FLUID STATICS 4 AND DYNAMICS FLUIDS-1 ‘Which statement is true for a fluid? (A) It cannot sustain a shear force. (B) It cannot sustain a shear force at rest. (©) Itis a liquid only. (D) It has a very regular molecular structure, [A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously under the ‘pplication of a shear force. This means that it cannot sustain a shear force at rest. Therefore, option (B) is true ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS-2 wh 1 of the following is NOT a basic component of motion of a fluid element? (A) translation (B) rotation (© angular distortion (D) twist ‘The motion of a fluid element may be divided into three categories: translation, rotation, and distortion. Distortion can be further sub- vided into angular and volume distortion. The only choice that is not a basic component of fluid element motion is twist. "The answer is (D). ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.42 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-3 ‘Which of the following must be satisfied by the flow of any fluid, real or ideal? I. Newton's second law of motion IL the continuity equation IIL. the requirement of a uniform velocity distribution IV. Newton’s law of viscosity V. the principle of conservation of energy (A) 11, and M(B) 1,1, andIV (C) I. U,andV— (D) 1,11, Wand IV ‘Newton's second law, the continuity equation, and the principle of conservation of energy always apply for any fluid. The answer is (C). FLUIDS-4 What is the definition of pressure? area, Ge, LORE force Force ©) Mg aren) Mt ren) slits force ‘The mathematical definition of pressure is force ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-5 For a fluid, viscosity is defined as the constant of proportionality between shear stress and what other variable? (A) time derivative of pressure (B) time derivative of density (C) spatial derivative of velocity (D) spatial derivative of density By definition, ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 43 "Thus, viscosity, is the constant of proportionality between the shear stress, 7, and the gradient (spatial derivative) of the velocity. The answer is ( FLUIDS-6 Surface tension has which of the following properties? IL. It has units of force per unit length. IL, It exists whenever there is a density discontinuity. TIL It is strongly affected by pressure. (A) Tonly (B) only (©) Monly —— (D) Land T IIT is incorrect because pressure only slightly affects surface tension. Tand II are correct. ‘The answer is (D)- FLUIDS- A leak from a. faucet comes out in separate drops. Which of the following is the main cause of this phenomenon? (A) gravity (B) air resistance (C) viscosity of the fluid (D) surface tension Surface tension is caused by the molecular cohesive forces in a fluid. Itis the main cause of the formation of the drops of water. FLUIDS-8 ‘The surface tension of water in air is approximately 0.0756 N/m. If the atmo- spheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs), what is the pressure inside a droplet 0.254 mm in diameter? (A) 90.83 kPa (abs) (B) 101.0 kPa (abs) (©) 101.5 kPa (abs) (D) 102.2 kPa (abs) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC44 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS For a spherical droplet, 2a p= Pa — Pou =~ 22 Pin = Powe + 9 (256x10-9 +101 KPa + Sam = 102.2 kPa (abs) FLUIDS-9 ‘Which of the following describes shear stress in a moving Newtonian fluid? (A) Its proportional to the absolute viscosity. (B) It is proportional to the velocity gradient at the point of interest. (C) eis nonexistent. (D) both Aand B a “y Shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient at a point, as well 1s the absolute viscosity, ‘The answer is (D). FLUIDS-10 If the shear stress in « fluid varies linearly with the velocity gradient, which of the following describes the fluid? (A) It is inviscid. (B) It is a perfect gas. (C) It is a Newtonian fiuid. (D) It is at « constant temperature. In order for shear stress to vary linearly with the velocity gradient, the fluid must be Newtonian, ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 45 FLUIDS-11 How are lines of constant pressure in a fluid related to the force field? (A) They are parallel to the force field. (B) They are perpendicular to the force field. (C) They are at a 45° angle to the force field. (D) They are perpendicular only to the force of gravity. Lines of constant pressure are always perpendicular to the direction of the force field FLUIDS-12 Which of the following statements about a streamline is most accurate? (A) It ise path of a fluid particle. (B) Ie is a line normal to the velocity vector everywhere. (C) It is fixed in space in steady flow. (D) It i defined for nonuniform flow only. Streamlines are tangent to the velocity vectors at every point in the ficld. Thus, for a steady flow dv/dt = 0, a streamline i fixed in space. ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-13 Which of the following describes a streamline? 1. It is a mathematical concept. IL It cannot be crossed by the flow. ULL. Iti a lino of constant entropy. (A) Tonly (B) Monly (©) Tend 11 (D) Tand A streamline is a mathematical concept that defines lines that are tan- ential to the velocity vector. Therefore, no flow can cross a stream- line. Entropy is not related to streamlines. ‘The answer is (C) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.46 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-14 ‘The following illustration shows several streamlines near the comer of two infinite plates. Which of the following could be the correct expression for the stream function, W, of this potential flow? (A) v= -y (@B)¥=2y =O ¥= (D) Way Streamlines are graphs of constant values for the stream function. ‘The graph shows hyperbolas that are of the form azy = b, where a and b are constants. Thus, of the choices shown, the stream function could only be ¥ = 2ry. ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS-15 ‘What is most nearly the gage pressure at point A in the tank of water if h = 2m? (A) 12 Pa (B) 13 kPa (©) 16 kPa (D) 20 kPa P= rah ~ (1000 $5) (081 $) (2m = 19620 Pa (20 kPa) ‘The answer is (D) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 47 FLUIDS-16 ‘A drinking glass filled with a fluid of density p is quickly inverted. The top of ‘the glass, which becomes the bottom after the glass is inverted, is open. What: ia the preanure at the closed end at point A? r b ci a LA Pm 7 (A) Pato (B) pasm+egh — (C) Parm—pgh — (D) pgh ‘The pressure at point A, p, plus the pressure exerted by the fluid equals the pressure outside the glass. P+ p0h = Pom ‘Therefore, P= Patm— Pgh ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING,48 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS17 Find the pressure in the tank from the manometer readings shown. Ak Pym = 100 KPa pressurized tanke 10m it fe om | BPN saa = toot? vam 2. fluid B, pp = 750 kim? uid C, pe = 1000 kal? (A) 102kPa —(B) 108kPa = (©) 112 KPa (D) 8 kPa Pa Pr = pcg(2 ~ 22) Ps — pa = pag(22— 23) Pa Ps = pag(zs ~ 24) Pa — Pr = (pa ~ ps) + (Ps — Pa) + (p2 — Pr) pa =Pi + 9(pco(21 — 22) + pa (ze — 2s) + pales — 24) 10000 #4+ (081 8) ((s000 8) cm) + (ro 28) 02+ (to $$) 04m) = 108100 Pa (108 kPa) ‘Tho answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 49 FLUIDS-18 In which fluid will a pressure of 700 kPa occur? y= 90KPa thy! alcohol = 7733 kgim? oil 5 p= 899.6 kgim? | fom water p= 979.0 kgim? alyoering p= 1238.0 kgm? (A) ethyl aleohol (B) oil (©) water (D) elycerin Let p, be the maximum pressure that can be measured in fluid level i. If p, > 700 kPa, then a pressure of 700 kPa can be measured at that level. 90 kPa P= pot pga ra. 38) (01 $) (00m) 90 kPa + x00 5, Te. = 545.16 kPa pi < 700 kPa mart pao 809.6 5) (2.81 5) com = 54550 kPa + x 1000 Te = 63581 kPa PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.410 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Pa < 100 Pa Ps = Pa + pag2s (v7.0 48) (281 3) 6m = 60381 kPa SL EE 1000 5 7 = 681.88 kPa Ps < 700 kPa Ps = Pa + pagza (290 8) (051 = 681.89 kot 100 7 = 142.46 kPa pi> 700 kPa Thus, a pressure of 700 kPa occurs ‘The answer is (D). FLUIDS-19 ‘The pressure drop across a turbine is 200 kPa. ‘The flow rate is 0.25 m®/min, ‘What is most nearly the power output of the turbine? (A) O41 kW (B) O83 EW = (C) 0.95KW(D) 13 KW ) (az) = (pressure drop)(flow rate) = (200 kPa) ( = 0.833 KW (0.83 kW) ‘The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 41 FLUIDS-20 ‘A circular window with a radius of 0.25 m has its center 3 m below the water's surface. ‘The window is vertical. What is most nearly the force acting on the window? r= 025m @ (A) 2.9 eN (B) 58aN (©) 18 kN (0) 29 F=pA p= ("44) (pgsina) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.412 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS With yi = 2.75 m, y2 = 8.25 m, the angle a between the surface of the water and the surface of the window = 1/2, and A= ar2, P= (44) (egsina)A _ (2 +228 2) (100 ¥) (: 81 2) (w(0.25 my" 2 =5780.N (5.78 KN) ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS-21 ‘What is most nearly the overturning moment per unit width due to water acting on the dam shown? y+} 3m TTT (A) 15kNm —(B) 30kNm_=—(C) 44 Nm (D) 72. kN ‘The hydrostatic force per unit width of dam is F pegha A=(3m)(1_m) = (3) (s00 4) (asi 3) c@ mem = 44145 N (44.145 kN-m/m) 3 m? per moter of width. ‘This force acts one-third up from the base. PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 413 ‘The overturning moment is, Man =#4= (tants 22) (22) =441 kNm (44 Nm) ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-22 What is most nearly the minimum required force per unit width, Pam, to prevent the dam shown from sliding? x 3m TTT Fiver bed (A) 150 (B) 30 kN (©) 44KN (D) 72 kN F = }ogha A= (8m)(1 m) = 3 m® per meter of width. Fe (3) (100 S) 0a Z)emem = 44145N (44 KN) ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS. INC.ald 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-23 ‘Water is held in a tank by the sluice gate shown, What force per unit width of ‘the dam must the latch supply to keep the gate closed? (A) 25KN/m —(B) 34 KN/m (CG) SAKN/m_—(D) 74 KN/m Draw a free-body diagram of the gate. =r} ite ‘Use the coordinate system in the diagram. For the gate to stay in place, the sum of the moments around the hinge must be zero. DL Mange = 0 = (mre [ova ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 415 = 209.3 KN Rearranging to solve for Rr, = 52.8 KN/m (52 KN/m) [ answer is (C). FLUIDS-24 ‘A tank with one hinged wall is filled with water. ‘The tank wall is held at a 30° angle by a horizontal cable. What is most nearly the tension in the cable per meter of the tank? Fes (A) 19 kN (B) 23 KN (©) 254N (D) 40.uN PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.416 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘The average pressure is ‘The length of the wetted inclined wall is bh Am a3 ~ Goe30° 4.62 m ‘The wall area per foot of wall is A= tw = (4.62 m)(1 m) = 4.62 m? ‘The resultant force is R= PA = (19.6 Pa) (4.62 m*) = 90.6 kN ‘This resultant acts perpendicular to the wall at .87 m_ [vertical distance measured from surface) ‘Taking moments about the hinge at the bottom, 167 m) _ (Teabie)(cos 30°)(6 m) 0830 = 139.1 kN-m — (6 m)Teabie Rearranging to solve for Teste 23.2 kN (23 kN) ‘The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS. INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS FLUIDS-25 |A tank of water has a rectangular panel at its lower left side, as shown. 417 The location of the center of pressure on the panel is at the point P. Describe the distance along the panel from the bottom of the tank to the center of pressure as PA. Determine the length of PA. y (A) 4m (8) 5m (©) 6m ) 7m ‘The distance along the surface of an object from the surface of the fluid to the center of pressure, hy, is given by 2 haho bai (hem- neh) PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.418 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS In the preceding equation, hy is the distance along the surface of the object from the surface of the fluid to the object's upper edge, and ‘hy is the distance along the surface of the object from the surface of the fluid to the object's lower edge. From the illustration, PA = hy ~ hy ‘The plane is inclined at 30° below horizontal, has its upper edge at 3m (vertically) below the surface of the fluid, and is 12m long. Thus, the following can be determined. 3m "= Gin90e =6m hy —hy = 12 m hy = hy +12 m=6m-+12 m =18m n= (2) (om418m- Cmte) =13m PA=hy~h,=18m—13m =5m ‘The answer is ( FLUIDS-26 ‘What is most noutly the total force exerted on the curved surface described by the equation y = 2°? The width of the curved plate is 2 m, and the specific ‘weight of water is 9.81 kN/m? py OkPa gage 10m (A) 1020 KNB) 1070 KN. () 1260 KN. (D) 1380 KN PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 419 y he tom ‘wis the width of the tank. na ‘The weight of tho water in the portion of the tank above the curved surface, Fy, is yaw V1 m = wf (10 m — yd 7 =n (10 m—2")de re = rw (10 = (28 S)em (» mV m— ave) = 413.6 kN Fe=PAs “(otk Par ‘The area of the tank perpendicular to the x-axis, Az, is A= wh n= (ost 5) () (@ m0 m) = 981.0 KN Fy = VGI86 EN)? + OSLO NY = 1065 KN (1070 kN) ‘The answer is (B) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.4-20 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-27 The stream potential, ®, of a low is given by ® = 2zy—y. Determine the stream function, W, for this potential (A) Bax? 40 @) ¥as-s4+ 740 () ¥ar4e*- 40 ©) var ty +o de dy aa By definition, Substituting u = 2y, aw ay Rearranging, we f2vay+ 10) =¥4s@) Substituting v = 22 —1, we) “Ee 22-1 Rearranging, f(@)=2-274+0 Therefore, War-2+y+C "The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 4oL FLUIDS-28 Determine the average velocity through a circular section in which the velocity distribution is given a8 V = Vmax(1—(r/ro)?). The distribution is symmetric ‘with respect to the longitudinal axis, r= 0. To is the outer radius and Vmax 15 the velocity along the longitudinal axis. (A) Vinax/4 (B) Vinax/3 (C) Vena /2 (D) ¥max 1 vue = 4 fue = well m(0-(@) om EEE (OC) Cee) Ynax/2 ‘The answer FLUIDS-29 ‘Under what conditions is mass conserved in fluid flow? (A) The fluid is baratropic. (B) The flow is isentropic. (C) The flow is adiabatic. (D) It is always conserved. ‘Mass is always conserved in fluid flow. ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, ING.422 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-30 ‘What is the absolute velocity of a real fluid at a surface? (A) the same as the bulk fluid velocity (B) the velocity of the surface (©) zero (D) proportional to the smoothness of the surface For a real (nonzero viscosity) fluid there is no slip at the boundaries. In other words, the velocity of the surface is the same as the velocity of the fluid at the surface. Thus, option (B) is true. Option (C) is true only if the velocity of the surface is zero. ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS-31 ‘Which of the statements is true concerning the following continuity equation? A , Amu) , Alor) , Anu) Ot Ox Oy Oz is density, w is velocity in the « direction, v is velocity in the y direction, and w is velocity in the z direction, (A) It is valid only for incompressible flow. (B) It is valid only for steady flow. (C) It is derived from the principle of conservation of mass. (D) It is derived from the principle of conservation of energy. In essence, the continuity equation states that the mass flux entering a control volume is equal to the mass flux leaving the control volume plus the rate of accumulation of mass within the control volume. ‘Thus, it is derived from the principle of conservation of mass. Tt is valid for all real and ideal fluids, and for all types of fluid flow. ‘The answer is (C), PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 423 FLUIDS-32 ‘Which of the following sets of dimensional flow equations satisfies the continuity equation? (u, v, and w are the components of velocity in the x, y, and 2 directions, respectively.) Lusctay-t vat—2yte (A) Land IT (B)Tand 1 = (©) Handi (D) 1, I, and ). Check to see if this is ‘The continuity equation states that V-V = ‘true for each of the given flows. Ou, Ov, dw_ _ 1 Get et genie (atin0 Ou | Ov | dw Wet Get gen eet des t= mt #0 In x + Fa Fe ate 4 (2248) t=0 ‘Thus, flows I and III both satisfy the continuity equation. FLUIDS-33 A pipe has a diameter of 100 mm at section AA and a diameter of 50 mm at section BB. The velocity of an incompressible fluid is 0.3 m/s at section AA. What is the flow velocity at section BB? (A) 0.95 m/s (B) 1.2 m/s (©) 21 m/s (D) 35 m/s Use the continuity equation. ‘mass through AA = mass through BB pA = pAgva PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.424 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Rearranging to solve for v2, ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS-34 Consider the following two flows of water. 20m 2 ‘What is the relation between va(1) and va(Il)? (A) vA) = vad) (B) va) = BOD (©) vat) = 2a) (D) va) =4 vat PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 425 equation, Aww = Aava Rearranging to solve for v2, vee (4 ) vi [independent of tilt angle] va(1) = va(H) The answer is (A). FLUIDS-35 A constant-volume mixing tank mixes two inlet streams containing salt. The salt concentration in stream 1 is 5% by weight, and in stream 2 it is 15% by ‘weight. Stream 1 flows at 25 kg/s, and stream 2 flows at 10 kg/s. There is only ‘one exit stream. Find the salt concentration in the exit stream. (A) 5.5% B) 7.9% (©) 1% (0) 13% Li titeate =D taut zoe" Be coe (258) + am (108) == (058) Reartanging to solve for 2, the salt concentration in the exit stream, (2) so (nt = 0.0786 (7.9%) ‘The answor is (B) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS. INC.426 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-36 ‘Water flowing with a velocity of vi in a pipe is turned to flow in the « direction, as shown. What is the relation between the y component of the force of the ‘water jet acting on the inclined plate and the inclination angle? Vas Ay Vy Ay (A) Fy = pAwv}eos@ — (B) Fy = pAivisind (©) Fy=pAivicos —(D) Fy = pArv}sind Evaluate momentum in the y direction. ‘The y component of velocity vis vy =visind. xy Vy = (pAyes)(v1 sind) Av} sind ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 427 FLUIDS-37 The vane shown deflects a jet of velocity vja, density p, and cross-sectional area ‘Ayes through an angle of 40°. Caleulate Fy, the horizontal force on the vane. (A) Pia (B) pAveerf cos 40° (©) pAvewu(t ~ e080") (D) pAjeevfe(1 — sin 40°) ‘Using the momentum equation, the rate of change of horizontal mo- ‘mentum, Fhy is Fn (horizontal velocity in — horizontal velocity out) Jin(va — ve C0840") Substituting, th = pAjvjer Fu = Ajay ~ Vt 008 40°) = pAyevf(1 ~ €08 40°) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.428 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-38 A jot of velocity vje, cross-sectional area Aig, and density pie, impinges on a reversing vane and is turned through an angle of 180°. The vane is moving with velocity Vvane in the direction of the original jet. What is the force, Fyane, exerted on the vane by the water? Wnt ~ Wane — Fw «one pO SY os (A) 2pAjavinr (B) Asai (C) 2pAjerVvane (D) 2pAiot (Vier ~ Yvane)” Use the momentum equation. ‘The rate of change of momentum, Peanes is Fane = thw A (et — Yrane) — (= (Wjet — Voane)) = 2Wjet — Vane), (PAsc (wiet ~ Vane) )(2 (vjet ~ Yvane) ) = 2pAjes (Wet ~ Venn)” ‘The answer is (D). FLUIDS-39 Oil (specific gravity = 0.8) at 3000 Pa flows at a constant rate of 1 m*/s through the circular nozzle shown. What is most nearly the net force exerted by the joint to hold the nozzle in place? free jet D, = 0.08 m jee 2 D, = 0.08 m (A) 140 kN (B) 190 kN (©) 240 kN (D) 270 kN PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 429 vee (0.05 m\ * 2 358.68 m/s PQ (08 (10 3) (12) = 800 ke/s Sh = thaw Fy — Fy = th(va — v1) Rearranging to solve for F,, the horizontal force holding the nozzle in place, y= Fit tive) ‘The force exerted by the pressurized fuld, F, i vu-(o 8) (('82)) = 212.06 N A 5, = 21206 + (ao0 M2) (asn08 2 — 415 = 271800N (270 KN) ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.4-30 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS—40 ‘What is the origin of the energy conservation equation used in flow systems? (A) Newton’s first law of motion (B) Newton’s second law of motion (C) the first law of thermodynamics (D) the second law of thermodynamics ‘The energy equation for fluid flow is based on the first law of thermo- dynamics, which states that the heat input into the system added to the work done on the system is equal to the change in energy of the system. [_ the anewer (©) FLUIDS-41 Which of the following is the basis for Bernoulli's law for fluid flow? (A) the principle of conservation of mass (B) the principle of conservation of energy (C) the continuity equation (D) the principle of conservation of momentum Bernoulli law is derived from the principle of conservation of energy. ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS~42 Under which of the following conditions is Bernoulli's equation valid? (A) all points evaluated must be on the same streamline (B) the fluid must be incompressible (©) the fluid must be inviscid (D) all of the above Bernoulli's equation is valid only for incompressible, inviseid uids, In order for Bernoulli's equation to be valid for two particular points, they must lie on the same streamline. ‘Thus, options (A), (B), and (©) are all valid conditions for Bernoulli's equation. ‘The answer is (D). ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 431 FLUIDS~43 ‘Under certain flow conditions, the expression for the first law of thermodynamics for a control volume reduces to Bernoulli's equation. a gat} Which combination of the following conditions is necessary and sufficient to reduce the first law of thermodynamics for a control volume to Bernoulli’s equa tion? I. steady flow IL, incompressible fluid IIT. no frictional losses of energy IV. no heat transfer or change internal energy (A) Lonly. (B) Land IT (©) Land1V——(D) 1, 0, 1H, and IV Bernoulli's equation is essentially a statement of conservation of energy for steady flow of an inviscid, incompressible fluid. Bernoulli's equation does not account for any frictional losses or changes in in- ternal energy of the fluid. For Bernoulli's equation to be valid, I, II, IL, and IV must all describe the flow. e answer is (D). FLUIDS~44 Determine the velocity of the liquid at the exit, given that hy = 1.5 m and fy =03 m. Ra (A) 1.9 m/s (B) 2.9 m/s (©) 3.9 m/s (D) 49 m/s PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.432 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘Use Bernoull’s equation. v; is essentially zero. pas = paha ~ a= Vial (a) (081 3) a.sm =49 m/s ‘The answer is (D) FLUIDS-45 A pressurized tank contains a fluid with a density of 1300 kg/m®. The pressure in the air space above the fluid is 700 kPa. Fluid exits to the atmosphere from an opening 3 m below the fluid surface. What is most nearly the exit velocity, v? (A) 1 m/s (B) 22 m/s (©) 31 m/s (D) 52 m/s Apply Bernoulli's equation between the free surface and the exit. Pash + tout > wi wp Tet v1 =0 [at the free surface) s2=0. [at the ext] Pras Paton Past 4 gay = Pau 2 ooo a +? PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 4.33 va= |@) (981 2 +3m (1900 #5) (e81 &) | oy 2000 =31.3m/s (31 m/s) ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-46 Consider the holding tank shown, The tank volume remains constant. What is most neatly the velocity of the water exiting to the atmosphere? (A) 8m/s (D) 6 m/s Apply Bernoulli’s equation between the free surface (point 1) and the exit (point 2). mL gat yee BR ° Pi =pa_ [both are at atmospheric pressure] 1 = 0 {the free surface is stationary] a ya Bt ‘PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.434 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS vi w= 92+> va = V2g(z21 — 22) =,/@ (981 3) (2m) = 6.3 m/s ‘The answer is (D) FLUIDS-47 Water is pumped at 1 m9/s to an elevation of 5 m through a flexible hose using a 100% efficient pump rated at 100 kW. Using the same length of hose, what size ‘motor is needed to pump 1 m*/s of water to a tank with no elevation gain? Both ‘ends of the hose are at atmospheric pressure. Nogloct kinetic energy effects. (A) 18 KW (B) 2kW (©) 37 kW (D) 51 kW From a mechanical power balance for the first case, tigz + SD Phrition = Potor DY Prrietion = Protor — hg Az = Protor ~ pQGAz = 100000 w~ (1000 #5) (1 2") (a1 ) (6m) = ow In the second case, Az = 0. ‘Thus, a mechanical power balance yields tho following. DY Prriction = Pmotor 51 kW [because the same hose is used] ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 435 FLUIDS~48 ‘The potential flow velocity distribution of atmospheric air around a cylinder is V = Woo in ‘The free-stream velocity is 30 m/s. The air density is approximately 1.202 kg/m’. What is most nearly the pressure at point A? Vas A a 7 — (A) 64KN/m?—(B) TOKN/m? —(C) 80KN/m?—(D) 99 KN/m? Apply Bernoulli's equation between the free stream and point A. Poo + BPc0¥5n Pawn + 3PairVoo PA = Prim + Pats (Woo — 4¥5 = Pasm ~ $paieV0 ‘Therefore, a = 1oro00 Pa~ (3) (1.202 86) (s0 2 =99377 Pa (99.4 kPa) ‘The answer is (D) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.4:36 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS~49 ‘Two tubes are mounted to the roof of a car. One tube points to the front of the car while the othor points to the rear. ‘The tubes are connected to a manometer filled with a fluid of specific gravity 0.62. The density of air is approximately 1.202 kg/m®. When the height difference is 75 mm, what is the car's speed? (A) 11 m/s (B) 15 m/s (©) 28 m/s (D) 96 m/s 1 2 jp ss- oe 75mm Apply Bernoulli’s equation between the front tube (point 1) and the tube facing the rear (point 2) i+ 4paicv? = pa + pygh i= pr {both are at atmospheric pressure] ‘The speed of the car, v, is, Ps = (SG)(Pwater) = 620 kg/m* ‘Therefore, (020 $) (281 3) (0075 m 1.202 = 27.6 m/s (28 m/s) ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 437 FLUIDS-50 ‘Water is flowing through a pipe with a manometer as shown. | fo mercony ‘The density of mercury is 13567 kg/m, and the velocity of the water is 10 m/s. Determine the height difference, zg, in centimeters of mercury. (A) 4tem (B) 47 cm (©) 57 em (D) 69 cm co ar ' ' ' _---+ fours} From Bernoulli’s equation, ca gut BeBe Pib = 50000 Pa = Pigg tte — PH,097420 PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.438 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS 2g = 21150 50000 Pa = (png — n,0)92Hg 50000 Pa, 2g = = 0.406 m (41 em) ‘The answer is (A). FLUIDS-51 Given the venturi meter and the two pressures shown, calculate the mass flow rate of water in the circular pipe. x= 200kPe ? Py = 150 kPa — — (A) 52 kg/s (B) 61 ke/s (©) 65 ke/s (D) 79 kg/s ‘From the continuity equation, Anva = Anya van(0.15 m)? = vpr(0.08 m)? ‘Use Bernoulli's equation along the streamline in the center of the pipe. 2 Pa vA, PB Pa 4 Nb oe ° Az Pa ~ py = 200 kPa ~ 150 kPa = 50 kPa vB-vR _ 50000 Pa 2 1000 ig PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 4-39 Rearranging, v& —v} = 100 m?/s? vB - (0.111vp)? = 100 > 100 10.06 m/s onan = (1000 86) (1008 2) x(0.05 m* = 79 ke/s va(a (oan)? yhe answer is (D) FLUIDS-52 ‘What is the volumetric dische contraction for the orifice is 0. warge rate for the tank shown? ‘The coefficient of 61, and the coefficient of velocity is 0.98. h=25m Aout ™ 0.08 m? (A) 0.21 m%/s (B) 033m/s_— (C) OAL m/s. (D) 0.52 m/s Vectuat = CeAout¥out In the preceding equation, C, is the coefficient of contraction, and ‘Aqut is the area of the outlet. Jigh PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.4-40 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS In the preceding equation, Oy is the coefficient of velocity, and h is the vertical distance from the exit to the fluid’s surface. Vactuat = CeCe Aoue 29h (0.61) (0.98) (0.05 m?). (2 ( 15 (2.5 m) = 0.21 m/s ‘The answer is (A). FLUIDS-53 ‘The upper plate illustrated is fixed, while the lower plate moves in the positive z direction at 0.5 m/s. ‘The plate separation is 0.001 m, the fluid viscosity is 7x 10-4 Pass, and the velocity profile is linear. Calculate the shear stress, Ty in the moving fluid. asms i (A) 0050 Pa (B) 0.15 Pa (C) 025Pa—(D) 0.85 Pa Tey = —w HE y= HG w= 0.7 eP (0.7 g/ms*) diz _ Ave dy Ay 05 2 ~ 0.001 m = 5007? Tey = (0.0007 Pass) (0 2) = 0.35 Pa ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 44 FLUIDS-54 What are the units of Reynolds number for pipe flow? (A) m/s (B) m/s (C) kg/mms? (D) none of the above ‘The Reynolds number is dimensionless. ‘The answer is (D). FLUIDS-55 ‘Which of the following ratios represents a physical interpretation of the Reynolds number? _ buoyant forces (A) Re= crertal forces viscous forces ‘viseous forces Re = 22 # By definition, the Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertial forces on an element of fluid to the viscous forces. ‘The answer is (D} FLUIDS-56 ‘Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) The Reynolds number is the ratio of the viscous force to the inertial force. (B) Steady flows do not change with time at any point. (C)_ The Navier-Stokes equation is the equation of motion for a viscous Newton- ian Auid. (D) Bernoulli's equation only holds on the same streamline. ‘The Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertial forces to the viscous forces. [tre aarerie (a) ] PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.4-42 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-57 Calculate the Reynolds number for water at 20°C flowing in an open channel. ‘The water is flowing at a volumetric rate of 0.8 m*/s. The channel has a height of 1.2 m and a width of 2.5 m. At this temperature, water has a kinematic viscosity of 1.02 x 10-° m2/s, (A) 65x 10° (B) 85x 10° = (G) 92109 (D) 12x 10° Re = De # vDe D, cross-sectional area’ 0 "'\ wetted perimeter , “ol , Games a The answer is (A) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 443 FLUIDS-58 A fluid with a kinematic viscosity of 2.5 x 10° m?/s is lowing at 0.08 m/s from ‘an orifice 75 mm in diameter. How ean the fluid be described? (A) The fluid is completely turbulent. (B) The fluid is in the transition zone. (C) The fluid is laminar. (D) The fluid’s turbulence cannot be caleulated from the information given. ; = 90 ‘A Reynolds number of, laminar (Re < 2000) regior 10 means that the flow is well within the ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-59 ‘The Reynolds number of a sphere falling in air is 1 x 10°. If the sphere's radius is 0.5 m, what is most nearly its velocity? (pie = 1.225 kg/m, jis = 1.789 10° Pas) (A) 25 m/s (B) 5.2 m/s (©) 11 m/s (D) 15 m/s ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.44d 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-60 Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Blasius boundary layer solu- tion? (A) It is valid only for potential flow. (B) It is valid for laminar flow (C) Tt is an approximate solution. (D) It permits one to calculate the skin friction on a flat plate, ‘The Blasius solution is an approximate solution to the boundary layer equations and makes some simplifying assumptions. It is valid for laminar, viscous flow and permits the evaluation of shear stress and skin friction. ‘The Blasius solution or any other boundary layer concept has no ‘meaning for potential flow. The answer is (A). FLUIDS-61 From the Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer flow, the average coefficient of skin friction is Cy = 1.828/V/Re. If air (pair = 1.225 kg/m? and iain 1.789 x 10-® Pas) is fowing past: a 10 m long fiat plate at a velocity of 30 m/s, ‘what is most nearly the force per unit width on the plate? (A) 0.85 N (B) 10N (©) 13N, (D) 16N wey = fatale i (1225 #6) (00 8) om ~ 1.789 x 10-5 Pe 2.054 x 10° 1.328 V2050 x 10" 2.93 x 10-4 P BPaieVairL plate Cy PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 445 Rearranging to solve for F, F = 2Cypasevaiebate (3) (2.98 x 10 (: 295 8) (s0)' dom = 162 N/m (1.6N per unit width of plate) ‘The answer is (D). FLUIDS-62 From what were the curves of the Moody friction factor diagram for pipe flow determined? (A) calculations based on potential flow (B) theoretical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations (C) experimental results for inviscid ftuids (D) experimental results for viscous fuids ‘The curves in the Moody diagram are experimental data plots. They are valid for viscous fluids. The answer is (D). FLUIDS-63 What is most nearly the friction factor for flow in a circular pipe where the Reynolds number is 1000? (A) 0.008, (B) 0.06 (C) 0.08 (D) 01 For Re < 2000, the friction factor, f, is given by the following. ‘000 0.064 (0.08) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.4.46 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-64 For pipe flow in the laminar flow region, how is the friction factor related to the Reynolds number? 1 1 (A) fe (B) fx z) (C) fxRe (D) f «Re? In the laminar region, f = 64/Re. "The answer is (A). FLUIDS-65 ‘Which of the following flow meters measure(s) the average fluid velocity rather than a point or local velocity in a pipe? 1. venturi meter II. pitot tube IIL impact tube IV. orifice meter V. hot-wire anemomoter (A) Tonly: (B) I only (©) Land IV (D) Wand V OF the four choices given, only venturi and orifice meters measure average velocity. The answer is (C FLUIDS-66 ‘What is the hydraulic radius of the semicircular channel shown? (A) 2m (B) 3m (©) 4m (D) 6m ‘PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 447 ‘The hydraulic radius, ra, is cross-section area Th = “wetted perimeter The answer is (A), FLUIDS-67 ‘What is the hydraulic radius of the channel shown? am am fy am | (A) 0.33 m (B) 0.43 m (C) 0.49 m (D) 1.5m d= /@m)— (my = V3 m crow ovctional area = (428°) a = (2 m\(Vi m) = 3.46 m? PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.448 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Substituting, cross-sectional area ‘wetted perimeter 3.46 m? Pm+3mt2m 49 m ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-68 For fully developed laminar flow of fuids through circular pipes, the average velocity is what fraction of the maximum velocity? (A) 1/8 (B) 1/4 (©) 1/2 (D) 3/4 For laminar flow in pipes, Yon = 5 ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-69 ‘The flow rate of water through a east-iron pipe is 20 m*/min. The diameter of the pipe is 0.8 m, and the coofficient of friction is f = 0.0178. What: is most nearly the pressure drop over a 30 m length of pipe? (A) 98 kPa (B) 13 kPa. (©) kPa (D) 19 kPa PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 4-49 The head loss, Ah, is, (DE i) = (0.0173) (32)(- = 1.96 m. Rearranging to solve for Ap, Ap=ppAh (s00 3 5) (e 3) 2) (1.96 m) = 19200 Pa (19 kPa) ‘The answer is (D). FLUIDS-70 ‘A completely full cast-iron pipe of equilateral triangular cross section (vertex up) and with side length of 0.5 m has water flowing through it. ‘The flow rate ig 22 m/min, and the friction factor for the pipe is 0.017. What is most nearly tthe pressure drop in a 30 m length of pipe? (A) 68 kPa. (B) 9.8 kPa (©) 10 kPa (D) 15 kPa 05m, osm LL 05m [PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS. INC.4-50 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS h (0.5 m)* osm" = 0433 m cross-sectional area = bh = (3) (0.5 m)(0.433 m) = 0.108 m? 4 ( cross-sectional ar ***\ wetted perimeter ~ C108 = 3.40 m/s ‘The head loss, Ah, is Ah=f (4) () 2 1.043 m PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 451 = (10 2) (05) (.048 m) . (8 5) (1.043 m) 0.2 KN/m? (10 kPa) ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-71 A circular cylinder 4 m long and $ m in diameter is in an air stream. ‘The flow velocity is 5 m/s perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. Given that the coefficient of drag on the cylinder is 1.3, and the density of air is 1.225 kg/m®, what is most nearly the drag force on the cylinder? (A) 0.090 KN (B) 0.11 kN (C) 0.24 kN (D) 0.91 KN ‘Aine frontal aren ofthe cylinder Po = }Cppv?A = ($) c-9 (2.205 56) (6 2)" o mem = 238.9. N (0.24 KN) FLUIDS-72 ‘Air flows past a 50 mm diameter sphere at 30 m/s, What is most nearly the drag force experienced by the sphere? The sphere has a coefficient of drag of 0.5. The density of the air is 1.225 kg/m°. (A) 0.26 N (B) 034 (C) 0.54N (D) 0.68 N ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.452 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Ais the frontal area of the sphere. Fp = 3CppaivdiA ee = 3ODpavier (Se = CoPair¥an®Eonere 8 (0.5) (1.225 a) (30 2)” x(0.05 my? im = 0541 (0.54.N) ‘The answer is (C), FLUIDS-73 A cylinder 10 m long and 2 m in diameter is cuspended in air flowing at 8 m/s. ‘The air flow is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. The density of air is 1.225 kg/m®, and the coefficient of drag of the cylinder is 1.3. What is ‘most nearly the drag force on the cylinder? (A) 031 kN (B) 0.85 kN (©) LO KN (D) 2.3 kN Fp = 3CppA = (5) 019 (1225 $6) (6 2)‘ co mam =1019.2N (1.02 kN) ‘The answer is (C).. FLUIDS-74 ‘What is most nearly the terminal velocity of a 50 mm diameter, solid aluminum sphere falling in air? ‘The sphere has a coefficient of drag of 0.5, the density of aluminum, patum, is 2650 kg/m, and the density of air, pair i8 1.225 kg/m (A) 25 m/s (B) 53 m/s (©) 88 m/s (D) 180 m/s Let v; be the terminal velocity. At terminal velocity, the drag force, Fo, equals the weight. 'PROFESSIONA\. PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 453 Fp = 3OpparvtA = mg mg= $s (5) pomms a? a-x(3) 1 d\?_, (a\* ($) coaerte (3) =4n (3) Pats a te) ($) pana ae a ona (8) Adpatund Pa i (4)(0.05 m) (2650 *S (8 (3)(05) (1.225 8 = 53.2 m/s ‘The answer is (B). FLUIDS-75 In a flow of air (p = 1.225 keg/m®) around a cylinder, the circulation is calculated to be 3.97 m2/s. Ifthe froo-stream velocity is 30 m/s, what is most nearly the lift generated per meter length of the cylinder? (A) 150N/m — (B) 160 N/m = (©) 170 N/m_—(D) 200 N/m ‘The Kutta-Joukowsky theorem states that lift Em Pooveo!” = (1228 $$) («0 2) (o9 ©) = 146 N/m (150 N/m) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.454 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS FLUIDS-76 A 65 mm radius cylinder rotates at 3600 rpm. Air is flowing past the cylinder ‘at 30 m/s. The density of air is 1.225 kg/m®, Approximately how much lift is generated by the cylinder per unit length? —. 30m eee smm et (A) 190N/m — (B) 220 N/m (©) 290 N/m (D) 870 N/m From the Kutta-Joukowsky theorem, = 367.5. N/m ‘The answer is (D) FLUIDS-77 A pump produces head of 10 m. The volumetric flow rate through the pump is 6.3 x 10-4 m/s, The fluid pumped is oil with a specific gravity of 0.83. Approximately how much energy does the pump consume in one hour? (A) 8:7 kd (B) 17 (©) 180 ks (D) 200 ks PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.FLUID STATICS AND DYNAMICS 455 P=ApV ‘The change in presure, Ap, a Ap ash = (0a) (1000 2) (081 3) (0m) = 81428 Pa E=Pt = Apt 0 nt cs 9 (sa10+ 2) 09 = 184667 Nem (180 kJ) ‘The answer is (C). FLUIDS-78 ‘A pump has an efficiency of 65%. It is driven by a 550 W motor. The pump produces a pressure rise of 120 Pa in water. What is the required flow rate? (A) 30 m/s (B) 34m%/s — (C) 4.6 m8/s_—(D) 4.8 m"/a ‘The power supplied by the pump to the water, Pry is Pe=nPy In the preceding equation, 7 is efficiency and P; is ideal power. P,= Ap ling equation, Ap is pressure rise and Vis the volumetric Apv = nP. Rearranging, ‘Therefore, (0.65)(550 W) 120 Pa = 2,98 m*/s (3.0 m°/s) v ‘The answer is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.