Report on

SOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS

for
Sukhani Khola
Bridge Construction Site
at
Arjundhara Municipality Ward No. 3, Jhapa

Prepared For
Arjundhara Municipality
Jhapa, Nepal

Prepared By

Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.

Krishna Kunj, Ramnagar, Lokanthali-15, Bhaktapur
Tel : 00977-1-5182310, 9851026210
E-mail: [email protected]

January 2020
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd. is very much grateful to
Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa for entrusting the job of soil investigation works
for the proposed Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site at Arjundhara
Munucipality Ward No. 3 of Jhapa District to reveal the facts and figures relating
to the sub–soil exploration of that site for the bridge foundation design.

We hope this report will bring some useful parameters for a safe design of proposed
Structures. This report shall also be useful in positioning the depth of foundation, in
assuming the size of the foundation and corresponding safe bearing capacity.

Last but not the least, we hope for an early and successful completion of that
structures.
 Contents
Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 General Geology, Geomorphology and Seismicity 1

3.0 Objectives 2

4.0 Scope of the Work 2

5.0 Methodology 2
5.1 Field Work Procedure 2
5.1.1 In- situ Tests 3
5.1.2 Sampling 4
5.2 Laboratory Tests 4

6.0 Observations and Results 6

6.1 Field Investigation Results 6
6.1.1 Strata 6
6.2 Water Level 6
6.3 Bearing Capacity 6
6.3.1 Type and Depth of Foundation 6
6.3.2 Settlement 9
6.3.3 Subgrade Modulus 10

7.0 Liquefaction 11

8.0 Recommendation 12
References
ANNEXES –
Bore Hole Location Map
Bore Hole Logs
Bearing Capacity Analysis
Design Parameters
Soil Dynamic Parameters
Liquefaction
Laboratory Test Result Summary Sheet
Laboratory Test Result
Figure
Photographs
 Soil Exploration Works for
Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site
at Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3,
3, Jhapa District

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report is prepared in accordance with an agreement between Arjundhara

Munucipality, Jhapa and Pashupati Drilling & Geotechnical Services Pvt. Ltd.,
Bhaktapur to determine the bearing capacity and sub surface exploration of Sukhani
Khola Bridge Construction Site at Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3 of Jhapa
District.

The site has been proposed to make two bore holes for subsoil investigation program,
which is nearer to the vehicular approach from District Road sector of Jhapa District.

2.0 GENERAL GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SEISMICITY

The site is located at lower northern part of Jhapa District in the Terai Region of Nepal
which is a part of the Gangetic plains. The geological formation of the Terai is
quaternary alluvial river deposits of boulders, gravels, sands, silts and clays. The
formations are occasionally mixed with local lacustrine clays and marlstones.

Geologically, the Terai plains are covered by recent and old alluviums. Recent alluviums
in the Terai are deposited by the rivers originating and coming from the Himalayan
Mountains and they make fan shape deposition at the exit point of the river. It is also
observed that the same pattern continued in earlier times for the deposition of older
sediment. From the depositional pattern it is found that boulder and cobbles are
deposited in the form of fan in the mouth of river, whereas fines are deposited further
away.

In Terai, the parent rocks being the lower and upper formation of Churia group
consisting of sand, shale, clay and pebble beds, give rise to sandy soil in the northern part
nearer to Churia hill, silty soil in the middle part of the Terai and clayey in the lower
part. The land form of Terai has been divided as active alluvial plain where deposition is
taking place, the recent place or lower piedmont where both erosion and deposition are
occurring and lastly alluvial fan apron or upper piedmont where erosion is taking place.
Generally, the silty sand is loose or slightly compact. Its bearing capacity is moderate to
high. Locally this unit is prone to erosion and flooding. The liquefaction susceptibility at
low terrace areas (flooding areas) is generally high.

BRIDGE SITE GEOLOGY

As a matter of fact, the project site is in a plain area having old and recent alluvial
deposits with brownish sandy silts, silty sands and sands with gravel, pebbles, cobbles,
boulders etc. around the vicinity of the site. The river depth is shallow along the bridge
axis with low current and flows through narrow width. So, the both banks are slightly
eroded during rainy season.

1
 Moreover, the different data of epicenter and magnitude of the historical earthquakes
shows that Nepal is located on high seismic zones. Further, for this bridge site from the
figure of seismicity map of Nepal (attached in annexes), lies in the safe zone from the
past seismic records and considering fault zones. The epicentral distance is quite far from
minor to major earthquakes even though the proposed site should be made safe from the
devasting earthquakes.

3.0 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this investigation is to explore geotechnical characteristics of the

sub–soil strata, (i) to assess the engineering properties of the sub-soil (ii) to confirm the
designed value of bearing capacity of the ground strata during design of foundation and
(iii) to confirm the design parameters to be used during the detailed design of the
foundation for the proposed bridge structure.

4.0 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of work includes drilling two nos. of boreholes across the river each of 16.0m
deep, along with standard penetration test (SPT) or dynamic cone penetration test
(DCPT), retrieving samples from both boreholes and finally; evaluation of allowable
bearing capacity of the foundation based on field and laboratory test results as per ToR.

5.0 METHODOLOGY

5.1 Field Work Procedure

Field works involved rotary drilling method in both bore hole positions as defined by
client/consultant engineer along the proposed bridge axis to the maximum depth of
16.0m from the ground level and SPT/DCPT at every 1.0 and 1.5m interval as required,
are recorded according as the sub-surface condition. Borehole log was prepared at the
site on the basis of the visual observation of the retrieved soil/core samples obtained
from the boreholes. The borehole logs are attached to the annexes.

Method of Drilling

Rotary Drilling Method:-

Rotary Drilling Method is used by rotating the core bit fixed at the lower end of the drill
rod i.e. barrel with drilling fluid; water or bentonite slurry. This method is adopted in all
types of soil layers and rockmass for getting higher degree of accuracy of the works.
This method is suitable for this bridge site geology.

The representative disturbed and undisturbed soil & core samples were taken and
transported to the laboratory for further investigation. Both borehole logs are mentioned
in the annexes show the field test observations.

2
5.1.1 In-situ Tests

Standard Penetration Test (SPT) IS 2131: It consists of driving a Split Spoon sampler
with an outside dia. of 50 mm into the soil at the base of borehole. Driving is
accomplished by a drop of hammer weighing 63.5 kg falling freely through a height of
750 mm onto the drive head. First of all the spoon is driven 150mm into the soil at the
bottom of the borehole. It is then driven further 300mm and the number of blows (N
values) required to drive this distance is recorded.

Dynamic Cone penetration Test (DCPT) IS 4968 part I & II: it is performed using a
50mm dia. cone. The cone was driven with 63.5 kg hammer falling through a height of
75 cm. The total number of blows required to penetrate the least 300mm are taken as
DCPT values. The dynamic cone resistance value finally changed into SPT values from
the relationships as:
Ncr = 1.5 N for depths upto 3.00 m
Ncr = 1.75 N for depths 3.00 m to 6.00 m
Ncr = 2.00 N for depths greater than 6.00 m
Where,
Ncr = recorded DCPT values
N = SPT values

The converted (N) Values are used for analysis of bearing capacity (B.C.) values.

If the blows per foot of penetration are more than 100, the driving is discontinued and the
SPT value is simply recorded as more than 50. This value comes to very coarse grained
soils and soft to hard rockmass. The allowable B.C. Value is found by taking minimum
SPT value i.e. 50.

φ) :-
Cohesion (c) & Angle of Internal Friction (φ

The cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (φ) of the cohesive and semi cohesive
layers are found by lab test results. Whereas, for the cohesionless and semi cohesionless
soils having sands, gravels, cobbles, pebbles, boulders and jointed rockmass; the value of
(φ) found by using relationship developed by Halanakar & Uchida (1996);
(φ) = 20 N cor + 17 degree (i)
Ncor = corrected (N) value.

But, in actual the field condition of sub- surface layers are not found homogenous and
identical. So, the approximate 75% of the above value will be used for the general design
purpose for medium coarse grained soil to very coarse grained soil and rockmass.
Hence,
(φ) = 0.75 ( 20 N cor + 17 ) degree (ii)

3
5.1.2 Sampling

(i) Disturbed Sample:

The representative disturbed soil & core samples obtained from the drill bore hole was
placed in airtight double plastic bags labeled properly for identification and preserved in
core boxes later transported to the laboratory for logging and testing works.

(ii) Undisturbed Sample:

The undisturbed soil samples were not taken effectively in both bore holes due to the
presence of coarse grained soils.

(iii) Sampling of River Bed Materials:

Trial Pit Excavation Method (IS-4453:2009) is used for obtaining adequate information
of river bed material deposits to find out the value of D50 and weighted mean diameter
(dm) to derive the scour depth of the bridge site. The mean particle size of river bed
materials are obtained by three (U/S, D/S & along bridge axis) pit excavated mixed
samples at depth of 1.0 – 1.5m from bed level.

5.2 Laboratory Test

Following laboratory tests were conducted for the retrieved soil samples to get the
physical and strength properties of the sub soil, as per IS & ASTM standards code of
practice.
a) Grain Size Distribution Analysis
b) Atterberg’s Limit
c) Natural Moisture Contents, Bulk & Dry Density
d) Specific Gravity Tests
e) Direct Shear Tests
f) Consolidation Tests and,
g) Unconfined Compression Tests

Briefly Description:-

Grain size Analysis

Grain size distribution was determined by wet and dry mechanical process. Sieve
analysis was carried out by sieving a soil sample through a set of sieves kept one over the
other, the largest size being kept at the top and the smallest size at the bottom. The soil
retained on each sieve was weighed and expressed as a percentage of the weight of
sample. Finally, the gradation curve was found using % finer and corresponding particle
size (D), dia.

Atterberg’s Limit
Liquid Limits (LL) and plastic limits (PL) were conducted on fine grained soils by
standard methods. Casagrande’s Plasticity Chart was used to classify the fine grained soil
according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).

4
Natural Moisture Content and Bulk Density
The natural water content and bulk density was determined from samples recovered
through the split spoon sampler and the corrected SPT values.

Specific Gravity Test

The specific gravity test was conducted of the soil samples which passes the No. 200 mm
sieve. The density bottle method is widely used in the laboratory test for finding out
Specific Gravity (G) value.

Direct Shear Test

Direct shear tests were conducted on representative disturbed samples collected from the
boreholes. The samples were carefully molded using standard moulds of 6.0 x 6.0 cm²
cross-sectional areas and trimmed to 2.5 cm high solid metal plates were placed on both
surfaces of the samples to prevent the dissipation of pore water during shearing. The
direct shear test equipment was mechanically-operated and shearing was applied at more
or less constant strain rate. The samples were sheared at three different normal stresses.
The direct shear test results were presented in terms of the failure envelops to obtain the
angle of internal frictions (φ) and the cohesion intercepts (c).

Consolidation Test
The consolidation tests were performed on disturbed samples of 75mm diameter and
22mm height as per laboratory requirements. Two way drainages were provided and
each increment of load was maintained until sufficient period beyond the primary
consolidation has been reached.

Unconfined Compression Test

The unconfined compression tests were performed on undisturbed samples of 25mm
diameter and 50mm height as per laboratory requirements. One way unconfined vertical
load were provided and each deformation of load was observed until sufficient failure
has been reached.

Detail test results (as per requirements) are presented in the Test Result Summary Sheet
in the annexes.

5
6.0 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
6.1 Field Investigation Results
6.1.1 Strata

Both bore holes locations lie in the flat area of the river having old and recent alluvial
deposits.

Briefly the soil profile seems as below:

Bore Holes – 1 (L/B)
Depth
S. No. Soil Type Soil Description
(m)
Reddish medium to very dense gravelly sands with
1. 0.0 – 3.0 SP - GP
pebbles, cobbles etc.
Whitish dense to very dense gravelly sands with pebbles,
2. 3.0 – 5.0 SP - GP
cobbles etc.
Brownish very dense gravelly sands with appreciable
3. 5.0 – 10.0 SP - GP
amount of pebbles, cobbles etc.
Yellowish very dense gravelly sands with pebbles, cobbles
4. 10.0 – 16.5 SP - GP
etc.
Bore Holes – 2 (R/B)
Depth
S. No. Soil Type Soil Description
(m)
Brownish medium to dense gravelly sands with pebbles,
1. 0.0 – 4.0 SP - GP
cobbles etc.
Brownish very dense sandy gravels with pebbles, cobbles
2. 4.0 – 7.0 SP - GP
and small size of boulders etc.
Brownish dense to very dense silty sands with gravels,
3. 7.0 – 10.0 SM – GM
pebbles, cobbles etc.
Brownish dense to very dense gravelly sands with
4. 10.0 – 16.5 SP - GP
appreciable amount of pebbles, cobbles etc.

6.2 Water Level

During the field investigation water table was observed in each bore holes after the day
of completion. The seepage ground water level was found nearer to 2.0m in both bore
holes. The water tables are mentioned in the borehole logs.

6.3 Bearing Capacity

The allowable safe bearing capacity considering permissible settlement is shown below.

6.3.1 Type and Depth of Foundation

In both bore holes, the sub-surface layers were found medium to very dense sandy soil
layers with appreciable amount of gravels, pebbles; cobbles etc. were found throughout
the depth of investigations. The bridge should have different size of foundation, so the
calculation of the bearing capacity for spread or open (mat/raft) foundation in both
borehole locations could be considered for the safe bearing capacity analysis.

6
 Standardize Field Penetration Value:
N recη H η Bη Sη R
N60 =
60
Where,
N60 = Standard penetration number, corrected for field conditions to an
average energy ratio of 60%
Nrec = measured penetration number
ηH = hammer efficiency (%)
= 60%
ηB = correction for boreholes diameter
= 1.0
ηS = sampler correction
= 1.0
ηR = correction for rod length
= 0.0 – 4.0m - 0.75
4.0 – 6.0m - 0.85
6.0 – 10.0 - 0.90
>10.0m - 1.0
Dilatancy Correction:
Terzaghi and Peck (1967)
If Nr≤ 15 Use N = Nr
If Nr ≥15 then,
Nc = 15+1/2 (N-15)
Where,
Nc = corrected value of Nr
ηR = correction for rod length
Correction for overburden pressure,
From Peck, Hansen and Thornburn (1974)
Ncorr = 0.77 Nr log (2000/σ')
Where,
Nr = SPT value from field after dilatancy correction
σ' = effective overburden pressure in KN/m2

Unit Weight of the Soil Layers (γγ) KN/m3

The unit weight of the soil layers are directly found from the retrieved soil samples
through the SPT Tubes, UD Samples in the field or as per the observed N value from the
field test. The ultimate design of the foundation is found for the worst condition, i.g.
submerged condition. So, the saturated unit weight of the soil layers were found
considering the above mostly adopted assumptions.

7
 γsat = Saturated unit weight of the soil (KN/m3)
= 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0 and 20.0 KN/m3 (assumed as per observed
(N) values)
If, N ≤ 10 (γsat = 16 KN/m3)
10 < N ≤ 15 (γsat = 17 KN/m3)
15 < N ≤ 20 (γsat = 18 KN/m3)
20 < N ≤ 30 (γsat = 19 KN/m3)
N > 30 (γsat = 20 KN/m3)

CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY

A) For Spread Footing

Assuming a typical (1.5 x 1.5, 2.0 x 2.0, 2.5 x 2.5, 3.0 x 3.0)m2 Square Open
Isolated Shallow Foundation for light to medium load bearing structures.

(i) From IS Code ( IS 6403 : 1981)

qult = 1.3 CNc dc + 1.2 γ Df (Nq-1) dq Rw1 + 0.4 γ BNγ dγ Rw2 ……….(I)
qsafe = (qult) / F.S.
Where,
γsat = Saturated Unit weight of the soil (KN/m3)
Nc, Nγ & Nq are bearing capacity factors
dc, dγ & dq are depth factors
B = Width of foundation (m)
Df = Depth of foundation (m)
C = Cohesion (KN/m2)
F.S. = Factor of safety i.e., 3
Rw1 & Rw2 = Water correction factor

(ii) Using Meyerhof's (1956, 1974) Correlation

For 25mm Settlement
qsafe = 8.1 N60 KD2 ((B+0.3)/B)2 Rw2 KN/m2 for B >1.2m …….(II)
Where,
KD1 = 1+0.33 (D/B) ≤ 1.33
B&D= Breadth and depth of foundation
Rw2 = Water correction factors
= 0.5

8
 B) For Mat/Raft Foundation

Considering a typical (6.0 x 6.0) m2 greater mat/raft foundation for the heavy
loaded structures.

(i) From IS Code ( IS 6403 : 1981)

qult = 1.3 CNc dc + 1.2 γ Df (Nq-1) dq Rw1 + 0.4 γ BNγ dγ Rw2 ……….(I)
qsafe = (qult ) / F.S. (for Net SBC)
Where,
γsat = Saturated Unit weight of the soil (KN/m3)
Nc, Nγ & Nq are bearing capacity factors
dc, dγ & dq are depth factors
B = Width of foundation (m)
Df = Depth of foundation (m)
C = Cohesion (KN/m2)
F.S. = Factor of safety i.e., 3
Rw1 & Rw2 = Water correction factor

If soils have loose to medium denseness and soft to medium stiff consistency then the
foundation fails according as the local shear failure (LSF) otherwise fails in general shear
failure (GSF) criterion.

(ii) Using Meyerhof's (1965) & Bowles (1977) Correlation

 3.28 B + 1 
2
 S  2
qsafe = 11.98 N60   f d   x R w 2 KN/m ……(II)
 3 . 28 B   
25
Where,
N = Standard Penetration Value
B = width (m)
S = Settlement (mm)
fd = 1+0.33 (D/B) ≤ 1.33
Rw2 = water correction factor

From the above both testing methods, the bearing capacity and other relevant data’s are
found and then correlated to each other that helps to verify the final product.

The both type of foundation and design parameters are given in the annexes-.

6.3.2 Settlement

As described above ground strata are dominated by coarse grained soils having gravelly
sands or sandy gravels with pebble, cobble layers were found just below the probable
foundation depth. The strata are generally compressible for general loading condition
thus; settlement analysis should be considered for the project site area. So, the settlement
of the foundation could be checked for maximum permissible values of 65/100 mm for
cohesive layers and 40/50 mm for semi cohesionless soil layers respectively.

9
 For Cohesive Layer:
For heavier and important structures consolidation settlement should be predicted by the
following equation;
SOc = Σ Hi * Cc/(1+eo) log {(P'o+∆P)/P'o}
Where, SOc = long term settlement, cm
Hi = thickness of each layer
P'o = effective overburden pressure at the middle of each layer
Cc = compression index
eo = initial void ratio

∆P = the excess pressure at the middle of each layer due to

superposition of load.
Now, with average pore pressure coefficients for the clayey soil,
β = 0.7
Sf = β*SOc
This total amount of settlement that will takes place continuously for hundreds of years
and should be lie within the ranges of permissible value (65/100 mm).

For Semi-Cohesion and Cohesionless Layer:

∆ = 2.84q / N [B/ (B+ 0.3)] 2 for B > 1.25m
Where, q is KN/m2 and B in meters.
The B.C. Values are found within the permissible values (40/50 mm).

6.3.3 Subgrade Modulus

The modulus of sub grade reaction is a conceptual relationship between pressure and
deflection. It is defined as the ratio between the soil pressure and the corresponding
settlement mathematically.
Ks = qn/Sv
Different researchers have suggested empirical approaches to get Ks.
Bowles method,
Ks = qnu/0.025
= 40 qnu KN/m3
The values of Ks are presented in the annexes.

10
7.0 LIQUEFACTION

Soil liquefaction is the major cause of damage to the foundation during an earthquake.
Liquefaction potential depends upon factors, like the nature of shaking intensity, duration
and material susceptibility to liquefaction. Liquefaction potential assessment is carried
out in the following steps.
Estimation of liquefaction resistance of soil deposit,
Estimation of maximum or equivalent cyclic shear stress likely to be induced in the soil
deposit during an earthquake.
The liquefaction potential of sand layer subjected to earthquake load is evaluated using
the following equation by See`d et al. (1971)
τ cyc a σ v0
≡ 0 . 65 max rd
σ v0
'
g σ 'v0
where τcyc = average cyclic shear stress developed in horizontal sand layer due
to earthquake
σvo = effective overburden stress at a depth under consideration
σvo’ = total overburden pressure
amax = peak horizontal ground acceleration by the earthquake at ground surface
g = acceleration due to gravity
rd = stress reduction factor (function of depth and rigidity of soil column)
The estimation of cyclic strength of soil deposit is based on the empirical correlations
with Standard Penetration Test value. N value is corrected for effective overburden
pressure of 1 ton/ft2 and for further correlation to energy ratio of 60%, the following
equation is used :
Em
( N 1 )60 ≡ N m C N
0 . 60 E ff

Nm = measured SPT N value

CN = overburden correction factor
Em = actual hammer energy
Eff = theoretical free fall hammer energy
Based on the cyclic loading imposed by an earthquake, and liquefaction characteristics of
soil, the liquefaction potential is evaluated. Liquefaction at any depth is expected where
the loading by earthquake exceeds the resisting capacity of soil to liquefaction. The
factor of safety against liquefaction is expressed as the ratio of cyclic shear stress
required to cause liquefaction and equivalent cyclic shear stress induced by earthquake.
τ CSR
≡ =
cyc ,L L
FS l
τ cyc CSR
In the present study for project site, the computation of the liquefaction susceptibility
could not be seen due to the presence of medium to very dense gravelly sands or sandy
gravels with pebbles, cobbles etc. were seen just below the foundation depths to the
depth of investigation. FSL indicates the factor of safety for liquefaction at corresponding
depth. Liquefaction is expected when FSL is less than 1.0 but in this case the FSL values
are greater than 1 in most cases. So, the sub surface layers of the bridge site could not be
liquefy.

11
8.0 RECOMMENDATION

The sub-soil strata with field observations are mentioned in the bore hole logs in the
annexes. Thus, based on field and laboratory tests following inferences have been made.

i) Adopt a safe allowable bearing capacity for Isolated Spread or Mat/Raft

Foundation at different depths of site location as given in the annexes.
Spread foundation for 40 & 65mm permissible settlement (Net SBC) :

Recommended Allowable B.C. Values (KN/m2) Saturated Sub-grade

Depth Density, Modulus
(m) 1.5 x 1.5 2.0 x 2.0 2.5 x 2.5 3.0 x 3.0 γsat Ks
(KN/m3) (KN/m3)
1.0 135.48 147.90 161.49 175.66 19 16257.03

1.5 207.44 215.71 227.20 240.34 20 24892.76

2.0 279.40 283.51 292.91 305.03 20 33528.49

3.0 317.46 291.56 276.54 266.76 20 38095.32

4.0 343.89 315.83 315.83 315.83 20 41267.33

5.0 396.29 363.96 345.22 333.00 20 47555.27

Mat/Raft foundation 50 & 100mm permissible settlement (Net SBC) :

Depth (m) 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5
Recommended
Allowable B.C. 264.70 330.19 395.68 394.22 447.20 718.10 703.49 521.20
Values (KN/m2)
Saturated
Density, γsat 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
(KN/m3)
Sub-grade
Modulus 31764.34 39623.19 47482.03 47305.99 53664.22 86171.98 84418.51 62544.09
Ks (KN/m3)

ii) Change in size and depth of foundation is subjected to change in bearing

capacity.

iii) The proposed site is safe against liquefaction susceptibility.

iv) The bearing capacity (B.C.) values are obtained for worst water conditions.

v) The value of D50 for river bed materials was found 9.3mm.

vi) The soil Type II – Medium Soils was found as per NBC - 105.

vii) All the assumed geotechnical values, relationships etc. are directly used as per
requirements from the different relevant codes, papers, author’s books and
published journals.

12
References

Bowles, Joseph E. ‘Foundation Design and Analysis’ fifth Edition. The Mc Graw-
Hill Companies, Inc. 1996.

Dr. Arora, K.R., ‘Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering’.

Bangar, K.M., “Principle of Engineering Geology”, fifth Edition.

Dahal, Rajan Kumar, “Geology for Technical Students”, First Edition.

Compendium of Indian Standards on Soil Engineering – Part 1, Laboratory

Testing of Soils from Civil Engineering Purposes, SP: 36 (Part – 1) 1987, Bureau
of Indian Standards, new Delhi.

Teng, W.C. (1988), 'Foundation Design', Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Peck, R. B., Hanson, W.E. and Thornburn, T.H. (1974), 'Foundation Engineering',
John Wiley and Sons.

Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R.B. (1967), 'Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice',

John Wiley and Sons.

Simons, N.E. and Menzies, B.K. (1979), 'A short Course in Foundation
Engineering', ELBS and Newnes Butterworth, London.

Indian Standard Code of Practice for Determination of ‘Bearing Capacity of

Shallow Foundation IS 6403: 1981’.

Indian Standard Code of Practice for ‘Calculation of Settlement of foundation IS

8009 (Part I) – 1976’.
ANNEXES –
Bore Hole Location Map
Bore Hole Logs
Bearing Capacity Analysis
• Spread Foundation
• Mat Foundation

Design Parameters
Soil Dynamic Parameters
Liquefaction
Laboratory Test Result Summary Sheet
Laboratory Test Result Sheet
Figure
Photographs
 BORE HOLE
LOCATION MAP
 N

Proposed Bridge Site

Khola

BH # 2 (R/B) BH # 1 (L/B)

BORE HOLE LOCATION MAP

BORE HOLE LOGS
 BORE HOLE LOG
Date : Jan. 2020
Project: Soil Investigation Works For Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site
Client: Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa
Location: Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3, Jhapa Bore Hole No. : 1 (L/B)

Total SPT/DCPT Value

Total SPT Value

SPT/DCPT at
Water Table
Classification
Thickness

No. of Blows
Depth
Scale

Symbol

Scale
SPT
Soil Description

per 15/10 cm
Penetration
0 10 20 30 40 50
m m m m 15/10 30/20 45/30
0 0

DCPT
1 Reddish medium to very dense 1.0 9 12 20 41 27 1
SP -
3.0 gravelly sands with pebbles,
GP
2 cobbles etc. 2
2.0 15 22 28 65 43
2.0
3 3.0 3
3.0 28 50 - - ≥50*
Whitish dense to very dense 2.0
4 4
SP - gravelly sands with pebbles, 4.0 10 18 25 53 30
2.0
GP cobbles etc.
5
5.0 5
5.0 18 25 50 - ≥50*
2.0
6
6.0 30 50 - - ≥50* 6

3.0
7 7
Brownish very dense gravelly
SP - 7.5 20 50 - - ≥50*
5.0 sands with appreciable amount
8 GP 3.0 8
of pebbles, cobbles etc.
9 9.0 25 35 50 - ≥50* 9

2.0
10
10.0
10

10.5 28 50 - - ≥50*
11 3.0 11

12 50 12
12.0 35 - - ≥50*
2.0
Yellowish very dense gravelly
13 SP - 13
6.5 sands with pebbles, cobbles
GP 50
etc. 13.5 - - - ≥50*
14 3.0 14

15 50 15
15.0 - - - ≥50*
2.0
16 16
16.5
50
16.5 - - - ≥50*
17 1.0 17

18 18

19 19

20 20

* Maximum SPT value.

Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.
Krishna Kunj, Ramnagar, Lokanthali-15, Bhaktapur
Tel : 00977-1-5182310, 9851026210 E-mail: [email protected]
 BORE HOLE LOG
Date : Jan. 2020
Project: Soil Investigation Works For Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site
Client: Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa
Location: Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3, Jhapa Bore Hole No. : 2 (R/B)

Total SPT/DCPT Value

Total SPT Value

SPT/DCPT at
Water Table
Classification
Thickness

No. of Blows
Depth
Scale

Symbol

Scale
SPT
Soil Description

per 15/10 cm
Penetration
0 10 20 30 40 50
m m m m 15/10 30/20 45/30
0 0

DCPT
1 1.0 10 13 13 36 24 1
Brownish medium to dense
SP -
2 4.0 gravelly sands with pebbles, 2
GP 2.0 12 15 20 47 31
cobbles etc. 2.0
3 3
3.0 11 13 19 43 29

4 4.0 4
4.0 13 23 50 - ≥50*
2.0
5 5
5.0 20 30 50 - ≥50*
Brownish very dense sandy
SP - 2.0
3.0 gravels with pebbles, cobbles
6
GP 6.0 25 50 - - ≥50* 6
and small size of boulders etc.
2.0
7
7.0 7

7.5 18 24 30 72 36
8 8
Brownish dense to very dense
SM -
3.0 silty sands with gravels,
9 GM 9.0 22 28 33 83 42 9
pebbles, cobbles etc.
10
10.0
10

10.5 26 32 35 93 47
11 11

12 12
12.0 19 25 30 74 37
Brownish dense to very dense
13 SP - 13
6.5 gravelly sands with appreciable
GP 50
amount of pebbles, cobbles etc. 13.5 20 - - ≥50*
14 3.0 14

15 50 15
15.0 - - - ≥50*
2.0
16 16
16.5
50
16.5 - - - ≥50*
17 1.0 17

18 18

19 19

20 20

* Maximum SPT value.

Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.
Krishna Kunj, Ramnagar, Lokanthali-15, Bhaktapur
Tel : 00977-1-5182310, 9851026210 E-mail: [email protected]
BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS
 Spread Foundation
 Open/Raft Foundation
 Analysis of Bearing Capacity at Different Depths for Spread Foundation

B. C. Values (KN/m2) for different Angle of Saturated

Cohesion Allowable Subgrade
Bore Depth size of Foundation (m) friction Density,
(C), Settlement Modulus, Ks
Hole (m) φ),
(φ γsat
1.5 x 1.5 2.0 x 2.0 2.5 x 2.5 3.0 x 3.0 KN/m² (mm) (KN/m3)
Degree (KN/m3)
1.0 145.09 158.37 172.93 188.12 0 42 19 40 17410.32

1.5 212.62 221.25 233.18 246.57 0 42 20 40 25514.79

2.0 280.16 284.12 293.43 305.03 0 42 20 40 33619.25

1
(L/B)
3.0 409.30 375.90 356.54 343.92 0 43 20 40 49115.54

4.0 343.89 315.83 315.83 315.83 0 41 20 40 41267.33

5.0 396.29 363.96 345.22 333.00 0 42 20 40 47555.27

B. C. Values (KN/m2) for different Angle of Saturated

Cohesion Allowable Subgrade
Bore Depth size of Foundation (m) friction Density,
(C), Settlement Modulus, Ks
Hole (m) φ),
(φ γsat
1.5 x 1.5 2.0 x 2.0 2.5 x 2.5 3.0 x 3.0 KN/m² 3 (mm) (KN/m3)
Degree (KN/m )
1.0 125.86 137.44 150.06 163.20 0 41 19 40 15103.74

1.5 202.26 210.17 221.22 228.64 0 41 20 40 24270.73

2.0 278.65 282.90 292.38 294.08 0 42 20 40 33437.72

2
(R/B)
3.0 308.93 291.56 276.54 266.76 0 40 19 40 37071.37

4.0 425.81 391.07 391.07 391.07 0 43 20 40 51097.52

5.0 396.29 363.96 345.22 333.00 0 42 20 40 47555.27

 Analysis of Bearing Capacity at Different Depths for Raft Foundation

Safe B. C. Values (KN/m2) Angle of Saturated Allowable Subgrade

Depth Cohesion
Bore Hole φ),
friction (φ Density, γsat Settlement Modulus, Ks
(m) (C), KN/m²
50/100 mm settlement Degree (KN/m3) (mm) (KN/m3)
1.0 283.70 0 42 19 50 34044.28
1.5 339.86 0 42 20 50 40782.97
2.0 396.01 0 42 20 50 47521.65
3.0 574.08 0 43 20 50 68889.13
1 (L/B)
4.0 447.20 0 41 20 50 53664.22
5.0 718.10 0 42 20 50 86171.98
6.0 703.49 0 41 20 50 84418.51
7.5 723.89 0 42 20 50 86866.79

Safe B. C. Values (KN/m2) Angle of Saturated Allowable Subgrade

Depth Cohesion
Bore Hole φ),
friction (φ Density, γsat Settlement Modulus, Ks
(m) (C), KN/m²
50/100 mm settlement Degree (KN/m3) (mm) (KN/m3)
1.0 245.70 0 41 19 50 29484.40
1.5 320.53 0 41 20 50 38463.40
2.0 395.35 0 42 20 50 47442.41
3.0 359.50 0 40 19 50 43139.77
2 (R/B)
4.0 702.82 0 43 20 50 84338.61
5.0 718.10 0 42 20 50 86171.98
6.0 703.49 0 41 20 50 84418.51
7.5 521.20 0 41 20 50 62544.09
DESIGN PARAMETERS
 Design Parameters for Different Depths

Bore Hole No. 1 (L/B)

Depth, Df (m) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5

Saturated Density up to
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
depth, γsat (KN/m3)

Angle of friction (φ), Degree 42 42 43 41 42 41 42 41 41 40 39 39 38

Cohesion (C.), KN/m² 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bore Hole No. 2 (R/B)

Depth, Df (m) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5

Saturated Density up to
19 20 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
depth, γsat (KN/m3)

Angle of friction (φ), Degree 41 42 40 43 42 41 41 39 40 40 39 39 38

Cohesion (C.), KN/m² 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SOIL DYNAMIC
PARAMETERS
 Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.
Krishna Kunj, Ramnagar, Lokanthali-15, Bhaktapur
Tel : 00977-1-5182310, 9851026210 E-mail: [email protected]

Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) & Maximum Shear Modulus (Gmax)

Date : Jan. 2020

Project: Soil Investigation Works For Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site

Client: Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa

Location: Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3, Jhapa

Bore Hole No. : 1 (L/B)

Avg. Shear Wave Avg. Maximum Shear

Depth
S. No. Soil Type Velocity (Vs) Modulus (Gmax)
(m)
(m/s) (Mpa)

1 0.0 - 16.5 Sandy/Gravelly Soil 293.18 190.74

Bore Hole No. : 2 (R/B)

Avg. Shear Wave Avg. Maximum Shear

Depth
S. No. Soil Type Velocity (Vs) Modulus (Gmax)
(m)
(m/s) (Mpa)

1 0.0 - 16.5 Sandy/Gravelly Soil 283.86 178.10

LIQUEFACTION
 Computation of FS against Liquefaction (Bore Hole No.: 1 (L/B)

North Bagmati Earthquake PGA=200 gal M=6.0

Total
SPT Effective
Depth Density
stress (s'no)
CN (N1)60 Vertical rd tcyc CSRL (M=7.5) CSRL (M=6.0) tcyc,L FS
(N)
stress (sno)

1.0 27 1.90 9.32 3.21 86.56 18.64 0.985 2.39 0.50 0.66 12.30 5.15

2.0 43 2.00 19.13 2.24 96.22 38.26 0.970 4.82 1.00 1.32 50.50 10.47

3.0 50 2.00 28.94 1.82 90.96 57.88 0.955 7.19 1.00 1.32 76.40 10.63

4.0 30 2.00 38.75 1.57 47.17 77.50 0.940 9.47 1.00 1.32 102.30 10.80

5.0 50 2.00 48.56 1.40 70.22 97.12 0.925 11.68 1.00 1.32 128.20 10.98

6.0 50 2.00 58.37 1.28 64.05 116.74 0.910 13.81 1.00 1.32 154.10 11.16

7.5 50 2.00 73.08 1.14 57.24 146.17 0.888 16.86 1.00 1.32 192.94 11.44

9.0 50 2.00 87.80 1.04 52.22 175.60 0.865 19.75 1.00 1.32 231.79 11.74

10.5 50 2.00 102.51 0.97 48.33 205.03 0.843 22.46 1.00 1.32 270.64 12.05

8.2 - KV Local Earthquake PGA=275 gal M=5.7

Total
SPT Effective
Depth Density
stress (s'no)
CN (N1)60 Vertical rd tcyc CSRL (M=7.5) CSRL (M=5.7) tcyc,L FS
(N)
stress (sno)

1.0 27 1.90 9.32 3.21 86.56 18.64 0.985 3.28 0.50 0.70 13.05 3.98

2.0 43 2.00 19.13 2.24 96.22 38.26 0.970 6.63 1.00 1.40 53.56 8.07

3.0 50 2.00 28.94 1.82 90.96 57.88 0.955 9.88 1.00 1.40 81.03 8.20

4.0 30 2.00 38.75 1.57 47.17 77.50 0.940 13.02 1.00 1.40 108.50 8.33

5.0 50 2.00 48.56 1.40 70.22 97.12 0.925 16.06 1.00 1.40 135.97 8.47

6.0 50 2.00 58.37 1.28 64.05 116.74 0.910 18.99 1.00 1.40 163.43 8.61

7.5 50 2.00 73.08 1.14 57.24 146.17 0.888 23.19 1.00 1.40 204.64 8.82

9.0 50 2.00 87.80 1.04 52.22 175.60 0.865 27.15 1.00 1.40 245.84 9.05

10.5 50 2.00 102.51 0.97 48.33 205.03 0.843 30.88 1.00 1.40 287.04 9.30

1934 Bihar Nepal Earthquake PGA=300 gal M=8.4

Total
SPT Effective
Depth Density
stress (s'no)
CN (N1)60 Vertical rd tcyc CSRL (M=7.5) CSRL (M=8.4) tcyc,L FS
(N)
stress (sno)
1.0 27 1.90 9.32 3.21 86.56 18.64 0.985 3.58 0.50 0.45 8.29 2.32

2.0 43 2.00 19.13 2.24 96.22 38.26 0.970 7.24 1.00 0.89 34.05 4.71

3.0 50 2.00 28.94 1.82 90.96 57.88 0.955 10.78 1.00 0.89 51.51 4.78

4.0 30 2.00 38.75 1.57 47.17 77.50 0.940 14.21 1.00 0.89 68.97 4.86

5.0 50 2.00 48.56 1.40 70.22 97.12 0.925 17.52 1.00 0.89 86.44 4.93

6.0 50 2.00 58.37 1.28 64.05 116.74 0.910 20.72 1.00 0.89 103.90 5.02

7.5 50 2.00 73.08 1.14 57.24 146.17 0.888 25.30 1.00 0.89 130.09 5.14

9.0 50 2.00 87.80 1.04 52.22 175.60 0.865 29.62 1.00 0.89 156.28 5.28

10.5 50 2.00 102.51 0.97 48.33 205.03 0.843 33.68 1.00 0.89 182.48 5.42
(Average values of density have been considered)
 Computation of FS against Liquefaction (Bore Hole No.: 2 (R/B)

North Bagmati Earthquake PGA=200 gal M=6.0

Total
SPT Effective
Depth Density
stress (s'no)
CN (N1)60 Vertical rd tcyc CSRL (M=7.5) CSRL (M=6.0) tcyc,L FS
(N)
stress (sno)

1.0 24 1.90 9.32 3.21 76.94 18.64 0.985 2.39 0.50 0.66 12.30 5.15

2.0 31 2.00 19.13 2.24 70.11 38.26 0.970 4.82 1.00 1.32 50.50 10.47

3.0 29 1.90 28.45 1.83 52.60 56.90 0.955 7.06 0.50 0.66 37.55 5.32

4.0 50 2.00 38.26 1.58 79.11 76.52 0.940 9.35 1.00 1.32 101.00 10.80

5.0 50 2.00 48.07 1.41 70.58 96.14 0.925 11.56 1.00 1.32 126.90 10.98

6.0 50 2.00 57.88 1.29 64.32 115.76 0.910 13.69 1.00 1.32 152.80 11.16

7.5 36 2.00 72.59 1.15 41.35 145.19 0.888 16.75 1.00 1.32 191.65 11.44

9.0 42 2.00 87.31 1.05 43.47 174.62 0.865 19.64 1.00 1.32 230.50 11.74

10.5 47 2.00 102.02 0.97 45.06 204.05 0.843 22.35 1.00 1.32 269.34 12.05

8.2 - KV Local Earthquake PGA=275 gal M=5.7

Total
SPT Effective
Depth Density
stress (s'no)
CN (N1)60 Vertical rd tcyc CSRL (M=7.5) CSRL (M=5.7) tcyc,L FS
(N)
stress (sno)

1.0 24 1.90 9.32 3.21 76.94 18.64 0.985 3.28 0.50 0.70 13.05 3.98

2.0 31.33 2.00 19.13 2.24 70.11 38.26 0.970 6.63 1.00 1.40 53.56 8.07

3.0 28.67 1.90 28.45 1.83 52.60 56.90 0.955 9.71 0.50 0.70 39.83 4.10

4.0 50 2.00 38.26 1.58 79.11 76.52 0.940 12.86 1.00 1.40 107.13 8.33

5.0 50 2.00 48.07 1.41 70.58 96.14 0.925 15.90 1.00 1.40 134.59 8.47

6.0 50 2.00 57.88 1.29 64.32 115.76 0.910 18.83 1.00 1.40 162.06 8.61

7.5 36 2.00 72.59 1.15 41.35 145.19 0.888 23.03 1.00 1.40 203.26 8.82

9.0 41.5 2.00 87.31 1.05 43.47 174.62 0.865 27.00 1.00 1.40 244.47 9.05

10.5 46.5 2.00 102.02 0.97 45.06 204.05 0.843 30.73 1.00 1.40 285.67 9.30

1934 Bihar Nepal Earthquake PGA=300 gal M=8.4

Total
SPT Effective
Depth Density
stress (s'no)
CN (N1)60 Vertical rd tcyc CSRL (M=7.5) CSRL (M=8.4) tcyc,L FS
(N)
stress (sno)
1.0 24 1.90 9.32 3.21 76.94 18.64 0.985 3.58 0.50 0.45 8.29 2.32

2.0 31.33 2.00 19.13 2.24 70.11 38.26 0.970 7.24 1.00 0.89 34.05 4.71

3.0 28.67 1.90 28.45 1.83 52.60 56.90 0.955 10.60 0.50 0.45 25.32 2.39

4.0 50 2.00 38.26 1.58 79.11 76.52 0.940 14.03 1.00 0.89 68.10 4.86

5.0 50 2.00 48.07 1.41 70.58 96.14 0.925 17.34 1.00 0.89 85.56 4.93

6.0 50 2.00 57.88 1.29 64.32 115.76 0.910 20.54 1.00 0.89 103.02 5.02

7.5 36 2.00 72.59 1.15 41.35 145.19 0.888 25.13 1.00 0.89 129.22 5.14

9.0 41.5 2.00 87.31 1.05 43.47 174.62 0.865 29.45 1.00 0.89 155.41 5.28

10.5 46.5 2.00 102.02 0.97 45.06 204.05 0.843 33.52 1.00 0.89 181.60 5.42
(Average values of density have been considered)
LABORATORY TEST RESULT
SUMMARY SHEET
 Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.
Krishna Kunj, Ramnagar, Lokanthali-15, Bhaktapur
Tel : 00977-1-5182310, 9851026210 E-mail: [email protected]

LABORATORY TEST RESULT SUMMARY SHEET

Project: Soil Investigation Works For Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site Date : Jan. 2020
Client: Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa
Location: Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3, Jhapa

USCS Percentage of Atterberg Limits Direct Shear Test

Natural (*analytical)
Bore Sand Moist Dry
Depth Silt & Liquid Plastic Plasticity Moisture Specific Consolidation
Hole Classi- Gravel Coarse to Density Density
Fine Clay Limit Limit Index content Gravity C φ
No. fication medium
(m) % % % % % % % % gm/cc gm/cc KN/m2 Degree Cc eO

0.0 - 3.0 SP - GP 33.09 37.66 25.51 3.74 12.54 1.74 1.64 2.678 0 42*

3.0 - 5.0 SP - GP 36.68 43.83 18.19 1.30 11.02 1.73 1.66 2.658 0 43
1 (L/B)
5.0 - 10.0 SP - GP 38.80 32.93 25.78 2.49 12.28 1.73 1.54 2.625 0 41*

10.0 - 16.5 SP - GP 46.28 39.04 13.34 1.34 17.20 1.70 1.45 2.650 0 39*

0.0 - 4.0 SP - GP 34.73 45.91 12.22 7.14 18.53 1.73 1.68 2.659 0 41*

4.0 - 7.0 SP - GP 58.25 24.30 16.12 1.33 24.55 1.73 1.65 2.666 0 42*
2 (R/B)
7.0 - 10.0 SM - GM 35.25 14.76 26.70 23.29 10.43 1.73 1.41 2.667 0 39*

10.0 - 16.5 SP - GP 42.39 40.97 15.10 1.54 13.67 1.74 1.61 2.651 0 40*
LABORATORY TEST
RESULTS
 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Date : Jan. 2020
Project: Soil Investigation Works For Sukhani Khola Bridge Construction Site
Client: Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa
Location: Arjundhara Munucipality Ward No. 3, Jhapa

Sand
Gravel Coarse to medium Fine Silt Clay

100

90 Depth (m)

80 0.0 - 1.5
Percent Finer by Weight

D50
70
60
50

40
30

20
10

0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
Diameter in mm

Sand
Gravel Coarse to medium Fine Silt Clay
100
90 Depth (m)

80
Percent Finer by Weight

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
Diameter in mm

Remarks:D50 value is 9.3mm

Pashupati Drilling & Geo- Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.

Krishna Kunj, Ramnagar, Lokanthali-15, Bhaktapur
Tel : 00977-1-6639210, 9851026210 E-mail: [email protected]
FIGURE
 PHOTOGRAPHS

Drilling a Hole by Rotary Drilling Method
Conducting SPT/DCPT Test for getting (N) Value by Dropping a
63.5 kg Hammer from 750mm height

Preserving Soil/Core Samples in a Core Box