the course of study every candidate has to prepare a dissertation work on a
selected topic under the guidance of a recognized post-graduate teacher.

The dissertation is aimed to train a post graduate student in research methods and
techniques. It includes identification of a problem, formulation of a hypothesis, search
and review of literature, getting acquainted with recent advances, designing of a research
study, collection of data, critical analysis, and comparison of results and drawing
conclusions.

Every candidate shall submit to the Registrar (Academic) of the University in the
prescribed proforma, a synopsis containing particulars of proposed dissertation work
within six months from the date of commencement of the II year on or before the dates
notified by the University. The synopsis shall be sent through the proper channel.
Such synopsis will be reviewed and the dissertation topic will be registered by the
University. No change in the dissertation topic or guide shall be made without prior
approval of the University.
The dissertation should be written under the following headings
i. Introduction
27
 ii. Aims or Objectives of study
iii. Review of Literature
iv. Material and Methods
v. Results
vi. Discussion
vii. Conclusion
viii. Summary
ix. References
x. Tables
xi. Annexure
Six copies of dissertation thus prepared shall be submitted to the Registrar (Evaluation),
six months before final examination on or before the dates notified by the University.
The dissertation shall be valued by examiners appointed by the University. Approval of
dissertation work is an essential precondition for a candidate to appear in the University
examination.
A Co-guide may be included provided the work requires substantial contribution from a
sister department or from another medical institution recognised for teaching/training by
J.S.S University. The co-guide shall be a recognised post graduate teacher of J.S.S
University.
Change of guide: In the event of a registered guide leaving the college for any reason or
in the event of death of guide, guide may be changed with prior permission from the
university.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:

University examination:

Consists of Theory, Practical and Viva voce.

Theory: shall consist of three question papers, each of three hours duration. Each paper
shall carry 100 marks. Each paper shall consists of two long essay questions each
question carrying 20 marks and 4 short essay question each carrying 10 marks and 4 short

28
answers question carrying 5 marks. Total marks for each paper will be 100. Questions on
recent advances may be asked in any or all the papers.

Practical Examination:
In case of practical examination, it should be aimed at assessing competence and skills of
techniques and procedures as well as testing students ability to make relevant and valid
observations, interpretations and inference of laboratory or experimental work relating to
his/her subject.
The total marks for Practical examination shall be 200.

Viva Voce: Viva Voce Examination shall aim at assessing depth of knowledge, logical
reasoning, confidence and oral communication skills. The total marks shall be 100 and
the distribution of marks shall be as under:
(i) For examination of all components of syllabus,
discussion of the dissertation topic 80 Marks
(ii) For Pedagogy 20 Marks

Examiners: There shall be at least two examiners in each subject. Out of them one shall
be external examiner and one shall be internal examiner.
Any professor with M.D degree with 10 years of teaching experience or professor with
Ph.D degree in their respective subject with 5 years of teaching experience are eligible to
become examiner.

Criteria for declaring as pass in University Examination: A candidate should get 50%
marks in (1) Theory, (2) Practical and viva-voce examination separately.

A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as indicated above shall be declared to have
failed in the examination. Failed candidate may appear in subsequent examination upon
payment of fresh fee to the Registrar (Evaluation).

Declaration of distinction: A successful candidate passing the University examination in

29
first attempt will be declared to have passed the examination with distinction, if the grand
total aggregate mark is 75% and above. And First class, if the grand total aggregate
mark is 65% and above.
Distinction and First class will not be awarded for candidates passing the examination in
more than one attempt either in I year or in Final year or Both.

30
 SYLLABUS FOR FINAL YEAR M.Sc (Medical) ANATOMY

General anatomy, General embryology and Systemic, Regional

anatomy, Histology, Comparative anatomy, Anthropology, Surface
anatomy and Genetics.

General anatomy:

Introduction, subdivisions of anatomy, anatomical position, anatomical planes,

anatomical terms, Cell, cell division, Basic tissues, Skin, Superficial fascia and deep
fascia, modifications of deep fascia, Skeleton system with classification, types of bone,
features of long bone, ossification, blood supply, Joints – classification with examples,
structure of typical synovial joints, Myology – classification with examples, types of
skeletal muscles, tendon, aponeurosis, Nervous system – subdivisions, types of cells in
CNS, neuron - structure, types, ganglia and nuclei, plexuses, Cardiovascular system –
blood vessels, anatomosis, types of circulation, lymphatic system – components of the
lymphatic system.

General embryology:

Introduction, gametogenesis, structure of sperm, growth of ovarian follicles, uterine

cycle, fertilization, implantation, First week of development, Second week of
development, bilaminar germ disc, notochord formation, trilaminar germ disc, embryonic
folds, fetal membranes, placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic cavity, twinning, teratology
and prenatal diagnosis.

Systemic embryology includes musculoskeletal system, body cavities. Development of

CVS – formation of heart tube, cardiac loop, interatrial septum and interventricular
septum, vascular development, clinical correlates, circulation before birth and after birth,
clinical correlates. Development of Respiratory system – formation of lung bud,
maturation of lungs, clinical correlates. Development of digestive system – divisions of
gut tube, foregut, midgut rotation and derivatives of mid gut, hind gut, cloaca and its

31
subdivisions and derivatives, clinical correlates. Development of Urogenital system –
kidney, ureter and urinary bladder, mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts and their
derivatives, clinical correlates. Head and Neck - pharyngeal arches and pouches,
Pharyngeal clefts, development of face, palate, Tongue, thyroid gland, Nasal cavity
development and clinical correlates. Development of CNS, special senses, skin along
with congenital anomalies.

Histology:

Microscopy, microtome, tissue collection, embedding and paraffin blocks preparation,

serial section cutting, staining techniques, mounting the sections. Along with this
museum and embalming techniques. Histology of basic tissues, blood vessels, lymphoid
tissue, salivary glands, tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, trachea, lung, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, testis,
epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, penis, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube,
mammary gland, placenta, umbilical cord, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid
glands, suprarenal gland, cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, retina, cornea and skin.

Regional anatomy: Gross Anatomy

Upper limb – Introduction, bones of the upper limb, pectoral region, muscles, mammary
gland, applied anatomy, Axilla – Boundaries and contents, Brachial plexus, applied
anatomy, Back and scapular region - muscles, intermuscular spaces, anastomosis around
the scapula, Arm – compartments, muscles, nerves and vessels, Cubital fossa, Forearm –
compartments, muscles, nerves and vessels, flexor retinaculum, Hand – palmar
aponeurosis, spaces of the palm, muscles, nerves and vessels of the palm, joints of the
upper limb with osteology, surface marking and radiology.

Lower limb – Introduction, bones of the lower limb, front of thigh – femoral triangle,
Adductor canal, applied anatomy, Gluteal region - muscles, nerves and vessels, Back of
the thigh – Hamstrings, Popliteal fossa, Leg - compartments, muscles, nerves and vessels,

32
Dorsum of foot, Sole - plantar aponeurosis, muscles, nerves and vessels of the sole, joints
of the lower limb with osteology, surface marking and radiology.

Head and neck – Scalp – layers, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatics and applied
anatomy, Face – muscles of facial expression, nerve supply, blood supply, lymphatics,
Deep fascia of neck, Triangles of neck, Parotid gland, Submandibular region, Cranial
cavity, Orbit, Temporal fossa and Infratemporal fossa – musles of mastication, maxillary
artery, mandibular nerve and Temporo-mandibular joint, Deep dissection of neck –
Thyroid gland, Deep structures of the neck, Nasal cavity, Para nasal air sinuses, Oral
cavity – Tongue, Hard palate and Soft palate, Pharynx, Larynx, Ear, Eyeball, related
applied anatomy, osteology, surface marking and radiology.

Neuroanatomy – Introduction, Parts of brain, Spinal cord, Forebrain – Cerebral

hemispheres, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Hind brain – Pons, Medulla oblongata,
cerebellum, Ventricals of brain and CSF – formation and circulation, white matter of
cerebrum – corpus callosum and internal capsule in detail, Basal nuclei, corpus striatum,
with clinical correlations, radiology, surface marking and applied anatomy.

Thorax – Thoracic cage, Bones, Inlet of thorax and outlet of thorax – Diaphragm,
Thoracic wall – Intercostal spaces with muscles, vessels and intercostals nerves, Pleura
and Lungs, Medistinum – boundaries, subdivisions and contents, Pericardium, Heart –
chambers, blood supply, nerve supply, veins of thorax, Trachea, oesophagus, thoracic
duct, related applied anatomy, osteology, surface marking and radiology.

Abdomen and pelvis – Anterior abdominal wall - muscles, vessels and nerves, Inguinal
canal, Rectus sheath, Male external genital organs – Testis in detail, Peritoneum,
Stomachm Duodenum and Pancreas, Portal vein, Large intestine, Liver, Extra hepatic
biliary apparatus, Spleen, Kidney, Suprarenal glands, Ureter, Pelvic viscera, Perineum,
Pelvic diaphragm with related applied anatomy , osteology, surface marking and
radiology.

Genetics – introduction, chromosomes, inheritance, karyotyping, chromosomal

abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism and genetic counselling.

33
Practical schedule

1. During the course – the PG students should dissect the entire human cadaver
2. They should embalm and maintain the record of embalming work done.
3. In Histology section
• Collection of tissues, fixing, block making, section cutting; use of different
types of microtomes and preparation of general and systemic slides.
• Haematoxylin & Eosin -
(i) Preparation of stains.
(ii) Staining techniques.
• Knowledge of light microscope and electron microscope.
• Detailed microscopic study of all the tissues (General and Systemic slides).

Scheme of theory exam:

The examination consists of three papers, with maximum marks of 100 for
each paper. Each paper will be of three hours duration.
Paper -I:
a. General Anatomy
b. Gross Anatomy with applied aspects

Paper - II:

i. General & Systemic-Embryology including growth, development and

Teratology

ii. General & Systemic-Histology

iii. Comparative Anatomy.

iv. Anthropology.

Paper - III:
a. Neuroanatomy
b. Histological, museum and embalming techniques including medico legal
aspects

c. Human Genetics.

*The topics assigned to the different papers are given as general guidelines. A strict division
of subjects may not be possible. Some overlapping of topics is inevitable. Students should
be prepared to answer the overlapping topics.

34
 B. Practicals - 200 marks, Gross Anatomy - 100 marks,

Histology – 100marks

i) Gross Anatomy
To dissect in 3 hours and display for discussion the allotted dissection exercise on a human
cadaver.

Distribution of Marks

Surface Anatomy = 10
Dissection . = 40
Discussion = 50

Total = 100 marks

ii) Histology
1. Identification and discussion of 10 stained sections 20 marks
which includes Neuroanatomy, Embryology and Human Genetics.

2. i) Preparation of a paraffin block 10 marks

ii)Taking serial sections from blocks provided 10 marks
iii) Staining of the given section with H& E and discussion 20 marks

iv) Discussion on Histological techniques 40 marks

C. Viva - Voce - 100 marks

1. This includes all the components of the syllabus along with specimens, bones and
embryology models and discussion on the dissertation topic submitted for the
examination = 80 Marks
2. Pedagogy: Demonstration of teaching skill / techniques = 20 Marks

Maximum marks Theory Practicals Viva-voce Total

M.Sc (Anatomy) Examination 300 200 100 600

35
Recommended Books and Journals / Latest editions

Gross Anatomy
1. Gray's, Anatomy - 40th Edition, Elsevier 2005.
2. Last's, Anatomy - 8'h Edition, ELBS, 1990.

3. Grants Method of Anatomy, 11th Editio Williams and Wilkins 1989.

4. Snell.S.Richard, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students - 5"' Edition, Little Brown
and Company, 1985.
5. A.K.Datta, TextBook of Anatomy Vol. I, II & III - 4th Edition, 1997 Current Books
International.
6. Keith & Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy - 3'd Edition, 1992 Williams & Wilkins.

Histology

1. Ham's Text Book of Histology - 9'h Edition, J.B.Lippincott Company, 1987.

2. Difiore. S.H. Mariano, Atlas of Human Histoogy - 5th Edition, Lea Febiger Publishers,
1985.
3. Janqueira.C.Luis etal, Basic Histology - 2nd Edition, Large Medical Publication, 1971.

4. Drury R.A.B., Wallington E.A. Carlton's, Histological Technique - 5`h Edition, Oxford
University, Preces, 1980.
5. John D Bancroft, Manual of Histological Technique - Ist Edition, 1984 Churchil
Livingstrone.
6. Michael H Ross, Histology - A Text & Atlas - 3'd Edition, 1985 Williams & Wilkins.
7. Bloom and Fawcett, Text Book of Histology. W.B.Saunder's Company.

Embryology

1. Hamilton W.J. and Mossman H.W., Human Embryology - 4th Edition, Williams and Wilkins
Company, 1972.
2. Sadler T.W., Langman's Medical Embryology - 10th Edition, Williams and Wilkins Company
1995.
3. A.K.Datta, Essentials of Human Anatomy, Human Embrylogy - 2 ' d Edition, Current Books
International, 1991.
4. Larsen, Human Embryology – 4th Edition, 1997, Churchil Livingstone.

Neuro Anatomy
1. A.K.Datta, Neuroanatomy, - 1" Edition, Current Books International, 1997.
2. Snell.S.Richard, Clinical Neuroanatomy for Medical Students, - 4"' Edition,
Lippincott - Raven, 1982.
3. Inderbir Singh, Neuroanatomy - 5`' Edition, 1997 Jaypeee Brothers Medical

Publications.

36
Human Genetics / Medical Genetics

Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics - 9"' Edition, 1995 Churchill Livingstone.

Alfred G Kudson Jr., Genetics & Disease - Mc Graw Hill Book Company N.Y.,

Thomas D. Gelehrtar, Principles of Medical Genetics - 2nd Edition, 1990 Williams &
Wilkins.

J.M.Conner M A Ferguson Smith - Essentials of Medical Genetics - Blackwell Scientific

Publications.

Comparative Anatomy

Banks Histology and Comparative Organology - A Text & Atlas - Edition 1974.
Wolstenhome, Taste & Smell in Vertebrates - Edition 1970.
Embryogenesis in Mammals CIBA foundation - Edition 1976.
George C. Kent, Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrtes - 3'd Edition, 1983 Mc. Graw
Hill Book Company.
Romer, Vertbrate Body - 5th Edition, 1978, V.B. Saunders Company.

Physical Antropology

Harrision, Human Biology an introduction to Human Evolution and Growth - 2 '

Edition, 1970.
Poirie, Fossil Man, 1973.

Embalming Techniques
Jayavelu T., Embalming Techniques, Churchil Livingston.
Ansari M.C., Embalming.
Embalming - Ajmani 1st edition 1998, J.P.Publishers.

Museum Techniques
Tompsett RH, Anatomical Techniques.
Edwards JJ, Medical Museum Techniques, Oxford University Press.

37
Journals
1. Journal of Anatomical Society of India.
2. Journal of Anatomy.
3. Acta Anatomica.
4. American Journal of Anatomy.
5. Journal of Morphology, Embryology
6. Anatomical Record
7. Americal Journal of Medical Genetics.

38
 SYLLABUS FOR FINAL YEAR M.Sc (Medical) PHYSIOLOGY

I. General physiology:

Organisation of the cell and its functions

Structure of cell membrane, cell organelles
Intercellular communications
Transport across cell membrane
Membrane potentials
Body fluid compartments and changes in body fluid compartments, oedema and
dehydration, osmolarity and osmolality
Homeostasis, concepts of physiological norms, range and variations
Genetic control of protein synthesis, apoptosis, programmed cell death.

II. Blood:

Composition and functions of blood

Plasma proteins – Types, normal values, origin, functions, variation in health and
diseases
Red blood cells – erythropoiesis definition, sites and stages of erythropoiesis,
regulation
Morphology of RBC, functions, normal vaiues, variations, PCV and ESR,
determination, anemias and its clinical significance
Haemoglobin – structure, functions, types, derivatives, methods of estimation,
normal values, anemias, tyoes and features
Life span and destruction of RBC, RE system, functions, jaundice, types
Leucocytes – leucopoiesis, sites of granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis and
monocytopoiesis
Morphology of different types of leucocytes, functions, variations, immunity,
transplantation of tissues and organs
Platelets – thrombopoiesis, sites, stages, morphology, functions, normal values
and variation
Hemostasis and blood coagulation – definition, clotting factors, mechanism of
clotting
Clot retraction, fibrinolysis, bleeding disorders, tests for clotting, anticoagulants,
actions and uses
Blood groups – ABO system and Rh factor
Blood transfusion – indications, types, reactions, lymph – origin, circulation,
functions of lymph and lymph nodes, blood volume, determination, regulations

III. Nerve and muscle:

39
Structure of a neuron and classification of nerve fibers, properties, potential in
nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibers, Neuroglia
Muscle: types, physiological anatomy of skeletal muscle
Neuromuscular junction and myasthenia gravis and NMJ blocking drugs
Mechanism of muscle contraction and its molecular basis, types of contraction –
isotonic and isometric contractions
Energetics of muscle contraction – Rigor mortis
Types and properties of muscle fiber
Structure ond types of smooth muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle

IV. Gastrointestinal system:

Introduction – Anatomy of GItract, salivary secretion, types of salivary glands,

innervations, composition of saliva, regulation, functions
Gastric secretion – structure of gastric mucosa, innervation, origin, composition
and function of gastric juice, mechanism of secretion of HCL, functions
Regulation of gastric secretion, methods of study, phases of gastric secretion,
factors influencing gastric secretion, peptic ulcer
Pancreatic secretion – structure of pancreas, innervations, composition and
functions of pancreatic juice, Mechanism of secretion, regulation, tests for
pancreatic exocrine function
Liver and gall bladder – function of liver, composition and functions of bile,
function of gall bladder, filling and emptying, regulation, cholecystectomy, gall
stones
Small intestine – structure, composition and function of succus entericus,
regulation, large intestine – structure, function, secretion
Gastro-intestinal motility – stages of degulation, mechanism, disturbances, types
of movement, gastric emptying regulation
Movement of small intestine – types, regulation, ileo-caecal valve, functions,
movements of colon, defecation
Gastro-intestinal hormones and their actions, digestion of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats
Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, water and electrolytes

V. Kidney, skin and temperature regulation:

Functional anatomy of kidney, renal blood flow, its determination, regulation and
peculiarities
GFR – definition, measurement, filtration membrane, forces involved, control of
GFR
Tubular function – reabsorption, secretion and concentration mechanism
Nerve supply to urinary bladder, micturition, Non excretory functions of kidney
Renal function tests
Skin and its functions and temperature

40
 VI. Respiration:

Introduction – functional anatomy of respiratory tract

Pulmonary ventilation – mechanism of ventilation, muscles, pressure changes,
pressure volume inter relationship, compliance, airway resistance
Surfactant – source, chemical nature, functions, lumg volumes and capacities,
definition, determination, normal values, significance
Alveolar ventilation – dead space, significance, pulmonary circulation, ventilation
perfusion ratio and its significance
Respiratory membrane, partial pressure of gases, diffusion of gases, diffusion
capacity, factors affecting diffusion of gas
Oxygen transport – forms of transport, O2 – Hb dissociation curve, factors
affecting it, myoglobin
CO2 transport – form of transport, CO2 dissociation curve, chloride shift,
Haldane effect
Regulation of respiration – organization of respiratory centers, Non-chemical
regulation, respiration and acid-base balance
Hypoxia – types, effects, voluntary hyperventilation, periodic breathing
Dyspnoea, Asphyxia, Cyanosis, Decompression sickness, Artificial respiratory
methods
Pulmonary function tests, respiratory adjustments during muscular exercise

VII. Cardio vascular system:

Functional anatomy of heart, blood vessels, conducting system, systemic and

pulmonary circulation
Innervation of the heart and blood vessels, VMC
Haemodynamics
Properties of cardiac muscle
Cardiac cycle
Heart rate and regulation of heart rate
Cardiac output definitions, variations, method of determination, regulation
Blood pressure
Shock
Regional circulation
Cardio vascular changes during muscular exercises

VIII. Endocrines:

Introduction to endocrinology, classification, general properties and mechanism

of action of hormones
Pituitary gland – anterior pituitary hormones, their actions, control and disorders,
actions, control and disorders of posterior pituitary hormones

41
 Thyroid gland – synthesis, actions of iodine containing thyroid hormones, control
of secretion, thyroid function tests and disorders
Calcium – functions, control- parathormone, calcitonin and 1-25 (OH) D -23
disorders
Endocrine pancreas – Insulin and Glucagon, source, actions, regulation, clinical
disorders
Adrenal gland – adrenal cortex – nomenclature, actions, control, disorders,
adrenal medullary hormones – synthesis, actions and control

IX. Reproduction:

Introductio
Male reproductive system – physiological anatomy, spermatogenesis and its
regulation, testicular hormones, composition of semen
Female reproductive system – menstrual cycle, pregnancy and parturition,
lactation and family planning

X. Central nervous system:

Organization of central nervous system

Synapse – transmission and properties, neurotransmitters
Receptors and properties
Sensory system – primary sensations, ascending tracts and sensory cortex
Pain sensation and thalamus
Spinal cord – reflexes
Motor tracts, basal rebellum, contral of motor ganglia, vestibular apparatus, cavity
and postural reflexes
Hypothalamus, ANS, Limbic system, prefrontal lobe
Higher mental functions
Sleep and EEG
Learning and memory
Language and speech
CSF and blood brain barrier (BBB)

XI. Special senses:

Vision – functional anatomy of eye

Aqueous humour, IOP, Glaucoma
Optics of eye
Image forming mechanism
Visual activity
Errors of refractions
Retina – structure and electrical activity of photoreceptors

42
 Visual pathway and its lesion, visual cortex, depth perception
Accomdation, dark adaptation, papillary reflexes
Colour vision with applied aspect.

Hearing – functional anatomy of ear

Physics of sound
Role of tympanic membrane, middle ear and cochlea in hearing
Auditory pathway and auditory cortex
Tests for hearing and deafness.
Taste and smell – modalities, receptors, pathways, cortical and limbic areas associated
with taste and smell, olfaction and memory.

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS FINAL M.Sc (MEDICAL

PHYSIOLOGY)

I. Haematology Expts, II. Amphibian Dry Expts,

III. Mammalian Expts, IV. Human and Clinical Expts

I. HAEMATOLOGY

Study of the microscope

Hemoglobin estimation and Packed cell volume estimation
Study of Haemocytometer and Red cell count
Blood indices
Rouleaux formation and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Behaviors of RBCs in different tonicities of sodium chloride solution and osmotic
fragility
Construction of Price-Jones curve
Determination of blood groups, major and minor, cross matching, Determination
of agglutinin
White cell count
Preparation and staining of a peripheral smear: Differential leucocyte count
Arneth count: sex differences in Neutrophil, Absolute Eosinophil count
Reticulocyte count
Platelet count
Laboratory tests for haemostasis: Bleeding time, clotting time, prothrombin time,
clot retraction

43
 II. AMPHIBIAN EXPERIMENTS (DRY
EXPERIMENTS) Interpretation of recorded charts

A. Muscle nerve

Common electrical and mechanical appliances

Muscle – Nerve preparation
Simple muscle curve
Effect of two successive stimuli on skeletal muscle contraction
Effect of varying temperature on simple muscle curve
Effect of fatigue on muscle – nerve preparation. Demonstration of
neuromuscular transmission
Determination of velocity of nerve conduction of sciatic nerve in Frog’s
rectum
The effect of load on the simple muscle curve
Genesis of tetanus and clonus
Recording of isometric contraction

B. Cardiovascular system

Recording of normal cardiogram in frog’s heart

Effect of cold and warm saline on sinus venous and ventricle of frog’s heart
Effect of 1st and 2nd stannous ligatures on frog’s heart
Demonstration of all or non phenomena, treppe and summation of sublingual
stimuli in Quiescent frog’s heart (properties of CM)
Refractory period in a beating heart
Demonstration of the effects of stimulation of vagus and white crescentric line
on the frog’s heart
Fixation of autonomic pathway to the frog’s heart
Perfusion of isolated frog’s heart, study of the effect of ions and drugs

III. MAMMALIAN EXPERIMENTS

Isolated organ bath/perfusion studies

To study the inotropic and chronotropic functions in isolated perfused
rabbit’s heart
Intestinal motility (rat/rabbit): effects of various agents on the
contraction of smooth muscles of intestine

44
 IV. HUMAN AND CLINICAL EXPERIMENTS

Cardio Vascular system

Recording of arterial pulse
Sphygmomanometry
Electrocardiography
Effects of posture on BP and HR
Clinical examination of cardiovascular system

Respiratory system
Pulmonary function tests: Recording of normal spirogram, FEV, MRC, MEFR
To record chest movements by a stethograph and to study the effects of
speech, swallowing, coughing, breathe holding and hyperventilation
Clinical examination of respiratory system
Artificial respiration and cardio pulmonary resuscitation(CPR)

Muscle nerve
Electromyography and its recording
Genesis of fatigue using Mosso’s Ergograph

Energy balance, metabolism nutrition

Determination of BMR

Central nervous system

Clinical examination of nervous system, including cranial nerves

Scheme of theory exam:

The examination consists of three papers, with maximum marks of 100 for
each paper. Each paper will be of three hours duration.
Paper -I:
General physiology
Muscle nerve
Blood and CVS

Paper - II:

Respiration

Renal physiology

45
 GIT

Skin and Body temperature

Paper - III:
CNS
Endocrines

Reproductive physiology.
Special senses

*The topics assigned to the different papers are given as general guidelines. A strict division
of subjects may not be possible. Some overlapping of topics is inevitable. Students should
be prepared to answer the overlapping topics.

B. Practicals - 200 marks,

i) Haematology - 50 marks

Microscopic and non-microscopic experiments

ii. Amphibian experiments - 50 marks

iii. Mammalian experiments - 50 marks

iv. Human and clinical experiments - 50 marks

C. Viva - Voce - 100 marks

1. This includes all the components of the syllabus and discussion on the dissertation
topic submitted for the examination = 80 Marks
2. Pedagogy: Demonstration of teaching skill / techniques = 20 Marks

Maximum marks Theory Practicals Viva-voce Total

M.Sc (Physiology) Examination 300 200 100 600

46
TEXT BOOKS

1. GUYTON (Arthur C), Text of Medical Physiology 11th Edition, 2008,

Prism Publishers, Bangalore.
2. GANONG (William F), Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition, and
Lange.
3. VANDER ct al. Human Physiology, 8th Edition, Mechanism of body
function, Mc Graw Hill Publishers.
4. CHAUDHURI (Sujith K), 5th Edition Concise Medical Physiology New
Central Books, Calcutta.
5. TORTORA (Gerald J), Principles of anatomy and physiology 11th Edition
John Waley & Sons, Ref. college publication.
6. GABRIEL EZIELO – Text book of Physiology, 2002., Oxford University
Press
7. A.K. Jain – Textbook of Medical Physiology, 4th Edition 2008.
8. BIJLANI (RL), Understanding medical physiology; text book for medical
students, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. MORAN Campbell E. J Clinical Physiology, ELBS UK Churchill 14th Edition

2. BERNE (Robert M) and LEVY (Mathew 6th Edition, Physiology Elsevier

Publication 2008

3. VERSON B. MOUNT CASTLE, Vol. 1 & 2, Medical Physiology, 14th Edition,

Mossby Publication.

4. PATERSON SMITH, Textbook of Physiology, 10th Edition, Smith Churchill

Livingstone Publication.

Experimental Physiology

1. Ghai, A textbook of Practical Physiology, 5th Edition, Jaypee Brothers.

2. Hutchinson & Hunter, Clinical Methods 22nd Edition, Elservier Publishers.
3. A.K. Jain – Manual of practical Physiology, 2nd Edition, Arya Publications-
2007.

47
 SYLLABUS FOR FINAL YEAR M.Sc (Medical) BIOCHEMISTRY

THEORY SYLLABUS

PAPER – I CHEMISTRY & TECHNIQUES

1. Chromatography: Principle, experimental procedure and applications of paper,

thin layer, ion exchange, affinity, gel filtration, gas-liquid, HPLC.
2. Electrophoresis: Principle, experimental procedure and applications of paper,
polyacrylamide gel, agarose gel and cellulose acetate.
3. Ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration.
4. Photometry: Principle and applications of colorimetry, spectrophotometry,
flourometry, flame photometry.
5. Isotopes: Detection and measurement of radioactive isotopes. Application of
isotopes in research and clinical biochemistry.
6. Ph and buffers: Concept of pH and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
Methods of determination of pH.
7. Monoclonal antibodies, hybridoma technology, immunodiffusion, immuno-
electrophoresis, radio immuno assay(RIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques.
8. Cell fractionation, biochemical activities of different fractions, marker enzymes.
9. DNA sequence determination. Recombinant DNA technique, cloning procedures,
vectors, plasmids, phages, cosmids and restriction map and PCR techniques.
Southern, Northern, Western blotting procedures. Restriction fragment
polymorphism. In-situ hybridization. Genomic library and cDNA library.
Transgenic animals and microinjection technique. Gene therapy.
10 Chemistry of amino acids and proteins: Structure and properties of amino acids.
Protein structure and conformation. Methods to determine the amino acid
sequence of proteins. Chemistry of conjugated proteins, nucleoproteins,
lipoproteins,immunoglobulins,glycoproteins.Structure-function relationship of
proteins- haemoglobin, myoglobin and collagen. Protein-protein interactions.
11 Chemistry of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides,
glycoproteins.
12 Chemistry of lipids: Classification, fatty acids, compound lipids, steroids.
13 Nucleic acids: Chemistry and structure of bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, RNA
and DNA, properties of nucleic acids. Mutations, mutagens, carcinogens and in
vitro mutagenesis.
14 Immunoglobulins: Classification, structure and functions of immunoglobulins.
15 Bioenergetics and biological oxidation: Concept of free energy change, high
energy compounds, ATP generation, redox potential, electron transport chain,
oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors, uncouplers, ionophores.
16 Enzymes; Classification, nomenclature, properties of enzymes, kinetics of
enzyme activity, coenzyme and cofactors, mechanism of enzyme action,

48
 regulation of enzyme activity, enzyme inhibitionisoenzymes, proenzymes,
multienzyme complexes, tandem enzymes. Purification of enzymes from cells,
characterization and criteria of purity.

PAPER II – INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

1. Methods of investigation of metabolic pathways.

2. Carbohydrate metabolism: Digestion and absorption. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP
shunt, uronic acid pathway, metabolism of other hexoses. Glycogen metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis. Blood glucose homeostatis. Glucose tolerance test. Diabetes
Mellitus. Metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Amino acid metabolism: Digestion and absorption. Deamination and urea cycle.
Metabolic reactions of amino acids. Biosynthesis of non essential amino acids.
Metabolism of individual amino acids. One carbon metabolism. Biologically
important substances formed from amino acids. Metabolic disorders associated with
amino acid metabolism.
4. Lipid metabolism: Digestion and absorption of lipids, transport and storage. Fatty
acid oxidation and fatty acid biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of phospholipids, glycolipids.
Metabolism of cholesterol. Metabolism of lipoproteins. Prostaglandins, synthesis and
functions. Metabolic disorders associated with lipid metabolism.
5. Integration of metabolism: Hormonal regulation. Metabolism in fed state, fasting state
and starvation. Inter organ pathways.
6. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism: Synthesis and degradation of nitrogen bases and
nucleotides. Metabolic disorders associated with purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
7. Replication: Replication, DNA damage and repair, mutations, amplification of genes,
telomeres, inhibitors of replication.
8. Transcription: Transcription, post transcriptional modifications, inhibitors of
transcription.
9. Translation: Translation, genetic code, inhibitors of protein biosynthesis.
10. Muscle contraction.

PAPER III – CLINICAL CHEMISTRY & NUTRITION

1. Vitamins: Fat soluble and water soluble Vitamins – chemistry, absorption, transport,
active forms, biochemical function, RDA, deficiency manifestations, toxicity.
2. Mineral metabolism: Macrominerals – sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium,
calcium, phosphorus. Trace elements – iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt,
molybdenum, selenium, iodine and fluoride.
3. Nutrition: Energy requirements, balanced diet, BMR, SDA, RQ, nitrogen balance,
Biological value of protein, nutritional disorders, protein calorie malnutrition,
Kwarshiorker and Marasmus, dietary fibres.

49
4. Membranes: Chemical composition, structure, biological properties, functions,
membrane transport systems, ion channels, endocytosis, exocytosis, defects.
5. Endocrinology: Mechanism of action of hormones, hormone receptors, signal
transduction, G-proteins, second messengers, cyclinc AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium,
inositol triphosphate, diacyl glycerol. Biosynthesis of adrenal and thyroid hormones,
thyroid and adrenal function tests and disorders.
6. Erythrocytes: Structure, metabolic pathways, haemoglobin, hemoglobinopathies,
porphyries, heme biosynthesis and degradation, bilirubin metabolism, jaundice,
laboratory findings in jaundice.
7. Composition of plasma in health and disease.
8. Biochemical investigations of liver, kidney and gastric functions, malabsorption
disorder, inherited metabolic disorders, abnormal constituents of urine.
9. Cell biology: Cell cycle, regulation, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis,
tumor markers.
10. Reactive oxygen species and defence mechanisms, antioxidants and enzyme systems.
11. Diagnostic enzymology; LDH, CPK, AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, GGT, Amylase,
5’nucleotidase, etc.,
12. Acute phase proteins: Alpha 1 anti trypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobulin,
ceruloplasmin etc.,
13. Laboratory management: Accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity, percentage
error, quality control, precautions inhandling hazardous materials.

FINAL MSc (MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY) – PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

General Biochemistry Practicals:

1. Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrin method

2. Estimation of protein by Lowry’s method
3. Estimation of protein by Folin’s method, includes preparation of Folin’s reagent
4. Estimation of protein by dye binding method
5. Titration of amino acid, formal titration and pK values
6. Paper chromatography of amino acids
7. Thin layer chromatography of amino acids
8. Paper chromatography of carbohydrates
9. Thin layer chromatography of amino acids
10. Poly acrylamide gel-electrophoresis, molecular weight determination
11. Absorption spectra of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan
12. Absorption spectra of purines and pyrimidines
13. Estimation of reducing sugars – arsenomolybdate method
14. Estimation of ketohexose – fructorse by resorcinol method
15. Estimation of aldohexose – glucose by iodometric method
16. Periodate oxidation of sugars
17. Estimation of amino sugars
18. Saponification number of oil
19. Iodine number of oil

50
 20. Estimation of Vitamin C, titration method and colorimetric method
21. Amylase, effect of substrate, pH and chloride
22. Effect of pH, temperature on trypsin or chymotrypsin by caseinolytic method and
determination of Km value
23. Sephadex gel chromatography of proteins, molecular weight determination
24. Affinity chromatography, blue sepharose and albumin
25. Purification of enzyme: amylase or urease

Clinical Biochemistry Practicals:

1. Estimation of glucose by glucose oxidase method

2. Estimation of glucose by ortho toluidine method
3. Estimation of glucose by Nelson-Somogyi method
4. Estimation of blood glucose by di-nitrosalicylate method
5. Estimation of blood urea
6. Estimation of serum creatinine
7. Estimation of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol
8. Estimation of serum proteins by BCA method
9. Estimation of total protein, albumin, A/G ratio
10. Estimation of serum calcium
11. Estimation of serum electrolytes by ISE
12. Estimation of serum bilirubin
13. Estimation of serum alkaline phosphatase
14. Estimation of serum aspartate amino transferase
15. Estimation of serum alanine amino transferase
16. Electrophoretic separation of LDH and its isoenzymes
17. Estimation of serum amylase, by Somogyi method
18. Estimation of serum iron and iron binding capacity
19. Separation of proteins by agarose gel electrophoresis
20. Separation of lipoproteins by electrophoresis
21. Estimation of serum triglycerides
22. Calculation of creatinine clearance
23. Estimation of serum cortisol by flourimetry
24. Calculation of urea clearance
25. Arterial blood Gas analysis
26. Estimation of protein, sugar and chloride in CSF
27. Electrophoresis of normal and abnormal hemoglobins
28. Estimation of glycated haemoglobin by affinity chromatography
29. Estimation of protein in urine
30. Estimation of GGT in serum
31. Estimation of serum lipase
32. Estimation of serum inorganic phosphate
33. Estimation of nucleic acid content by UV-Visible spectrophotometry and
determination of purity of the nucleic acids by spectral scanning
34. Estimation of antioxidant activity using (a) FRAP – Ferric reducing
antioxidant power and (b) DPPH – 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method

51
 35. Isolation of DNA from mammalian tissues using phenol-chloroform method
and kit method (Promega/Invitrogen)
36. Design of primers using manual procedures as well as primers3 software
37. DNA amplification using PCR.

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS

Text Books

1. MURRAY (Robert.K.M), Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. Published by

Lange Medicals
2. D.M.VASUDEVAN and SREEKUMARI.S Textbook of Biochemistry for
Medical students, published by Jaypee Medical Publishers, New Delhi
3. CHAMPE, HARVEY & FERRIER. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews of
Biochemistry. Published by Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins
4. U. SATYANARAYANA Textbook of Biochemistry published by Books and
Allied (P) ltd.
5. DEBAJYOTI DAS Biochemistry. Published by Academic publishers.

Reference Books

1. CHATTERJEA & SHINDE. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. Published

by Jaypee Medical Publishers, New Delhi
2. LEHNINGER’S. Principles of Biochemistry. WH Freeman and Company,
New York .
3. STRYER (Lubert), Biochemistry Published by Freeman & Co.
4. DEVLIN (Thomas M). Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. Published
by Wiley-Liss, New York.
5. BURTIS (Carl.A) & ASHWOOD (Edward.R) and Bruns (David E.). Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Published by
Saunders.

52
 SYLLABUS FOR FINAL YEAR M.Sc (Medical) PHARMACOLOGY

I. General principles of pharmacology

∗ Principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
∗ Principles of toxicology and treatment of poisoning.
∗ Gene based therapy.

II. Systemic pharmacology including recent advances of drug affecting:

1. Autonomic nervous system
∗ Neurohumoral transmission
∗ Agonists and antagonist of cholinergic and adrenergic systems.
2. Cardiovascular system
∗ Cardiac electrophysiology
∗ Drugs used in ischemic heart diseases,
Hypertension C.C.F, Arrythmias and Hyperlipoproteineas
3. Renal function
∗ Physiology of urine formation.
∗ Diuretics and antidiuretics.
4. Central nervous system
∗ Neuro transmission in the central nervous system
∗ General anaesthetics
∗ Local anaesthetics
∗ Sedatives and hypnotics
∗ Antiepileptics
∗ Analgesics-opioids
non-opioids
∗ Psychopharmacological agents
∗ Drugs for CNS degenerative disorders and migrane.
5. Gastro intestinal system.
∗ Drugs for peptic ulcer
∗ Cathartics abd antidiarrhoeal agents
∗ Emetics and antiemetics.
6. Blood
• Drugs affecting haemopoeitic system
∗ Haematinics, coagulants, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, antiplatelets
7. Autocoids
∗ Histamine and antihistamine
∗ 5-HT and its antagonists

53
 ∗ Eicosanoides
8. Respiratory system
∗ Drugs used for bronchial asthama and cough
9. Drugs affecting uterine motility.
∗ Oxyocics and tocolytics
10. Heavy metals and chelating agents.
∗ Lead, mercury, iron, copper and arsenic
11. Drugs used for immunomudulation.
• Immunostimulants
• Immunosuppressants.
12. Hormones and hormone antagonists
∗ Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
∗ Thyroids hormones and antithyroid drugs
∗ Sex hormones and their antagonists
∗ Adrenocorticosteroids and their antagonists
∗ Antidiabetic drugs.
∗ Vit D3
13. Chemotherapy of microbial diseases.
∗ Antimicrobial agents – general considerations
∗ Antimicrobial agents – sulfonamides
o Quinolones
o B-lactam antibiotics
o Aminoglycosides
o Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
o Macrolide antibiotics
o Miscellaneous antibiotics
∗ Antimycobacterial agents
∗ Antifungal agents
∗ Antiviral agents
∗ Antimalarial agents
∗ Antiamoeibic agents
∗ Antiprotozoal agents
∗ Drugs for helminthiasis
14. Chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
15. Miscellaneous topics
∗ Basic knowledge about ethics of animal experimentation
∗ Preclinical screening for the following:
- Antihypertensives
- Analgesics

54
 - Antiepileptics
- Antiulcer drugs
- Antiinflammatory drugs
∗ Toxicity studies in animals
∗ Clinical trials – phase I, II, III & IV
∗ Bioassay: principles and methods.
∗ Principles and application of biostatics
∗ Essential drug concepts
∗ Drug addiction and drug abuse
∗ Important interactions and their mechanisms

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS FOR M.Sc. PHARMACOLOGY

• Chemical test for alkaloids- atropine, physostigmine, pilocarpine,
Acids- salicylic acid aspirin
Glycosides- digoxin
• Bioassay for(recorded graph discussion): acetyl choline
Histamine
Oxytocin
5-HT
• Screening methods for: antiepileptic agents
Anti inflammatory agents
Motor co-ordination.

EXAMINATION PATTERN

Theory : Maximum marks for each paper 100

Paper I, II, III each of three hours duration covering the following topics.

Paper I : general pharmacology, clinical pharmacology,

screening procedures, biostatistics.
Paper II : systemic pharmacology: ANS, CNS, CVS, GIT,
Haemopoeitic, renal and respiratory systems,
autocoids, (including recent advances)
paper III : Systemic pharmacology: Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy,
Endocrines and Miscellaneous topics. (including recent
advances)
55
 Practical 200marks
Bioassay (recorded graph) – 50marks
Graph discussion – 50marks
Technique demonstration- 25marks
Chemical test- 25marks
Screening methods- 25marks
Antiepileptic agents
Anti inflammatory agents
Motor co-ordination
Journal club- 25marks

Viva-voce with discussion of dissertation topic - 80 marks

Pedagogy- 20 marks

56
 BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Sl.no Title of the book edition Author(s)

01 Pharmacology and 16 R.S.Satoskar.

Pharmacotherapeutics S.B.Bhandarkar

S.S.Anipure

H.R.Satoskar

02 Essentials of medical 4 K.D. Tripathi

pharmacolgy

03 Goodman & Gillman’s 9 Joel G.Harman

The pharmacological basis Lee E. Limbird

Of therapeutics Raymond W. Ruddon

Perry B. Molinoff

04 Basic and clinical pharmacology 7 Bertram G. Katzung

05 Pharmacology 4 H.P. Rang

M.M. Dale

J.M. Riter

06 Clinical pharmacolgy 8 D. R. Lawerence

Benett

07 Screening Methods in Pharmacology recent Robert turner

08 Evaluation of Drug Activities recent D.R. Lawerence

Pharmacometrics Vol. 1&2 A.L. Bacharach

09 Fundamental of Pharmacology 2 M.N.Ghosh

10 Pharmacological experiment on recent L.M. Perry

Isolated tissue

11 Pharmacological experiment on recent W.L.M. Perry

57
 Intact preparations

12 Martindale, The complete drug reference 32 Kathleen Parfit

13 A.M.A Drug evaluation 6 American Medical association

14 Remington’s Pharmaceutical sciences 18 Alfanso R. Gennaro

15 Annual Review of Pharmacology Recent

Toxicology

16 Avery’s drug treatment 4 Spfight

Holford

17 Selected topics in Experimental recent U.K.Seth

Pharmacology
N.K. Dadkar

Usha G. Kamat

58
 SYLLABUS FOR FINAL YEAR M.Sc (Medical) MICROBIOLOGY

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. History and Pioneers in Microbiology
2. Microscopy.
3. Morphology of bacteria and other microorganisms.
4. Nomenclature and classification of microbes.
5. Growth and nutrition of bacteria.
6. Bacterial metabolism.
7. Sterilization and disinfection.
8. Bacterial toxins.
9. Bacterial antagonism: Bacteriocins.
10. Bacterial genetics.
11. Gene cloning.
12. Antibacterial substances used in the treatment of infections and drug resistance in
bacteria.
13. Bacterial ecology-Normal flora of human body, Hospital environment, Air, Water and
Milk.
14. Host parasite relationship.

IMMUNOLOGY
1. Normal immune system.
2. Innate immunity.
3. Antigens.
4. Immunoglobulins
5. Complement.
6. Antigen-Antibody reactions.
7. Cell mediated immunity.
8. Hypersensitivity
9. Immunodeficiency
10. Auto-immunity
11. Immune tolerance
12. Immunology of transplantation.
13. Tumour immunity.
14. Prophylaxis and immunotherapy.
15. Measurement of immunity.

SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
1. Isolation, description and identification of bacteria.
2. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus: The anaerobic gram positive cocci.
3. Streptococcus and Lactobacillus
4. Neisseria, Branhamella & Moraxella
5. Corynebacterium and other coryniform organisms

59
6. Bacillus: The Aerobic spore bearing bacilli.
7. Clostridium: The Anaerobic spore bearing bacilli
8. Enterobacteriaceae
9. Vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas Campylobacter and spirillum
10. Haemphilus and Bordetella
11. Pasteurella and Francisella
12. Brucella
13. Mycobacteria
14. Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Actinobacillus
15. Pseudomonas
16. Spirochaetes
17. Chlamydiae
18. Rickettsiae
19. The bacteriodaceae: Bacteriodes, Fusobacterium and leptotrichia
20. Mycoplasmatales: Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Acholeplasma
21. Erysipelothrix and listeria
22. Chromobacterium, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter and Alkaligens
23. Miscellaneous bacteria

VIROLOGY
1. Nature of viruses
2. Classification of viruses
3. Morphology, virus structure
4. Viral replication
5. The genetics of viruses
6. Pathogenicity of viruses
7. Epidemiology of viral infections
8. Vaccines and Anti viral drugs
9. Bacteriophages
10. Pox viruses
11. Herpes viruses
12. Vesicular viruses
13. Toga viridae
14. Flavi viridae
15. Arena viridae
16. Marburg and Ebola viruses
17. Rubella
18. Orbi viruses
19. Influenza viruses
20. Respiratory diseases: Rhinoviruses, Adenoviruses and Corona viruses
21. Paramyxiviridae
22. Enteroviruses: Polio & other enteric viruses
23. Hepatitis viruses
24. Rabies virus
25. Slow viruses

60
 26. Human immunodeficiency viruses
27. Oncogenic viruses
28. Tetatogenic viruses
29. Viruses of gastroenteritis

PARASITOLOGY
1. Protozoan parasites of medical importance:
Entamoeba, Giardia, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium,
Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Balantidium etc.

2. Helminths : All those medically important heminths belonging to Cestodes, Trematode

and
Nematode.

Cestode : Diphyllobothrium, Taenia, Echinococcus, Hymenolepis,

Dipyllidium, Multiceps etc
Trematode : Schistosoma, Fasciola, Gastrodiscoides, Paragonimus, Clonarchis,
Opisthorchis, etc.,
Nematodes : Trichuris, Trichinella, Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Ascaris,
Enterobius, Filarial worms, Dracunculus, etc.,
Ectoparasites : common arthropods and other vectors.

MYCOLOGY
1. The morphology and reproduction in fungi and antimycotic agents,
2. Classification of fungi,
3. Contaminant and opportunistic fungi
4. Superficial mycotic infections.
5. Fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses.
6. Fungi causing systemic infections.

Some of the basic topics will be taken in the Ist year

SKILLS TO ACQUIRE
BACTERIOLOGY:
1. Preparation and pouring of media – Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Mac Conkey agar, Sugars,
Kligler iron agar, Robertson’s cooked meat, Lowenstein Jensens, Sabouraud’s,
Biochemical media
2. Operation and maintenance of Autoclave, Hot air oven, distillation plant, filters like Seitz
and Membrane sterility tests.
3. Washing and sterilization of glassware.
4. Preparation of reagents – oxidase, kovac, etc.,
5. Disposal of contaminated materials.
6. Testing of disinfectants – phenol co efficient test and its use.
7. Quality control of media, reagents etc.,
8. Aseptic practise in lab and safety precautions.

61
 9. Care and maintenance of common laboratory equipments.
10. Preparation of antibiotics discs, performance of Kirby Bauer, Stokes etc., Estimation of
minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations by tube/plate dilution methods.
11. Tests for Beta lactamases & detection of Drug resistance in Bacteria.

12. Collection of specimens for microbiological investigations.

13. Techniques for Anaerobiosis.
14. Identification of bacteria of medical importance up to species level ( except Anaerobes
which could be up to generic level.
15. Preparation of stains viz, Grams, Alberts, Capsules, Spores, Ziehl Neelsens etc., and
performing for staining.
16. Care and operation of microscopes viz., Dark ground, Phase contrast and Fluroscent
microscope, (Electron microscope).
17. Care and breeding of lab animals viz. Mice, Rats, Guinea pigs, Rabbits and also
experiments on various laboratory animals.
18. Stock culture maintenance.

DESIRABLE TO ACQUIRE:
1. Serum antibiotic assay.
2. Phage typing of bacteria
3. Enterotoxigenecity.
4. Sero grouping to Streptococci.
5. Antibiotic susceptibility testing for Mycobacteria.

IMMUNOLOGY
1. Collection and preservation of serum.
2. Preparation of antigens.
3. Preparation of adjuvants and rising of antisera in animals
4. Performance of common serological tests.
5. Immuno electrophoresis
6. Immunodiffusion and CIEP.
7. ELISA
8. CD4, CD8 counts.

MYCOLOGY
1. Collection and processing of clinical specimens for fungi.
2. Special techniques like Woods lamp examination, hair baiting techniques, slide cultures.
3. Stock culture maintenance.

PARASITOLOGY
1. Examination of faeces for ova and cysts: Direct and concentration methods.
2. Egg counting techniques.
3. Examination of peripheral blood, urine, CSF, and other fluids for parasites.
4. Examination and identification of histopathology slides for parasitic infection.
5. Serological test for parasitic diseases.
6. Preservation of parasites.

62
 7. Permanent staining techniques for parasites.
8. In- vitro culture for parasites, viz., Malarial parasites, Amoeba, and Anycylostoma.

VIROLOGY
1. Preparation and identification of CPE in various tissue cultures.
2. Serological tests for viral infections
3. Laboratory diagnosis for AIDS
4. Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis.
5. Prevention and laboratory safety measures.

METHODS OF TRAINING
Training is given under the following heading:
1. Seminars.
2. Journal clubs.
3. Animal experiments
4. Culture seminars.
5. Symposia.
6. Slide seminars.
7. Serological tests.
8. Dissertation
9. Maintenance of record book.
10. Guest lectures/Conferences/Workshops/CME.

Each candidate is posted to different sections in the department on rotation. They will be
acquainted with the basic microbiology for first three months.

Final Exams- at the end of three years in MSc Microbiology

(As per University regulations)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:
Theory consists of 3 papers each of 100 marks : 300 Marks
Practical conducted for 2 days : 200 Marks
Viva- voce : 100 Marks

Details of distribution of topics for each paper will be as follows:

PAPER I - General microbiology and Immunology.
PAPER II - Systemic Bacteriology and Parasitology.
PAPER III - Mycology and Virology

63
PRACTICALS

Duration of examination: 2 days(as per the scheme given below) Marks: 200
The examination will consists of the following exercises conjointly conducted and
evaluated by examiners (1 internals and 1 externals)
1. Exercise in clinical bacteriology.
2. Isolation and identification of bacteria from various clinical samples.
3. Exercise in bacteriological techniques.
4. Isolation and identification of bacteria from a pure culture.
5. Identification of various fungi, and slide culture.
6. Animal experiments.
7. Exercise in virology techniques.
8. Exercise in Parasitology.
9. Serology exercise in Bacteriology and Virology
10. Applied bacteriological techniques-Staining or Serology exercise
11. Immunology exercise

C. VIVA-VOCE Marks: 100

The Viva-Voce examination consists of question on Bacteriology, Mycology,
Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology topics, it will also include recent advances,
history and scope of Microbiology.
1. Viva-Voce Examination: 80 Marks
2. Pedagogy: 20 marks

Students will be examined by all the examiners together about comprehension, analytical
approach, expression and interpretation of data.

Maximum marks Theory Practical Viva and Grand

for pedagogy Total
M.Sc.Microbiology 300 200 80+20 600

64
RECOMMENDED BOOKS: (LATEST EDITIONS)
Sl. Title Author Publishers
No.
1. Medical Microbiology Samuel Baron Churchill Livingstone
Inc
2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Edmin H Newyork Marcel
Viral Infections Lennette Dekker, Inc
3. Manson’s Tropical Gordon Cook London, ELBS
Diseases
4. Bergey’s Manual of John G Holt et al Maryland, Williams &
Determinative Wilkins
Bacteriology
5. Manual of Clinical Albert Balwows Washington D.C,
Microbiology American Society for
Microbiology
6. Bailey & Scott’s Ellen Jo Baron et Missouri, Mosby
Diagnostic Microbiology al
7. Clinical Virology Douglas Newyork, Churchill
D.Richman Livingstone
8. Burrows Textbook of Bob A Freeman W.B.Saunders
Microbiology
9. Anaerobes in Human Brian I Duerden Great Britain, Edward
Disease & B.S.Drasar Arnold
10. Introduction to Diagnostic Elmer W Philadelphia, J.B.
Microbiology Koneman el al Lippincott Company
11. Field’s Virology Vol.1 Bernards N Philadelphia, Lippincott-
Fields et al Ramen
12. Field’s Virology Vol. 2 Bernards N Philadelphia, Lippincott-
Fields et al Ramen
13. Medical Microbiology, A Danial London, Chruchill

65
 guide to Microbial Greenwood et al Livingstone
Infections, Pathogenesis,
Immunity, Laboratory
Diagnosis and control
14. Mackie & McCartney J.G.College et al London, Chruchill
Pratical Medical Livingstone
Microbiology
15. Hospital Infections John V Bennett Little Brown
& Philip S
Brachman
16. Manual of Clinical Noel R Rose et al Washington D.C,
Laboratory Immunology American Society for
Microbiology
17. Fundamental Immunology William E Paul Newyork, Raven Press

66