BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

WEEK 1
TOPIC CAREER PROSPECT AND OPPORTUNITIES IN TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

- define wood felling

- explain wood conversion
- define wood seasoning
- define veneer
- state types of wood defects
- what is wood preservation

Technology is the act of applying scientific knowledge in the design and construction of manufacturing
of various objects and infrastructures, in order to meet human needs and also make life more
comfortable.

Many professions have therefore been developed in this field of technology in the process of meeting
these human needs and making life more comfortable.

Technology related careers

1. Civil engineering: civil engineers deal with the planning, design, construction and maintenance
of roads, bridges, buildings, dams, irrigation channels, sewage treatment plants, railways, stadia,
pipelines, water boreholes, canals, airports, seaports, harbors, control towers, jetties, runways
etc
2. Aerobatic engineering: aeronautic engineers are concerned with the design, manufacturing and
maintenance of aircraft. These include airplanes, jets, cargo planes, amphibian planes and
helicopters.
3. Electrical engineering: Electrical engineers handle rural and urban electrification projects. They
also deal with the design, manufacture and maintenance of electrical equipments and
components.
4. Mechanical engineering: concerned with the design, manufacture and maintenance of
automobile vehicles, generators, plants, cranes, lifts etc. They also engaged in the production of
engines, machines, engine blocks and diverse kind of equipments.
5. Chemical engineering: chemical engineers are trained to aid in the design, manufacture,
operation and maintenance of equipments and instruments which can be used to process raw
materials into finished products. They engage in the refining of crude oil into petroleum
products such as petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc.
6. Petroleum engineering: are engaged in the exploration and production of crude oils and gas.
7. Agricultural engineering: these are profession trained in the design, manufacture and
maintenance of agricultural implements and farm machineries such as tractors, ploughs,
harvesters, incubators, dairy machines, etc.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

8. Computer engineering: computer engineers engage in the design, developments, applications

and maintenance of computer hardware's and software’s.
9. Mining engineering: mining engineers are concerned with the extraction of minerals such as
crude iron ore, from the earth’s crust, beneath the earth surface.
10. Metallurgical engineering: trained to steady the behaviors and characteristics of various types of
metals; developing means of improving their properties, strength and durability and also
producing alloys of various types of them in other to meet human needs. They also manufacture
various household metallic products such as stainless cups, plates, spoons, pots etc.
11. Telecommunication engineering: telecommunication engineers work in telecommunication
companies. They design, build and install radio frequency equipment and base transceiver
stations.
12. Medical engineering/ biomedical engineering: deals with the study of the anatomy and
biomechanics of human body and in the process, produce safe and effective biomaterials which
are able to replace damaged parts of the body. They also design and manufacture various
gadgets used in medical centers/hospitals to carry out medical operations such as diagnosis,
surgery, x-ray, ultra sound etc.
13. Polymer/ plastic technology: this involves the manufacture of rubber and plastic items/ product
such as vehicle tyers, plastic chairs, plastic tables etc.
14. Space engineering/ space technology: this deals with the manufacturing, designing, launching
and monitoring of satellites, rockets and their components in space.
15. Marine engineering: are concerned with the design, manufacture and maintenance of ships, sub
marines, speedboats, barges, tugboats, etc.
16. Electronic engineering: engaged in the design, manufacturing and maintenance of electronic
appliances.
17. Wood technology: this involves all the stages required in turning the timbers in the forest to
wood or planks and the subsequent making of processed wood as furniture or other wooden
items.

Wood technology deals with the following:

a. Felling of timber with the aid of chain saw.

b. Conversion of timber into various marketable sizes or special sizes
c. Seasoning of the wood in order to reduce its moisture content.
d. Application of preservatives on the wood in order to prevent termites, insects and other boring
agents attack.
e. Making the already processed wood/plank as furniture or other wooden items or products.

Products of wood technology

a. Furniture items such as tables, chairs, desks, benches, beds, shelves, office cabinet, kitchen
cabinet, stools, wardrobes etc.
b. Pedestrian bridges
c. Railway sleepers
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d. Wood truss (in roofing houses)

e. Lorry body
f. Partitions in building
g. Building components e.g. doors
h. Electric poles
i. Mortar and pestle
j. Paper
k. Pencils and crayon
l. Ladders
m. Baby cots
n. Drawing boards
o. Boats and canoes
p. Wooden floor tiles
q. Stair case
r. Statues

EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS FOR TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS

The different areas where students of technology can be gainfully employed include the following:

Private Companies: there are employment opportunities in most private industries that render services
related to engineering. Manufacturing companies, banks and other industries also employ technicians
and engineers.

Educational Sector: To train future engineers, secondary schools, polytechnics and universities employ
engineers as tutors and lecturers to impart knowledge to younger ones.

Public Sector: In most government ministries like transportation, science and technology, power and
mining, etc, it is engineers that the government sorts after for gainful employment to man these
parastatals.

Consultancy: This is a partnership between different fields of engineers providing services of their
choice. These consultancies can employ graduates from diverse engineering disciplines also.

Independent Practice: Engineering graduates can also set-up personal enterprise of their choice to
employ other graduates so as to earn a living.

Assignment

1. Define wood seasoning

2. State four reason why wood is seasoned
3. List and explain types of wood defects
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

WEEK 2,3,4
TOPIC PROCESSING OF MATERIALS (Wood)
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
- Define wood felling.
- State at least two main areas where wood can be felled in Nigeria.
- explain wood conversion.
- define wood seasoning
- explain at least five reasons why wood is seasoned
- calculate moisture content of wood
- State what veneer is
- state at least 3 methods used for producing veneers.
- write short notes on how to produce at least 3 types of manufactured boards.
- State what wood preservation is
- explain at least four types of wood defects.

Timber can be defined as a part of a tree cut for the production of technological products like furniture,
etc.
Timber Production: Timber is produced when a tree is cut or felled. A tree has to grow to maturity
before it is felled, converted, seasoned and treated.

Growth of a Tree: Every single tree plant must grow as a standing timber in two ways:

Vertical Growth: A tree grows vertically downward through the root and shoots and upward through
the stem, branches and leaves. The root draws water and mineral salts from the earth, which is then
transported to the leaves through the stem by photosynthesis.

Horizontal Growth: This is the process where the cambium layer produces new layers of cells annually
as the tree hardens outwardly to form the bark. This growth increases the diameter of the tree to
become the trunk.

Qualities of a Good Timber

A number of factors affect the quality of timber. The following constitutes what to look out for when
considering a quality timber:

1. The fibers of a quality timber should be straight.

2. Its color should be uniform. E.g. a dark color indicates strength and durability.
3. A quality timber should smell sweet.
4. It should have a silky bright luster.
5. A timber with good quality should be free of knots, shakes and other defects.

Wood Felling: This is the process of cutting down trees in the forest either manually or mechanically. A
felled tree is referred to as log.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Steps in wood felling

1. Plan ahead: When it comes to tree removal by using a chainsaw, preparation is key. If you plan
the felling and which forestry equipment to bring, not only are you in for a safer working
session, but your post-felling work can also be a lot easier. First of all, ask yourself if there are
any major obstacles – such as overhead lines, roads or buildings – in the area. Deploy warning
signs if you know that a road crosses the forestry area or that a lot of people pass by on a daily
basis.
2. Check the felling direction: Continue by determining the felling direction by carefully studying
the tree. How do the branches look and how do they grow? Also, take the wind direction into
consideration. If you’re unsure of the tree’s natural direction of fall, step away from the tree and
check with a plumb line (see fact box for details). Clear around the tree in the intended felling
direction. Also clear about 45 degrees behind the tree in both directions, creating your path of
retreat.
3. Prune the trunk: When you have cleared the area, put up your warning signs and decided on the
tree’s direction of fall and your path of retreat. You should check that you have enough fuel in
the tank for the task ahead. Then it’s time to prune the trunk to get rid of all the branches and
twigs that might get in the way when sawing the felling cut. The safest way to prune is to work
with a pulling chain (underside of the guide bar) from the top down.
4. Decide on cutting technique: Once the trunk is twig-free up to shoulder height, it’s time to make
the felling cut. When doing this, it’s important to remember two things: the hinge should have a
uniform thickness with the right dimensions and the felling wedge or breaking bar should be
inserted before the tree can pinch the guide bar. Which technique you should use for making
the cut depends on the tree size and slope, and on the size of your chainsaw.
5. Check for diseases: If you notice that the timber is discolored and soft or if the lower part of the
trunk looks swollen or diseased, you need to be very careful. This is an indication that the tree is
infested with rot and that means the wood fibers are weakened. When this happens, fell in the
tree’s natural direction of fall and use a winch if you are unsure. Rot infestation usually subsides
higher up in the tree, so one option might be to fell the tree with an extra high stump.
6. Choose your tool: There are several felling tools to choose from when taking the tree down. The
size of the tree determines which type of forestry equipment you need. For the smallest trees,
you do not normally need the felling tools. Hand force is enough, possibly with the help of a long
pole. The felling wedge provides greater felling force than the different types of breaking bar. In
extreme cases you can use a rope and a winch, which is the safest and most powerful way to fell
a tree. Have a look at the fact box for more information about the different tools.

Felling tools
1. The foot breaking bar is suitable for small trees when thinning. Insert the tool before completing the
felling cut and stand with all your weight on the lever arm. The breaking bar is generally telescopic and
can be carried in a holster on your logging belt.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

2. The breaking bar is used on relatively small trees. To maximize the lifting force, you insert the tool –
before completing the felling cut – in the middle of the felling cut at the very back. Lift with your legs
and keep your back straight.
3. The impact bar is used in the same way as the breaking bar, but can also be used as a striking tool
when using felling wedges.
4. Felling wedges are best for medium to large trees. They are inserted before the felling cut is
completed and knocked in with an axe or an impact bar. Always use wedges made out of plastic or
aluminum, so that you don’t risk damaging the chain if you accidentally cut into them.
5. A winch is used in situations where you need maximum force and safety. The wire is attached as high
up in the tree as possible for maximum effect.

Timber Conversion
Wood conversion is the process of splitting log into smaller commercial sizes either at the sawmill or at
the forest.

Methods of Timber Conversion

1. Plain Sawn: This is the method of cutting log linearly or flatly in a horizontal manner to produce
planks e.g. plain sawn
Advantages of Plain Sawing
i. It is quick and the waste generated is quite few.
Disadvantages of Plain Sawing
i. Plain sawn timbers are prone to cupping, twisting and bowing.
ii. Boards from plain sawn do absorb moisture and become distorted with time.

2. Quarter Sawn: This is the method of splitting log angularly along the grains on the log. It is usually
more technical to split wood using this method. E.g. quarter sawn
Advantages of Quarter Sawing
i. In quarter sawn boards, there is a naturally decorative pattern which is not noticed with plain sawing.
ii. Boards produced using quarter sawing are more stable than plain sawn boards, since they release
atmospheric moisture naturally.
Disadvantages of Quarter Sawing
i. This method leaves a lot of wasted timber.
ii. Quarter sawn timbers are more expensive than plain sawn due to production of much scrap.

3. Rift Sawing: This is a technique of cutting log along a radius so that the saw cuts at a right angle to the
log’s growth ring. In this technique, the board has the same original grain pattern. E.g. rift sawn
Advantages of Rift Sawing
i. Rift sawn timbers are the most stable of the three methods used.
Disadvantages of Rift Sawing
i. Rift sawn boards (planks) are typically the most expensive than the other methods.
ii. This method produces large triangular wastes generated between boards.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Wood Seasoning
This is the process reducing the moisture or water content of wood. Since sawn timber contain some
amount of water, it must be seasoned before using them.

Reasons for Wood Seasoning

a. Seasoning makes the wood stronger.
b. It makes the wood lighter in weight.
c. It makes wood to take (absorb) preservatives easily.
d. Seasoning makes wood more stable when being used for furniture work
e. It makes wood more durable.
f. Seasoning makes the wood take polish easily.

Calculating Moisture Content

Moisture content is calculated as a percentage respecting the wetness or dryness of any wood. The
general formulae used in calculating moisture content are given as:
Wet weight – Dry weight x 100

Dry weight 1

Example: If a sample of wood weighs 60gm before and 40gm after drying, what is the percentage
moisture content?

Solution:

Given that wet weight – Dry weight x 100

Dry weight 1

= 60gm – 40gm x 100

40gm

= 60 – 40 x 100

40 1

= 20 x 100

40 1

= 50%
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Methods of wood seasoning

a. Natural method: natural method of wood seasoning involves arranging the planks (timber) in a shed
under fresh air. This method is not expensive, since electricity is not required. The major disadvantage is
that the method takes much time.
b. Artificial method: artificial method of wood seasoning involves the use of kiln or oven to reduce the
wood moisture content. This method is much faster than natural method. The major disadvantage are
the high cost of equipment its installation and electricity consumption bill.

Defects in Timber
Defects are faults or irregularities in wood caused either naturally or during processing of the wood
which reduces the value or quality of the timber.
1. Natural defects: These are defects which occur during growth of a tree. They include the following
names:
(a).Knots: A knot is a defect that occurs at the branch of a tree. If a branch falls from a tree it may leave
a knot hole on the tree e.g.
(b).Shakes: This is the complete separation of parts of a stem in a living tree. It occurs because of stress
variation in the stem. There is the ring shake, cup shake, star shake and the heart shake.
(i). Ring Shake: The plit in this case occurs right around the growth ring.
(ii). Cup Shake: This is a visible split that goes half round the growth ring.
(iii). Star Shake: This is split that is extending from the pith to the outer section of a log in a star form.
(iv). Heart shake: This is a split that is restricted to the pith or centre of a tree.

2. Artificial defects: This is also referred to as processing defects. It includes;

(a) Checks: This is a defect which creates a separation of wood grain along the grain board.
(b) Warps: Twists in timber are called warps. They may be caused by improper seasoning procedure.
(c). Bow: This is a curvature that occurs along the length of a plank. It could be concave or convex
curvature.
(d). twists: This is a spiral distortion in a plank. Wrong stacking method may cause this twist.
(e). Cup: This is a cup shape (or concave) formed across the face of the wood.
(f). Discoloration: This is the abnormal change in color in timber. It is caused as a result in chemical
reaction arising from insect attack.

Timber Preservation
Wood preservation is the act of applying some toxic chemical substance that are poisonous on the
wood, in order to prevent it from termite, insects, and other destructive agent attack.
It can also be seen as the process of treating wood with solutions so as to make it poisonous for insects
and fungi. The solutions used for this purpose is referred to as preservatives.
Classes of Preservatives
1. Tar Oils: The distillation of coal tar with kerosene gives birth to a blackish-yellow solution called
creosote. It smells like carbolic acid. It is used on wood surfaces to protect it against insects and fungi.
2. Water-borne preservatives: These are preservatives made from dissolving toxic chemicals in water. It
prevents termites and fungi from attacking timber.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

3. Solvent preservatives: This type of preservative is obtained when toxic chemicals are mixed with non-
aqueous solvents (solvents that do not contain water), like spirit (thinner) or petrol.

Examples of preservatives
a. Creosote
b. Solignum
c. Coal tar

Methods of Applying Preservatives to Timber

i. Open Tank Method: This method involves an open tank or drum containing the heated preservative to
a high temperature of 2000Fand the wood soaked into it.
ii. Cold Immersion: This method is slightly different because in this case the solution is not heated. The
wood can be fully immersed or only the butt ends.
iii. Brushing method: This method involves the brushing of the preservative on the surface of the wood.
Penetration is very minimal using this method. As such it is least effective.
iv. Spraying method: This is the use of a spraying machine to apply preservatives in the form of
pigments of stable metallic oxides in paints to the wood surface.

Veneer
A veneer is a thin sheet of wood with uniform thickness, made (sliced, rotary, eccentric) from suitable
timber log with varying thickness, used in the manufacture of boards.
Methods of Producing Veneers
(i) Slicing Method: The method of using slicing blade to cut off thin leaves from a particular log.
(ii) Reeling method: This is the method of peeling log in a continuous rotary fashion mounted on a
machine. The log is usually softened through steaming first.
(iii) Eccentric or Sawing Method: In this method the log is cut into quarters. It is this quarter that is then
sliced to veneer.

Uses of veneer
1. Veneers are used as cover to manufactured boards
2. They are use in the manufacturing of plywood.

Manufactured Boards
Manufactured boards are man- made boards made from multiple veneers, wood chippings, sawdust, or
shavings that are properly glued together using adhesives.
They are made in different thickness and weight and have veneers as their covers at both faces.
Types of Manufactured Boards
(i). Plywood: These are boards made from multiple veneers glued together with adhesives. The veneers
are usually arranged so that the grains criss-cross each other. They are used for partitioning.
(ii). Block boards: This board looks like a flush door. The inner part of this board contains a strip of
timbers forming the core and covered with two layers of veneers. They are used for flooring and doors.
(iii). laminated boards: These are boards used for high class veneer furniture. It contains a thinner strip
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

of timber forming the core and glued together. The surface is glossy. They are used for high-class
furniture work.
(iv). Particle boards: These are boards made from wood chippings glued together and compressed
under heat. It is used for paneling and kitchen furniture work.
(v). hard boards: These boards are made from the combination of wood waste (sawdust in Nigeria) and
bonded together under high temperature and compression. They are used for making cabinets.

Advantages of Manufactured Boards

(i). Using a manufactured board produces various large flat sheets of timber.
(ii). Manufactured boards do not check nor warp.
(iii). Manufactured boards can be worked on easily.

Assignment
1. Define timber felling.
2. State at least two main areas where wood can be felled in Nigeria.
3. Explain wood conversion.
4. Define wood seasoning
5. Explain at least five reasons why wood is seasoned
6. Calculate moisture content of wood
7. Stats what veneer is
8. State at least 3 methods used for producing veneers.
9. Write short notes on how to produce at least 3 types of manufactured boards.
10. State what wood preservation is?
11. Explain at least four types of wood defects.

WEEK 5
TOPIC PROCESSING OF MATERIALS (Metals)
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
1. State what iron–ore is?
2. How pig– iron is produced from iron – ore
3. State at least five types of furnaces for producing steel.
4. State at least three classes of steel.
5. What is an alloy of metal?
6. State three importance of alloys.

Metal is processed from a natural solid mineral ore found beneath the earth called iron-ore. In its
natural state iron-ore contains many impurities that is removed through smelting.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Metal Processing
Processing metals depends on the type of iron-ore used. First, ore is physically crushed and then
exposed to a combination of heat, chemical and other physical processes which makes it result into a
liquid molten metal that can be poured and shaped.
As we know, ore is obtained from beneath the earth and processed into pig-iron by removing most of
the impurities. This whole process is carried out in a furnace.

The six basic methods of processing metals include the following:

i. Smelting;
ii. Casting;
iii. Alloying;
iv. Forming;
v. Shaping;
vi. Finishing.

Smelting: Smelting simply refers to the technique of removing impurities from iron ore. The blast
furnace is a smelting (burning) plant used for processing iron ore into pig –iron. To smelt iron – ore in
the blast furnace, other chemicals like coke (which serves as fuel) and limestone (which removes
impurities) are added to the iron – ore so that most of the impurities may be removed.

Production of Steel: Steel can be produced using different alternative methods. The common method is
the use of furnaces.
Pig – iron: Pig –iron is the product derived from blast furnace. Further processing of pig – iron gives birth
to steel. The furnace used for this purpose is called the “Bessemer Converter”.
Bessemer converter: This is the furnace used for smelting pig – iron into steel by further burning off of
impurities in the right percentage. It was developed by Henry Bessemer. Since steel is categorized into
three groups, the Bessemer converter is used for this purpose.

When pig iron is fed into the Bessemer converter, it de-carbonizes it to obtain various grades of steel as
low, medium or high carbon steel.

Classes of steel
Low Carbon Steel: The content of carbon In a low carbon steel is about 0.05% -0.3%. it contains mostly
ferrite. It has low tensile strength and is used for car bodies and light structures.
Medium Carbon Steel: This class of steel mainly contains cementite. This property makes medium
carbon steel hard and ad of great strength. It is mainly used in making lighter springs and power
transmission devices. The carbon content is about 0.3% - 0.8%.
High Content Steel: This is the steel that contains mostly pearlite. Carbon content is 0.8% and above. It
is usually very hard and it is used for making cutting tools like files, punches, chisels, dyes, etc.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Other Methods: Other furnaces used in the production of steel are:

1. The Basic Oxygen Furnace: In this furnace, scrap metal is used to charge the system before
molten metal is introduced. Oxygen is forced into the furnace through a water-cooled lance. At
a point lime is added to act as flux in the furnace This system is used for producing stainless
steel.
2. Electric-Arc furnace: Another alternative to producing steel is to feed steel scraps into the
electric arc furnace. This furnace has three carbon electrodes which are electrically powered for
heating scrap and molten metal for producing stainless steel. Lime, fluorspar and iron oxide are
added at a point. Depending on the class of metal to be produced alloying materials are added
to a correct proportion.
3. Open-Hearth furnace: In this furnace pig iron and scrap are stored in a large hearth. It makes
use of hot gas and air to melt the content put into it. Ferro-manganese is added to make the
correct aggregate of stainless steel.

Casting: This is an archaic method of producing metal. In this method, molten metal is poured into a
mould cavity, which is cooled to get the content solidified. Afterward, the metal called casting is
removed from the mould.

Alloying: This is the mixing of two or more metals to obtain an improved metal. This process is carried
out so as to improve the quality of certain metals in engineering. Usually a base metal, known as the
parent metal, has up to 90% of the alloy

Material while the other 10% are just alloying agents. For example:
i. Bronze = copper (78% to 95%) +tin (5 to 22%) +aluminum(5 to 20%)
ii. Brass = Copper (10 to 35%) + Zinc (5 to 22%)

Importance of Alloys
1. for strength.
2. Wear resistance.
3. It provides hardness.
4. Corrosion-resistance.

Some Alloys, Properties and Applications

S/No. Name of Alloy Main Property Applications

1. Cast iron Brittle metal It is used for making

automobile cylinders
and pistons

2. High Carbon Steel It is worked upon in hot forming Used for making tools
like forging and it is easily like punches, hammer
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tempered heads, saws, chisels.

3. Low and medium carbon A group of malleable and ductile Used for making
steel metals. structural steel work,
automobile and vehicle
parts.

4. Silicon steel Contain very good magnetic Used for making

property. laminations in the
construction of
transformers.

5. High speed steel It can withstand very high Used for making drill
temperature without losing its bits and other cutting
hardness. tools used on the lathe.

6. Chromium steel High resistance to rust and Best for making

corrosion. stainless steel products
like surgical and cutlery
products.

Forming: This is the method of processing metal either hot or cold into geometrical shapes by applying
compressive or tensile forces of deformation.
Types of Forming
i. Compressive forming: This is the use of pushing force to change the original shape of metal to a
desired shape. There are two examples involved:
(a). Rolling: This is the use of rollers to flatten and reduce the thickness of a metal.
(b). Extrusion: This is the method of forcing a metal through a hole. This can be done through die
forming (where the metal is stamped by a press around a die) or forging (where a localized force is
applied to the metal).

ii. Tensile forming: This is the method of using a pulling force to change the shape of a metal. This may
include stretching, expanding and recessing of metals

Shaping: This aspect of processing metals involves the use of the lathe machine to carry out milling,
turning, etc
Types of Shaping
(i).Bending: Most metalwork project involves bending and folding, either cylindrically or as square-box
shape. This changes the shape of the metal
(ii). drawing down: This is the process of stretching a metal by hammering.
(iii). Twisting: This is a beautification process in forging operation.
(iv). Upsetting: This is the process of increasing the thickness of a metal. It is useful in processing bolt
heads
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Finishing: This is the technique of giving metal work a protective coat, smooth edges and surfaces in
addition to an acceptable, improved final appearance.
Types of Metal Finishing
a. Buffing: This is the method of using wheels covered with soft cloth or leather to polish the surface of
metal.
b. Lacquering: This is the application of lacquer to metal surface to prevent corrosion.
c. Enameling: This is the application of corrosion-resistant material, like plastics, on metal to make the
surface glossy and hard. E.g. kerosene stoves.
d. Scratching: This is the use of a thin metal piece and steel brush for cleaning metal parts thoroughly to
be finished.
e. Painting/Spraying: This is the application of oil paint to metal for coating purpose.
f. Copper finishing: This is the oxidation of copper surface to form shades of different colours like
purple, red, brown, etc.
g. Spot Finishing: This is the forming of pressed spots on metal by the use of ornamental finishing and
abrasive powder and oil spread over the metal. Spot is achieved by placing the metal over a spinning
wood on a drill chuck.
h. Electroplating: This is the protective coating of a metal with other metal such as tin, zinc or chromium
so as to prevent corrosion.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Casting

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. It has better surface finish. The raw materials are relatively expensive.

2. It has better dimensional tolerances. The process generates noxious fumes which
must be removed.

3. The process can be mechanized. The size and weight range of castings is
limited.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Smelting

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. Smelting has high adaptability. It is not easy to easily recycle impurities.

2. It contains high hearth efficiency There is always threat of environmental

pollution.

3. Smelting maintains high thermal

efficiency.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Advantages and Disadvantages of Forming

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. Lots of metal can be stamped, and the Most of the parts cannot be made in one step,
material can be metal. most of them need about 3+ steps.

2. The process and material is cheap. Complicated shape need lots of tooling.

3. High efficiency, it can be produced one Needs tooling, the cost is according to the
piece/second. products. It can be costly sometimes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Alloying

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. Alloying provides alternatives to some Since alloying involves fusing of metals,

costly precious metals. e.g. brass is used radiation and heat can be hazardous.
as alternative to gold

2. Alloying improves the properties of the In alloying, the alloyed metal is usually costly
base metal. than the base metal.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Shaping

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. In shaping, products have accurate and perfect Metals worked upon using the shaping
dimensions. process gets weakened by the shearing
forces of cutting tools.

2. The machining process can be automated and Special skill is required in shaping. It also
computerized so at reduce labour cost. needs time and proper supervision. This
increases the cost of production at the
end of the day.

Assignment
1. What is iron–ore?
2. How is pig– iron produces from iron – ore
3. State at least five types of furnaces for producing steel.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

4. State at least three classes of steel.5. What is an alloy of metal?

6. State three importances of alloys.
7. State one advantage and disadvantage of the following processing methods:
(a). Forming
(b). Casting
(c). Alloying
(d). Shaping.

WEEK 6
TOPIC PROCESSING OF MATERIALS (CLAY,CERAMICS,GLASS, PLASTIS AND RUBBER

)
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
(i). Identify the process involved in the production of clay, ceramics and glass.
(ii). Explain with diagrams the processes involved in the production of the above mentioned materials.
(iii). State the advantages and disadvantages of each processing method.
(iv).Describe the uses of clay, ceramics and glass.
(v). Produce simple clay, ceramics and glass household wares.

Ceramics are made from different products like clay, cement and concrete.

Pottery Making: The art of making objects from clay is called pottery. Examples are pots, tiles, sanitary
wares, cups, plates and bricks.

Processing of Pottery: To use clay in making any item, four different processes are involved. They are:
1. Excavation of Clay: Clay is usually excavated from the earth with a shovel. The clay is then processed
so as to remove air bubbles and sand particles, so that it can be moldable.
2. Moulding of Clay: This is the processing of clay to a particular shape. There are three basic methods
involved. They are:
a. The Pinch Method: This is the method of using the thumb, with the clay placed in the hollow of
the palms while the thumb presses the clay into shape.
b. Use of Moulds: The moulds for bricks may be made of wood while the ones for sanitary wares
and tiles are metallic.
c. Potter’s wheel method: This is a device containing a flat disc which is spurned using either an
electric motor of manual means. As the clay spins on the disc the article is shaped using the
fingers.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

3. Firing: Firing of clay helps it to become hardened and durable. The kiln is usually used for this
purpose.
4. Decoration: This is the art of using varnished or ceramic paint to draw patterns on the surface of any
clay product to beautify it.

Processing of Cement Products

Cement is used for making all cement products. As such, cement is a vital raw material. Below are some
of these cementing products:
a. Sandcrete (cement block) on the other hand is a mixture of sand, cement and water. Wooden or
metallic moulds forms the shape that the block will take.
b. Mortar: This is a mixture of cement, little sand and water. It is used for plastering walls block
moulding.
c. Concrete objects: Concrete is the mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water. It is used in
the casting of cylindrical rings, slabs, beams, lintels, columns and building constructions.

Procedures in Making Cement Products

(i). Mixing: This is the technique of combining the right proportion of cement, water, sand and
aggregates.
(ii). wetting: This is using water as a mixing agent.
(iii). Moulding: This is a casting form like wood, plastic or metal where the wet mortar is placed to form a
shape.
(iv). Curing: This is the technique of drying moulded materials.

Processing of Glass Products

Glass is processed from sand, soda and lime. These materials are mixed together and heated in a
furnace at a very high temperature to produce molten glass. At this state, it is then shaped and allowed
to cool so as to form a hard piece.
Classes of Glass
The two main class of glass is:
1. Transparent glass
2. Translucent or Coloured glass.
Types of Glass
i. Pyrex glass: This is a special type of glass used for making laboratory equipment
ii. Safety glass: This is the type of glass used for making windscreen of automobiles. Rubber sheet is
usually placed at the core of this type of glass so as to avoid splinters from flying during impact.
iii. Plate glass: This type of glass is used for glazing doors and windows in building constructions.
iv. Reinforced glass: This is a type of glass that has meshes of wire embedded inside of it to give it
improved strength.
v. Fiber glass: This is a type of glass made to resist fire and heat effects. They are generally good as
electrical insulators
vi. Bottle glass: This type of glass is often referred to as soda lime glass, used for bottling drinks and
other beverages. It is the cheapest kind of glass.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Stages Involved in Glass Processing

Stage (i). Crushing and Mixing: Solid materials like sand, soda, lime, potash and lead oxide together with
recycled glass are crushed and grounded into fine paste. This paste is sieved to remove any coarse
particles.
Stage (ii). Heating: This is carried out in a furnace to a temperature of about 10000C for about 5 to 6
hours. Meanwhile, additives and flux materials are added as the mixture is being stirred continuously.
This process turns the mixture into a plastic molten glass.
Stage (iii). Forming: At this stage, the molten glass is forced into either a flat sheet form or a desired
geometrical shape.
Stage (iv). Annealing and Polishing: Annealing is a process of cooling glass slowly so that the molecules
of the molten glass crystallize without cracking suddenly. Polishing on the other hand, is necessary to
give the cooled glass a high quality smooth surface.
Methods of Making Glass
(a). Float glass method: This is a method of forming molten hot glass into flat sheets by floating it on a
bed of molten metal.
(b). Glass blowing method: This is the method of forcing air inside a shaped mould according to a hollow
geometrical object, such as bottle or any other container.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Clay Moulding Method

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. Hand moulding method is cheap, requiring This method cannot be used for mass
little or no cost. production of pottery products.

2. The clay worker is able to form diverse If the method is coiling and slabbing method
geometrical shapes of choice. are restricted to only some geometrical
shapes.

3. The potters‟ wheel method allows for mass This method demands a skilled worker to
production of pottery wares. apply.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cement and Concrete Making Method

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. The manual method here is cheaper In this manual method, a lot of labour is
compared to the machine method. required. It is back-breaking.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

2. The machine method here can be used for During mixing of cement and other materials,
mass production of blocks and concrete. one is exposed to toxic waste inhalation.

Assignment

1. Identify the process involved in the production of clay, ceramics and glass.
2. Explain with diagrams the processes involved in the production of the above- mentioned materials.
3. State the advantages and disadvantages of each processing method.
4. Describe the uses of clay, ceramics and glass.
5. Produce simple clay, ceramics and glass household wares.

PROCESSING OF MATERIALS (PLASTIS AND RUBBER)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Define plastics.
2. Define rubber.
3. State at least two types of plastics
4. State at least two types of rubbers
5. State at least five methods of processing plastics.
6. State at least four methods of processing rubber.
7. State the advantages and disadvantages of each processing method.

Plastics: Plastics are obtained from petroleum products called monomers. These monomers are used to
produce resins which are used to for making plastics.
Types of Plastics
1. Thermoplastics: These are plastics that can melt under heat and reshaped into other forms.
2. Thermo set: These are plastics that do not easily melt under heat. They are used as handles for pots
and enamel dishes.

The general principle in the processing of plastics involves the following:

i. Pre-heating the resin into a molten state.
ii. Forcing the molten plastic into a mould to acquire a desired shape.
Methods of Processing of Plastics
1. Injection Method: In this method, the resin is fed into a heating chamber through the hopper. A
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

plunger is then used to force the molten plastic into the required mould. This method can be used for
making water bottles
2. Extrusion Moulding: This is the older version of the injection moulding. Instead of the plunger, a knob
with screw is used to force the molten plastic into the mould.
3. Compression Moulding: This is the method used for processing hollow pipes like biro cases, water
pipes and drainage pipes. This method makes use of two moulds at a time.
4. Vacuum Forming: This is the method used in the processing of plastic cups, buckets and bowls. A
vacuum is always created with the cavity of the mould. As air is sucked out of the cavity, pressure is
created on the plastic so as to take the shape of the mould
5. Calendaring: This is the method used to produce long sheets of plastics like nylon and polythene
products. The plastic runs through a number of rollers.

Rubber: Rubber is an elastic material obtained from the latex of rubber trees.
Types of Rubber
(i). Natural rubber: This is the type mentioned above. Latex is a whitish liquid obtained from a rubber
tree, used for processing elastic materials.
(ii). Synthetic or Artificial rubber: This is the type of rubber obtained from petroleum products.
Processing of rubber
1. Foremost, the rubber is softened by adding chemicals and mixing it thoroughly to bring it to a
mouldable state.
2. It is then pre-heated in a chamber into a molten form.
3. The molten rubber is then forced in to a mould designed to take the shape of the article desired.
It should be noted that the methods used in the processing of plastics, is also the same method applied
in the processing of rubber.
Application of Rubber
1. Tyres
2. Soles for shoes
3. Foamed rubber products
4. Sports equipment
5. Footwear
6. Engine belts
7. Shock absorbers
8. Conveyor belts
9. Hose
10. Seals

Processing of Rubber
Processing of rubber takes the same procedure like the processing of plastics covered above. But before
rubber is taken through these processes, rubber must be treated first. The whitish liquid is first treated
with formic acid and turned into a coagulate. The coagulate is sieved and transferred into an airtight
coagulating tank until the process is completed. The completed process is then dried and aired by
adding additives. It is this additive that hardens rubber. This hardened rubber is then processed by
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

injection or compression moulding method.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Compression Moulding Method

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. Compression moulding method is the This method is slower than other processing
cheapest process for producing plastics methods for plastics.
and rubber.

2. This method is used for processing Compression moulding method is not suitable for
cooking pot, pan handles and electrical complex geometrical shapes.
insulators.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Injection Moulding Method

S/No. Advantages Disadvantages

1. The injection moulding method is used for producing The products from injection
plastic bottles, hollow cylindrical containers and tubes. moulding are not bio-degradable
and therefore not
environmentally friendly.

2. The machine is generally

expensive.

Assignment
1. Identify three processes involved in the production of plastics.
2. Identify four processes involved in the production of rubber.
3. Identify three processes involved in the production of ceramics.
4. Explain with diagrams the processes involved in the production of the above mentioned materials.
5. State an advantage and a disadvantage between the injection moulding method and compression
moulding method.

WEEK 7
TOPIC PICTORIAL DRAWING (Isometric Drawing)
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

1. Define isometric drawing

2. State the angle of projection in isometric drawing
3. Engage effectively in isometric drawing of different types of blocks.

Isometric drawing is defined as a three- dimensional drawing of solid objects. It is a pictorial method of
drawing. What you see is what you draw. The three dimensions are the length, width and height.
Isometric Axes

Isometric axis means the lines formed by the 300 set square and the vertical line of any given plane or
block to be drawn. The lines that slant at 300 are called the receding lines. The vertical line is also drawn
using the side of the 300/60°0 set square. E.g. Isometric axes

The lines drawn are often referred to as projection lines. Apart from the vertical lines, all other lines are
inclined at 300 slants. It is always better to complete the drawing in construction lines (faint lines) first,
check that everything is correct before outlining the block given.

Steps Involved in Isometric Drawing

1. Drawing the Isometric Axes
After setting your paper on your board and drawing border lines and title block, follow the steps below.
On the lower section of your drawing paper mark a small cross (+).
ii. Using the 300-600 set-square, supported on the T-square, draw the first vertical axis from the
intersection of the +.
iii. Turn the set square to the 300 slant with the edge intersecting at the + either to the right or left and
draw the first receding axis.
iv. Rotate the set-square until another edge rest as base on the T-square on the same intersection and
draw the second receding axis.
2. Outlining the Edges: Finally, using the HB pencil with moderate pressure, thicken the outline of the
given block. You may erase the extra projected lines on your work since they may not be required as
part of the given block.

3. Dimensioning: This is the technique of adding the actual size (length, breadth and height) of any block
given. The following steps explain how:
(i). with the aid of the set-square and a little distance from the block drawn, draw faint projections (the
projection lines should not touch the block) as the block.

(ii). Rotating the set square appropriately; draw arrowhead lines to indicate demarcations on the given
block.

Examples of Isometric Drawings

BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define isometric drawing.
2. State the angle of projection in isometric drawing.
3. Draw the block shown below in isometric projection.

WEEK 8
TOPIC PICTORIAL DRAWING (Oblique Drawing)
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Define oblique drawing.
2. State the angle of projection in oblique drawing.3. Draw blocks in oblique projections.

Oblique drawing is a 3-dimensional drawing of objects based on the oblique axes. It is based on the
same principle as isometric drawing.
Types of Oblique Drawing
i. Cavalier Projection: This is a situation where an oblique block is drawn full length, without alteration or
distortion of the original dimension.

ii. Cabinet Projection: In this method, where the horizontal line is drawn full size while the 450 slant is
drawn half size.

Steps Involved in Oblique Projection

Stage 1: Using the 450 set-square, tee-square, and drawing board, draw the oblique axes as shown on
any given block.
Stage 2: Next, locate all given points on any given block according to the dimensions given. E.g. length,
breadth and height.
Stage 3: Finally, you complete by outlining your work.

NOTE: Unless you are given specific instructions, all oblique drawings should be carried out at an angle
of 450 and dimensions reduced by half. This is very important in an examination setting.

Assignment

1. Draw the blocks shown on page 189, numbers 59, 60, 61 and 62 in the book shown below:
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

WEEK 9
TOPIC ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Define orthographic projection
2. State and explain the angles of projection
3. Convert isometric drawings to orthographic projection.

Orthographic projection can be defined as a two-dimensional drawing that shows different views of a
structure. It contains the vertical and the horizontal planes as shown below. The word orthographic is
coined from the word orthogonal (or perpendicular) and graphic (or view).

Orthographic Planes

Elevations (Views)
In orthographic projection, there are three basic views referred to as elevations.
These elevations are as follows:
(i).The Plan: This is the view of an object as seen or projected from the top.
(ii).Front elevation: This is the view of an object as seen or projected from the front side of the object or
block.
(iii).End (Side) Elevation: This view is sometimes referred to as the auxiliary vertical plane in some text
books. It is the view showing the right or left side of any object when viewed from the front. E.g.

Angles of Projection
i. First Angle Projection: Where the plan of a structure is positioned below the quadrant. It is the British
system of drawing elevations.

ii. Third angle projection: This is a condition where the plan of a structure is positioned above the
quadrant while the front view is below the plan.

First and Third Angle Positioning of Elevations

BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Steps in Orthographic Projection and Worked Illustrations

(i).Make a sketch of the required views.
(ii).Draw both the vertical and the horizontal axis to intersect midway.
(iii).Determine the placing of the views.
(iv).Begin drawing with either the plan or front views.
(v).From either of the views drawn above, project lines for the other view.
(vi).Draw the reflector line at 450
(vii).Project the horizontal lines from the front elevation.
(viii).Project the plan to meet the reflector line of the 450
(ix).Take note of hidden details and outline the elevations to complete the job

Assignment
1. State and explain the angles of projection

WEEK 10
TOPIC SCALE AND SCALE DRAWING
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Define scale drawing.
2. Identify at least three different types of scale drawing.
3. Carry out simple calculations involving scale drawing and represent them appropriately.
4. Draw objects to given scales.

Scale drawing can be defined as the drawing of lines and objects to any given proportion or ratio.
Types of Scales
(i). Full Scale: This is the scale used to represent objects as they are or appear in real life or as it is given
on a diagram. It is technically written as a ratio of n:n, where „n‟ represents any number. E.g. 1:1.
(ii). Reduction scale: This is a scale that is used to reduce the size of objects as they appear. It is
technically written as 1:n, where „n‟ could represent any number. E.g, 1:2, 1:10, 1:100, 1: 5,000,000.
(iii). Enlarged scale: This scale is used to enlarge objects to be bigger than their usual size. It is
technically written as n:1, where „n‟ could represent any number. Eg. 2:1, 10:1, 100:1 100,000:1.

Calculations Involving Scale Drawing

Examples:
1. Draw to a scale of 1:20 the line EF = 80cm.
Solution
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

Given that EF = 80cm

2. Draw to a scale of 1:10 the line AB = 60cm

Solution
Given that AB = 60cm

Assignment
1. What is scale drawing?
2. Explain the three types of scales.
3. Measure the size of your classroom using a tape rule from the workshop. Measure in meters and
draw your findings, to a scale of 1: 100 on your A3 paper.

WEEK 11
TOPIC DRAWING OF PLANS AND BLUEPRINTS
INSTRUCTOR Mr. Clifford Timothy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Define the following:
(a). Blue print reading
(b). Location plan
(c). Site plan
(d). Floor plan
2. Identify any elevation in a building plan.
3. Identify roof plan, window and door schedules.

4. State the functions of the following:

(a). Septic tank
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

(b). Soak away pit

(c). Manhole
5. Identify at least twenty building symbols.

Blue print is defined as a photographic print of a building plan drawn in black and white lines on a blue
background.

Plan: This is a detailed drawing of a building by an architect, showing the size, shape and measurements
of the building.

Building Plan: This is a line diagram showing the various apartments or rooms drawn to scale showing
the architectural symbols.

Areas in a Building Plan

1. Location Plan: The location plan shows all the buildings and areas surrounding any particular house to
be constructed.

2. Site Plan: This is a drawing showing the length and breadth of the plot of land for the required
building and the length and breadth of the particular building or flat to be erected. It also shows the
access roads and its distance to the location.

3. Floor Plan: This is plan that shows the detailed apartments including the sanitary equipment in a
proposed building. The floor plan is usually sectioned (cut) as AA, BB, CC, DD, etc.

4. Sections on a Floor Plan: This is a plan showing the exact outlook of a sectioned (cut) part of a
building. The sectioned portion on any building varies from one to the other.

5. Foundation Details: In this drawing, an architect shows the detailed dimensions from floor level of a
building to the ground level and to the foundation. The different parts of the foundation, the materials
and their details are well analyzed in this drawing.

Elevations
i. Front Elevation: This is a view of a building looking at the floor plan directly from the front. It shows
the height of the wall and the roof pattern.
ii. Rear (Back) Elevation: This means looking at the floor plan from the back (rear) view. This view also
shows the height of the wall and the roof pattern.
iii. Right Elevation: If one looks at the floor plan from the right side, the height of the wall and the roof
pattern, then we are talking about the right elevation.
iv. Left Elevation: This means looking at the floor plan from the left hand side.

Elevations of a building

1. Roof Plan: This is the plan view of a building as seen vertically from the top. This roof plan shows
the pattern of the building completely.
BASIC TECHNOLOGYJSS3 1ST TERMGRACEWELL ACADEMY E-LEARNING

2. Doors and Window Schedule: This is a drawing that shows all the details and dimensions of
every door and window to be put in a building construction. It shows type and materials of every
of these openings.
3. Septic Tank Details: A septic tank is a large tank designed to store sewage waste. It usually built
underground.
4. Soak Away Pit: This is a pit where liquid waste and effluent is deposited for dispersion into the
soil. In the construction of a septic tank, the soak away pit is the final process where waste
water filters into the surrounding subsoil.
5. Manhole: This is a detachable cover, through which someone can enter to drain should there
be any blockage. It usually has a cover that prevents anything from falling into it.

Basic Building Symbols

Assignment
1. Define the following:
(a). Blue print reading
(b). Location plan
(c). Site plan
(d). Floor plan
2. Identify any elevation in building plan
3. Identify roof plan, window and door schedules
4. State the functions of the following:
(a). Septic tank
(b). Soak away pit
(c). Manhole
5. Identify at twenty building symbols.