Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 5

K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q Lbvi ÔevuabnvivÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm|
eP‡bi gva¨‡g| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`k©x GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwUi
Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, Lbvi eP‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ : byiæj û`v, iweDj, gby, iv‡eqv,
welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK g½j‡eva cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| gvneyev, †mvwdqv| Ôg„Zz¨ÿzav Dcb¨v‡m gqgbwms‡ni
07. Ô‡e`všÍ mviÕ I Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ Kvi iPbv? wÎkvj GjvKvi mvaviY gvby‡li RxebwPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
K. †MvjKbv_ kg©v L. ivgivg emy DËi : M 09. ¯^vaxbZv c`K cÖvß e¨w³Z¡ n‡jb−
M. ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq N. g„ZzÄq we`¨vj¼vi K. ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb
e¨vL¨v : Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ I Ô‡e`všÍ mviÕ MÖš’ `yBwU iPbv K‡ib L. ˆmq` kvgmyj nK
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’ M. kvgmyi ingvb
Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ (1815), ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cÖ_g iPbv| N. hZxb miKvi DËi − e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb
GQvovI wZwb ÔmngiY welqK cÖeZ©K I wbeZ©‡Ki e¨vL¨v : Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb 1991 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ AmvaviY
m¤^v`Õ (1818) Ges Ô†Mv¯^vgxi iwPZ wePviÕ (1818) Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| 1991 mv‡j Kwe
bvgK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ Ô†MŠoxq e¨vKiY evsjv kvgmyi ivngvb QvovI giûg bv‡qe my‡e`vi kvn Avjg
fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g evOjv e¨vKiY MÖš’| wZwb cÖ_g evOvwj (gi‡YvËi weRqx), µxov‡Z Ges cÖ‡dmi †gv. Bbœvm Avjx,
whwb 1830 mv‡j ZrKvjxb gyNj ev`kv wØZxq AvKei weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z ¯^vaxbZv c`K jvf K‡ib| 2000 mv‡j
KZ…©K ÔivRvÕ Dcvwa wb‡q Bsj¨vÛ hvb| 10 Rb e¨w³Z¡‡K RvZxq Rxe‡b Zv‡`i AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi
08. Ôevab nvivÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi †Kvb ai‡bi iPbv? Rb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv c`KÕ m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ Kiv nq, hv‡`i g‡a¨
K. Dcb¨vm L. bvUK me¨mvPx mvwnwZ¨K ˆmq` kvgmyj nK mvwn‡Z¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv c`KÕ
M. KweZv N. ågY Kvwnbx DËi−K jvf K‡ib| 2010 mv‡j 10 Rb e¨w³Z¡ Ges 1wU cÖwZôvb‡K
RvZxq Rxe‡b Zv‡`i we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ
e¨vL¨v : we‡`ªvnx Kwe ÔKvRx bRiæj BmjvgÕ †gvU wZbwU m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ Kiv nqg hv‡`i g‡a¨ hZxb miKvi wkÿvq
Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib| Dcb¨vm wZbwUi bvg Ôg„Zz¨ÿzav AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
(1930), ÔKz‡nwjKvÕ (1931), ÔevuabnvivÕ (1927)|

evOvwj RvwZ
evOvwj RvwZi DrcwË
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq (g‡½vwjq)

cÖvK Avh© ev Abvh© Avh©

Aviwe, ZzwK©, Bivwb, nvewk,
AvdMvb, gyNj evOvwj RvwZ

wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evOvwj GKwU msKi RvwZ-cÖgvY Kiæb|

 evOvwj RvwZ- msKi|
 cvuP-Qq nvRvi eQi c~‡e© B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Aw÷ªK Rb‡Mvôx evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i ‡bwMÖ‡Uv‡`i civwRZ K‡i|
 cÖvq Pvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© evsjvq `ªvweoiv Av‡m AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi LvBevi wMwic_ w`‡q| mf¨Zvq DbœZZi
`ªvweoiv Aw÷ªK RvwZi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
 wLª÷c~e© 1500 A‡ã LvBevi wMwic_ w`‡q K‡Kkxq A‡ji Avh©‡Mvôx fviZe‡l© cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wLª÷c~e© cÖ_g
kZ‡K evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÖvq 5000 eQi c~‡e© †fvUPxbxqiv Av‡m g‡½vwjqv †_‡K|
 Avh©‡`i evsjvq AvMg‡bi mgq evsjvq evm KiZ Aw÷ªKiv (Abvh©)| Aw÷ªKiv Avh©‡`i †P‡q mf¨Zvq wcwQ‡q
_vKvq Avh©iv Abvh©‡`i Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i evsjvq AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i|
Gfv‡eB bvbvb †`‡ki bvbv b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi mswgkÖ‡Y M‡o D‡V GK msKi RvwZ hvi bvg evOvwj RvwZ|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 6
Abvh© Avh©
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq
cÖvPxb evsjvi evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb - evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix Avh©‡`i Avw` wbevm wQj BDivj
cÖ_g Rb‡Mvôxi Ask Ges wblv` DcRvZxq‡`i (Mv‡iv, ‡KvP, ce©‡Zi `wÿ‡Y (eZ©gvb Bivb)|
bvg| RvwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wÎcyiv, PvKgv, ivReswk) eo Avh©iv me©vwaK weKvk jvf K‡i
Ask gs‡Mvj‡qW | cvj kvmbvg‡j|

evsjv fvlv
B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv (cÖvq 5000 eQi c~‡e©)

‡KšÍg kZg (3500 wLª. c~.)

AvjevwbK Avg©vwbK ev‡ëv-¯øvwfK Avh© (2500 wLª. c~.)

`viw`K BivwbK fviZxq (1500-2000 wLª. c~.)

‰ew`K (F‡M¦`) cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©

(AvbygvwbK 1000 wLª. c~.)

cÖvPxb fviZxq K_¨ Avh©

(Avw`g cÖvK…Z: 800 wLª. c~.)

ms¯‹…Z (cvwYwbi e¨vKiY : wLª. c~ 6ô-5g kZvãx)

cÖvPxb D`xP¨ cÖvPxb ‡kŠi‡mbx A‡kvKwjwci fvlv cvwj cÖvPxb cÖvP¨ (400 wLª. c~)

cÖvPxb wmsnjx gnvivóªx cÖvK…Z Aa©gvMwa cÖvK…Z gvMwa cÖvK…Z ‡MŠox cÖvK…Z (Avby. 200 wLª. c~)

‡MŠox Acåsk (Avby. 400-600 wLª. c~)

wenvix cÖvPxb Dwoqv e½-Kvgiƒcx (Avby. 500 wLª. c~)

Amwgqv evsjv (650 wLª.)

Z_¨m~Î : evsjvwcwWqv

 B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvi kvLv- 02wU| [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii mgvRKj¨vY msMVK: 05] h_v- †KšÍg I kZg|
 cÖvK…Z kãwUi A_©- ¯^vfvweK| [KjKviLvbv I cÖwZôvb cwi`k©K cwi`߇ii mnKvix cwi`k©K: 05]
 cÖvK…Z k‡ãi fvlvMZ A_©- RbM‡Yi fvlv| [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb (K‡jR) : 19]
 evsjv fvlvi g~j Drm/ c~e©eZx© ¯Í‡ii bvg- cÖvK…Z| [17Zg wewmGm. cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. 8g †emiKvwi
wkÿK wbeÜb: 11. cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16]
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 7
 cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv- ‰ew`K fvlv| [cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]
 ‡e‡`i fvlv‡K ejv nq- ˆew`K fvlv| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`߇ii cwieviKj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13]
 cvwYwb e¨vKiY‡K k„•Ljve× K‡ib- ms¯‹…Z fvlvq|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË mßg kZvãx‡Z (650 wLª÷v‡ã) †MŠox cÖvK…Z †_‡K| [13Zg
†emiKvwi cÖfvlK wb. 16. iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 18. 10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14. †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 13.
cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi: 06. ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06]
 W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË `kg kZvãx‡Z (950 wLª÷v‡ã) gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
[9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wb. 13]
 ÔAcåskÕ K_vwUi A_©- weK…Z| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`߇ii cwieviKj¨vY cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13] cÖvK…Z fvlv weZwK©Z n‡q me©‡kl
†h ¯Í‡i DcbxZ nq, Zvi bvg Acåsk|
 evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj- W. mybxwZKzgvi PÆcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, `kg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx| [14Zg wewmGm] W.
gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj- mßg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx|
 beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv e¨vKiY g‡Z, we‡k^i me©vwaK e¨eüZ fvlvi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb- PZz_©| GKB
m~‡Î c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRvi fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
 AvaywbK hy‡M c‡`¨i `ywU fvlv ixwZ i‡q‡QÑ mvay I PwjZ ixwZ|
 mvayixwZ bvgKiY K‡ibÑ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (Ô†e`všÍÕ MÖ‡š’)| GwU AwfRvZ/m¤£všÍ‡`i fvlv |
 PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K : cÖg_ †PŠayix [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv: 2019 (K‡jR ch©vq)]
 evOvwj RvwZ †hgb msKi Rbmgwó †Zgwb evsjv fvlvI msKi fvlv|
 fviZxq Avh© fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq- cÖvPxb MÖš’ F‡M¦‡`i gš¿¸‡jv‡Z|
 fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm- Abvh© fvlv| [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 06]

evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’

fvlv weÁvbx MÖš’
bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW A Grammar of the Bengali Language
ivg‡gvnb ivq †MŠoxq e¨vKiY [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq: 2019 + cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK (Gw·wKDwUf
Awdmvi)]
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn ev½vjv e¨vKiY, ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë [24Zg wewmGm. 21Zg wewmGm], evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
K_v [37Zg wewmGm]
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB fvlv I mvwnZ¨, aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
myKzgvi †mb fvlvi BwZe„Ë
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK e¨vKiY gÄyix, gbxlv gÄylv
gwbiæ¾vgvb fvlvZË¡ Abykxjb
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi kãZË¡, evsjv fvlv cwiPq
gyivix‡gvnb †mb fvlvi K_v
RM`xk P›`ª †Nvl AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiY
gn¤§` `vbxDj nK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i bvbv cÖm½, fvlvi K_v
b‡ib wek^vm evsjv D”PviY Awfavb
AvwRRyj nK AvaywbK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i ¯^iƒc I cÖhyw³
Aveyj Kvjvg gÄyi †gv‡k©` AvaywbK fvlvZË¡
gybxi †PŠayix evsjv M`¨ixwZ
ûgvqyb AvRv` Zzjbvg~jK HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb
iv‡g›`ª my›`i w·e`x kã K_v
kvRvnvb gwbi ev½vjv e¨vKiY
RM`xk P›`Ö †Nvl AvazwbK evsjv e¨vKiY
Rvwgj †PŠazix evbvb I D”PviY
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 8
 cÖvPxb I AvaywbKKv‡ji evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g BwZnvm MÖš’ Ôevsjv fvlv I ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯ÍveÕ (1873)
iPbv K‡ib cwÛZ ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ| Òe½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1896) iPbv K‡ib W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb|
wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : c„w_exi PviwU cÖavb fvlv‡Mvôx m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi: we‡k^i PviwU cÖavb fvlv‡Mvôx (Language family) m¤ú‡K© weeiY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
 B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv‡Mvôx : GB fvlv cwieviwUi PviwU cÖavb kvLv i‡q‡Q| h_v- B‡›`v-Bivbxq, †ivgvÝ,
Rvg©vbxq I ev‡ëv-¯øvfxq| GB fvlv cwievifz³ fvlvq gvbyl me©vwaK K_v ejvq G fvlv‡Mvôxi DciB
me©vwaK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q| G cwiev‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fvlv¸‡jv- Bs‡iwR, ¯ú¨vwbk, cZz©wMR, divwm, BZvwjq,
Rvg©vb, iæk, wMÖK, dvwm©, ckZz, D`©y, wnw›`, evsjv BZ¨vw`| GQvov cÖvPxb aªæc`x fvlv ms¯‹…Z, j¨vwUbI GB
cwiev‡ii AšÍf©y³|
 Pxbv-wZeŸZx : we‡k^i me‡P‡q †ewk Kw_Z fvlv gv›`vwib Pxbv GB Gkxq fvlv cwiev‡ii AšÍM©Z| GB
fvlv¸‡jv GKvÿwiK I myicÖavb|
 gvjq-cwj‡bkxq : fviZ I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii eyK Ry‡o Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv Ry‡o we¯ÍZ … fvlv cwievi| G
†Mvôxi gv‡S Av‡Q B‡›`v‡bkxq, gvIwi I nvIqvB fvlv|
 Av‡d«v-Gkxq : GB fvlv cwiev‡ii fvlv¸‡jv ga¨cÖvP¨ I DËi Avwd«Kv Ry‡o we¯ÍZ … | Aviwe, wneªæ G‡`i
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

evsjv Awfavb
Awfavb m¤úv`K
evOjv cZz©wMR Awfavb (1743 wLª.) cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvD
Vocabulary (evsjv- Bs‡iwR kã‡Kvl) di÷vi
evsjv fvlvi Awfavb (1815 wLª.) DBwjqvg †Kix
kãgÄyix (ev½vjv Awfavb) Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
e½xq kã‡Kvl (1932-1951) nwiPiY e‡›`vcva¨vq
cÖ_g evsjv w_mivm ev mgv_©K kã Awfavb A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq [23Zg wewmGm]
e½fvlvwfavb (1817) ivgP›`Ö kg©v we`¨vevMxk
e½fvlvwfavb (1839) iv‡gk¦i ZK©vj¼vi
evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Awfavb
evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn (evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm)
evsjv GKv‡Wwg mswÿß evsjv Awfavb Avng` kixd [22Zg wewmGm]
evsjv GKv‡Wwg Bs‡iwR-evsjv Awfavb wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx
cÖwgZ evsjv evbvb Awfavb Rvwgj †PŠayix
mgKvjxb evsjv fvlvi Awfavb Avey BmnvK
HwZnvwmK Awfavb gbRyiæi ingvb

kxNªB Avm‡Q (wewmGm wcÖwj I wjwLZ †hŠ_ cÖ¯w‘ Z †KŠkj)

Bb‡mckb wmwi‡Ri byZb eB mg~n

evsjv‡`k welqvewj MvwYwZK hyw³ mvaviY weÁvb I cÖhyw³

Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 9

‡mjd †U÷ (evsjv mvwnZ¨)

wm‡jevm t evOvwj RvwZ, evsjv fvlv, evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’, evsjv Awfavb
c~Y©gvb t 15g mgq t 7 wgwbU
we. `ª. ï× Dˇii Rb¨ 01 b¤^i cv‡eb, cÖwZwU fzj Dˇii Rb¨ 0.50 b¤^i KvuUv hv‡e
01. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm K. 750 wLª÷v‡ã L. 650 wLª÷v‡ã
Kx? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 06] M. 950 wLª÷v‡ã N. 850 wLª÷v‡ã
K. g~j Avh©fvlv L. ˆew`K fvlv 09. ÔmvayixwZiÕ bvgKiY K‡ib †K?
M. Abvh© fvlv N. ms¯‹…Z fvlv K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
L. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
02. evsjv fvlvi D™¢e nq- [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY M. myKzgvi †mb
ey¨‡ivi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 01] N. ivg‡gvnb ivq
K. mßg wLª÷v‡ã 10. myKzgvi †mb iwPZ evsjv fvlv welqK MÖ‡š’i bvg-
L. mßg wLª÷c~e©v‡ã K. fvlvi BwZe„Ë
M. wLª÷xq ·qv`k kZ‡K L. ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë
N. wLª÷xq Øv`k kZ‡K M. e¨vKiY gÄyix
N. AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiY
03. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z fvlv †KvbwU?
11. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ evsjv fvlv welqK MÖ‡š’i bvg-
[Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb
AvwaKvwiK: 06]
K. fvlvi K_v L. evsjv M`¨ixwZ
M. kã K_v N. evsjv fvlv cwiPq
K. evsjv L. Bs‡iwR
12. Ôgbxlv gÄylvÕ evsjv welqK MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
M. divwm N. D`©y K. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK
04. ‡Kvb fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q? [9g †emiKvwi L. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
wkÿK wbeÜb: 13. 6ô †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10] M. ûgvqb AvRv`
K. fviZxq Avh© L. ms¯‹…Z N. Rvwgj †PŠayix
M. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq N. e½-Kvgiƒcx 13. ÔkãgÄyixÕ evsjv welqK Awfav‡bi †jLK †K?
05. evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ Kvi Kv‡Q cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e FYx? K. di÷vi
[AvenvIqv Awa`߇ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 04] L. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
K. cvwj L. Acåsk M. Avey BmnvK
N. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
M. AenÆ N. ms¯‹Z
14. DBwjqvg †Kwi iwPZ evsjv Awfavb †KvbwU?
06. evsjv fvlvi eqm KZ? [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv K. e½xq kã‡Kvl
Awa`߇ii cÖ`k©K: 04. Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 01]
L. HwZnvwmK Awfavb
K. 1000 eQi L. 2000 eQi M. evsjv fvlvi Awfavb
M. 2500 eQi N. 2700 eQi N. e½fvlvwfavb
07. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv wPwýZ Kiæb| [wcGmwmi mnKvix 15. evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ evsjv Awfavb ÔcÖwgZ
cwiPvjK: 06. cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mnKvix evsjv evbvb AwfavbÕ Gi †jLK †K?
cwiPvjK : 06] K. wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx
K. cvwj L. cÖvK…Z L. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
M. ˆew`K N. †fvRcyix M. Avng` kixd
08. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi D™¢e nq KZ N. Rvwgj †PŠayix
mv‡j?

01 (M) 02 (K) 03 (K) 04 (N) 05 (L) 06 (K) 07 (M) 08 (L)

DËigvjv 09 (N) 10 (K) 11 (N) 12 (K) 13 (L) 14 (M) 15 (N)
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 10
evsjv wjwc
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evsjv wjwci DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : 1800 wLª÷v‡ã kÖxivgcyi wgk‡b QvcvLvbv ¯’vwcZ nIqvi gva¨‡g evsjv wjwc ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i| evsjv wjwci
Aÿi ev e‡Y©i AvaywbK iƒc †`b- cÂvbb Kg©Kvi| QvcvLvbv ¯’vwcZ nevi c~‡e© evsjv wjwc nv‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q e‡j
bvbv weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AMÖmi n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi cÖPwjZ wPÎwjwc †_‡K fviZxq wjwci DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
fviZxq wjwc → o eªvþx wjwc o mKj fviZxq wjwc eªvþx wjwc n‡Z m„wó|
o L‡ivôx wjwc o mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j Gi cÖPjb N‡U|
eªvþx wjwc → o cwðgv wjwc o GKv`k-Øv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ c~e©x wjwc †_‡K evsjv
[14Zg wewmGm] o ga¨ fviZxq wjwc wjwci D™¢e| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv
o c~e©x wjwc wjwci D™¢e- mßg kZvãx‡Z|
c~e©x wjwc → o evsjv wjwc I eY©gvjv o evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj `kg n‡Z PZz©`k
kZvãx|
o c„w_exi cÖvq mKj wjwci D™¢e n‡q‡Q wdwbwkq wjwc †_‡K|
o m¤ªvU A‡kvK Zvui AwaKvsk Kg© †j‡Lb- eªvþx wjwc‡Z|
o evsjv wjwci Drm/ D™¢e n‡q‡Q- eªvþx wjwc †_‡K| [14Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. 16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19]
o L‡ivôx wjwcgvjv †jLv nq- Wvbw`K †_‡K| [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi: 11]
o †mb hy‡M evsjv wjwci MVbKvh© ïiæ n‡jI cvVvb hy‡M Zv †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx AvKvi aviY K‡i| [Lv`¨ Awa`߇ii Lv`¨
cwi`k©K: 11]

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyMwefvM

 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm ïiæ nq- Ph©vc` iPbvi Kvj †_‡K|
 1204 mv‡j BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi e½weR‡qi gva¨‡g ga¨hyM Ges 1800 mv‡j KjKvZvq
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g evsjvq M`¨ PP©v Z_v AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖvPxb, ga¨ I AvaybwK hy‡Mi ˆewkó¨ wK?
 cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨- e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZv I ag©wbf©iZv|
 ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨- ag©wbf©iZv|
 eZ©gvb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨- AvZ¥‡PZbv, RvZxqZv‡eva I gvbeZvi RqRqKvi| hyw³kxjZv, ¯^RvZ¨‡eva,
¯^‡`k‡cÖg, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv we‡kl K‡i bvix ¯^vaxbZv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM‡K 3 (wZb) fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06. miKvix gva¨wgK mn. wkÿK: 04]
evsjv mvwnZ¨

W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq cÖv Pxb hyM ga¨hyM AvaywbK hyM

Gi g‡Z, 950-1200 wLª. (650-1 200) [34Zg wewmGm] (1201 -1800) (1801ÑeZ©gvb)
* W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Gi g‡Z (1200-1350) AÜKvi hyM (1760-1860)
hyM mwÜÿY/Aeÿq hyM

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM

†eŠ× a‡g©i cÖPviK ‡MŠZg ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b Zvui Abymvixiv gnvhvb I nxbhvb-G `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| mg‡qi e¨eav‡b
gnvhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq eRªhvb I KvjPµhvb| eRªhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq mnRhvb| mnRhvb cwš’ivB mnwRqv bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| GB mnwRqvcš’xivB iPbv K‡ib evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b Ph©vc`|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 11

evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ HwZnvwmK wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ ev Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl| [17Zg, 21Zg
I 27Zg wewmGm wjwLZ, wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 18, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19> miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq
2019]
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ev Avw` MÖš’ / Avw` wb`k©b|
[gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi : 14, miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi
weMZ eQ‡i mnKvix wkÿK : 19> Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi: 10> cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 13> Z_¨
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK (MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwkÿY) : 01]
cixÿvq Avmv  Phv©c` cÖvPxb hy‡Mi evsjvfvlvi †kÖô wb`k©b| [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 16]
Z_¨mg~n  ÔPh©vc`Õ GKwU Mv‡bi msKjb| [¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 17]
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq mvab m½xZ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi : 18. 20Zg I 24Zg wjwLZ]
 Ph©vc‡`i iPbv ïiæ nq- cvj ivRes‡ki Avg‡j| [Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi : 10]
 Ph©vc‡` ‡eŠ× ag©g‡Zi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| [40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] ZvB Ph©vc`‡K mnwRqv †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x‡`i
mvwnZ¨ ejv nq| [cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13> mnKvix mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U (Rwic Awa`ßi): 05> _¨ I †hvMv‡hv cÖhyw³
wefv‡Mi Aax‡b mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 17]
 Ph©vc‡`i Q›` : GwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| [33Zg wewmGm] Ph©vc‡` ms¯‹…Z cR&SwUKv Q‡›`i cÖfve Av‡Q| Gi
fvlvixwZ K_¨|
 GB MÖš’wU cÖ_g KweZv msKjb bv‡gI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Ph©v k‡ãi A_© ÔAvPiYÕ|

cyuw_ Avwe®‹vi
cÖkœ : Ph©vc` KZ mv‡j Ges †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K D×vi Kiv nq? [27Zg I 34Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
→ 1882 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔSanskrit Buddhist Literature in Nepal’ MÖ‡š’ ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ me©cÖ_g
†bcv‡ji †eŠ×Zvwš¿K mvwn‡Z¨i K_v cÖKvk K‡ib|
→ iv‡R›`ªjvj wg‡Îi ci ZviB c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i †bcv‡j cuyw_ msMÖ‡ni †Póvq hvb gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x|
wZbevi wZwb †bcv‡j hvb, 1887-98 wLª÷v‡ã 2 (`yB) evi Ges †klevi 1907 wLª÷v‡ã|
→ evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb Ph©vc‡`i Avwe®‹viK : gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv`
kv¯¿x| [17Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
weMZ eQ‡i → Avwe®‹…Z nq : †bcv‡ji ivRMÖšv’ Mvi (i‡qj jvB‡eªix) †_‡K| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi>
mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 16> mve †iwR÷ªvi: 16> cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiKíbv
cixÿvq Avmv Kg©KZv© : 12> ciivóª gšÍYvj‡qi mvBdvi Awdmvi:12 ]
Z_¨mg~n → 1907 mv‡j Ph©vc` Avwe®‹…Z nq| [30Zg I 34Zg wewmGm]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡qwQ‡jb wZeŸZ I †bcv‡j| [kÖg
cwi`߇ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09]
→ m¤úªwZ bZzb Ph©c` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` kv‡n`| [cyevjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Rywbqi Awdmvi : 19]

Ph©vc` evsjvi evB‡i cvIqvi KviY

evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv wQ‡jb ‡eŠ× a‡g©i| Zv‡`i Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| cvj es‡ki ciciB
evsjv‡`‡k evsjvq †cŠivwYK wn›`yag© I eªþvY¨ms¯‹vi ivRag© wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq, d‡j †eŠ× wm×vPv‡h©iv G †`k †_‡K
weZvwoZ nq| GgbwK †mb ivRv‡`i cÖZv‡ci Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i wM‡q Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|

bvgKiY I cÖKvk
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Avwe®‹…Z cuyw_i bvg ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ| ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ A_© Ô†KvbwU AvPiYxq, Avi †KvbwU bqÕ|
[37Zg wewmGm]
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 12
→ Ph©vc‡`i cÖvß cuyw_‡Z D‡jøLK…Z ms¯‹…Z UxKvKvi gywb`‡Ëi gZvbymv‡i GB c`msMÖ‡ni bvgÑ Avðh©Ph©vPq|
→ W. cÖ‡eva P›`ª evMPx ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ bv‡gi cwiKíbv K‡ib|
→ KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi UxKvi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb ÒPh©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wËÓ bv‡g|
→ AvaywbK cwÐZM‡Yi Abygvb †h cuyw_wUi bvg wQj Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl Ges Gi ms¯‹…Z UxKvi bvg ÔPh©¨vðh©¨wewbðqÕ|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi aviYv wQj wZwb Ph©vMxwZ msMÖ‡ni g~j cuyw_B (UxKv mn) Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mKj cwÐZB
cieZ©xKv‡j G wel‡q GKgZ †h, kv¯¿x gnvkq KZ©K „ msM„nxZ cyuw_wU Avm‡j e„wË ev UxKvi|
→ 1916 wLª÷v‡ã (1323 evsjv) KjKvZvi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ
Ph©vc` cÖKvk K‡ib- nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi : 13g 7g
weMZ eQ‡i we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 12]
cixÿvq Avmv → nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi KZ©„K m¤úv`bvq eBwU ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq
Z_¨mg~n †eŠ×Mvb I †`vnvÕ bv‡g MÖšv’ Kv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii mgvR msMVK: 05]
→ cwÐZ gywb`Ë Ph©vc‡`i c`¸‡jv‡K ms¯‹…Z UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib| [cwimsL¨vb
ey¨‡ivi cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 14> †mvbvwj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10]

→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv I ms¯‹…Z wefv‡Mi (18 Ryb 1921) cÖwZôvZv †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb|

Phv©c‡`i iPbvKvj
→ evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv †eŠ× wQ‡jb| Zv‡`i Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb Gi
g‡Z, cvj ivRv ag©cv‡ji mg‡q jyBcv` Ges mincv` eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi iPbvKvj 650-1200 (mßg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx) wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aax‡b Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10]
→ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi g‡Z, `kg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx| (950-1200 wLª.)

Ph©vc‡`i fvlv weZK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡`i fvlv wb‡q we`¨gvb weZK© m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv wjLyb| (35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
 1920 mv‡j weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi cÖ_g Ph©vc‡`i fvlv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Ph©vc‡`i fvlvq cÖfve i‡q‡Q wnw›`,
Amwgqv, Dwoqv, Acåsk (‰gw_jx) cÖfw… Z fvlvi| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi fvlvwe`ivI Zv‡`i fvlvi mvwnZ¨ e‡j
`vex K‡ib|
 fvlv weZK© †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ 1926 mv‡j W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq ÔOrigin
and Development of Bengali Language (ODBL)’ [33Zg wewmGm]
weMZ eQ‡i bvgK weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’ Gi fvlvZvwË¡K ˆewkó¨ cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| [Lv`¨ Awa`߇ii
cixÿvq Avmv Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
Z_¨mg~n wZwb aŸwbZË¡, e¨vKiY I Q›` wePvi gZ w`‡q‡Qb- Ph©vi c`msKjbwU Avw`gZg

evsjv fvlvq iwPZ hvi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ nq Ph©vc` evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg
wb`k©b|
 1920 mv‡j W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc` evsjvq iwPZ e‡j AwfgZ †`b|
 1938 mv‡j W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx KZ©„K Ph©vi wZeŸwZ Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq|
 1946 mv‡j W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß Ph©vMxwZi AšÍ©wbwnZ Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v cÖKvk K‡ib|

Ph©vc‡`i fvlv
1907 mv‡j nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcv‡ji ivRMÖšv’ Mvi †_‡K †h cyuw_ msMÖn K‡ib Zv n‡jv Ph©vPh©¨wewbðq, mincv‡`i (kin
eRª kv¯¿x) ‡`vnv‡Kvl [35Zg wewmGm] I K…òvPv‡h©i (Kvýcv‡`i) †`vnv‡Kvl Ges WvKvY©e GB PviwU MÖ‡š’i mgš^q| G‡`i
g‡a¨ GKgvÎ Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðqB cÖvPxb evsjvq †jLv, Ab¨ wZbwU evsjvq bq ms¯‹…Z Acåsk fvlvq iwPZ|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 13
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi wb`k©b †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm]
weMZ eQ‡i K. wbićbi D®§v L. †`vnv‡Kvl
cixÿvq Avmv M. †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm N. gqbvgZxi Mvb DËi : L
Z_¨mg~n  W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi fvlv‡K cÖvPxb evsjv wKsev cÖvPxb e½Kvgiƒcx
fvlv ejvB m½Z| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 12]
ʘ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib|

cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g wb`k©b Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K †Kb Ômܨv fvlvÕ ejv nq? [38Zg I 40Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
A_ev, cÖkœ : mܨv fvlv Kx? G fvlvq †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iPbv n‡q‡Q, ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| [32Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
A_ev, cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡`i fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avwe®‹vi‡Ki AwfgZ wjLyb| [29Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K †KD †KD mܨvfvlv ev mvܨ fvlv e‡j‡Qb| Gi KviY G fvlv mywbw`©ó iƒc cvqwb, G fvlvq
KwZcq k‡ãi GKvwaK A_© cvIqv hvq| Ph©vc` m¤ú‡K© W. gnv‡gvncva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔAv‡jv
Avuavwi fvlv KZK Av‡jv, KZK AÜKvi, LvwbK eySv hvq, LvwbK eySv hvq bv| hvnviv mvab fRb K‡ib, ZvnvivB
†m K_v eywS‡eb, Avgv‡`i eywSqv KvR bvB|Õ G Kvi‡Y Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K mܨv fvlv ejv nq| [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi.
evsjv †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK:06 ]

Ph©v iPwqZvMY
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡`i c`KZ©v‡`i m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| (31Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
 W. knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡`i msL¨v 50wU| [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi:
10]
weMZ eQ‡i cixÿvq  Ph©vc‡` †gvU 23 Rb c`KZ©vi bvg cvIqv hvq| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (wmwbqi
Avmv Z_¨mg~n Awdmvi) : 10> _vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 99]
 AviI GKRb c`KZ©vi bvg Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c`wU †bB| †mwU ai‡j Ph©vi
msL¨v 51wU Ges c`KZ©v 24 Rb| [RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 15]
 W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z Ph©vc‡`i c`msL¨v 24 Rb|
 c`KZ©vMY c` (KweZv) iPbv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡`i m¤§vb m~PK cv`bvg ejv n‡Zv| cv`  cv| D‡jøL‡hvM¨
c`KZ©vMY n‡jb- jyBcv, Kvýcv, keicv (mei), kvwšÍcv, fzmyKzcv, ‡X¸bcv, †Wv¤^xcv, Kz°yixcv (gwnjv
c`KZ©v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq), mincv, Zš¿xcv, gnxaicv, K¼bcv, jvox‡Wv¤^xcv|
 Ab¨ Av‡iKwU g‡Z Rvbv hvq, †MŠoxq gV, AvšÍR©vwZK K…ò febvg„Z ms‡Ni cÖwZôvZv AvPvh©‡`i bv‡gi †k‡l
Ôcv`Õ e¨eüZ nZ|
 DwjøwLZ‡`i g‡a¨ †K cÖvPxb hy‡Mi Kwe bb? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. Kvýcv` L. jyBcv` M. kvwšÍcv` N. igbxcv` DËi : N
weMZ eQ‡i  W. nicÖmv`kv¯¿x I AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i Avw` KweÑ jyBcv| [29Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi. wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 19. †mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi AvBwU: 19. mnKvix
cixÿvq Avmv
ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15. Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] (1, 29 bs c` 2 wU iPbv
Z_¨mg~n K‡ib)| KviY wZwb cÖ_g c`wUi iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
 jyBcv iwPZ Ph©vc‡`i cÖ_g c`wU nj- ÔKvAv Ziæei cv we Wvj/ PÂj PxG ‰cVv
Kvj|Õ [ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq (MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv): 09-10]
 W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Avw` KweÑ keicv (28, 50 bs c` 2 wU iPbv K‡ib) (cÖvPxb Kwe)
 W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z ÔkeicvÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK wQ‡jb|
 Ph©vc‡`i c`KZ©v n‡jI jvox‡Wv¤^xcvi GKwU c‡`i K_v D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi c`wU †bB|
 †klc` iPwqZv wn‡m‡e mincv`‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 14
Ph©vc‡`i c`msL¨v
→ Ph©vc‡`i cÖvß cuyw_‡Z 51 wU c` wQj| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU (11 msL¨K) c` UxKvKvi e¨vLv K‡ib wb|
→ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡`i msL¨v 50wU| W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Phv©c‡` c‡`i msL¨v 51wU|
c`KZ©v c‡`i msL¨v c`KZ©v c‡`i msL¨v
Kvýcv 13wU keicv 2wU
fzmyKzcv 8wU kvwšÍcv 2wU
mincv 4wU Avh©‡`e, K¼bcv, K¤^jv¤^i, ¸Ðwicv, PvwUjcv, Rqb›`x, 1wU
Kz°ixcv 3wU †Wv¤^xcv, †XÐYcv, Zš¿xcv, ZviKcv, `vwoKcv, avgcv, K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡K
jyBcv 2wU weiæevcv, exYvcv, f`ªcv, gnxaicv
‡gvU c‡`i msL¨v 50wU
→ Avevi cuyw_‡Z K‡qKwU cvZv bó nIqvq wZbwU m¤ú~Y© (24, 25 I 48 bs) c` Ges GKwU (23) c‡`i †klvsk
cvIqv hvq wb| ZvB cuyw_‡Z me©m‡gZ mv‡o †QPwjøkwU c` cvIqv †M‡Q|
 Ph©vc‡`i 1g c` iPwqZvÑ jyBcv
23 bs c‡`i 6wU cO&w³ cvIqv †M‡Q|
 24 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kvýcv
evwK 4wU cO&w³ cvIqv hvqwb| Gi iPwqZv fzmyKzcv|  25 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Zš¿xcv
ZvB A‡b‡K e‡j _v‡Kb 46.60wU c` cvIqv hvq|  48 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kz°yixcv (2, 20, 48)

cÖkœ : Kvýcvi cwiPq `vI| (10Zg I 13Zg wjwLZ)

→ Kvýcv wZwb ‡gvU 13wU c` iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ…©K 12wU c` msM„nxZ nq| c`¸‡jv 7, 9, 10,
11, 13, 18, 19, 36, 40, 42, 45, 24| Kvýcv wQ‡jb mnwRqv Zvwš¿K †eŠ×‡hvMx| wZwb ag©kv¯¿ I msMxZ
Dfq wel‡qB cUz wQ‡jb|
→ Ph©vc‡`i Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K c` iPbv K‡ib Kvýcv [35Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi]|
weMZ eQ‡i → fzmyKzcv-Gi c`msL¨v 8wU| msL¨vi w`K †_‡K wØZxq c`KZ©v| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
cixÿvq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 03] fzmyKzcv wb‡R‡K evOvwj e‡j cwiPq †`b [30Zg wewmGm
Avmv wcÖwjwgbvwi. iƒcvwj e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi: 19]| wZwb wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb- ÔAvwg fzmyKz evOvjx
Z_¨mg~n njvg e‡jÕ| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i AvaywbK ev me©‡kl c`KZ©v-
ÔfzmyKzcvÕ|
→ Ph©vc‡`i c`¸‡jv‡K UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib gxbbv_ ev gr‡m›`ªbv_| [cwimsL¨vb
ey¨‡ivi cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 14/ †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. (wmwbqi Awdmvi) : 10]

wjwLZ cixÿvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡`i ewY©Z cÖev` evK¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
DËi : †gvU 6wU cÖev` evK¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖev`mg~‡ni c`KZ©vi bvgmn ewY©Z nj-
c` bs c`KZ©vi bvg cÖev`evK¨ I A_©
6 fzmyKzcv AvcYv gvs‡mu nwiYv ˆeix (nwi‡Yi gvsmB Zvi kÎæ) [ÎvY I cybev©mb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖKí ev¯Íevqb
Kg©KZ©v : 06> RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡qi mnKvix M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v: 05]
32 kincv nv‡Zi Kv¼b gv †jvD `vcb (nv‡Zi KvuKb †`Lvi Rb¨ `c©Y cÖ‡qvRb nq bv)
33 ‡XÐYcv nvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx (nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b †cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i|)
33 ‡XÐYcv `ywnj `ya wK †e‡È mvgvq (‡`vnb Kiv `ya wK ev‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq?)
39 kincv ei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›`u (`yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj fvj)
44 K¼Ycv Avb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webav (Ab¨ Pvwn‡Z Ab¨ webó)
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 15
→ ÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn ci‡ekxÕ, ÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekxÕ GB cO&w³ `ywU Øviv `vwi`ª¨wK¬ô Rxe‡bi wPÎ
A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q| [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi WvK Awa`߇ii †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16]

Ph©vc‡`i cO&w³
 ÔAvwj Gu Kvwj Gu evU iæ‡Üjv|
Zv †`wL Kvý wegbv fBjvÕ (Kvýcv) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
 ÔKgj gay wcwZwe †avKBb †fvgiv|Õ (gxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_)
gxbbv‡_i Ph©vc‡` †Kvb c` bvB| Z‡e 21 bs c‡`i UxKvq PviwU cO&w³i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
 w`emwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/
ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA| (Kz°zixcv)

ïay wjwLZ cixÿvi Rb¨ Ph©vc` welqK Z_¨

cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡` wb¤œeM©xq gvby‡li †h cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zvi weeiY w`b| (36Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
DËi : evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b ÔPh©¨vPh©¨wewbðqÕ ev ÔPh©vMxwZ‡KvlÕ ev ÔPh©vMxwZÕ ev
ÔPh©vc`Õ| ‡eŠ× mnwRqv‡`i ag©PP©vi D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ G MÖ‡š’i A‡bK c‡` bxP I AšÍ¨R †kÖwYi gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b
RxebhvÎv I `wi`ª Rxe‡bi Mí D‡V G‡m‡Q| Gi m‡½ c‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi hy³ Kiæb|

cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡` wPwÎZ `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi cwiPq w`b| (31Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
DËi : Ph©vc` †eŠ× wm×vPvh©‡`i mvab fR‡bi wbwg‡Ë iwPZ m½xZ n‡jI Gi gv‡S wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri
bvbv w`K| D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv w`K, mgv‡Ri A¯ú„k¨ I AšÍ¨R †kÖwYi gvby‡li `xbZv GLv‡b wbLyuZfv‡e Aw¼Z
n‡q‡Q| Ph©vc‡`i AmsL¨ c‡` wb¤œweË gvby‡li `ytL-`y`©kvi Qvc Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| Ph©vMxwZ‡Z wb¤œ eY© (KvcvwjK,
†hvMx, †Wv¤^x) Ges wb¤œ †ckv (kei, ZvuwZ, gvwS, aybywi, KzVz‡i, †R‡j, cwZZv) cÖfw… Z gvby‡li D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
‡XÐYcv Zvi 33 bs c‡`i gva¨‡g `vwi‡`ª¨i ZxeªZv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb-
ÔÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn co‡elx (‡jvKk~b¨ ¯’v‡b Avgvi Ni, †Kvb Ni ch©šÍ †bB)|ÕÕ
ÔÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx (nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b †cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i)|ÕÕ

cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡`i ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| (29Zg I 30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
DËi : 1927 mv‡j W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc‡`i ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi Ph©vc` m¤úwK©Z
M‡elYv MÖš’ ÔBuddhist Mystic songs’ [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| Ph©vc‡`i ZË¡ n‡jv Ph©vc` †eŠ× mnwRqv
m¤úª`v‡qi mvab m½xZ| mnwRqv‡`i cÖavb jÿ¨ gnvmyL| fzmyKzcv e‡jb- ÔÔmnRvb›` gnvmyn jx‡j|ÕÕ gnvmyL ej‡Z
†evSvq e¯‘RM‡Zi mv‡_ ms¯úk©nxb GK me©k~b¨ Ae¯’v hvi Ab¨ bvg mnRvb›`| GwU n‡jv Zvwš¿K †eŠ×gZ|
mnwRqvMY Zvwš¿K wPšÍvavivq cÖfvweZ n‡q ag©mvabvq †`n‡K ev` †`bwb, eis Zviv g‡b K‡ib KvwqK, gvbweK I
Ava¨vwZ¥K mKj c_B a‡g©i AšÍf©y³| Ph©vc‡` mnwRqv ag©gZ QvovI †hvM I bv_ a‡g©i cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
 Ph©vc‡`i m‡½ †h ag©gZ mswkøó- †eŠ×/ mnwRqv ‡eŠ×| (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi/ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hv cÖhyw³ wefv‡Mi
Aax‡b mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 17/ cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb) : 13]

cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡` bvix‡`i ¯’vb I f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|

DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb wb`k©b Ph©vc‡` bvix‡`i ¯^vaxb †ckv I m½x wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcvi¸‡jv D‡V G‡m‡Q|
Ph©vc‡`i 2 bs c‡` Kz°ixcv e‡jb M„neaywU †ek Qj Rv‡b| †m w`‡bi †ejvq Kv‡Ki WvK ï‡bB fq cvq, wKš‘ iv‡Z
†cÖwg‡Ki m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z hvq| A_©vr GLv‡b M„neayi Qjbvi w`K D‡V G‡m‡Q|
ÔÔw`emwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/
ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA|ÕÕ
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 16
 17 bs c‡` GK Kvýcv e‡jb- GK †Wvwgwb bM‡i ZvuZ I ‡P½vwi wewµ KiZ| GLv‡b Ph©vc‡` †mmg‡qi
Rb‡Mvôxi e¨emvi w`KwU D‡V G‡m‡Q|
 18 bs c‡` Kvýcv GK †Wvwgwbi †ek¨ve„wËi (wQbvwj) K_v Zz‡j a‡ib|
 14 bs c‡` †Wv¤^xcv bvix‡`i †bŠKv Pvjbv, †bŠKvi RjwmÂb, †jvK cvivcvi BZ¨vw` †ckvi K_v Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb|
 GQvovI bvixiv ¸iæi ¯’vbI AwaKvi K‡iwQj|
cÖkœ : fvlv, mvwnZ¨, BwZnv‡mi w`K †_‡K Ph©vc‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : evsjv fvlvi cÖvPxbiƒc Ph©vc`| evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I µgweKv‡k Gi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| †ek wKQz evsjv
weeZ©‡bi avivc_ Rvbv hvq Ph©vc‡`i gva¨‡g| evsjv KweZvi Q‡›`i BwZnvm AbymÜv‡b Ges evsjv Q‡›`i MV‡b Gi
cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Gi Q‡›` ms¯‹…Z cRSwUKv Q‡›`i cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| MÖš’wU‡Z cÖPzi AbycÖv‡mi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ph©vc‡`i wKQz cÖev` I iƒcKí cieZ©x‡Z evsjv fvlvq ¯’vb cvq| keicvi GKwU c‡` bvix-cyiæ‡li †cÖ‡gi GK Ac~e©
wPÎY| cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvm PP©vq Ph©vc‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cÖvPxb evsjvi GKgvÎ GB wb`k©b nvRvi
eQ‡ii c~ivY ag©xq BwZnvm Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
cÖkœ : mnwRqv ej‡Z Kx ‡evSvq?
DËi : †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖPviK ‡MŠZg ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b Zvui Abymvixiv gnvhvb I nxbhvb-G `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| mg‡qi
e¨eav‡b gnvhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq eRªhvb I KvjPµhvb| eRªhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq mnRhvb| mnRhvb cwš’ivB
mnwRqv bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| mnwRqviv ¯^‡`n †Kw›`ªK mnR cš’vq mvabv KiZ| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, mnR mZ¨ n‡jv,
mg¯Í mZ¨ ‡`‡ni g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|

cÖkœ : Ph©vc` evOvwj mgv‡Ri wek^¯Í `wjj- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb wb`k©b Ph©vc‡` bvbv eY©, bvbv c` I bvbv †ckvi gvby‡li cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
 bvbv eY© : KvcvwjK (Kvcvwj), eªvþY (evgnb), †hvMx (‡RvB), †Wv¤^x cÖfw… Z|
 bvbv c` : gš¿x, cwÐZ AvPvh© (cwÐZvPvh©), wkl¨ cÖf…wZ|
 bvbv †ckv : gvwS, wkKvwi, †ek¨v, †b‡q (‡bŠevnx)|
 GQvovI c`¸‡jv‡Z AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi m¤úK© : gv-evev,cyÎea~, kvïwo cÖf…wZ|

‡mjd †U÷ (evsjv mvwnZ¨)

wm‡jevm t Ph©vc`
c~Y©gvb t 20g mgq t 10 wgwbU
we. `ª. ï× Dˇii Rb¨ 01 b¤^i cv‡eb, cÖwZwU fzj Dˇii Rb¨ 0.50 b¤^i KvuUv hv‡e
01. W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx KZ©K„ Ph©vc‡`i wZeŸwZ Abyev` N. W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß DËi- M
cÖKvwkZ nq- 04. Ph©vc‡`i fvlv wb‡q 1920 mv‡j cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv
K. 1916 mv‡j L. 1926 mv‡j K‡ib †K?
M. 1927 mv‡j N. 1938 mv‡j DËi- N K. weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi
02. ÔPhv©c`Õ †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ? L. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
K. Aÿie„‡Ë L. gvÎve„‡Ë M. A‡kvK gy‡Lvc¨va¨vq
M. ¯^ie„‡Ë N. †KvbwU bq DËi- L N. ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb DËi- K
03. Kvi g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i fvlv Ôe½KvgiƒcxÕ? 05. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc‡`i ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g
K. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Av‡jvPbv K‡ib KZ mv‡j?
L. weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi K. 1926 mv‡j L. 1927 mv‡j
M. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn M. 1946 mv‡j N. 1935 mv‡j DËi- L
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 17
06. 1946 mv‡j Ph©vMxwZi AšÍwb©wnZ Z‡Ë¡i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v 12. ÔKvA Ziæei cv we Wvj/ PÂj PxG ˆcVv KvjÕ
K‡ib †K? Ph©vc‡`i KZ bs c`?
K. gywb`Ë L. W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx K. 1 bs L. 29 bs
M. weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi N. W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß D- N M. 6 bs N. 21 bs DËi- K
07. KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQjb wK 13. Avw` Kwe jyBcvi iwPZ c`-
bv‡g? K. 1, 6 bs c` L. 11, 21 bs c`
K. Ph©vPh©wewbðq L. Ph©vMxwZKv M. 1, 19 bs c` N. 1, 29 bs c` D- N
M. Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq N. Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wË DËi- N 14. W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i c`msL¨v KZwU?
08. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvZv K. 50 wU L. 49 wU
†Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb- M. 51 wU N. 46 wU DËi- M
K. 1921 mv‡ji 17 Ryb 15. Ôei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›`uÕ Ph©vc‡`i 39 bs
L. 1922 mv‡ji 18 Ryb cÖev`evK¨wUi iPwqZv †K?
M. 1921 mv‡ji 18 Ryb K. mincv L. †XÛYcv
N. 1922 mv‡ji 17 Ryb DËi- M M. K¼Ycv N. fzmyKzcv DËi- K
09. Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib- 16. ÔAvb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webavÕ Ph©vc‡`i c`wUi iPwqZv †K?
K. W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß K. Kvýcv L. `vwiKcv
L. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq M. gnxaicv N. K¼Ycv DËi- N
M. ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb 17. Ph©vc‡`i c` iPbvq Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Qb-
N. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x DËi- L K. fzmyKzcv L. keicv
10. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, Ph©vc` iwPZ M. mincv N. Kz°zixcv DËi- M
n‡qwQj- 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kvýcvi iwPZ c` †KvbwU?
K. `kg †_‡K Øv`k K. 38, 39 bs c`
L. mßg †_‡K Øv`k L. 19, 40 bs c`
M. beg †_‡K Øv`k M. 1, 29 bs c`
N. Aóg †_‡K GKv`k DËi- K N. 28, 50 bs c` DËi- L
11. ODBL evsjv fvlv welqK weL¨vZ MÖš’wU iPbv 19. ÔnvoxZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekxÕ Ph©vc‡`i c`wUi
K‡ib †K? iPwqZv †K?
K. gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB K. Kvýcv L. fzmyKzcv
L. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq M. †Wv¤^xcv N. †XÐYcv DËi- N
M. myKzgvi ivq 20. Ôw`emwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/ ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ
N. iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ DËi- L RvAÕ c`wUi iPwqZv-
K. Kz°zixcv L. ag©cv
M. jyBcv N. jvox‡Wv¤^xcv DËi- K

01 (N) 02 (L) 03 (M) 04 (K) 05 (L) 06 (N) 07 (N) 08 (M) 09 (L) 10 (K)
mgvavb 11 (L) 12 (K) 13 (N) 14 (M) 15 (K) 16 (N) 17 (M) 18 (L) 19 (N) 20 (K)

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi ïiæ 1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi AvMg‡bi gva¨‡g Ges
1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡×i gva¨‡g †kl n‡jI Gi e¨vwß aiv nq 1201 †_‡K 1800 mvj ch©šÍ| (Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
cwiPvjK (MY‡hvM‡hvM cÖwkÿY : 01) ga¨hy‡Mi GB mgqUv gymwjg kvmK‡`i kvm‡bi AvIZvq nIqvq wewfbœ kvmKe‡M©i
f~wgKv Av‡jvwPZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ|
evsjvq gymwjg kvmb I mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡`i f~wgKv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z ‡M‡j ga¨hyM‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 18
ʘ ZzwK© hyM (1201-1350 wLª÷vã)−ZzwK© kvmK‡`i mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM cwijwÿZ nq|
ʘ myjZvwb hyM (1351-1575 wLª÷vã)− evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvq cvVvb myjZvb‡`i f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb GB mgq‡K Ô‡MŠoxq hyMÕ e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb KviY †MŠo‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk cwijwÿZ nq| evsjv Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ bvg ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb
kvn| Zvui c„ô‡cvlKZvq wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB ÔgbmvweRqÕ [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] Ges ˆRbyÏxb
ÔimyjweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
ʘ gyNj kvmbvgj (1576-1757 wLª÷vã)

AÜKvi hyM
 AÜKvi hyM/ Avuavi hy‡Mi e¨vwß : 1201-1350 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| [34Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
 AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY : ZzwK© Avµg‡Y RbRxeb wech©¯Í nIqvq gvbyl mvwnZ¨ iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z
e¨_© nq Ges cwÐZ/Ph©vKv‡iiv †`k Z¨vM K‡i †bcvj I wZeŸ‡Z AvkÖq †bq| G Kvi‡Y ZzwK© kvmK‡`i
mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM ejv nq| [c~evwj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi : 11]
 AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ : cÖvK…Z‰c½j, k~b¨c~ivY, †mK ï‡fv`qv, wbićbi D®§v|
 k~b¨c~ivY iPbv K‡ibÑ ivgvB cwÐZ| [32Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. Lv`¨ Awa`߇ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11, ciivóª
gšÍYvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19 ]
 ‡mK k‡fv`qv iPbv K‡ib- njvqya wgkÖ|
 cÖvK…Z ˆc½j- kÖxnl© KZ©K
„ cÖvK…Z fvlvq ·qv`k kZ‡K iwPZ AÜKvi hy‡Mi cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b|

WvK I Lbvi ePb

 ga¨hy‡Mi K…wlKv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx mvwnZ¨- WvK I Lbvi ePb| [Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10, M„nvqY I
MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi _vbv cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj BwÄwbqvwis) : 99]
 W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbv Kvj : Aóg-Øv`k kZK|
 WvK I Lbvi ePb‡KÑ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme
bgybv‡K †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
 Qov RvZxq Gme iPbvq G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q|
 Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`kx Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨
_vK‡jI Wv‡Ki eP‡b †R¨vwZl I †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
 Lbvi eP‡bi g~jfve n‡jv- ï× Rxebhvcb ixwZ| [38Zg wewmGm]

weMZ eQ‡i wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv/ m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ

cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM ejv nq †Kvb hyM‡K? †Kb? [30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : ga¨hy‡Mi 1201-1350 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K fvlvweÁvbxiv ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ ev Ôeܨv hyMÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
W. ûgvqyb AvRv` Zvui Ôjvj bxj `xcvejxÕ M«‡š’ (c…ôv− 17) wj‡L‡Qb- Ô1200 †_‡K 1350 ch©šÍ [34Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi] mg‡qi g‡a¨ iwPZ †Kvb mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv e‡j ZzwK© kvmK‡`i G-mgqUv‡K ejv nq
ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ| cwЇZiv G mgqUv‡K wb‡q A‡bK †f‡e‡Qb, A‡bK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ †KD AÜKvi mwi‡q
†dj‡Z cv‡ib wb| G mgqwUi w`‡K ZvKv‡j ZvB †Pv‡L †Kvb Av‡jv Av‡m bv, †Kej Avuavi XvKv Pviw`K|Õ
wKš‘, IqvwKj Avn‡g` Zvui Ôevsjv mvwn‡Z¨i czive…ËÕ (c…ôv- 105) MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb- Ôevsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Kw_Z
ÔAÜKvi hzMÕ †gv‡UB mvs¯‹…wZK eܨv‡Z¡i hzM wQj bv| ag©-wk¶v, wkí PP©vi `vwqZ¡ hv‡`i Dci b¨¯Í wQj, Zviv mxwgZ
AvKv‡i n‡jI wk¶v mvwnZ¨ PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| Z‡e wK wn›`z wK gzmjgvb †KD †jvKfvlv evsjv‡K MÖnY K‡ib
wb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b bv _vKvi GUvB g‚L¨ KviY|Õ
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 19
cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY Kx?
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY :
→ 1201 gZvšÍ‡i 1204 mv‡j ZzK©x RvwZi AwabvqK Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x BLwZqvi DwÏb web eLwZqvi LjRx wn›`y
kvmK jÿY †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Îcv‡Z †`‡k ivR‰bwZK
AivRKZvi Abygvb K‡i †Kvb †Kvb cwÐZ G mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| G
†`ok eQ‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †Kvb wb`k©b bv cvIqv †M‡jI ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| G‡Z A‡b‡Ki
gZwe‡iva †`Lv hvq| KviY, G mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK wb`k©b cvIqv bv †M‡jI Ab¨vb¨ fvlvq mvwnZ¨
m„wói wb`k©b _vKv‡Z AÜKvi hy‡Mi Acev‡`i AmviZv cÖgvwYZ nq|
→ G mg‡q ZzKx© Avµg‡Y RbRxeb wech©¯Í nIqvq cwÐZ I Ph©vKv‡iiv †`k Z¨vM K‡i ‡bcvj I wZeŸ‡Z hvq| W.
gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, Zvui ÔÔev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (1968)ÕÕ MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb-
ÔÔ1201 mv‡j ev½vjv †`‡k ZzKx© AvµgY nq| mg¯Í ev½vjv AwaKvi Kwi‡Z cÖvq 100 ermi jv‡M|
kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv ¯’vwcZ nB‡Z AviI cÖvq 50 ermi KvwUqv hvq| GB 1200 nB‡Z 1350 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ
ev½vjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m GK k~b¨ ¯’vb|ÕÕ
myKzgvi †mb Zvui ÔÔev½vjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1963)ÕÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb-
ÔÔgymjgvb Avµg‡Yi c‡i ev½vjv †`‡k Ph©vMxwZi aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K bvB|ÕÕ

→ G mg‡qi cÖ_‡gB cÖvK…Z wc½‡ji gZ cÖvK…Z fvlvi MxwZKweZv MÖš’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| ivgvB cwÐZ iwPZ
k~b¨cyivY [32Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi], WvK I Lbvi ePb, njvq~a wgkÖ iwPZ †mK ï‡fv`qv-Gi AšÍM©Z cxi
gvnvZ¥¨ÁvcK cÖfw… Z G mg‡qi evsjv mvwnZ¨ m„wói bZzb wn‡m‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

cÖkœ : AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| [37Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : [wb‡Pi cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi `ªóe¨]

cÖkœ : AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨Kg© Ôk~b¨c~ivYÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

DËi : ivgvB cwÐZ iwPZ ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’| ag©xq Z‡Ë¡i MÖš’Ñ M`¨c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| G MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z Ôwbićbi
D®§vÕ ev Ôwbićbi i殧vÕ KweZvwU †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, Zv ZzwK© gymjgvb KZ©K
„ e½weR‡qi c‡ii, AšÍZ ·qv`k
kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Ki iPbv| G‡Z †eŠ× I wn›`y a‡g©i K_v Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| k~b¨gq †`eZv ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rv c×wZ
GB MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †gvU Aa¨vq 51wU|
 iPbvKvj (myKygvi †m‡bi g‡Z, 16-18 kZvãxi ga¨eZ©x mgq, †hv‡MbP›`ª we`¨vwbwai g‡Z, 13-18
kZvãxi ga¨eZ©x mgq)
 Gi g~j bvg cvIqv bv hvIqvq b‡M›`ªbv_ emy ivgvB cwЇZi f~wgKvq cvIqv k~b¨cyivY ‡gvZv‡eK Gi bvg
iv‡Lb Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ| G‡Z k~b¨gq †`eZv ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rv c×wZi eY©bv Av‡Q e‡jB Gi bvg ivLv nq
Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ|

cÖkœ : wbićbi D®§vi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ wK?

DËi : eY© wn›`yMY ag©‡meK‡`i cÖwZ bvbv AZ¨vPvi I AeÁv K‡i‡Q| GB AZ¨vPv‡i weiƒc n‡q wbiÄb ag©VvKzi hLb
gymjgvb iƒc aviY K‡i ivóª ÿgZvq AwawôZ nq Ges AZ¨vPvi-AeÁvi cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY K‡i|
cÖkœ : AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨Kg© Ô‡mK ï‡fv`qvÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : ivRv jÿY †m‡bi mfvKwe njvq~a wgkª iwPZ †mK ï‡fv`qv ms¯‹…Z M‡`¨c‡`¨ †jLv P®úyKve¨| GwU 25wU
Aa¨v‡q iPbv Kiv nq| ‡mK ï‡fv`qv A_©vr †k‡Li †MŠie e¨vL¨vB GB cyw¯ÍKvi D‡Ïk¨| MÖšw’ U †kL RvjvjyÏxb
Zve‡iwRi A‡jŠwKK Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| RvjvjyÏxb Zve‡iwR A‡jŠwKK ÿgZvai GK gymjgvb ivRv
j²Y‡m‡bi mfvq PgrKvi I wPËvKl©K Mí cwi‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g mevi g‡b GK we¯§‡qi m„wó K‡ib| GLv‡b ewY©Z
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 20
†cÖgmsMxZwU‡K ejv nq cÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKgvÎ †cÖgmsMxZ| Aï× evsjv ms¯‹…Z fvlvi e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ôdog sanskrit’ e‡j‡Qb|

cÖkœ : Lbv †K? evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Lbvi eP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|

DËi : wewfbœ M‡el‡Ki g‡Z, Lbv †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq cvi`k©x GK we`ylx evOvwj bvix| evsjvq hLb K…wlKv‡R weÁv‡bi
e¨envi wQj bv ZLb WvK I Lbvi ePb evsjvi K…lKKzj‡K Rwb‡q‡Q dmj ec‡bi mgq, ixwZbxwZ BZ¨vw`|
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbvKvj : Aóg-Øv`k kZK| WvK I Lbvi ePb‡KÑ evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme bgybv‡K †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Qov RvZxq Gme iPbvq G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q|
Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`kx Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨ _vK‡jI
Wv‡Ki eP‡b †R¨vwZl I †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|

kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: cÖkœ : GKK Kwei iPbv wn‡m‡e evsjv
19. Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 15] A_ev †kÖô wb`k©b [9g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
13] cÖ_g Kve¨ ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe [kÖg gš¿Yvj‡qi mn. cwi: 05] eo– PÐx`v‡mi
[29Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 08] me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU evsjv DËi : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨| KviY- kÖxK…òKxZ©b
fvlvq [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mvBdvi Awdmvi: 99] iwPZ ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ (†PŠÏ Kve¨ GKRb iPbv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Ph©vc` 23/24
kZK-c‡bi kZK) Kve¨| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wØZxq Kve¨| Rb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|

cyuw_ Avwe®‹vi
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ÔkÖxK„òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡e¨i Avwe®‹v‡ii e„ËvšÍ ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| A_ev,
cÖkœ : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i cwiPq Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (40Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
1909 wLª. (1316 e½vã) emšÍiÄb ivq (Dcvwa: weØØjøf) [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mn. cwi: 13. mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12]
cwðge‡½i euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g GK M„n¯’ evwoi †Mvqvj N‡ii [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10] wU‡bi Pvjvi wbP
†_‡K Ah‡Zœ iwÿZ G Kve¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b GB czuw_wU 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq †ivW¯’ Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨
cwil‡`iÕ cyuw_kvjvq iw¶Z Av‡Q|
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘ n‡jv- K…‡òi Rb¥, e„›`ve‡b ivavi mv‡_ Zvui cÖYq Ges †k‡l e„›`veb I ivav Dfq‡K
Z¨vM K‡i K…‡òi wPiZ‡i g_yivq AwfcÖqvY| [Gi mv‡_ Pwi‡Îi eY©bv w`‡Z cv‡ib]

kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i Kwei cwiPq iPbvi Kvj

kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib eo– PÐx`vm| Bnv Zvi
 m¤úv`K emšÍiÄb iv‡qi msM„nxZ Z_¨g‡Z,
Dcvwa| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg AbšÍ eo–qv ev AbšÍ eovB|
1386 †_‡K 1400 wLª. †Kvb GK mgq| W.
cuyw_i bvgKiY gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, 1370-1433 wLª|
cuyw_‡Z cÖvß GKwU wPiKzU Abymv‡i GB Kv‡e¨i cÖKZ …  W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, kÖxK„òKxZ©‡bi wjwc
bvg ÔkÖxK…òm›`f©Õ| W. Avng` kixd GB Kve¨‡K kÖxK…ò 1436-1520 wLª. A‡cÿv cÖvPxb Ges Zv 1340-
avgvwj bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| 1440 wLª. g‡a¨ iwPZ|

wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨

→ ˆeòe gnvšÍ kÖxwbevm AvPv‡h©i †`ŠwnÎÑ eskRvZ †`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq Gi AwaKv‡i G MÖšw’ U iwÿZ wQj|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 21
→ cuyw_wUi cÖ_gw`‡Ki `ywU cvZv Ges †k‡li cvZvwU wQj bv| cyuw_i 452 c„ôvi gv‡Si 45 c„ôvI cvIqv hvq wb|
mvaviY ixwZ Abyhvqx cuyw_i cÖ_g w`‡K †`eZvi cÖksmv, Kwei cwiPq I MÖšb’ vg D‡jøwLZ nq Ges †kl w`‡Ki
cvZvq cuyw_i iPbvKvj I wjwcKvj wjwLZ _v‡K| cÖ_g I †kl Ask LwÐZ _vKvq Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq I iPbvKvj
†jvKPÿzi Avov‡jB †_‡K hvq|
→ 1916 mv‡j (1323 evsjv) emšÍiÄb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq KjKvZv Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- ÔbvUMxwZÕ| [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
ʘ wKš‘ m¤úv`K Kv‡e¨ K…òjxjv m¤úwK©Z welqe¯Íz †`‡L bvgKiY K‡ib ÒkÖxK…òKxZ©bÓ| Zvui e³e¨ wQj,
Òczuw_i Av`¨šÍnxb LwÐZvs‡k Kwei †`kKvjvw`i K_v `‚‡i _vKzK, czuw_i bvg ch©šÍ cvIqv hvq bvB|Ó
→ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †gvU 13 (†Zi) L‡Ð [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mn. cwi: 14] wef³Ñ
Rb¥ LÐ Zv¤^yj LÐ `vb LÐ †bŠKv LÐ fviLÐ QÎ LÐ e„›`veb LÐ
Kvwjq`gb LÐ hgybv LÐ niLÐ evbLÐ eskxLÐ ivav wein

kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i PwiÎ cwiwPwZ

→ cÖavb PwiÎ : ivav, K…ò I eovB| GB wZb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Kv‡e¨i AvL¨vb e¯‘i weKvk N‡U‡Q|
→ ivav : †cŠivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ ivav n‡jv gvbevZ¥vi cÖZxK †h cigvZ¥v‡K cvevi Rb¨ mvivÿY e¨vKzj| wKš‘ eo–
PÐx`vm Gi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav PwiÎ Aciƒc my›`ix GK bvix †Mvqvjvi N‡i hvi Rb¥| evj¨Kv‡j bcysmK
Aci GK †Mvqvjv Av‡qb †Nv‡li mnxZ Zvi we‡q nq| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq Av‡qb †Nv‡li wcwmgvi
Dci| wZwbB ivav K…‡òi m¤úK© m„wó‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib|
→ K…ò : †cŠivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ K…ò n‡jv cigvZ¥v ev ¯ªóv| wKš‘ eo– PÐx`v‡mi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ K…ò n‡jb
my`k©b GK ivLvj hyeK|
→ eovB : eovB n‡jb ivav K…ò †cÖgjxjvi `~Z| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. †ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 17]

‡R‡b ivLyb
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv- PÐx`vm c`vejxi- wØR PÐx`vm
cvjvMv‡bi- `xb PÐx`vm mnwRqvcš’x ivMvwZ¥Kv c‡`i- PÐx`vm
eo– PÐx`v‡mi Agi Dw³−
Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ (21Zg wewmGm)

PÐx`vm mgm¨v
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : PÐx`vm mgm¨v Kx?
o PÐx`v‡mi c`vejx `xN©w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI GKvwaK PÐx`vm m¤úwK©Z PÐx`vm mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡q‡Q 1916
wLª. (1323 evsjv mb) emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf m¤úvw`Z kÖxK…òKxZ©b cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡K|
o W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn I nicÖmv` kv¯¿x wZbRb PÐx`v‡mi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ eo– PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I Øxb
PÐx`vm| G‡`i g‡a¨ kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i eo– PÐx`vm me‡P‡q cÖvPxb|
o Z‡e mKj cwÐZM‡Yi gZvgZ Abymv‡i PviRb PÐx`v‡mi [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10] m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cvIqv hvq| Giv n‡jb eo– PÐx`vm, `xb PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I PÐx`vm|

wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv cÖkœ/m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ

cÖkœ : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi wK wK cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zv wjLyb| [36Zg wewmGm]
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ ‡Kvb GKK Kwei †jLv cÖ_g Kve¨| eo– PÐx`vm Gi
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav Aciƒc my›`ix GK bvix †Mvqvjvi N‡i hvi Rb¥| evj¨Kv‡j bcysmK Aci GK †Mvqvjv Av‡qb
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 22
†Nv‡li mnxZ Zvi we‡q nq| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq Av‡qb †Nv‡li wcwmgvi Dci| wZwbB ivav K…‡òi m¤úK©
m„wó‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi Ggwb A‡bK NUbvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ga¨hy‡Mi Agi G Kv‡e¨| ivavi ivbœv
Kiv, `ya-`B wewµ Ki‡Z gayivi nv‡U hvIqv †hb ‰`bw›`b MÖvgxY Rxe‡biB Mí| e¨w³ ivav QvovI fvMxi_x b`xi
Zx‡ii †Mvc cwjø‡Z MÖvgxY mgvR e¨e¯’vi †ckvRxex gvbyl †hgb bvwcZ, Kzgvi, gvwS, †Zjx cÖfw… Zi eY©bv cvIqv hvq
G Kve¨wU‡Z| ZvB ejv hvq kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡i GK MÖvgxY mgvRe¨e¯’vi wPÎ Zz‡j n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ : eo– PÐx`v‡mi cwiPq cÖ`vb Kiæb| [35Zg wewmGm]
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ ‡Kvb GKK Kwei †jLv cÖ_g Kve¨| Kve¨wUi
iPwqZv ga¨hy‡Mi PZz`©k kZ‡Ki evOvwj Kwe eo– PÐx`vm cwðge‡½i evuKzov †Rjvi QvZbvi Awaevmx| Zvui cÖK…Z
bvg AbšÍ eo–qv ev AbšÍ eovB| †KŠwjK Dcvwa eo– Ges ¸iæcÖ`Ë bvg PÐx`vm| evmjx †`exi DcvmK PÐx`vm 1433
wLª÷v‡ã gviv hvb|

ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ evsjv mvwnZ¨

wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨aviv m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : ga¨hy‡Mi Kv‡e¨i cÖavb aviv 2wU| h_v- ‡gŠwjK mvwnZ¨ I Abyev` mvwnZ¨|

‡gŠwjK ‰eòe c`vejx

mvwnZ¨ Rxebx mvwnZ¨
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv g½j Kve¨
mvwnZ¨
Abyev` ‡jvKmvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨ bv_mvwnZ¨
gwm©qv
‰eòe mvwnZ¨
c` ev c`vejx : c` ev c`vejx ej‡Z †evSvq ‡eŠ× ev ˆeòexq M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi>
mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 06]| ˆeòe c`vejx ivav I K…‡òi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ Abyf~wZ m¤^wjZ GK
cÖKvi Mvb| ‰eòe mvwnZ¨ wZb cÖKvi- K. Rxebx mvwnZ¨, L. ˆeòekv¯¿ Ges M. c`vejx|

‰eòe c`vewj
o ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô I me‡P‡q mg„× dmj ˆeòe c`vewj|
o ˆeòe c`vewj ˆeòe mgv‡R ÔgnvRb c`vejxÕ Ges ˆeòe c`KZ©vMY ÔgnvRbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
o ‰eòe c`vewji cÖ_g c`KZ©v evPvwj Rq‡`e|
o ˆeòe g‡Z ¯ªóv I m„wói g‡a¨ †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| ˆeòe ag©gZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h wewPÎag©x mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó
n‡q‡Q Zv‡K Ôˆeòe mvwnZ¨Õ bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq|
o evsjvq cÖPwjZ c`vejxi `ywU my¯úó fvM i‡q‡Q hvi GKwU ˆPZb¨ c~e©eZ©x PZz`©k kZ‡K Kwe‡Mvôx we`¨vcwZ I
PÐx`vm Ges AciwU ˆPZb¨ cieZ©x mg‡q †lvok kZ‡K weKvk jvf|
o ˆeòe mvwn‡Z¨i DcRxe¨ Z_v ˆeòe c`vejxi DcRxe¨ ivav K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv - k„½vi im (gayi im)| [37Zg
wewmGm wewmGm]
o beØxc-kvwšÍcyi A‡j cwÐZMY †Mvc‡b G ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| c‡i ˆPZb¨‡`e G a‡g©i bZzb Zvrch© w`‡q
mviv‡`‡k cÖPvi K‡ib|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 23
o ga¨hy‡Mi ag© cÖPviK kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533) Avwef©v‡ei d‡j evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM bZzb m¤ú‡`
mg„× n‡q I‡V| Zvu‡K †K›`ª K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi wewfbœ ¯Íi/ce© Gi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q| W. AwmZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq :
ga¨hyM‡K PviwU c‡e© fvM K‡i‡Qb -
cÖ_g ce© : cÖvK ˆPZb¨ hyMÑ PZz`©k I cÂ`k kZvãx Z…Zxq ce© : DËi ˆPZb¨hyMÑ mß`k
wØZxq ce© : ˆPZb¨ hyMÑ †lvok kZvãx PZz_© ce© : Aóv`k kZvãx

‰PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x c`KZ©v

Rq‡`e
evsjv c`vejx‡Z cÖfve ivLv evi kZ‡Ki ms¯‹…Z Kwe Rq‡`e Gi weL¨vZ iPbv ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`gÕ Gi g~j DcRxe¨
ÔivavK…‡òi †cÖgjxjvÕ|

we`¨vcwZ
 we`¨vcwZ c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe| [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. mn. _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 06]
 wZwb c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv| [‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06. ‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi: 05]
 wZwb eªReywj fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib| [7g we‡RGm> cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii mn. cwi: 11> 40Zg wewmGm] A_©vr eªReywj fvlvi
cÖeZ©K| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16> †emiKvwi mn. wk. wb‡qvM cix: 06> mn. _vbv. wk. Awdmvi: 12]
 we`¨vcwZ wgw_jvi Kwe| [28Zg I 38Zg wewmGm]
 ev½vwj bv n‡qI (AevOvwj Kwe) [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix Awdmvi: 05. ‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06] /
evsjvq KweZv iPbv bv K‡iI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK Awe¯§iYxq bvg|
 Zvui Dcvwa ÔKweKÉnviÕ| [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13]
 wZwb Ôˆgw_wj †KvwKjÕ [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 14] I ÔAwfbe Rq‡`eÕ bv‡g L¨vZ
wQ‡jb| AZ¨šÍ gh©v`vevb GB Kwei weL¨vZ Dw³-
ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii|
G giv fv`i gvn fv`i
k~b¨ gw›`i †gvi|Õ

cÖkœ: ˆeòe c`vewji avivq we`¨vcwZi we‡klZ¡ Kx?

DËi : Dc‡i ewY©Z we`¨vcwZi eY©bv + wb‡P ewY©Z eªReywji eY©bv + A‡jŠwKK †cÖgKvwnwbi gvbweK iƒc `vb
K‡i‡Qb| we`¨vcwZB Kvg-‡cÖg i‡mi wewPÎ RM‡Zi cÖ_g I mv_©K ¯ªóv| Zvui iwPZ c`vewji avivq agx©q Av‡eM
†_‡K im‡evaB †ewk cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi iwPZ ivavK…ò welqK c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivavi eq:mwÜ, Awfmvi,
†cÖg‰ewPΨ, Av‡ÿcvbyivM, wein, fvemw¤§j‡bi c`¸‡jv we‡kl DrKl©c~Y©| wZwb Kweü`‡qi wbweo AvKzwZ ˆeòe
c`vewj‡Z cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Qb|

eªReywj
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : eªReywj Kx?
ˆeòe c`vejxi AwaKvskB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eªReywj bv‡g GK K„wÎg wgkÖ Kwe fvlvq [21Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| g~jZ ˆgw_wj
I evsjv wgwkÖZ [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK: 07> miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 06> wPd BÝUªv±i (bb‡UK): 03] GB
gayi mvwnwZ¨K fvlvq iwPZ c`vejx †_‡K RbmvaviY aviYv K‡i‡Q †h, e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ G fvlv‡ZB K_v
ejZ| ZvB eª‡Ri eywj A‡_© eªReywj GB KvíwbK e¨vL¨v †`qv nq| ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ eªReywj fvlvq iwPZ| [cwi‡ek I eb
gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi : 06> Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06]

PÐx`vm (PZz`k©x kZ‡Ki †kl fvM)

 evsjv fvlvq ˆeòe c`vejxi Avw` iPwqZv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gvbeZvev`x Kwe PÐx`vm|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 24
ÒGgb wcixwZ Kfz bvwn †`wL ¯Íwb|
civ‡b civY evÜv Avcbv Avcwb|Ó
 ev½vwj ˆeòe mvwn‡Z¨i im I Avb‡›`i msev` †c‡q‡Q PÐx`v‡mi c`vewj †_‡K|
 ‰PZb¨‡`e Zvui c`vewj ï‡b †gvwnZ n‡Zb|

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³ :
Kj‡¼i Wvwj gv_vq Kwiqv Avbj †fRvB N‡i| ‡Zvgvi jvwMqv Kj‡¼i nvi Mjvq cwi‡Z myL|
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dci bvB (21Zg wewmGm) mB †Kg‡b awie wnqv
`yûu †Kv‡i `yûu Kvu‡` we‡”Q` fvweqv Avgvi euayqv Avb evwo hvq
Ava wZj bv †`wL‡j hvq †h gwiqv| Avgvi AvwObv w`qv|
mB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvg|

‰PZb¨ cieZ©x c`KZ©v

Ávb`vm (†lvok) : mvaK PÐx`v‡mi fvewkl¨ Ávb`vm wQ‡jb GKRb Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ cO&w³-
Ôiƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y gb fi| (26 Zg wewmGm)
cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kv‡›`, cÖwZ A½ ‡gvi \
wnqvi cik jvwM wnqv †gvi Kv‡›`
civY- wcixwZ jvwM w_i bvwn ev‡Ü|Õ
Ômy‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evwÜjyu Ab‡j cywoqv †Mj|Õ
‡Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm : wZwb we`¨vcwZi Abymvix (fvewkl¨ ejv nq) wQ‡jb| m½wZ mvaK (bvUK) (1535-1613)| cO&w³-
hvunv hvunv wbKm‡q Zby Zby ‡R¨vwZ/
Zvunv Zvunv weRywi PgKgq ‡nvwZ|
gymjgvb c`KZ©v : †kL Kwei (cÖ_g), Avdevj †kL dqRyjøvn,ˆmq` gyZ©Rv, Kwei †kL, Avãyj Iqvwn`, ‡kL Rvjvj|

g½j Kve¨
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡M we‡kl GK †kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kve¨B g½jKve¨| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. cÖ. wk : 05> cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjh mn. wk: 06]
 g½jKve¨ ‡jLvi g~‡j DwjøwLZ KviY- ¯^‡cœ †`ex KZ…©K Av‡`k jvfi| [MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa. Mn. Z_¨ Awdmvi: 13] W.
`x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z G mvwnZ¨ avivi Kwe 62 Rb|
 cÖKvi‡f` : g½jKve¨ cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| (‡cŠivwYK g½j I †jŠwKK g½j)|
 ,½jKv‡e¨i Ask 5wU [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10] : e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †`eLÐ, gZ©¨LÐ, kÖæwZdj| ‡Kvb
†Kvb g‡Z g½j Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘ 4wU As‡k wef³| h_v- e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †`eLÐ Ges biLÐ I AvL¨vwqKv|
 g~javiv : gbmv, PÐx, Abœ`vg½j| Z‡e gbmv I PÐx †`eZvi cÖfve †ewk [7g we‡RGm]|
 AcÖavb kvLv- 2wU : ag©g½j, wkeg½j/ KvwjKvg½j|
 g½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe : Kvbv nwi`Ë, bvivqY‡`e, gvwbK `Ë, fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi, gyKz›`ivg PµeZx© cÖgyL
e¨w³eM©|
cÖkœ : g½jKve¨ Kx?
DËi : gvby‡li wek^vm g‡Z, †`e‡`exi gvnvZ¥¨ wbf©i K‡i †h Kve¨ iPbv, cvV, kÖeY Ki‡j wb‡Ri, cÖwZ‡ekxi,
mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY mvab nq, Zv‡KB g½j Kve¨ e‡j| g½jKv‡e¨i iPbvKvj c‡bi †_‡K AvVvi kZK| Gi cÖavb kvLv
3wU| h_v- gbmvg½j, PÐxg½j I Abœ`vg½j| g½jKv‡e¨i mvaviY ˆewkó¨mg~n-
 ¯^‡cœ †`eZvi wb‡`©k †c‡q Kve¨ iPbv|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 25
 cÖ_‡gB me©wmw×`vZv M‡Y‡ki e›`bv|
 AwaKvsk NUbvB mvaviY bq|
 mKj bvqK-bvwqKv kvcåó †`eZv| g‡Z© c~Rv cÖPv‡ii mgq Zv‡`i AvPiY gvby‡li g‡Zv|

gbmvg½j
Avw`Kwe- Kvbv nwi`Ë [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mn. cwiPvjK: 07. †Rjv `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi: 94]
‡kÖô Kwe- bvivqY‡`e
PwiÎ- Pvu` mI`vMi [23Zg wewmGm]− (†`eZv-we‡ivax PwiÎ), †eûjv, jwL›`i, mbKv
→ gbmvg½‡ji Kwe 22 Rb| G‡`i GK‡Î evBk¨v ejv nq|
g‡b ivLyb : weRq¸ß − cÙc~ivY wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB − gbmvweRq
→ g½jKv‡e¨i g‡a¨ c«vPxbZg kvLv- gbmvg½j|
→ mc© †`ex gbmv/cÙveZxi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ g½jKve¨| [Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK: 07]
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑPuv` mI`vMi, mbKv, †eûjv, jwL›`i, gbmv|
→ Avw` KweÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë (Rb¥ gqgbwmsn †Rjvi bv›`vBj Dc‡Rjvi wms‰ij `Ëevwo‡Z)|
→ †kÖô Kwe- Kwe bvivqY †`e|
→ †gvU 22 Rb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| G‡`i GK‡Î evBk¨v ejv nq| (msKwjZ M«š’ ÔevBkvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ)|
→ KweMYÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë, bvivqY †`e, weRq ¸ß, wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB, wØR eskx`vm, †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›`|
→ GB Kv‡e¨i Kwe wØR eskx`vm evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c«_g gwnjv Kwe P›`«veZxi wcZv|
→ bvivqY †`e iwPZ gbmvg½j- cÙcyivY|
→ weRq ¸ß iwPZ gbmvg½j- cÙcyivY (1896 mv‡j)|
→ weRq ¸‡ßi iPbvKvj- AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j|
→ weRq ¸‡ßi Rb¥- evsjv‡`‡ki ewikvj †Rjvi ‰Mjv M«v‡g|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ c«_g Bs‡iwR mv‡ji c«Pjb K‡ib- weRq ¸ß|
→ GKgvÎ cwðge½xq Kwe- †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›` (Kve¨- Ô†KZKvcyivY)|
→ wkeg½j Kve¨ avivi †kÖô Kvwnbx iPwqZv- iv‡gk¦i PµeZ©x (MÖ‡š’i bvg- wke-KxZ©b)|
→ wkevqb ev wkeg½j Kv‡e¨i KweMY- ivgK…ò ivq, k¼i KweP›`Ö, iv‡gk¦i fÆvPvh©, wØR Kvwj`vm, wØR gwYivg, webq jÿY|
→ ‰PZb¨g½j, †Mvwe›`g½j, mvi`vg½j MÖš’¸‡jvi mv‡_ g½j kãwU D‡jøL _vK‡jI G¸‡jv g½jKve¨ bq|
→ KvwjKvg½j Kv‡e¨i KweMY- kÖxai KweivR, mvwewi`Lvb, †Mvwe›` `vm, ivgcÖmv` †mb|
→ we`¨vmz›`‡ii †cÖgKvwnbx Aej¤^‡b KvwjKvg½j Kve¨ iwPZ| ÔKvwjKvg½jÕ ev Ôwe`¨vmz›`iÕ Kv†e¨i Avw` KweÑ
Kwe K¼ (wcZv- ¸YivR, gvZv- ¸YeZx)| Kwe K¼ Gi Rb¥¯’vb- wK‡kviM‡Äi iv‡R¨k¦ix b`xi Zx‡i wecÖMÖv‡g|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kv³MxwZ avivi cÖeZ©K- ivgcÖmv` †mb| [37Zg wewmGm]
→ ÔKweiÄbÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv- ivgcÖmv` †mb (gnvivR K…òP›`Ö Kwe‡K ÔKweiÄbÕ Dcvwa w`‡qwQ‡jb)|
→ kxZjvg½j Kv‡e¨i Avw` Kwe- wbZ¨vb›` PµeZ©x|
→ mvi`vg½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe ivRwms‡ni Kve¨ MÖ‡š’i bvg- fviZxg½j|
→ m‚h©‡`eZvi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ nq- m‚h©g½j Kve¨|
→ gbmv g½‡ji Ab¨Zg Kwe ivgRxe‡bi m‚h©g½j Kv‡e¨i bvg- Avw`Z¨-PwiÎ|
→ wØR KgjvKvšÍ iwPZ M½vg½j Kv‡e¨i bvg- M½vi c¨vPvjx|
→ `zM©vcÖmv` gzLzwU iwPZ M½vg½j Kv‡e¨i bvg- M½vfw³ Ziw½bx|
→ ‡MŠwig½j Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg Kwe- c…_¡xP›`Ö|
→ c…_¡xP›`Öi Kv‡e¨i bvg- f‚lÐx ivgvqY|
→ e¨vwai Awa‡`eZv cÂvb‡bi c‚Rv cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ Kve¨- cÂvbbg½j Kve¨|
→ cÂvbbg½j Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv- wØR iNzb›`b|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 26
cÖkœ : gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ g½jKve¨ avivq me‡P‡q cyivZb wb`k©b n‡”Q Ôgbmvg½j Kve¨Õ| mv‡ci †`ex gbmvi Kvwnwb
wb‡q iwPZ Kve¨ gbmvg½j Kve¨| g‡Z©¨ gbmvi c~Rv cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri †bZ…Z¡v¯’vbxq‡`i c~Rvi cÖ‡qvRb|
P¤úKbM‡ii cÖfvekvjx ewYK wk‡ei f³ Pvu` mI`vMi cÖ_‡g c~Rv w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| ‡µvavwš^Z gbmv †`ex
mßwW½v cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q w`‡q Pvu` mI`vMi‡K abnviv K‡i Ges Qq cy·K nZ¨v K‡i| Pvu` mI`vMi cyÎ jwL›`‡ii
beRxeb I abjv‡fi wewbg‡q c~Rv w`‡Z ivwR nq| Gfv‡e g‡Z¨©i †jvKmgv‡R gbmvi c~Rv cÖwZwôZ nq| ˆPZb¨-c~e©
hyM †_‡KB GB Kvwnwb b`-b`x cwi‡ewóZ MÖvg evsjvi mc© f‡q fxZ mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z nq|

PÐxg½j
 Avw`Kwe- gvwbK `Ë (AÜ I †Lvuov wQ‡jb)| (‡PŠÏ kZK)
 ‡kÖô Kwe- gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x| [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 2019. f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`߇ii mn. cwi: 07, RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi
e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 15. mn. _vbv wk. Awdmvi: 10] Dcvwa- Kwe K¼b| [cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii mn. cwiPvjK (KvwiMwi): 11. ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10] ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvbe i‡mi c«_g I GKgvÎ m«óv me©vwaK Rbwc«q Kwe gzKz›`ivg
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgzb¨v MÖv‡g| Zvui wcZv Ges gvZv- ü`q wgk« Ges ‰`eKx| Zvu‡K gyKy›`ivg
PµeZ©x‡K ÔKweK¼YÕ Dcvwa †`b- †gw`bxczi †Rjvi Aoiv MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq|
 PÐx bvgK †jŠwKK †cŠivwYK †`exi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z Kve¨|
 cÖavb PwiÎÑ Kvj‡KZz, dyjøiv, fuvo– `Ë [wcwUAvB-Gi BÝUªv±i: 19], abcwZ mI`vMi, jnbv, Lyjøbv| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
c«_g VM PwiÎ- fvuoy`Ë|
 PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx `yB L‡Ð wef³- Av‡¶wUK LÐ I ewYK LÐ|
 Av‡¶wUK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- e¨va `¤úwZ Kvj‡KZz I dzjøivi Kvwnwb|
 ewYK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- bvqK abcwZ mI`vMvi I Zvi `yB ¯¿x- jnbv I Lyjøbvi Kvwnwb|
 ÔwccxwjKvi cvLv nq gwievi Z†iÕ Dw³KvixÑ dyjøivg PÐxg½‡j|
 Ô¯^fve KweÕ ejv nq- Kwe wØR gvae‡K|

ag©g½j
o Avw`Kwe- gq~i fÆ|
o ‡kÖô Kwe- Nbivg PµeZ©x|
o cÖ†YZvÑ iƒcivg PµeZ©x| [mgvmKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10]
o ag©VvKyi bvgK cyiæl †`eZvi gvnvZ¥¨ c«Pv‡ii Rb¨ iwPZ|
o Avw` KweÑ gq~i fÆ (Kve¨- nvK›` cyivY)|
o Kvwnwb : 15-18 kZ‡K cwðge‡½i exif~g, ea©gvb, evuKzov, †gw`bxcyi BZ¨vw` A‡j ag©VvKzi/ ag© bv‡gi
†`eZv‡K wb¤œ-‡kÖwYi wn›`yiv c~Rv KiZ| GB Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Kve¨B g½jKve¨|
o iPwqZvÑ gq~i fÆ, Avw` iƒcivg, †Ljvivg PµeZ©x, k¨vg cwÐZ, Nbivg PµeZ©x, biwmsn emy|
o ag©g½‡ji PwiÎmg‚n Ñ jvD†mb, nwið›`ª, Kc©i‚ †mb,gnvg` cvÎ|
o Kve¨ wef³- 2wU cvjvq (ivRv nwið‡›`«i Mí I jvD‡m‡bi Mí)|
Abœ`vg½j
→ cÖavb Kwe : 18 kZ‡Ki fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi| [mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi: 16. mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
→ fviZP›`ª ga¨hy‡Mi/g½jhy‡Mi me©‡kl [28Zg wewmGm. mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13] cÖavb Kwe/ †kÖô Kwe [6ô
we‡RGm> evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn. cwi: 04] evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i 1g bvMwiK Kwe|
→ PwiÎ : wnivgvwjbx, Ck¦i cvUbx
→ Abœ`v †`exi gnvZ¥¨ cÖPv‡i fevb›` gRyg`v‡ii Rxeb Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b wZbwU L‡Ð iwPZ| h_v : wkebvivqY,
KwjKvg½j (we`¨vmy›`i), gvbwmsn-fevb›`|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 27
→ PÐx I Abœ`v Awfbœ- GKB †`exi `zB bvg|
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑ Ck¦ix cvUbx, nxiv gvwjbx|
→ 1752 mv‡j ivRv K…òP‡›`Öi c…ô‡cvlKZvq Zvui mfvKwe fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Gi
Rb¨ gnvivR K…òP›`Ö Zvu‡K Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa †`b [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK (MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwkÿY): 01]]| fzimyU
ciMYvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY (1712) K‡ib| [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mn. cwiPvjK: 14] wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib
1760 wLª÷v‡ã| [36Zg wewmGm]
→ ÔmZ¨ cx†ii cuvPvwjÕ MÖ†š’i iPwqZvÑ fviZP›`Ö ivq ¸YvKi|
→ Zuvi iwPZ ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ cÖ_g gz`ªY K†ibÑ M½vwK†kvi fÆvPvh©, 1816 wLª÷v†ã|
→ Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10], ÔbMv÷KÕ Ges ÔM½v÷KÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv-
fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi|
→ ÔPÐxbvUKÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv- fviZP›`Ö ivq ¸YvKi|
→ iex›`Öbv_ fviZP‡›`Öi Kve¨‡K ÔivRK‡Éi gwYgvjvÕi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii cO&w³
ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡ZÕ e‡j- Ck^ix cvUbx KZ…©K PÐx‡`eZv‡K ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kv†e¨ [17Zg I 23Zg
wewmGm> ciivóª gš¿Yvjq- 2019 (e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v). mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 16. RbcÖkvm‡bi Aaxb wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. ewnivMgb I
cvm‡cvU© Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11. wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16 ]
bMi cywo‡j wK †`evjq Govq? g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kix‡ii cvZb|
Òeoi wcixwZ evwji euva!
ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y‡K Puv`Ó| [AvenvIqv Awa`߇ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 04]
g‡b ivLyb :
ʘ KvwjKvg½j ev we`¨vmy›`‡ii Avw`KweÑ Kwe K¼|
ʘ mvwewi` Lvb wj‡L‡QbÑ we`¨vmy›`i/ we`¨vmy›`iÕ MÖ‡š’i Abyev`K- mvwewi` Lvb| [¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq-
2019 (Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx- wmwfj)], imyj weRq|
ʘ ivg cÖmv` †mbÑ KweiÄb| be ivRv K…òP›`ª Zv‡K ÒKweiÄbÓ Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|

Rxebx mvwnZ¨
cÖkœ : Rxebx mvwnZ¨ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? [30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : †Kvb weL¨vZ e¨w³i Rxebx‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯‘wZg~jK mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq, ZvB RxebxmvwnZ¨| ga¨hy‡M kÖx
ˆPZb¨‡`e I Zvi KwZcq wk‡l¨i RxebKvwnbx Aej‡¤^b GB Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ ˆPZb¨ RxebxB
cÖavb| ‰PZb¨ †`e wQ‡jb- ˆeòe a‡g©i cÖPviK| [Kviv Awa`߇ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13. f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
→ ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx MÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
→ ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’ ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ| cÖ_g Rxebx †jLK gyivwi ¸ß| gyivwi ¸‡ßi KoPv bv‡g
cwiwPZ Kv‡Ri cÖKZ … bvg kÖx kÖx K…ò‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z|
→ evsjv fvlvq kÖx‰PZ‡b¨i cÖ_g RxebxKve¨ iPbv K‡ib e„›`veb `vm [40Zg wewmGm> kÖg cwi`߇ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY
Kg©KZ©v: 09> miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK> 06]| Kwe e„›`veb`vm‡K ˆPZb¨jxjvi e¨vm ejv n‡q‡Q|
→ evsjvq ˆPZb¨ †`‡ei wØZxq RxebxMÖš’ †jvPb `v‡mi ˆPZb¨g½j|
‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxwfwËK Rxebx MÖš’ Ab¨vb¨ Rxebx MÖš’
†jvPb `vmÑ ˆPZb¨g½j †Mvwe›``v‡miÑ KoPv nwiPiY `vm- A‰ØZg½j
Rqvb›`Ñ ˆPZb¨g½j K…ò`vm KweivRÑ ‰PZb¨PwiZvg„Z (1615) ‰mq` myjZvb- bex esk, ke-B-wgivR, imyj weRq
Pzovgwb`vmÑ †MŠiv½ weRq e„›`veb `vm- ‰PZb¨-fvMeZ Ckvb bvMi- A‰ØZcÖKvk
→ evsjv fvlvq me©v‡cÿv Z_¨eûj kÖx‰PZb¨ Rxebx Kve¨ Ô‰PZb¨PwiZvg„ZÕ K…ò`vm KweivR KZ…©K iwPZ nIqvq
Zvu‡K ˆPZb¨ Kv‡e¨i †kÖô Kwe ejv nq| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 28
KoPv
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| KoPvi A_©I GB ey¨rcwËi AbyiƒcÑ Lmov iPbv, ¯§viK
wjwc, mswÿß e³e¨| KoPv‡K w`bcwÄ ev †ivRbvgPv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv P‡j|
kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`e
kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`e 1486 wLª. 18B †deªæqvwi kwbevi beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1533
wLª. cyix‡Z gviv hvb| ˆPZ‡b¨i evj¨ bvg ev wcZ… cÖ`Ë bvg wQj wbgvB| †`ne‡Y©i
Rb¨ bvg nq †Mviv ev †MŠiv½| Zvi cÖKZ
… bvg wQj Ôwek^¤¢iÕ|
 Zvui weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔgywP n‡q ïwP nq hw` K…ò f‡RÕ|
 mbœ¨vm MÖn‡Yi ci kÖxK…òˆPZb¨ ms‡ÿ‡c ˆPZb¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ nb|
 ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ‡h ag©cÖPviK-Gi cÖfve Acwimxg- kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`e|
(36Zg wewmGm)
24 ermi eq‡m wZwb Kv‡Uvqvi †Kke fviZxi Kv‡Q mbœ¨vm MÖnY K‡ib Ges ÔkÖx‰PZb¨Õ bv‡g L¨vZ nb|
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ: ag© I mgvR ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei f~wgKv wjLyb| A_ev,
cÖkœ: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei f~wgKv Kx? [35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : kÖx‰PZb¨‡`e ˆeòea‡g©i h‡_ô m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g G †`‡ki wn›`y mgv‡R †h ‡PZbvi m¤úªmviY K‡iwQ‡jb,
Zvi cÖfv‡e ˆeòe mvwn‡Z¨i AfyZc~e© weKvk QvovI mvwn‡Z¨i Acivci kvLvq wewPÎgyLx cÖwZdjb †`Lv wM‡qwQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb‡`i AvMg‡bi ga¨ w`‡q eªvgvþvY¨ev‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô wb¤œ †kÖwYi wn›`yiv hLb m`je‡j Bmjv‡gi
QvqvZ‡j AvkÖq wb‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡iwQj, ZLb ˆPZb¨‡`e †cÖga‡g©i cÖPvi K‡ib| mvgšÍhy‡Mi Aby`vi gZv`k©‡K A¯^xKvi
K‡i wZwb cÖPvi Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb Rx‡e `qv, Ck^‡ii fw³ Ges mK‡ji AwaKvi| Zvui cÖPvwiZ †cÖgag©, †cÖgK_v
evOvwji Rxeb †PZbvq wewPÎ Avb›` I RvMiY G‡b †`q| Gfv‡eB evsjv Kve¨ †`e-‡`exi ¯‘wZg~jK aviv †_‡K
†ewi‡q G‡m gvbea‡g©i cÖkw¯Í‡Z †g‡Z D‡V| Zvui Abymvixiv G‡Ki ci GK iPbv K‡ib KvjRqx Rxebx mvwnZ¨|
GQvovI wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU cO&w³ bv wjL‡jI Zuvi bv‡g GKwU hy‡Mi m„wó n‡q‡Q|

cÖkœ: lo‡Mv¯^vgx, a~qv I †MŠiPw›`ªKv Kx?

DËi : lo‡Mv¯^vgx : kÖx‰PZ‡b¨i cÖ‡Z¨K wkl¨ Ges cig f³‡`i g‡a¨ QqRb‡K lo‡Mv¯^vgx ejv nq| Giv n‡jb
iNybv_ fÆ †Mv¯^vgx, iNybv_ `vm †Mv¯^vgx, †Mvcvj fÆ †Mv¯^vgx, mbvZb ‡Mv¯^vgx, iæc †Mv¯^vgx I Rxe †Mv¯^vgx|
a~qv : GKUvb wbw`©ó ¯Í‡i GKwU c` Mvb Ki‡j Zv‡K a~qv e‡j| cÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbvq wbw`©ó
myi-Zvj-j‡q GKwU c` _vKZ| GwU aªæe c`wUB a~qv|
‡MŠiPw›`ªKv : ivavK…ò welqK cvjvMv‡bi f~wgKviƒ‡c †MŠiv‡½i Rxe‡b Abyiƒc NUbvi AbyeZ©b n‡qwQj Zv ¯§iY K‡i
iwPZ †MŠijxjvi c`‡KB †MŠiPw›`ªKv|

gwm©qv mvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
gwm©qv K_vwU Aviwe [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix imvqbwe`: 01/Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 97], hvi A_© †kvK cÖKvk Kiv A_v©r
gwm©qv GK ai‡bi †kvKKve¨ ev †kvKMxwZ [cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Awdm mnKvix: 19. Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10.
miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 11. RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡q mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]| Aviwe mvwn‡Z¨ gwm©qvi D™¢e bvbv ai‡bi
†kvKven NUbv †_‡K n‡jI c‡i Zv Kvievjv cÖvšÍ‡i wbnZ Bgvg †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨ knx`‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i †jLv
KweZv gwm©qv bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ nq| Aviwe mvwnZ¨ †_‡K gwm©qv Kve¨ dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb cvq| fvi‡Z †gvNj Avgj
kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j G‡`‡k dviwm fvlvq gwm©qv cÖPwjZ nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq evsjv fvlvq gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖPjb|
→ evsjv gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` Kwe †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb iPbv K‡ib ÔRqb‡ei †PŠwZkvÕ (1570)|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 29
→ PÆMÖvg A‡ji [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iPbv K‡ibÑR½bvgv| R½bvgv Kve¨ Kvievjvi
welv`gq hy×-weMÖn Gi welqe¯‘|
→ nvqvr gvgy`ÑR½bvgv|
→ gyn¤§` LvbÑ hy×-weMÖn welqK ÔR½bvgvÕ / g³zj †nv‡mb Kve¨ (1635) (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb- R½bvgv) †kÖô
Kvievjv m¤^Üxq MÖš’|
→ gwm©qv avivi wn›`y Kwe ivuavigb †MvcÑ ÔBgvgM‡Yi †K”QvÕ, ÔAvdrbvgvÕ|
→ ÔKvwk‡gi jovBÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv KvRx ‡kiivR [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvhv©j‡qi AwWUi: 11] Ges Ônvwbdvi jovBÕ
Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv Avãyj nvwKg|
→ gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ Kwe- dwKi Mixeyjøvn, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, Kvq‡Kvev`|

bv_ mvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : bv_ mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| (30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)/ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi
MvbÕ MÖš’wU m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
 bv_ a‡g©i HwZnvwmK hyM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ `kg I GKv`k kZ‡K bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i m~Pbv nq|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi bv_a‡g©i Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ AvL¨vwqKv Kve¨ bv_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 †eŠ× a‡g©i m‡½ ˆke ag© wg‡k G ag©g‡Zi DrcwË| wke n‡jb Avw`bv_ Ges Zvi wkl¨ gxbbv_ ev
gr‡m¨›`ªbv_ n‡jb bv_ a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv| bv_ A_© cÖfz|
 DcRxe¨ : Avw`bv_ wke, gxbbv_, cve©Zx, †MvcxP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx|
 bv_ mvwnZ¨ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: gxbbv_ I Zvui wkl¨ gr‡m›`ªbv‡_i Kvwnwb Ges ivRv †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm|
 bv_ mvwnZ¨ cÖKZ … c‡ÿ MxwZKv ev e¨vjvW wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ|
 1878 wLª. cÖ_gevi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb iscyi †_‡K msM„nxZ GKwU MxwZKv ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi MvbÕ bvg
w`‡q GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvk K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j DËi I c~e© e‡½i wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K
gqbvgZxi Mvb (fevbx `vm), †MvcxPu‡›`ªi Mvb (ïKyi gvngy`), †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm BZ¨vw` bv‡g GKB
Kvwnbx wfwËK cyuw_ Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q hv †_‡K bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i cwiPq jvf Kiv hvq|
 gymjgvb n‡qI bv_ mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib- †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` I cÖavb Kwe| Zvui
Kve¨wU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`|
m¤úv`bv Kwe Kve¨ bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ Kwe
Ave`yj Kwig †kL dqRyjøvn †Mviÿ weRq (37Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:) k¨vg`vm †mb, fevbx `vm
W. cÂvbb gÐj fxg †mb ‡MvL©weRq

‡mjd †U÷ (evsjv mvwnZ¨)

wm‡jevm t kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨, ‰eòe c`vewj, g½j Kve¨, bv_ mvwnZ¨, gwm©qv mvwnZ¨
c~Y©gvb t 20g mgq t 10 wgwbU
we. `ª. ï× Dˇii Rb¨ 01 b¤^i cv‡eb, cÖwZwU fzj Dˇii Rb¨ 0.50 b¤^i KvuUv hv‡e
01. †K evsjv fvlvi Kwe bb? [Kviv Awa. Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 13] M. eªReywj N. ms¯‹…Z fvlv
K. Ávb`vm L. Rq‡`e 04. wb‡Pi ‡Kvb Rb evsjv fvlvi Kwe? [AvBwmwe e¨vsK wj.
M. gyKz›`ivg N. PÐx`vm Awdmvi/wmwb. Awdmvi: 14]
02. ÔeªReywjÕ ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi fvlv? [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mn. cix: 13] K. myi`vm L. Kvwj`vm
K. Avmvg L. wgw_jv M. Ávb`vm N. Rq‡`e
M. †MŠo N. cwðge½ 05. ga¨hyMxq GK ‡kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kv‡e¨i D`vniY-
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
03. ‰eòe c`vewji mv‡_ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. MxwZKve¨ L. g½jKve¨
K. mܨv fvlv L. Awafvlv
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 30
M. RxebxKve¨ N. Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq 13. ga¨hy‡Mi ag© cÖPviK ÔkÖx ‰PZb¨‡`‡eiÕ g„Zz¨mvj †KvbwU?
06. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg wb`k©b Kx? [Kviv K. 1486 L. 1533
Awa`߇ii Kviv ZˡveavqK: 13]
M. 1586 N. 1633
K. PZz`©kc`x KweZv L. Ph©vc` 14. ÔbeØx‡cÕ Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib-
M. †QvUMí N. g½jKve¨ K. eo– PÛx`vm L. Ave`yj nvwKg
07. g½jKv‡e¨i iPwqZv bb †K? [mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v (gyw³‡hv×v: 15)] M. kÖx ‰PZb¨‡`e N. ivgcÖmv` †mb
K. fviZP›`ª L. eo– PÐx`vm 15. kÖx ‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’ Ô‰PZb¨g½jÕ Gi †jLK †K?
M. gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x N. weRq ¸ß K. e„›`veb `vm L. Ávb`vm
08. ‡KvbwU AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kve¨? [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii M. †Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm N. †jvPb `vm
mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10] 16. c`vewji cÖ_g ev Avw` Kwe ejv nq-
K. gbmvg½j L. Abœ`vg½j K. we`¨vcwZ L. PÐx`vm
M. KvwjKvg½j N. mvi`vg½j M. Rq‡`e N. eo– PÐx`vm
09. g½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe bb †K? [40Zg wewmGm] 17. ms¯‹…Z fvlvq ˆeòe c`vewji Avw` Kwe-
K. `vï ivq L. nwi`Ë K. we`¨vcwZ L. eo– PÐx`vm
M. gvwbK `Ë N. fviZP›`ª M. Rq‡`e N. Ávb`vm
10. ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb †K? (34Zg wewmGm) 18. evsjv fvlvq ˆeòe c`vewji Avw` Kwe-
K. eo– PÐx`vm L. †Mvwe›``vm K. Rq‡`e L. we`¨vcwZ
M. Ávb`vm N. Rqb›`x M. Rqb›`x N. PÐx`vm
11. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨wU‡Z ÔK…òÕ †K wK wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv 19. ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii
n‡q‡Q? G fiv fv`i gvn fv`i
K. gvbevZœvi cÖZxK L. cigvZœv k~b¨ gw›`i †gviÕ Kvi †jLv G Dw³wU?
M. ivLvj hyeK N. `~Z K. PÐx`vm L. Ávb`vm
12. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq †h 3 Rb PÐx`v‡mi K_v M. we`¨vcwZ N. †Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm
e‡j‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖvPxb †K? 20. ÔmB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvgÕ Kvi Dw³?
K. eo– PÐx`vm L. wØR PÐx`vm K. PÐx`vm L. eo– PÐx`vm
M. w`b PÐx`vm N. G‡`b †KD bb M. Ávb`vm N. G‡`i †KD bb

01 (L) 02 (L) 03 (M) 04 (M) 05 (L) 06 (N) 07 (L) 08 (L) 09 (K) 10 (N)
mgvavb 11 (M) 12 (K) 13 (L) 14 (M) 15 (N) 16 (K) 17 (M) 18 (N) 19 (M) 20 (K)

†jvKmvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : †jvKmvwnZ¨ Kv‡K e‡j? †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i aviv¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|
Rbmvavi‡Yi gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Muv_v Kvwnbx, Mvb, Qov, avuavu, cÖev`-cÖPb BZ¨vw` [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, kÖg cwi`߇ii
cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09] ‡jvKmvwnZ¨ ejv nq| AviI mn‡R ejv hvq, †Kvb m¤úª`vq ev Rb‡Mvôxi AwjwLZ mvwnZ¨B
†jvKmvwnZ¨| †jvKmvwnZ¨ gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvwiZ _v‡K e‡j Zv‡Z cÖvPxb‡Z¡i wb`k©b _v‡K bv| Z‡e G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb
Kv‡ji m„wó|
†jvKmvwnZ¨

Qov Mvb ev MxwZKv ev K_v auvav cÖev`

†jvKMxwZ †jvKMxwZKv

iƒcK_v DcK_v eªZK_v

bv_ mvwnZ¨ gqgbwmsn c~e©e½

MxwZKv MxwZKv
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 31
Qov
†jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg m„wó Qov| [evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. mve-‡iwR÷ªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv: 92, †ewmK
e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U g¨v‡bRvi: 12] Qov¸‡jv we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³i m„wó e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq bv, Gi m„wói wcQ‡b mgwó g‡bi
cÖfve Kvh©Ki| Qovi Q›` evsjv KweZvi cÖvPxbZg Q›`| Qovi Q›` ¯^ivNvZ ev k^vmvNvZ cÖavb Q›`| c‡e©i Avw` ¯^‡i
k^vmvNvZ c‡o e‡j GB bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q| G‡K †jŠwKK Q›`I ejv nq|
Mvb ev †jvKMxwZ
†Kvb ARvbv †jvKKwe KZ©K
„ iwPZ we‡kl we‡kl fve Aej¤^‡b iwPZ †hLv‡b †Kvb Kvwnbx _v‡K bv eis Zv †jvK mgv‡R MxZ
n‡q P‡j G‡m‡Q Zv †jvKMxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cUzqv cwðge‡½i cwðg mxgvšÍeZ©x KwZcq †Rjvi wPÎKi ev cUzqv‡`i m½xZ| Zviv †`e‡`exi wPÎ A¼b
K‡i Mvb †M‡q Zv weµq KiZ| G m½x‡Zi welqe¯‘ wQjÑ K…òjxjv ivgvqY I gbmvg½j|
fv`y cwðge‡½i mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjvi Kzgvix‡`i g‡a¨ fv`ª gv‡m fv`ycyRvi MxZ| cÖKw… Z e›`bv Gi welqe¯‘|
Szgyi Avw`evmx‡`i (muvIZvj) Mvb|
M¤¢xiv DËie½ (PvucvBbeveMÄ)| Gi welqe¯‘ wke|
fvIqvBqv iscyi I Zvi Av‡kcv‡kÑ Gi welqe¯‘ †cÖg|
Rvwi Mvb c~e© gqgbwmsnÑ Gi welqe¯‘ ivavK…‡òi †cÖg Gi welqe¯‘|
fvwUqvjx b`-b`x c~Y© gqgbwmsn A‡ji eªþcyÎ b‡`i DËi-c~e© w`‡Ki Mvb|

cÖkœ : gbmyi eqvwZi ÔnvivgwbÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

DËi: gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb wQ‡jb weL¨vZ †jvKMxwZ msKjb ÔnvivgwYÕ-Gi cÖavb m¤úv`K| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ
MÖvg †_‡K Qq nvRv‡ii gZ †jvKMvb msMÖn K‡ib| wbR MÖv‡gi †cÖg`vm ˆeivMxi †_‡K cÖ_g jvj‡bi GKwU Mvb
msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Zvi †jvKMxwZ msMÖ‡ni m~Pbv K‡ib| Gi ci wZwb evsjvi AevwiZ gvV MMb jjvU Ny‡i ‡ewi‡q
jvj‡bi Mvb QvovI †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Abb¨ Dcv`vb Qov, Mvb, avu avu, cÖev`-cÖPb BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡ib| wZb `k L‡Ð
Zvui msM„nxZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv msKjb K‡ib| gyn¤§` gybmyiDÏx‡bi ÔnvivgwbÕi cÖ_g L‡Ði f~wgKv wj‡LwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi|

MxwZKv
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : MxwZKv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? MxwZKvi K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|
DËi : GK ‡kÖwYi AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKMxwZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bs‡iRx Ballad [26Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi] kãwU divwm Ballet ev b„Z¨ kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Ballad ej‡Z AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq| MxwZKv
Kvwnbx cÖavb MwZkxj †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq|
☼ evsjv‡`k †_‡K msM„nxZ MxwZKv¸‡jv K‡qK fv‡M wef³| h_v- bv_ MxwZKv, ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv, c~e©e½
MxwZKv cÖf…wZ|

gqgbwmsn MxwZKv
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ‰ggbwmsn MxwZKv m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| A_ev,
cÖkœ: P›`ªKzgvi †` Ges `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi bvg †Kb †jvKmvwnZ¨ †cÖgxi ü`‡q wPiw`b †R‡M _vK‡e? [38Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ]
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi D‡`¨v‡M evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K †h me MxwZKv msM„nxZ n‡qwQj Zv KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq
KZ©„K ‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ, Ôc~e©e½MxwZKvÕ bv‡g Pvi L‡Ð 1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| e„nËi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi c~e©vs‡k
†b·Kvbv, wK‡kviMÄ, nweM‡Ä mvaviY RbmgvR †KvP, Mv‡iv, nvRs, ivReskx cÖf…wZ gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨
‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ‰ggbwmsn AÂj ‡_‡K msM„nxZ MxwZKvi bvg-
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 32
 gûqv : wØR KvbvB [26Zg wewmGm]  iƒceZx : AÁvZ
 Kgjv : wØR Bkvb  KvRj‡iLv : AÁvZ
 ‡`Iqvbv gw`bv : gbmyi eqvwZ [Dc‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv  ‡`Iqvb fveb : AÁvZ
Awdmvi: 05]  `myy¨ ‡Kbviv‡gi cvjv : P›`ªveZx
 P›`ªveZx I RqP›`ª : bqvbPvu` †Nvl [Avbmvi I wfwWwc  we`¨vmy›`i : KweK¼
Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U : 10]
 gjyqv : P›`ªveZx
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKv we‡k^i 23wU fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq| [Avg`vwb-ißvwb Awa`߇ii wbe©vnx Awdmvi: 07]
→ KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK `x‡bkP›`ª †mb gqgbwmsn MxZ I cvjv¸‡jv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ eZ©gvb †b·KvYv
†Rjvi AvB_i MÖv‡gi Awaevmx ÔP›`ªKzgvi †`Õ †K msMÖvnK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi,
GbGmAvB Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19> miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
→ 1923 mv‡j W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi m¤úv`bvq [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi: 17. ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi ewnivMg I cvm‡cvU© Awa`߇ii
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11] KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K Ôˆggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ bv‡g cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| MxwZKv¸‡jv‡Z AwZ
mvaviY gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, myL-`y:L, Avb›`-‡e`bv, PvIqv-cvIqv, AvPvi-e¨envi cÖfw… Z RxešÍ n‡q D‡V‡Q
hv evsjvi HwZn¨‡K aviY K‡i| ZvB †kÖvZv‡`i Rb¨ GB Ag~j¨ iZbmg~n msMÖn K‡i ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb
P›`ªKzgvi †` I `x‡bkP›`ª ‡mb|
→ gûqv cvjvi cÖavb PwiÎ gûqv, b‡`i Pvu`|
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi DcvL¨vb- RqP›`ª P›`ªveZx|
cÖkœ : ˆggbwmsn MxwZKvi g~j¨vqY Kiæb|
DËi : Kw_Z wkwÿZ mgv‡Ri evB‡I mvaviY gvbyl mvaviY bxwZK_vi gvb`‡Ð G¸‡jv iPbv I PP©v K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b
†bB Avjøvn-‡Lv`vi gnvZ¥ wKsev †`e-‡`exi Zzwó| G¸‡jv †hgb ejøvj †m‡bi KzcÖ_v gy³ mgvR †Zgwb KvV‡gvjøv‡`i
d‡ZvqvevwR n‡ZI gy³| †eŠ× Kg©ev`, wn›`yi wbôv, gymwjg GKvMÖZvi mgš^q Ô‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕi mgvR Rxe‡b
†`Lv hvq| mv¤úª`vwqK msNv‡Zi †Kvb wPý †bB GgbwK Gi fv‡jv/g›` Pwiθ‡jv m¤úª`vq wbi‡cÿfv‡e G‡m‡Q|
AZ¨šÍ mnR-mij fvlvq MÖvgxY gvby‡li cÖv‡Yi fvlvq ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

c~ee© ½ MxwZKv
c~e©e½ MxwZKv bv‡g cwiwPZ MxwZKv¸‡jvi wKQz c~e© gqgbwmsn †_‡K Ges Aewkó MxwZKv †bvqvLvjx, PÆMÖvg AÂj
†_‡K msM„nxZ G mKj MxwZKvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| c~e©e½ MxwZKvi msMÖvnK W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb I P›`ªKzgvi †`|
[37Zg wewmGm]

ÒwbRvg WvKv‡Zi cvjvÕ, ÔKvdb †PvivÕ Ô†PŠayixi jovBÕ, Ô†fjyqvÕ, ÔKgj mi`viÕ, Ô Avqbv weweÕ, ÔKgjv ivYxi MvbÕ
BZ¨vw`| Ô†fjyqvÕ cvjvq bvix ü`‡qi AvwZ© cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

K_v ev †jvKK_v ev †jvKKvwnbx

M‡`¨i gva¨‡g Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡j Zv‡K †jvKK_v (Folklore) e‡j| †jvKK_vq Dcv`vb ˆewPΨag©x| gvbeRxe‡bi
wewPÎ AwfRvZI †hgb G‡Z iƒcvwqZ n‡q I‡V, †Zgwb †ivgvÝag©x Kíbvi weKvkI G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| †Kvb †Kvb
Kvwnbx‡Z Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, Avb›`-‡e`bvi wPÎ, †Kv_vI Rxe‡bi †QvULvU Am½wZ, †Kv_vI Abvwej †KŠZzK i‡mi
mÂvi, †Kv_vI bxwZcÖPviÑ G ai‡bi e³e¨ †jvKK_vq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| we‡k^i mKj †`‡kB iƒcK_v RvZxq Kvwnbxi
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| G‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Fairy tale ejv nq| Aev¯Íe, A‡jŠwKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbvejx Gi DcRxe¨| Avie¨
Dcb¨v‡mi Mí GB †kÖYxi| cÖ‡Z¨K †jvKK_vi GK ev GKvwaK †gŠwjK DwÏó welq _v‡K| Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Motif
ejv nq|
iƒcK_v
iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g GK ARvbv inm¨gq RM‡Zi wewPÎ Kvwnbx †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q cwi‡ewkZ nq| †fŠ‡MvwjK gvcKvwV‡Z †m
me iv‡R¨i †Kvb cwiPq _v‡K bv| A‡jŠwKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbv G‡Z fxo K‡i|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 33
`wÿYviÄb wgÎÑ VvKzi `v`vi Szwj, VvKzigvi Szwj
D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivqÑ UzbUzwbi eB
DcK_v : cïcÿxi PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b †hme Kvwnbx M‡o D‡V‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg DcK_v|
eªZK_v : evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji †g‡qjx eª‡Zi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b eªZK_v bv‡g GK ai‡bi
†jvK K_vi weKvk N‡U‡Q|

cÖev`
→ cÖev` ej‡Z †evSvq gvby‡li `xN©Kv‡ji AwfÁZvi GKwU mswÿß Awfe¨w³|
→ cÖev‡` Av‡Q Ávb I mZ¨ cÖPv‡ii cÖ‡Póv, Av‡Q e³e¨‡K imvZ¥K K‡i cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ mshZ kãweb¨vm| ZvB
cÖev` n‡”Q Kv‡e¨i Nbxf~Z wbh©vm ev Kve¨KwYKv|
→ wewfbœ cÖev` :
 Ôeb †_‡K †eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi ‡Uvci gv_vq w`‡qÕ|- GKwU cÖev`| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
 Ôhw` _v‡K eÜzi gb MvO cviB‡Z KZÿY?Õ GKwU cÖev`| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]

avuavu
auvavu wRÁvmv Ges †m m‡ei DËi `v‡bi gva¨‡g eyw×e„wËi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Ôeb †_‡K †eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi †Uvci
gv_vq w`‡qÕ GKwU avuauvi D`vniY| AviI wKQz avuavui D`vniY- ÔnvZ bvB cv bvB, †`‡k ‡`‡k ‡Nv‡i, Afve co‡j
gvbyl Abvnv‡i g‡iÕg ÔwZb Aÿ‡i bvg hvi R‡j evm K‡i gv‡Si Aÿi KvuUv w`‡j D‡o †h‡Z cv‡iÕg ÔAv‡Q hZ,
Avm‡e ZZ, Zvi A‡a©K, A‡a©‡Ki A‡a©K, Zzwgmn k‡ZK fvBÕ|

Abyev` mvwnZ¨
c‡bi kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Kwe K…wËevm KZ©K „ ms¯‹…Z ivgvq‡Yi e½vbyev‡`i gva¨‡g Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i m~ÎcvZ N‡U|
evsjv‡`‡k Avh© mf¨Zvi m¤úªmvi‡Y ms¯‹…Z fvlvq ag©kv¯¿ Kve¨ I bvUKvw` iwPZ nq| ms¯‹…Z iwPZ ivgvqY,
gnvfviZ, fvMeZ I Ab¨vb¨ cyivY MÖš’ mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖôZg wb`k©b wn‡m‡e evOvwj‡K wegy» K‡i‡Q| Ab~w`Z
MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z Abyev`Kiv g~j e³e¨ wVK †i‡L gv‡S-mv‡S wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
 Kweiv cqvi Q‡›` G mKj mvwnZ¨ Abyev` Ki‡Zb|
 wn›`y Kweiv g~jZ cyivY Kvwnwb¸‡jv Abyev` Ki‡Zb| Zv‡`i Abyev`K…Z mwn‡Z¨i bvg Ômvwn‡Z¨i K_vÕ|
 gymjgvb Kweiv Abyev` Ki‡Zb dviwm, wnw›`, ms¯‹…wZ cÖf…wZ fvlvi mvwnZ¨mg~n| GB mKj mvwnwZ¨K‡`i
Abyev`K…Z mvwn‡Z¨i bvg Ô†ivgvwÈK cÖY‡qvcL¨vbÕ|
ivgvqY
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ: ivgvqY m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
 ms¯‹…Z Kwe evj¥xwK (iZœvKi) [K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb AwWUi: 14. †mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iæcvjx
e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 03] ms¯‹…Z fvlvq [6ô we‡RGm] ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib| `my¨ iZœvKi DB‡cvKvi wXwei
Dci e‡m ivg bv‡gi Zcm¨v Ki‡Zb e‡j Zvi bvg nq evj¥xwK|
 ivgvqY n‡jv ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Avw`/cÖvPxb gnvKve¨| wkím¤§Z I Avj¼vwiK Kve¨K…wZ iƒ‡c ivgvqYB cÖ_g Kve¨|
 GwU 24 nvRvi †køv‡K iwPZ Ges 7wU Kv‡Ð (Avw`KvÐ, A‡hva¨vKvÐ, wKw®‹Ü¨vKvÐ, my›`iKvÐ, j¼vKvÐ I
DËiKvÐ) wef³|
 ivgvqY gnvKv‡e¨ Avh© mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi me©vZ¥K weKv‡ki iƒc dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
 ivgvq‡Yi cÖ_g I †kÖô Abyev`K K…wËevm ISv (ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Abyev`)| Zvui Ab~w`Z bvg ÔivgvqYÕ| [15Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ]
 wbZ¨vb›` AvPvh© (A™¢yZvPvh©) iwPZ A™¢~Z Avðh© ivgvqYK_v (A™¢~Z ivgvqY)
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 34
 ivgvq‡Yi mswÿß Kvwnbx : ivgvqY mvZwU KvÐ ev L‡Ð wef³| h_v : Avw`KvÐ ev evjKvÐ, A‡hva¨vKvÐ,
AiY¨KvÐ, wKw®‹Ü¨vKvÐ, my›`iKvÐ, j¼vKvÐ ev hy×KvÐ I DËiKvÐ| GB mßKv‡Ð iv‡gi RxebK_v
KvjvbyµwgKfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
 ivgvq‡Yi PwiÎ :
ivg GB DcvL¨v‡bi bvqK| weòzi mßg AeZvi ivg wQ‡jb ivRv `ki_ I Zvui ‰R¨ôv gwnlx †KŠkjvi
ˆR¨ô I wcÖqZg cyÎ|
mxZv iv‡gi wcÖqZgv cZœx Ges ivRv Rb‡Ki cvwjZv Kb¨v| mxZvi Aci bvg RvbKx| wZwb weòzcZœx j²xi
AeZvi|
nbygvb wKw®‹Ü¨v iv‡R¨i GK evbi| wZwb wk‡ei AeZvi Ges iv‡gi Av`k© f³|
jÿY iv‡gi åvZv|
iveY j¼vi ivÿmivR|
`ki_ A‡hva¨vi ivRv I iv‡gi wcZv| Zvui wZb cZœx : †KŠkj¨v, ˆK‡Kqx I mywgÎv| ivg e¨ZxZ Aci wZb
cyÎ : fiZ, j²Y I kÎæNœ|
cÖkœ : ivgvq‡Yi cÖ_g gwnjv Abyev`K †K? [13Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe I igvq‡Yi cÖ_g Abyev`K P›`ªveZx| [9g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 14]
wZwb wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Zvi wcZv gbmvg½j iPwqZv Kwe wØR eskx`vm| AvbygvwbK cÂ`k
kZ‡Ki ‡k‡l A_ev †lvok kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g P›`ªveZx ivgvqY iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| P›`ªveZx ivgvqY QvovI gqgbwmsn
MxwZKvi ÔgjyqvÕ I Ô`my¨ †Kbviv‡gi cvjvÕ MxwZKv `ywU iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
cÖkœ : gnvKve¨ Kx?
DËi : exi imvZ¥K AvL¨vbKve¨‡K gnvKve¨ e‡j| Gi aviv `yBwU| h_v- cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨| cÖv‡P¨i gnvKv‡e¨
mM©wefvM _vK‡e| mM© msL¨v n‡e 8 Gi †ewk| mKj mM© GKB m‡M© iwPZ n‡e| DcRxe¨- cyivY, BwZnvm/ mZ¨
NUbv| bvq‡Ki Rq ev cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g cwimgvwß nq|
RvZ gnvKve¨ mvwnwZ¨K gnvKve¨
RvZ gnvKve¨ ‡gvU 4wU| h_v- kvnbvgv- †di‡`Šwm
ivgvqY- evj¥xwK ‡gNbv`ea Kve¨- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
gnvfviZ- K…ò ˆØcvqb †e`e¨vm gnvk¥kvb- Kvq‡Kvev`
BwjqvW- †nvgvi ‡¯úb weRq Kve¨- BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivwR
IwWwm-‡nvgvi c¨vivWvBm j÷- Rb wgëb
gnvfviZ
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : Ab~w`Z gnvKve¨ ÔgnvfviZÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
 gnvfviZ K_vwUi A_© nj fiZ es‡ki gnvb DcvL¨vb|
 18wU L‡Ð Ges 85000wU †køv‡K ms¯‹…Z fvlvq GwU iPbv Kiv nq|
 kÖx K…ò ‰Øcvqb ‡e`e¨vm gnvfviZ gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib| [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 12. Avbmvi wfwWwc
Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡W›U: 10] gnvfviZ eªvþY¨ev`x‡`i RvZxq gnvKve¨|
 ‡e`e¨vm iwPZ gnvKve¨ ÒgnvfviZÓ cÖvPxb I ga¨hyMxq fviZ‡Kvl|
 evsjv fvlvq gnvfviZ Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g Abyev`K Kwe wQ‡jb ÔKex›`ª ci‡gk¦iÕ| Zvui Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg
ÔcivMjx gnvfviZÕ [31Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi> Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10]| c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb
civMj Lvu|
 DcRxe¨ welq- †KŠie I cvЇei M…nweev` Ges Kzi懶Πhz‡×i c‚e©vci NUbvewj| Kziæ‡ÿ‡Îi hy× 18 w`b
e¨vcx P‡jwQj|
 gnvfvi‡Zi †kÖô evsjv Abyev`K m‡Zi kZ‡Ki †`e es‡ki Kwe Kvkxivg `vm| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 13. ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19. gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 13] Zvi Ab~w`Z
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 35
weL¨vZ cO&w³-
Ôgnvfvi‡Zi K_v Ag„Z mgvb,
Kvkxivg `vm f‡b †kv‡b c~Y¨evb|Õ
 kÖxKib›`x Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg ÒQzwULvbx gnvfviZÓ| civMj Lvi cyÎ QzwU Lv‡bi (cÖKZ
… bvg: bmiZ Lvb)
wb‡`©‡k kÖxKi b›`x GwU iPbv K‡ib|

gnvfvi‡Zi wewfbœ PwiÎ

Awfgby¨ AR©yb I myf`ªvi exicyÎ, gnvhy‡× Pµe~¨‡n wbnZ nb|
AR©yb ‡`eivR B‡›`ªi eiRvZ cvÐz I KzšxÍ i Z…Zxq cyÎ, whwb we‡k^i †kÖô abya©i wn‡m‡e MY¨ nb|
Ak^Ìgvgv ¸iæ †`ªvYvPvh© I K…cxi Agi cyÎ I `y‡h©va‡bi wgÎ|
KY© m~h‡© `‡ei eiRvZ AweevwnZv KzšÍxi avwg©K `vbexi cyÎ|
KzšÍx KzšÍx †fv‡Ri cvwjZv Kb¨v I cvÐzi ¯¿x| Gi wZb cyÎ- hywawôi, fxg I AR©yb|
MvÜvix MvÜviivR mye‡ji Kb¨v I a„Ziv‡óªi ag©civqY cZœx|
`ytkvmb kZ‡KŠi‡ei 2q †KŠie, `y¨Zmfvq †`ªŠc`xi e¯¿niY K‡ib|
`y‡h©vab a„Zivóª I MvÜvixi †R¨ô †KŠie cyÎ, M`vhy‡× cvi`k©x I Ab¨Zg LjPwiÎ|
‡`ªvYvPvh© Kziæ ivRKzgv‡ii A¯¿wkÿK eªvþY ¸iæ, Ak^Ìgvgvi wcZv|
†`ªŠc`x cvÂvjivR `ªæc‡`i Kb¨v I cÂcvЇei GKK cZœx [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi], Gi m¤§vb iÿv‡_©
gnvhy× msNwUZ nq|
a„Zivóª wewPÎexh© I Aw¤^Kvi AÜ cyÎ, hvi kZcyÎ †KŠie bv‡g cwiwPZ|
bKzj Awk^bxKzgv‡ii eiRvZ gv`ªxi cyÎ 4_© cvÐe, Awm Pvjbvq cvi`k©x|
cvÐz wewPÎexh© I Aw¤^Kvi cyÎ, hvi cvuP cyÎ cvÐe bv‡g cwiwPZ|
we`yi Aw¤^Kvi `vmxi ag©Ávbx cyÎ, cvÐe I †KŠi‡ei m¤ú‡K© KvKv nb|
e¨vm‡`e gnvfvi‡Zi iPwqZv gnvb Fwl, a„Zivóª I cvÐz GiB JimRvZ|
fxg ceb‡`‡ei eiRvZ wØZxq cvÐe, gnvhy‡× `y‡h©vab‡K nZ¨v K‡ib|
fx®§ gnvivR kvšÍby I M½v‡`exi exi cyÎ|
hywawôi a‡g©i eiRvZ †R¨ô cvÐe, avwg©KZv I mZ¨ev`xZvi Rb¨ L¨vZ|
kKzwb MvÜviivR mye‡ji cyÎ KcU `y¨Z µxovq cvi`k©x Ab¨Zg LjPiwÎ, †KŠie‡`I civgk©`vbKvix
gvgv|
kj¨ cvÐzi ¯¿x gv`ªxi åvZv I cvÐe‡`i gvgv, `y‡h©va‡bi Qjbvq hy‡× †KŠiecÿ MÖn‡Y eva¨ nb|
kÖxK…ò emy‡`e I †`eKxi Aóg cyÎ, fMevb weòzi Aóg AeZvi, RM‡Z ag©iÿv †nZz Avwef©~Z nb|
mZ¨eZx kvšÍbyi 2q cÿ, grm¨MÜv bv‡g cwiwPZ, cy‡Îi bvg- wPÎv½`v I wewPÎexh©|
mn‡`e Awk^bxKzgv‡ii eiRvZ gv`ªxi cyÎ †kl cvÐe, †R¨vwZlwe`¨vq cvi`k©x|
Ab¨vb¨ K…cvPvh©, N‡UvrKP, `ªæc`, ejivg, weivU, kvšÍby|
PwiÎ
cÖkœ : fvMeZ Kx? gvjvai emy‡K †Kb ¸YivR Lvb ejv nq?
DËi : ÔfvMeZÕ GKwU fw³ev`x ag©MÖš’, hv wn›`y‡`i gnvcyivY wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GwUB cÖ_g wn›`y cyivY, hv BD‡ivcxq
fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| gvjvai emy GwU ÔkÖxK…òweRqÕ bv‡g Abyev` K‡ib| G Abyev‡`i Rb¨ iæKbywÏb evieK kvn
Zvu‡K ¸YivR Lvb Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
cÖkœ: Kex›`ª ci‡gk^‡ii Ab~w`Z ÔgnvfviZÕ †K †Kb civMjx gnvfviZ ejv nq? Gi Abb¨ ˆewkó¨ Kx?
DËi : †lvj kZ‡K û‡mb kvn PÆMªvg kvm‡bi Rb¨ civMj Lvu bvgK j¯‹i wbhy³ K‡ib| gnvfvi‡Z wewPÎ hy‡×i
†KŠkj ‡jLv _vKvq, hy× cvMj civMj Lvu gnvfvi‡Zi hy‡×i Kvwnwb ï‡b evsjvq Abyev` Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`b| GB
wb‡`©‡kB gnvfvi‡Zi evsjv Abyev` K‡ib Kex›`ª ci‡gk^i| G Rb¨B Gi bvg nq civMjx gnvfviZ|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 36
Abb¨ ˆewkó¨ : gymwjg kvm‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZvq iwPZ n‡jI Kwe‡›`ªi iPbvq Bmjvwg kã G‡Kev‡i †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
A_©vr Kwe›`ª Kve¨ iPbvi g~j jÿ¨ †_‡K Pzj cwigvY wePz¨Z nqwb|
dviwm ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev`
g~j MÖš’ g~j iPwqZv Ab~w`Z MÖš’ Abyev`K
BDmyd Iqv RyjvBLv Rvgx BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv kvn gyn¤§` mMxi [23Zg wewmGm], Ave`yj
nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn
jvBjv Iqv gvRbyb jvqjx- gRby Rvgx ‡`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb [mn. _vbv wk. Awdmvi:
10. `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K: 04], gyn¤§` Lv‡qi
- - R½bvgv dwKi Mixeyjøvn
- - b~ibvgv Ave`yj nvwKg
ZvRyjg~jK ¸j-B-eKvIjx B¾Zzjøvn ¸‡j eKvIjx bIqvwRm Lvb, gynv¤§` gyKxg [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv
Awdmvi: 04]
- - nv‡Zg ZvB mv`Zzjøvn, ‰mq` nvgRv
nd&Z cqKi wbRvgx nßcqKi, wmKv›`ibvgv AvjvIj
wmKv›`ibvgv
mqdzjgyjK-ew`D¾vgvj MvIqvmx mqdzjgyjK-ew`D¾vgvj
Zzûd-B-bvmvCn BDmyd M`v †Zvndv (bxwZKve¨)

wnw›` cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev`

Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg g~j MÖš’ I iPwqZvi bvg Abyev`K
mZxgqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbx Kwe mvab iwPZ Ô‰gbvmZÕ cÖ_g I wØZxq LÐ : AvjvIj, †`ŠjZ KvRx
cÙveZx gvwjK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvqmx iwPZ Ôc`ygverÕ AvjvIj [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15]
gaygvjZx gbSb iwPZ ÒgaygvjZÕ gynv¤§` Kexi, ˆmq` nvgRv [miKvwi gva¨wgK
we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wk: 19], gynv¤§` Pzni, kv‡Ki
gynv¤§`

‡ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb Kwe‡`i Ae`vb wjLyb|
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i gymjgvb KweM‡Yi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb| [mve †iwR÷ªvi: 16.
cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi mnKvix mwPe: 05] BDmyd Ry‡jLv, jvqjx-gRby, nvwbdv Kqivcix, mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj
cÖfw… Z Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx dviwm MÖš’ †_‡K Ges ¸‡j eKvIjx, mZx gqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx, cÙveZx, gaygvjZx cÖfw… Z
Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx dviwm, wnw›` Aviwe MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ| evsjvi gymjgvb KweM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg Kwe kvn gyn¤§`
mMxi PZ©y`k kZ‡Ki †k‡l ev cÂ`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g BDmyd-Ry‡jLv Kve¨ iPbv Kivi gva¨‡g GB avivi cÖeZ©b
K‡ib| wnw›` I dviwm Kve¨ †_‡K †ivgvw›UK Kve¨avivi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| [AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix mwPe:
05]
‡lvj kZK m‡Zi kZK
o †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb: jvBjx gRby o †`ŠjZ KvRxÑ mZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx
o gyn¤§` Kexi: gaygvjZx o AvjvIjÑ cÙveZx
o mvwewi` Lvb: nvwbdvÑKqivcix, o †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKziÑ P›`ªveZx
we`¨vmy›`i, imyj weRq o Ave`yj nvwKgÑ jvjgZx mqdzjgyjyK, Kvievjv I knibvgv|
o †`vbvMvRx †PŠayix: mqdzjgyjyKÑ o bIqvwRm LvbÑ ¸‡j eKvIjx
ew`D¾vgvj o gyn¤§` gyKxgÑ g„MveZx
o †kL mv`xÑ c`vgwjøKv|
o ‰mq` myjZvb- bexesk| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v:
13. Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 05]
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 37
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi
W. gzn¤§` Gbvgzj nK Zvu‡K PÆMÖv‡gi Awaevmx e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| kvn gznv¤§` mMxi AvbzgvwbK 13-14 kZ‡Ki
(cÂ`k kZ‡K) Kwe| gzmwjg Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB cÖvPxbZg|

BDmyd †Rv‡jLv
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb avivi cÖvPxbZg evOvwj Kwe/ cÖ_g gymjgvb Kwe/cÖvPxbZg gymjgvb Kwe [12Zg I 29Zg
wewmGm wcÖwj:] wMqvm DwÏb AvRg kv‡ni ivRKg©Pvix [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 92] kvn gyn¤§` mMxi [23Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:.
cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] †MŠ‡oi myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni
ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1389-1411 wLÖ.) ÔBDmyd-†Rv‡jLvÕ [12Zg wewmGm> 16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 19. cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mnKvix
cwiPvjK: 07] Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kve¨wU cÂ`k kZvãxi cÖ_g `k‡K iPbv Kiv n‡qwQj e‡j Abzgvb Kiv nq|
☼ evB‡ejцKviAvb kix‡di ˆbwZK-DcvL¨vb Aej¤^‡b Biv‡bi gnvKwe †di‡`Šmx Ges mydx Kwe Rvgxi g~j
Kvwnbx cjøweZ K‡i BDmyd-Ry‡jLv bv‡g Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
☼ kvn gyn¤§` mMx‡ii Kv‡e¨ †cÖgi‡m ag©evYxi cwie‡Z© †cÖgi‡m gvbeevYx cÖPvi gyL¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q|
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi e¨ZxZ BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv Kv‡e¨i Ab¨vb¨ iPwqZv n‡”Qb Ave`yj nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn, †Mvjvg
mvdvZDjøvn, mv‡`K Avjx I dwKi gyn¤§`|

‡`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvu

wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi d‡Znvev` ev Rvdivev` Gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12] 1560 wLª.
KvQvKvwQ mg‡q wbRvg kvn myi KZ©K
„ †`ŠjZ DwRi Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ n‡qwQ‡jb| cxif³ evnivg Lv‡bi cÖKZ … bvg
Avmv DÏxb|

jvBjx-gRby : Kwe †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iwPZ jvBjx-gRby Kve¨ dvimx Kwe Rvgxi jvBjx-gRby bvgK Kv‡e¨i
fvevbyev`| jvqjx-gRby Kv‡e¨i DcvL¨vb- cvi‡m¨i ev Biv‡bi| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Awdmvi: 18. _vbv gva¨wgK wkÿv Kg©KZ©v:
15] Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi †P‡q gvbweK w`K †ewk dz‡U D‡V‡Q| AvwgicyÎ Kv‡qm ewYK Kb¨v jvqjvi †cÖ‡g cvMj cÖvq|
jvqjvI Kv‡qm‡K fvjev‡m wKš‘ Zv‡K we‡q †`qv nq Ab¨Î| Df‡qi AvKl©Y GZUvB Zxeª †h g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q
m¤ú‡K©i BwZ N‡U|
bIqvwRm Lvb
¸‡j eKvIqvjx : G Kv‡e¨i iPwq_v wn‡m‡e bIqvwRm Lvb L¨vwZgvb nb| †kL B¾Zzjøvn bv‡g R‰bK evOvwj †jLK 1722
wLªóv‡ã dviwm fvlvq iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb hv wnw›` †_‡K fvlvšÍwiZ|
cO&w³
ÔÔ‡h m‡e e‡½‡Z Rwb¥ wns‡m e½evYx|
‡m me Kvnvi Rb¥ wbY©q b Rvwb|ÕÕ (Ave`yj nvwK‡gi e½evYx) [CGDF Gi Kvh©vjq- 2019 (Rywbqi AwWUi)]
ÔÔ‡`kx fvlv we`¨v hvi g‡b b Ryqvq
wbR †`k Z¨vMx †Kb we‡`k b hvq|ÕÕ (Ave`yj nvwK‡gi e½evYx)
‡Z Kv‡R wb‡ew` evsjv Kwiqv iPb|
wbR cwikÖ‡g †Zvwl Avwg me©Rb| (Ave`yj nvwKg)

AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨

→ mß`k kZ‡K AvivKv‡b mg„× mvwnZ¨ m„wó n‡qwQj| AvivKvb‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †ivmvs ev †ivmv½ bv‡g D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
→ ga¨hy‡M evsjvq gyNj I cvVvb‡`i msN‡l©i d‡j A‡bK AwfRvZ gymjgvb AvivKv‡b AvkÖq †bq| mydx gZvj¤^x
Gme gymjgvb AvivKv‡b evsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbvq Ae`vb iv‡L|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 38
→ AvivKv‡b evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ `ywU aviv jÿYxq| GKwU ag©xq welq m¤úwK©Z Ges AciwU ag©wbi‡cÿ †ivgvw›UK
cÖYqKv‡e¨i aviv|
→ AviKvb ivRmfvi Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ gnvKwe AvjvIj, †`ŠjZ KvRx, †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi, Ave`yj Kixg †Lv›`Kvi,
gi`b, kg‡ki Avjx D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
→ AvivKvb ivRmfvi Kwe I Zv‡`i m„ó evsjv mvwnZ¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

gi`b
→ ÔbmxibvgvÕ Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06]
‡Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi
Kwe AvjvI‡ji c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| ‡Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKz‡ii Drmv‡n AvjvIj ÔmqdzjgyjyK
ew`D¾vgvjÕ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb ‡ivmv½ iv‡R¨i cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb| ÔP›`ªveZxÕ Kve¨ [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] ‡Kv‡ikx
gvMb VvKz‡ii Ab¨Zg mvwnZ¨Kg©|

‡`ŠjZ KvRx (1600-1638 wL÷vã)

AvivKvb ivRmfvi Avw`Kwe Ges AvivKvb ivRmfvi cÖ_g evOvwj Kwe [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 05] †`ŠjZ KvRx
m‡Zi kZ‡K PÆMÖv‡gi ivDRv‡b Rb¥MÖbnY K‡ib| ‡jŠwKK Kvwnbxi cÖ_g Kwe ev Avw` iPwqZv ‡`ŠjZ KvRx [27Zg
wewmGm wcÖwj:]| Kwei me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔmZx gqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbxÕ| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK:
19. mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15. mve †iwR÷ªvi: 03]
→ mZxgqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbx : PwiÎ : †jvi, gqbvgZx, P›`ªvbx| Kve¨wU Amgvß †i‡LB wZwb gviv hvb| Zvi g„Zz¨i
wek ermi c‡i 1659 wLª. AvjvIj Kv‡e¨i †klvsk ÔAvb›`eg©v- iZbKwjKvÕ bv‡g iPbv K‡i Zv m¤ú~Y© K‡ib|
→ Kvwnwb : †jviK ivRvi mZx ¯¿x gqbvgwZ| Zv‡`i wQj my‡Li msmvi| ivRv †jvi ebwenv‡i †M‡j GK †hvMxi
gva¨‡g iƒceZx P›`ªvbxi mÜvb cvq| P›`ªvbxi ¯^vgx bcysmK| ivRv †jvi †Mvnvix †`‡k wM‡q mbœ¨vmx‡e‡k P›`ªvbxi
m‡½ mvÿvr K‡ib| †Mvnvixi ivRv †gvni Kb¨v P›`ªvbxmn ivRv †jvi‡K wmsnvm‡b emvb| ivRv †jvi Zvi cÖ_g
¯¿xi K_v fz‡j wM‡q P›`ªvbx‡K wb‡q my‡L emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| c‡i ïKcvwLi gva¨‡g gqbvgwZi K_v Rvb‡Z
cvi‡j cy‡Îi nv‡Z ivR¨ w`‡q P›`ªvbx‡K mv‡_ wb‡q wbR iv‡R¨ wd‡i hvq ivRv †jvi| ivRv †jv‡ii g„Zz¨ n‡j `yB
ivYx mngi‡Y wPZvq Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q mZxgqbv †jvi-P›`ªvbx Kv‡e¨i mgvwß N‡U|
→ bvwqKvi evigv‡mi myL-`yt‡Li eY©bv‡K Ôevigvm¨vÕ e‡j| [mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 08]

AvjvIj (1607-1680 wLª÷vã)

AvivKvb ivRmfvi †kÖô Kwe wQ‡jb gymwjg Kwe AvjvI‡ji Rb¥ wb‡q gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q-
→ W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj n‡Ki g‡Z, PÆMÖv‡gi nvUnvRvix _vbvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g| [29Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]
→ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, eZ©gvb dwi`cyi ‡Rjvi Rvgvjcy‡i|

AvjvI‡ji mvwnZ¨Kg© :
 ‡Zvndv [36Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]- bxwZKve¨ [31Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
 cÙveZx (Ab~w`Z cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb) [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10. miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06. wewfbœ
gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19. cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 16. †mvbvwj e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 14]
 wmKv›`ibvgv
 mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj
 nßcqKi [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
iPbvi bvg g~j †jLK/Drm Av‡`óv AvgvZ¨ iPbvKvj
cÙveZx gvwjK gynv¤§` Rvqgxi c`ygver gvMb VvKzi 1651
iZbKwjKv Avb›`eg©v - kÖxgšÍ myjvqgvb 1659
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 39
mqdzjgyjyK ew`D¾vgvj Av‡jd jvqjv gvMb VvKzi I ˆmq` gymv 1658
mßcqKi wbRvgx MÄfx ˆmq` gynv¤§` Lvb 1663
†Zvndv BDmyd M`v kÖxgšÍ myjvqgvb 1664
wmKv›`ibvgv wbRvgx MÄfx gRwjm beivR 1673
ivMZvjbvgv †gŠwjK iPbv
c`vejx †gŠwjK iPbv
cÙveZx : wnw›` Ôc`ygverÕ Gi Aej¤^‡b ÔcÙveZxÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib AvjvIj| [17Zg wewmGm wcÖwj] GwU gnvKwe
AvjvI‡ji cÖ_g I †kÖô Kve¨| [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13] AvjvIj 1652 wLª. AvivKvbivR mv` Dgv`vi
Avg‡j gvMb VvKz‡ii Av‡`‡k cÙveZx Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| cÙveZxÑ †cÖgg~jK HwZnvwmK Kve¨| PwiÎ : wmsn‡ji
ivRKb¨v cÙveZx, wPZ‡ii ivRv iZœ‡mb, w`jøxi m¤ªvU AvjvDÏxb wLjwR|
:
Ô‡cÖg we‡b fve bvB fve we‡b im
wÎfye‡b hvnv †`wL †cÖg ûb‡Z (n‡Z) ek
hvi n~‡` Rwb¥‡j †cÖ‡gi A¼zi
gyw³ cvBj †m †cÖ‡gi VvKzi|Õ
cÙveZxi iƒc eY©bv L‡Ð Kwe e‡j‡Qb-
Òi³ Drcj jv‡R RjvšÍ‡i ˆe‡m|
Zv¤^yj (cvb) ivZzj ‰nj Aai ci‡k|Ó
(A_© - ‡Vvu‡Ui ci‡k cvb jvj nj|) [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]
‡R‡b ivLyb
cÙveZx (Kve¨)Ñ AvjvIj cÙveZx (mgv‡jvPbvg~jK)Ñ ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb
cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv (Dcb¨vm) cÙivM (Dcb¨vm)Ñ †eMg †iv‡Kqv
cÙveZx (bvUK)Ñ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b cÙvcvi (bvUK) Ñ RmxgD`&`xb
cÙ†MvL&iv (Mí)ÑKvRx bRiæj
cÖkœ: cÙveZx Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi : cÖ_g LÐ : wmsn‡ji ivRv MÜe© †mb I Zvi ivYx P¤úveZx| Zv‡`i Kb¨v cÙveZx kv¯¿Á, `~i`k©x Ges ïKcvwL
nxivgwb Zvi m½x| wPZ‡ii ivRv wP·m‡bi g„Zz¨i ci ivRKzgvi iZœ‡mb wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| iZœ‡mb ïKcvwLi gy‡L
cÙveZxi iƒ‡ci eY©bv ï‡b wmsnj hvÎv K‡i| ïKcvwLi civgk© Abyhvqx ‡hvMx †e‡k gw›`‡i c~Rvi Q‡j cÙveZxi
mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i| bvbv NUbvi ci wP‡Zv‡ii ivRv iZœ‡m‡bi mv‡_ cÙveZxi we‡q nq|
wØZxq LÐ : iZœ‡m‡bi cÖ_g ¯¿x bvMgwZ `xN©w`b wei‡n †_‡K ïKcvwL cvVvq iZœ‡m‡bi Kv‡Q| iZœ‡mb cÙveZx‡K
wb‡q wP‡Zv‡i hvq| ivRcwÐZ ivNe‡PZb PvZzwii AvkÖq wb‡j PvKzwiPy¨Z nq| ivRcwÐZ cÖwZ‡kvacivqY n‡q w`jøxi
ev`kvn AvjvDÏxb‡K cÙveZxi iƒ‡ci eY©bv K‡ib| wP‡Zvi Avµg‡Y iZœ‡mb e›`x n‡jI 2 mnP‡ii gva¨‡g gyw³
cvq| Aciw`‡K Av‡iK ivRv †`ecvj cÙveZx‡K †c‡Z Pvq| Df‡qi g‡a¨ hy‡× †`ecvj wbnZ nq, iZœ‡mb wbnZ
nq| Avn‡Zi mvZw`b ci iZœ‡mb gviv †M‡j 2 ¯¿x wPZvq mngiYZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| G NUbv bv Rvbv _vKvq AvjvDÏxb
Avevi wP‡Zvi AvµgY K‡i| G‡m †`‡L cÙveZxi wPZvf¯§| Gfv‡eB mgvwß N‡U| GwU †cÖgg~jK HwZnvwmK Kve¨|
GLv‡b †cÖg gyL¨, BwZnvm †MŠY|
Aeÿq hyM/ hyMmwÜÿY (1760-1860)
1760 wLª. ga¨hy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi g„Zz¨i [36Zg wewmGm] ci n‡Z 1860 mv‡j AvaywbKZvi h_v_© weKvk
cÖKvk c~e© ch©šÍ GB `yB hy‡Mi ga¨eZ©x GKkZ eQi evsjv Kv‡e¨i †Zgb †Kvb DrKl©c~Y© m„wó ev m„wóm¤¢v‡ii ˆewPΨ I
cÖvPzh© cwijwÿZ nqwb| ga¨hyM Gi †kl Avi AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæi GB mgqUzKz‡K Aeÿq hyM ejv nq|
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 40
 ‰mq` Avjx Avnmvb ‡h mgqKvj‡K ÔcÖvq k~b¨Zvi hyMÕ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb- 1760-1860 wLª.| [miKvwi gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06]
 Aeÿq hy‡M ‡Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ evsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbv bv nIqvi KviY:
→ 1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡× evOvwji †h fvM¨ wech©q N‡UwQj Zvi cÖfv‡e RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©Î GK Amy¯’
cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq|
→ 1765 mv‡j jW© K¬vB‡fi †`Iqvbx jvf I ˆØZ kvm‡bi Kzd‡j 1770 mv‡j wQqvˇii gš^šÍi evOvwj Rxeb‡K
G‡Kev‡iB wech©¯Í K‡i †`q|
→ 1793 mv‡j wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í I m~h©v¯Í AvBb Gi d‡j ivq‡Z ev f~wgnxb K…l‡K cwiYZ nq|
Aeÿq hy‡Mi GKgvÎ Kwe cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß| G Rb¨ Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß‡K hyMmwÜÿ‡Yi Kwe ejv nq
[miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq 2019] | Zvui m„ó weL¨vZ cOw³-
ÔKZiƒc †¯œn Kwi, †`‡ki KzKzi awi,
we‡`‡ki VvKzi †dwjqvÕ
Avcbv‡K eo e‡j eo †mB bq,
†jv‡K hv‡i eo e‡j eo †mB nqÕ
wn›`y mgv‡R KweMv‡bi iPwqZv KweIqvjv Ges gymjgvb mgv‡R wgkÖ fvlvixwZi cuyw_ iPwqZv kv‡qi-Gi Avwef©ve
N‡U|
KweMvb
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : KweIqvjv I kv‡qi‡`i m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| KweIqvjv‡`i cwiPq w`b|
A_ev, cÖkœ: KweMvb wK? [18Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
 KweMvb I kv‡q‡ii D™¢e N‡U AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Ges Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© [12Zg I 29Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi]| KweMvb `yB c‡ÿi weZ‡K©i gva¨‡g AbywôZ nZ| `yB `‡ji g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvB Gi ˆewkó¨|
GK`j †h wel‡q Mvb MvB‡e †m Mvb †kl n‡j Aci `j Zvi Mvb MvB‡e Ges Mvb iPbv I MvIqv‡Z
DrK…óZi `jwUB weRqx n‡e| Dcw¯’Z eywׇZ gy‡L gy‡L ˆZwi K‡i KweZvq DËi w`‡q hvIqvi ˆewkó¨ GB
†kÖwYi Mv‡b cwijwÿZ nq| fviZP‡›`ªi g„Zz¨Kvj †_‡K Ck^iP›`ª ¸‡ßi RxebKvj ch©šÍ GB ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi
mvwnZ¨ RMr‡K KweMv‡bi RMr ai‡jI Gi we‡kl †MŠi‡ei hyM 1730 †_‡K 1830 wLª. ch©šÍ|
KweIqvjv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb-
‡MvuRjv ¸B (Kwe Mv‡bi cÖ_g Kwe) [33Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], ivgemy [12Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], †fvjv gqiv [12Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:],
G›Uwb wdwiw½ [36Zg I 37Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], fevby †e‡b, niæ VvKzi, †Kóv gywP, ivmy-b„wmsn, wbZvB ˆeivMx, kÖai
K_K, bxjgwY cvUbx, ivgmy›`i m¨vKiv ejivg ˆeòe cÖgyL e¨w³eM©|
‡R‡b ivLyb :
→ G›Uwb wdwiw½ : wZwb wQ‡jb RvwZ‡Z cZ©yMxR|
→ Kwe Mv‡bi RbK nviæ VvKz‡ii Mvb msMÖn K‡ibÑ Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß|
→ KweMv‡bi ivavK…ò welqK Mvb‡K e‡jÑ gvjmx|
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : G›Uwb wdwiw½i cwiPq w`b|
DËi : G›Uwb wdwiw½ wQj GKRb weL¨vZ Kweqvj| Zvui cÖK…Z bvg ‡nÝg¨vb G›Uwb| RvwZ‡Z cZ©ywMR G›Uwb wdwiw½
Mvb cÖ_gw`‡K †eu‡a w`‡Zb †Mviÿbv_| c‡i wb‡RB iPbv K‡i MvB‡Zb| Zvui GKwU weL¨vZ Mvb- ÔAvwg fRb mvab
Rvwb‡b gv/ wb‡R Z wdwiw½/ hw` `qv K‡i K…cv Ki/ †n wke gvZ½xÕ|
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : eUZjvi cyuw_i cwiPq `vI|
DËi : KjKvZv Z_v evsjvi gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv wk‡íi Avw` ¯’vb eUZjv| †kvfvevRvi-wPrcyi GjvKvi GKwU cÖKvÐ
eUMvQ‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB bv‡gi DrcwË nq| GLv‡bB Ewbk kZ‡K evsjvi cÖKvkbv I gy`ªY wk‡íi ïiæ n‡qwQj| GB
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 41
mKj gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv cÖwZôvb †_‡K cyuw_, cvuPvwj, cwÄKv, cyivY cÖfw… Z †jvKKvwnwb cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv| cÖKvwkZ
MÖšm’ g~n‡K nxbv‡_© ÔeUZjvi mvwnZ¨Õ ejv n‡Zv|

Uàv Mvb
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evsjv Uàv Mv‡bi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : Uàv GK ai‡bi Mvb| [MYc~Z© Awa`߇ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj): 11] KweMv‡bi mgmvgwqKKv‡j KjKvZv I
kniZjx‡Z UàvMvb bv‡g ivM-ivwMbx mshy³ GK ai‡bi I¯Ívw` Mv‡bi cÖPjb wQj| A‡b‡KiB aviYv, Uàv Mvb
†_‡KB AvaywbK evsjv MxwZKweZvi m~ÎcvZ| Uàv Mv‡b ivavK…‡òi bvg D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi AwaKvskB †jŠwKK
†cÖ‡gi MxZ| wbayeveyi c~‡e© Kvjx gxR©v bv‡g GKRb evsjv Uàvi cÖPjb Ki‡jI GwU‡K RbwcÖq Kivi m~‡Î wbayevey ev
ivgwbwa¸ß evsjv UàvMv‡bi RbK ejv nq| UàvMvb †_‡KB AvaywbK MxwZ KweZvi m~ÎcvZ| [gv`K`ªe¨ Awa`߇ii Dc-
cwi`k©K: 19]

Òbvbvb †`‡ki bvbvb fvlv|

webv ¯^‡`kx fvlv cy‡i wK Avkv\Ó [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjqvaxb- 2019 (Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi)]
`vkiw_ ivq : ÔcuvPvwj Mv‡biÕ kw³kvjx Kwe|

cuyw_ mvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ‡`vfvlx cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© Aviwe-dviwm kã wgwkÖZ GK ai‡bi we‡kl fvlvixwZ‡Z †h me Kve¨ iwPZ n‡qwQj Zv
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m cuyw_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ Bmjvwg †PZbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| [kÖg cwi`߇ii RbmsL¨v
I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09. miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06]
→ ‡KD †KD GB †kÖwYi Kve¨‡K Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi cÖvPzh©c~Y© e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Ò†`vfvlx cuyw_Ó bv‡g AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| GB Kv‡e¨i iPwqZvMY Òkv‡qiÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|
→ Aóv`k kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ †gvNj kvm‡bi †klw`‡K G †`‡k dviwm fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK cÖfve c‡o|
→ G mg‡q Bivb †_‡K G †`‡k AvMZ wkqv‡`i gva¨‡g dviwm ms¯‹…wZiI weKvk N‡U|
→ Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z ûMwj mxgvšÍ A‡j fzimyU-gv›`vi‡b eo Luv MvRx ev BmgvBj MvRxi cxV¯’vb‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB
mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk N‡U|
→ Ô†`vfvlx cyuw_Õ ej‡Z wK eySvq- AvÂwjK fvlvq iwPZ cuyw_| (22Zg wewmGm)
welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i cuyw_ mvwnZ¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e wef³ Kiv hvqÑ
01. cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb RvZxq Kve¨ : BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv, mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj, jvqjx-gRby, ¸‡j-eKvIjx, cÙveZx|
02. hy× m¤úwK©Z Kve¨ : R½bvgv, Avgxi-nvgRv
03. cxi cuvPvjx : MvRx-Kvjy P¤úveZx, mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_|
04. Bmjvg ag©, BwZnvm, bex-AvDwjqvi Rxebx I wewfbœ AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤úwK©Z Kve¨ : Kvmvmyj Avw¤^qv, nvRvi
gmjv
dwKi Mixeyjøvn ‰mq` nvgRv ‡gvnv¤§` Lvb
o cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K I RbwcÖq o Kve¨ : gaygvjZxg Avgxi nvgRv o Kve¨ : gKZzj †nv‡mb
Kwe wQ‡jb dwKi Mixeyjøvn| [14Zg (wØZxq Ask) [14Zg wewmGm], (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb R½bvgv
wewmGm]
ˆR¸‡bi cuyw_, nv‡Zg ZvB| 1646), me©‡klÑ knx‡`
o Kve¨ : BDmyd †Rv‡jLv, Avgxi nvgRv
(cÖ_g Ask) R½bvgv, †mvbvfvb [cÖv_wgK o cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg Kwe- Kvievjv|
we`¨v. mn. wkÿv: 19], mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_| ˆmq` nvgRv| [11Zg wewmGm]
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 42
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ‡jLKe„‡›`i c„ô‡cvlK
ʘ ga¨hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvq AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib- cvVvb myjZvbMY| [hye Dbœqb Awa`߇ii mnKvix
cwiPvjK: 99]
ʘ fviZe‡l© gymwjg kvmbvg‡j ivRfvlv wQj- dviwm| [10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
ʘ Bivb/cvi‡m¨i Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ cÎvjvc n‡q‡Q evsjvi myjZvb- wMqvm DÏxb AvRg kvn| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnvKvix wkÿK: 92. evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm]
ʘ fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi wQ‡jb- K…òbMi ivRmfvi Kwe| [26Zg wewmGm]
ʘ AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvgj‡K ejv nq- ¯^Y© hyM| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 19]
c„ô‡cvlK mgmvgwqK Kwe mvwnwZ¨K c„ô‡cvlK mgmvgwqK Kwe mvwnwZ¨K
jÿY †mb njvq~a wgkÖ, Rq‡`e, kiY AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn Kvbvnwi `Ë, iƒc †Mv¯^vgx
ivRv K…òP›`ª gvMb VvKzi, fviZP›`ª kÖx ˆPZb¨ †`e e„›`veb `vm
euvKzov ivq, iNybv_ ivq gyKz›`ivg PµeZx© bvwmi DwÏb bmir kvn Kex›`ª ci‡gk^i
gnvivR beK…ò Kweqvj nviæ VvKzi iæKb DwÏb evieK kvn gvjvai emy
wMqvmDwÏb Avhg kvn kvn gyn¤§` mMxi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` Ph©vc`
civMj Lvb, QzwU Lvb kÖxKi b›`x (Kex›`ª ci‡gk^i) AvivKvb ivR w_wi-_y-a¤§v †`ŠjZ KvRx
†kikvn gvwjK gyn¤§` Rvqmx AvivKvb ivR _v›`-_y-a¤§v AvjvIj

‡mjd †U÷ (evsjv mvwnZ¨)

wm‡jevm t ‡jvKmvwnZ¨, Abyev` mvwnZ¨, †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb, AvivKvb ivRmfv, Aeÿq hyM
c~Y©gvb t 20g mgq t 10 wgwbU
we. `ª. ï× Dˇii Rb¨ 01 b¤^i cv‡eb, cÖwZwU fzj Dˇii Rb¨ 0.50 b¤^i KvuUv hv‡e

01. DwjøwLZ †Kvb iPbvwU cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍM©Z bq? [40Zg 06. ÔcÙveZxÕ Kve¨Lvbv gnvKwe AvjvIj †Kvb fvlv †_‡K
wewmGm wcÖwj] evsjv fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cvm‡cvU©
K. gqgbwmsn MxwZKv L. BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 14]
M. cÙveZx N. jvqjx-gRby K. Aviwe L. dviwm
02. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï× Zv wb‡`©k Kiæb| [cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii M. D`y© N. wnw›`
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 07] 07. ÔcÙveZxÕ GKwU- [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK (K¨vk Awdmvi): 16. cÖevmx
K. KxwZ©evm evOjv ivgvqb wjwLqv‡Qb Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 14]
L. KxwZ©evm evsjv ivgvqY wjwLqv‡Qb K. Abyev` MÖš’ L. †gŠwjK MÖš’
M. K…wËevm evsjv ivgvqY wj‡L‡Qb M. ågYKvwnwb N. †KvbwUB bq
N. K…wËevm evOjv ivgvqY wj‡L‡Qb 08. ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gymjgvb Kwe †K? [we`y¨r,
03. evsjv Abyev` Kv‡e¨i m~Pbv †Kvb hy‡M nq? [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi R¦vjvwb I LwbR m¤ú` gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix we‡ùviK cwi`k©K: 03.
Aax‡b Z_¨ Awdmvi: 05. PÆMÖvg e›`i Dbœqb KZ©„cÿ: 17] `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡iv cwi`k©K: 04]
K. ga¨hyM L. cÖvPxb hyM K. bvwmi gvngy` L. AvjvIj
M. AšÍga¨ hyM N. AvaywbK hyM M. ˆmq` myjZvb N. kvn Mixeyjøvn
04. DwjøwLZ †Kvb iPbvwU cyuw_ mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍM©Z bq? [40Zg 09. AvjvIj †Kvb ivRmfvi Kwe wQ‡jb? [ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU©
wewmGm] Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11. †ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 17]
K. gqgbwmsn MxwZKv L. BDmyd Ry‡jLv K. jÿY †m‡bi ivRmfvi
M. cÙveZx N. jvBjx gRby L. AvivKvb ivRmfvi
05. BDmyd †Rv‡jLv †Kvb RvZxq iPbv? [16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: M. m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivRmfvi
19. cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii mn. cwiPvjK: 07] N. m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRmfv
K. bvUK L. Dcb¨vm
M. †ivgvw›UK cÖYqKve¨ N. ig¨ iPbv
Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 43
10. gnvKwe AvjvIj †Kvb hy‡Mi Kwe wQ‡jb? [c~evwj e¨vsK wj. K. `wÿYviÄb wgÎ L. AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß
wmwbqi Awdmvi: 11. cwi‡ek eb gš¿Yvj‡qi cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii M. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb N. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 07] 16. Ô‡`Iqvbv g`xbvÕ ‡Kvb Kv‡e¨i AšÍM©Z? [AMÖYx e¨vsK wj.
K. ga¨hyM L. cÖvPxb hyM wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13. kÖg cwi`߇ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi cwiKíbv
M. AšÍga¨ hyM N. AvaywbK hyM Kg©KZ©v: 09]
11. AvivKv‡b KLb mg„× mvwnZ¨ m„wó n‡qwQj? [Avbmvi I K. ga¨hy‡Mi MxZKweZv L. c~e©e½ MxwZKv
wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] M. bv_ MxwZKv N. ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv
K. †lvok kZvãx L. mß`k kZvãx 17. ÔbmxibvgvÕ Kve¨MÖš’wU Kvi iPbv? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq
M. cÂ`k kZK N. Aóv`k kZK mn. wkÿK : 06]
12. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ kvmK? K. †`ŠjZ KvRx L. Kwe gi`b
[cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 04] M. †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi N. AvjvIj
K. Avjxe`©x Lvu L. gywk©` Kzwj Lvu 18. h‡kvivR Lvb Ô‰eòec`Õ †Kvb myjZv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq
M. Bmjvg Lvu N. AvjvDÏxb †nv‡mb kvn iPbv K‡ib?
13. wb‡Pi †Kvb Rb ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb? [iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Rywbqi K. wMqvmDwÏb Avhg kvn
Awdmvi: 13] L. RvjvjDwÏb gyn¤§` kvn
K. Kvq‡Kvev` L. AvjvIj M. kvgmyÏxb BDmyd kvn
M. gvMb VvKzi N. Ávb`vm N. bvwmiæÏxb bymiZ kvn
14. ÔimyjweRqÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv †K? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb 19. AvaywbK MxwZKweZvi m~ÎcvZ nq †Kvb Mvb †_‡K?
Avbmvi I MÖvg cÖwZiÿv evwnbxi mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 15]
K. Uàv Mvb L. jvjb MxwZ
K. Ave`yj nvwKg L. †kL Pvu`
M. cvuPvjx Mvb N. †KvbwUB bq
M. gxi gyn¤§` kdx N. ‰RbyÏxb
20. fviZe‡l© gymwjg kvmbvg‡j ivRfvlv wQj-
15. Ô‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ msMÖ‡n Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb- [cÖwZiÿv
gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. 5g we‡RGm (mn. RR) K. dviwm L. ms¯‹…Z
cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 10] M. Aviwe N. D`y©

01 (K) 02 (M) 03 (K) 04 (K) 05 (M) 06 (N) 07 (K) 08 (L) 09 (L) 10 (K)
mgvavb 11 (L) 12 (N) 13 (K) 14 (N) 15 (M) 16 (N) 17 (L) 18 (N) 19 (K) 20 (K)