School of Theorist Contributions

Management
Organizational Henri Fayol (1841- Fayol’s contribution to
School 1925) management can be
discussed under the
following four heads:
Division of Industrial
Activities
 Qualities of an
Effective Manager
 Functions of
Management
 Principles of
Max Weber Management

Max Weber was a

German sociologist who
argued bureaucracy was
the most efficient and
rational model private
businesses and public
offices could operate
in. His theory of
management, also called
James D. Mooney the bureaucratic theory,
and Alan C. Reilly stressed strict rules and
a firm distribution of
power.

James Mooney was a

General Motors
executive who teamed
up with historian Alan
Reilly to expose the true
principles of an
organization in their
 books. They wrote a
book ‘Onward Industry’
in 1931 and later revised
and renamed it as
‘Principles of
Organization’ which
had greatly influenced
the theory and practice
of management in USA
 Chester Barnard at that time. They
(1886-1961) contended that an
efficient organization
should be based on
certain formal principles
and premises.

Barnard saw
organizations as social
systems that require
human cooperation. He
expressed his view in
his book The Function
of the Executive.
He proposed ideas that
bridged classical and
human resource
Herbert A. Simon
viewpoints. Barnard
believes that
organizations were
made up of people with
interacting social
relationships. The
manager’s major
functions were to
communicate and
stimulate subordinates
 to high level of efforts.
Peter Ferdinand
Simon perceived the
Drucker
modern manager as
being limited in his
knowledge of a problem
and the number of
alternative available to
him is also limited.
Thus, the manager is an
administrative man, not
an economic man, who
makes decision amid
bounded rationality and
selects not the
maximizing alternative.

Drucker believed
that managers should,
above all else, be
leaders. Rather than
setting strict hours and
discouraging
innovation, he opted for
a more flexible,
collaborative approach.
He placed high
importance on
decentralization,
knowledge
work, management by
objectives (MBO) and a
process called SMART.
Behavioral School Robert Owen He believed that
(1771-1858) workers’ performance
was influenced by the
total environment in
 which they worked.
He introduced new ideas
of human relations, e.g.,
shorter work hours,
housing facilities,
education of children,
provision of canteen,
training of workers in
hygiene, etc. He
suggested that proper
treatment of workers
Hugo Munsterberg pays dividends and is an
(1863-1916) essential part of every
manager’s job.

He developed a
psychology laboratory
at Harvard University
where he studied the
application of
psychology to the
organizational settings.
Psychology and
Industrial Efficiency he
argued for the study of
scientific study of
human behaviour to
identify the general
patterns and to explain
individual differences.
George Elton Mayo
Thus, his concern for
(1880-1949)
the human side of
business led his peers to
consider him to be
father of industrial
psychology.
 He concluded that the
cause of increase in the
productivity of workers
is not a single factor like
changing working hours
or rest pauses but a
combination of these
several other factors.
Mayo and his associates
concluded that a new
Mary Parker Follett social setting created by
(1868-1933) their tests had accounted
for the increase in
productivity. Their
finding is now known as
the Hawthorne Effect or
the tendency for people,
who are singled out for
special attention, to
improve their
performance.

Mary Parker Follett is

well known in the field
of management theory
Abraham Maslow for her humanistic and
socially just viewpoint
on management structur
es and conflict
resolution within
organizations. Follett bu
ilt on
classical management pr
inciples to lay the
foundation for much of
 the
modern management the
ory ideas in use today.

 
The father of
enlightened
management.
Douglas McGregor Maslow's management
(1906-1964) theory changed the way
business owners viewed
their employees. Instead
of asking, "What can my
employees do for me?"
they began to ask,
"What can I do for my
employees to help them
better meet the needs of
the company?"
 He proposed a
hierarchy of five needs-
physiological, safety,
social, esteem and self-
actualization.

Chris Argyris He contributed much to

the development
of management and
motivational theory. In
his book The Human
Side of Enterprise,
McGregor identified an
approach of creating an
environment within
which employees are
motivated via
 authoritative direction
and control or
integration and self-
control, which he
called theory X and
theory Y,respectively.

He argued that the

continuing incongruence
between one’s work
environment and one’s
personality will result in
conflict, frustration and
failure.
Quantitative Contributors: This quantitative school
School of management consists
of several branches as
under:
George Dantzig 
 
Management science
Encourages managers to
use mathematics,
statistics, and other
quantitative techniques to
make management
decisions. Managers can
use computer models to
William Edwards figure out the best way to
Deming (October do something as saving
14, 1900 - both money and time. 
December 20, Operations
1993) management
Dr. W.
 Edwards Deming taught
that by adopting
appropriate principles of
management,
organizations can
increase quality and
simultaneously reduce
costs (by reducing waste,
rework, staff attrition and
litigation while increasing
customer loyalty).
Management
information systems
It organizes past, present,
Ludwig von
and projected data from
Bertalanffy. both internal and external
sources and processes it
into usable information,
(Early contributors which it then makes
to this school available to managers at
included Kenneth all organizational levels.
Boulding, Richard
Johnson, Fremont Systems management
Kast, and James theory
Rosenzweig.) The systems school
focuses on the
organization as a whole,
its interaction with the
environment, and its need
to achieve equilibrium.
Many of the ideas
inherent in the systems
school formed the basis
for the contingency
school of management

Integrative School Two such

 integrative
developments are
explained as
follows: It is based on the notion
that the proper
Contingency management technique
Theory: in a given situation
depends upon the nature
and conditions of that
situation.

Systems Theory (
Open System,
Closed System,
Socio-technical
System)
Contemporary William Edwards Total Quality
School Deming  Management (TQM)

Total quality
management (TQM) is a
philosophy or approach
to management that
focuses on managing the
entire organization to
deliver quality goods
and services to
customers. This
approach to
management was
implemented in Japan
after World War II and
was a major factor in
Peter Senge their economic
renaissance.
 The Learning
Organization
The five that Peter
Senge identifies are said
to be converging to
innovate learning
organizations.
They are:
a. Systems thinking
b. Personal mastery
c. Mental models
d. Building shared
vision
e. Team learning

Act. II
.Frederick Winslow Taylor .Abraham Maslow .Theory Z .Hugo
Munsterberg
.Henry Gantt .Douglas McGregor Mckinsey
.Max Weber .Fred Fiedler .Henri Fayol