Ac H PANU cai Ks aM CHT ae AUR Llaht JN Pie eee Writing fenerContents “The ator and series fore vi Inacio ss Secon One Explaston 1 Why reac wong? 3 1.4 tnweenion 3 12 Whar to wack? 5 13 Dil tds terns ede 7 14 Cando 5 2 Theroles of wing ° 2.1 Dilleeces eeween wring 20d peaking 9 2.2 Dufaeces erween wring aed ean n 23 Wiig aed omer 2 3 Speaking and wring 1s 54 Dingo ets of spoken a writen guage 15 52 Leal dent v 53 Slnic choxe 1 34 Coda 2 4 The oraz of writen texts a 44 acct B 42 Layout 2 463 Soil fonction 2 44 Che elaine 2s 465 Dice eons 3 45 Conan 3s 5 Anproshes 0 he waching of wing: proces 37 S51 Itoduion » 56 Mode ofthe writing poet a 52 Protcale 0 5A Problems of he proces pprosch a 55 What witers na ow % 56 Condasoe “Approacis tthe ecing f writg: eae Commune evens sd comminictive pares Reader exec and cheat sre Deng pial od le ipa exal cammanirve purpose (Gear and cial rch Secon Two: Demoetton ‘Weng ngage ching, ensiying pepe Concha Wing in busines and profesional einge ‘Webig i sends and sey tinge Indi ‘The inlcuaetaalapproach ‘The salir approach Simerre at oan Anpumention soe Cech, Teaching wig sila Indio Prewting Comping nd dean ° 2 a 8 31 103 a7 n ns 16 2 oto Responing 0 de wring Indion Fem but ole Anne Enltor namie Section Thee: Exploration ploig wing in the sone. lomey ae eg Baiganhy Index Acknowledgements 18 18 16 m‘The author and series editors CCrsopher Tbe has an MA. in Applied Ling, fom the ‘niet af Londo leet of Edo a ow opting Pa sce i ingame Rar 219, ici iy Col sen a Sos Hee Christopher N Candin is Profesor of Ling in the Scho! of Eng nga ch, nd an Dr be Nata Cine for Bais! Lange "Teching ted Reach at Moca Utes, year, nw prevousy fon Profesor of Appi Lng an Dacor othe Cote for Language Sia Le User of Lanes. He so funded sed reed te Ite forEngth Langage Econ Lancy were be ered on sues te nny Be pn tryin en re bert tne ethers ih Sige it ater teres SSL Gg i seen eae Ten ot ge et Th iho Serbo srt rset Tee ae ae Sec amen esheets ssa td Introduction Writing, “This bookie te oters in the seein died it he cis. ‘ttn One des with anportuat sac he derelpmct of te forthe thing of iin Emphases apa ‘Su coneeatay apron oe sociated wh the roca fe Iie and the thet fe eel poe soa wie the dere Sch cos wl ne Dn mare Tie hs Bsn oie of et, tts Bee tren opens Troe poncho the ser Fh bok argues for peop hat Ea one soar ce of Both ews of wei st “The cand ton ofthe book look a cacy valle eaching et the igi ofthe demon a Seton One ad ropes 2 {Sones whth er cn teen ey ae erating he pores (Eh eues fpused ster forte owe acing states. {The emacs freon bg 4 pve ameverk for even tae than on providing a sey reve Tha wo ky ari in Wi [ip instwchog fuses Commoncaon and” Foe Lanpuge ‘hang adn Sey Ratna kn eo tos ‘roth import sie of racing wing responding set ‘thie tbo conse re sneshing tas tot seal cored Indes nina trib aly of ge inc for caer. cin Ts of Wong oer renders an opportunity to wt in hei ‘em clascon on ofthe ss hat hve been ese Mich of ‘pte iS ume me ella wap wh ee ‘Biking on ters of ngrescr'a langage ech eset 0 Ieneng: acts n nc ht eager ipo In ‘Setpeie comin oft dancona, Seton Tht fete, Fines mune of pact eer aces mc sh! make fs Sie for wane teachers or expeened poesia vo etd the Tnerung ts npr ngage Sa. “This ook epi wi the question “Why tech writing and pesca tags wy anne il he mere a0 ew sod fom Jt of ep ngeae ols hopes th book wl ea ad ef tat the whole po of ming aston Ye worlIttion td evarig ceri hk although wing book sot ‘rtng ha en exper in whch I hav en ind to ake my ‘pt csc wen # ase oe proceso ng 1 wld et expe my rate, therefor to San Mangay [te the empive mann varor fn eae ina aenot ene at tke se tot fe tn andy Feo ales Can Camel Kren ya Bas Mage Bak Cone ELT Combat te Eton La, and Liana ‘specie hc ines to many he rane hat are ict een the bck daring des hoogh th Bac our (Ger I would abo ie thank the ised Pree Che ‘Gini Hey Weidman ur pts an pra ap pt An's diane, Che Candin has prove temo td oe se shch hve ghey agus ny Ears haw conaned to ging inf Pa of he ‘ermal wing ts bak fs becn he open of cnt th i in which we beg ia 1984. He san eeponal teicher Simi, nd seraty eon epee wre As may inte foo ny a tk de ay infltes ot falas a ths book ee mine sad mine sone “Hower the boo works ir thanks oe ees whoa ae ‘ened 0 may ns eee ent pee Language Teaching: ‘A Scheme for Teacher Education The pup of thi adheme of boks ito nga ngage teach ia 1 psc of conta peo dersapent We hedged 2 ‘so ie teacher toward the eel appends sod he inkl applaono tse a in ther own carom The chee rover th ma or aces take the ative thes np ‘ee mig The cou on eal eng os ba or ‘We Btn thar adanrs in langage techn tm fromthe indepen tn of enthroned for rage ako by inponing xe es an promoting arse Feros ay ony ect wie tee nde alte, Clore pis sad experi wh hg Ow pp 6 ‘lle atnct on how the mg esc Introduction xt “The scene cons ofthe subaees of books contig oe of sr np ie as i i ittery Satan fas on ef Lae olde, ‘ci lt conven nc of Ite dec: Po incon, ves mma, ad dsc Subsci £(fwich {Sweet ome es pu se on er ned of ee fers rae Eon ced ih he es [ois cl pening bai rong: ad weg Suen) eee ‘na eat of mer of ton wi are eld its Knowle and Shanti to be aged i orton of lange tending. The (ods isaac eet do rk chon abs desi, ‘Secs olga coe and pea mel sd ea “Thi sb-ivin of he el i ot eee o sagst t dieeat op ‘San be da whi dam the cory, he cone of ‘Shc pis aking eoberen aks eee al thee if areas ‘lenguiy ta cvs We mus omens bw th nteraton r- ‘ule he congeners any ach poco, Each oak, {Brn gies rca fi bao decomp wit cee ‘So tense eat ea nee Bons he see lay {hsmgeiy ito 1 mode of behsvow He sped for example Slo ler osc of anguate now wh i az I st “ho ion wes sono nc an be Seed ot evel ie ithsnourin eames Arcemen ofthe whoterheme efor, boos ‘Sow reebuth within a cathe ieee so see “Thi pil of coef which nthe elements of he ee Fa apd tenet deg ofthe dle ie ested bos ‘ihn 2c ok contin the sens, why yc avon of eat id tals engape the reer na pce ene no [area pe, The fn scon af each book make exp hae "hover whizh Kear om the ope gesion. poe ial remenot fr te tons hich alow: Hert he ex bn 2 trun explant fn, adhe ta mre to ai aed coal line the pins ted Te cond sow sits he fae of teat tot te tes rom Seton Oe rele to aces nth soe. Fie the wot i convened th donation andthe tsk ae tiger ender vals for exci i ee Sete ein en oc ab ter gn acinar Fete sto tks, modeled om tones Scion Two. are deg tobeeanied ot by the ede rt comnaon of aching tna. {edsston rsa the acta aoe Tis eto at es {ES ado cumat ith ely he tes expel in Sexton One Une io pelagope uci In Soon Two me now tobe stn ‘aly tad late Proce of aioom eachi Inaction 1 lnguge teaching ist be 4 genio profesonl nee, i eit Coal fpetomnnn snd elation he pr Sf pa [Sm wiry sng tobe more ect hepa ty ‘or these nea soley the on sotng ‘Eon. es ours fo thi meme to pee dal pure Chviopber N Candin eny Widdowson SECTION ONE Explanation1 Why teach writing? Introduction 1 sili speak wef, pei, appropen—i ve ‘Bg tot mot of ov wld op ache aoa ae gue ee {hon eb lor many kanes fog ang ees one ‘ho with odo busines iran, ort yo rae a Eaghsh “ping counties An ay to uit apogee aad cia ec thing wi dry fu th is rs yc lange ne ay wi ler a an sa the ‘any yar mht eqn dete othe develope a te il ‘The srs for ths icy wl fe conser in deta oe se ‘nso th ban where el touch a ses Ssh che aa, Hered mare of he il of wing el abd way a which weit te lang bt dereoped ia wan, techlogal feed sis Fan to den wah comple ean and sal at. For the Inst we cn ace tha wring langage ll wich fic (Dsus theese oo in which tse few’ people ae ‘ue ob exe So why sac > TASK 1 Gives flow ve he fl of thee dent, ll of ha bave fel langue propa lone to ante On te ‘sro nfrmaton gen ee decide stretcher 1 gin mht hae feat Wig In each of tes thor cone 1 Lait Shpishns, Lait isin an works in de esomel Deptt of St eeraars nk She ie foranintenstoonly eoged Engl ngiige xminaon {Sone opt bel ob wks make! og 2 Naat Bap, Nusa twelve gl who isn ‘Toon, Carada Shear scent ted fp Canad om Inn (sft fngege Psy aod wl ake atonal ‘hol examiason now ea te 2 Charl Nelong. Chas, wo shies in Seth ‘cand wok ne sie eh Depa of Capepation “ows City Cops. Hi lotion hs ben nro base of dai soe ing ee an i, For Larisa, ing has a ow priory a he moment She come om, {hea tre lr guys wld {apc to wrt he sof exe ht steel by ber preset ee Efe tat apotce tng er post S20 A fea ees Toba roe the phone oe vitor nd wader wher ‘he hashing fn Engl Tie wl be paral ipo che to eece nnn in Eola ber ney ae What se my nt ee the great da ofthe work she wl be ding wl sk degen on ‘ren acmene—memon repr eter facta hat Se Jer eapa of ring th ent of humeral {lanl et pale Eg wil nse ily othe we ‘mode Then of wing in her couse fy might se feted for language arin ey he pow atl lp Kee oes on acaracy and remember hing ht are nc, Sh ‘il sone wt her examination. Condes estan pes Swng api te poping of acl por wal of te 1 Lana ber ener devop Aa a won ia ses ‘monty where he angel a pedomsaely mae wil be ‘hval t Laon se ore oly. Lvming dvesea ar wel nse xe Sith sl mgt wel per» ian a tap athe popes eee Nant i Begining of er edation in Canada Along er ites can ren a wit te png de a ot et [ng nd can blp Noster doa ce In spit of het ‘en prtlene with he guage, hey el tong tat som Feith aad th develope of ehey silt tery npr or thir dane tecase they ee hse sl a ey to emeing ro Fs ts yich bev thems Neat’ pcen ai el at ‘Scho crc up wiser Enh sealing str de ey ‘te maton examinations four yas shad nese, he aching. wing wil ot bean tenets pei he aie bl. ‘Nusa ee ino coal od eg oe one ih else {nthe aly swine of erg The develope of tea td wre {np tie omer ond bce yo te gene {0 nlp Net conta fe lagu enn ae Che, deroping analy 0 wie Sietly and consent in ep igh te mc ow oy cy “msn inthe ge South Aan Repo, Chats ba boskeep. ine eaprence snd mow mato compe hr poesia ing 3 ‘Becht can pe wor oe toed eal ce Pots, devel ep wn ts He Enos at he he ok 12 Wy tach wrtgt 5 tpteaem metic le ing ain i im Ase {sping scum for Chaar wl ve mmedate ptf he pra ‘Salwing le which wl pe fm acon of coset the Po. {Sonal opportunites e sos ‘What to teach? “Te cae sui in Tak 1 ge an intone of he ies hat Urea ak ores he queso Why teh ting?” They aio Slow hy ts quon oo yt roses snp aver The ‘Nc tuny ses wating and say tees fr lang to write OF Set one kd py 0h Paci ange {Piya Sond Languge SL) lnm thre may nt be 8 nef Jon for tang nn flop ngage sey ae ely {ond thle ed in the sol ler hat reg hs Sl. Bo Fecothrs, wring wl bean escal componente ering to [foume AL enccy we bate fd waye of png oor students fo Ace on te pore and thn aceon wht Se ca eee {np rrogrnmne il ete cote feng wen. his nae ‘te guetoge hy sed How? als votes the qosion "what > TASK 2 “Which of the lowing Kinds of sexe do you fel i woul be pert forse mjry of pre to be ae ween hee Fie angage Wha Kind of we ar Hed to be eleva for ‘Sood ngs eee? erionent sowed Fan Itrpaper rile Filing i 0 form Pr ibe eure oc Lbortoryrpore apo rc (ert ant manor based (ete ro Stoning lett thes mother or father ry teat tpne mesage ele manual 1 oe th ol of hw are impr gto fist agua rs fy at prape nmin le ih Mos of could oot Sruldnt nt tet ecey ars bond range of pes tg Mos ool ont heap hes yer eect wa Sh lio wit fe oe ans opr ates mesa nd eer posal fal oes ich 8 acme x fers fur gh ae to wie repr ver fw a vend {o'er any sma novel, or ewopaer aleExplor or aga eres thst of exsist o be moc shore: eters sla tenn ay wien eg ge eter {ie shoppe ist teeove nm a poems The eg hat se ‘Ens ny ed owen» fore ange ae mone oat ng to besa poy ov een PRD thes By the se fy tm to ely to fae ze 8 bus pros t' fngoge than hey tot anc manage. The feof writen Egle Iv of mon cond and beg ange aoe ey diferent shconei cps athe ef people wh se El tr mosh ‘ong Tha poring ha ne wl ar oa nin tay con ‘Sleuson of te taching of wing ‘cial commento ei ia ao worth thinking sot wha Sten aan wien oped he hey hae ow, ak fr tie ths gusto, we ma ed tht pens, arse ad eps came step. What wil mae sds my ‘Ter rt or th ing hath ae aged od > TASK 3 Al ef acy bow an be erie ‘wing. Which of the ig be coed ns weg cure br les oe tein in nage! nek ping om pn a an in rece tol! ming Se Sse ing ten tp ‘rac mown he model aaa 2 A medal doctors tanning a of ierview notes tn 4. wonlponecor ad ag commen 3 Ama siting under us. He wing 0 pe of tee ‘he words Cape 1 4A sue tng a 4 dei an exinaton som. She ‘ia This questo can be anrwered in see way 5 man i siting in hel one He i wing pars 1 ‘Senden aot county. ‘The examples above ees ery dir so of acy, reaing ‘er feet shh. Soment” and for example Yee at tecesy. prepeatinn for he complex sl kr gin 2 sad 3 Hwee Fhe pring ht tee ee els todo in fore langge aod cold repro the en Pn it Dslr des cater to twat langage: omy oat elo an inte ‘amples ding Says sent whos et lngege es he ona sate warmed goth the reeprty fase Feng ‘drake by the im ramp when eo te beget i Why teach wring 7 Langage like Eolsh, Anthro that we ave to del with theo Wek spt ofthe cy ale "wang we bed 0 art in irene Inguge baring looms 1.3 Different students: different needs > TASK4 Atop of apn mach of EF ene ge ae foe eding wing nhc teaching programmes Tha teens aft aut lw Would you pe sme re? ‘Wy you tik the e acer fl eiged to dee hit Tetons ata he in ape one Sing wh adem he ‘Shot stm, the ote ening wh sl nes! Schoo andes Adsl lars Tonge ice Govew ngage racic femmes td vosblay) gamma sweats) teallow techre focus ono alow sud and weaiacy ‘esheets 08 ‘Searcy, and af allow ‘Sudo to eed te ioiig of te langage ‘pend ie wil be of fue profeional beaten ave te ines Ela) fofesionl ned to wie (Bie or scaenic Iwcause sans hae to feat aden ve 20 (Tien EFL taminnons tein EFL oxmiasons ‘envefEtapaatve language ee it has genera ‘nated raion ep tng foam Bees writes ‘n'a he enue 1h ae of omnes inh hd cl pres Eni to Sone TEAS Sein beso ne hl enero, sera ede soy of cing ot dee” ander ‘ae wren mo we ‘pul nescoupana ean the opis Bt eet fr ane: ste Gone pm ad vecab? Sa 2 RE Tanna Hwee oes14 Bxplnion ren a poe by hinges pun ‘ie lng are ion cs devdapweting Wa obliga, ‘Sout may iad ot wien wing el ene ‘theo fe ny. The ae conments ze fits thy gv amen of he way ah wos bho socety nadia the nal te a te pa site leaig parece The ccna pcseona ‘seer gi he a th sao Egle 2 edi fot settle w te ee re tds ore beyond school: Whee we me lays lesbo Wits mest by ues wring anther aceon The cman tote exits hh th tf caclary tat cn hae ‘when sent gts up wah spline: “We each bau Sena igh stn of wa a of wn oop be es ach secon daily, age othe poles face bys kwh ae raster rm pe ye othe ye ‘Sewing compones in ngage cng Popes for senda ‘lst br leno nage the compte xcs ‘rig ee Taming co he commas ie t july te tengo wing ile ‘oa sale, apts hatte ae oe soy dre by the ering ses nd purposes of cle then the xe wth lee ide chal pe Wher he aches nthe td ald shou a acy apace’ hey eee to the way in wih wg et ‘ene “oc an aca)’ eecowrger inepenent ngage ‘elope Whe hy alked abou he profesional pero et te wrt hy lz cue fate ten ft Aloo eal fy tems the tain bjt for ows ange arc, pacientes as oes or bet er many ‘dann pally or thw whe wen acne mene hee ‘toa atin, dma, or mae Cm. Conclusion Ie stl noe deat dat nguage weachrs sed tobe ame af & Trou ange fee te they et aes acne a oe ching wring Thee nude the maa of wing ol sock, nd how i mat ected nthe lowing stone we wl Werle some of thee ace 2A ‘The roles of writing Differences between writing and speaking ‘clon easing ou mother tongue, we deep hough «poses 1 sal and econ a undrotandig of te vrs ok tht seaking lows ws toss: We ao arn shoot he santos that an ted si awe ae ao words ad we dear the fears tat we {Sn ga fom pening we’ 1 uly ol noma edueston dat tre come toa teeing ofthe Wry ferent scl roles that we ‘take on if we have sce to the write lngunge_for exp, ‘Soe of hot, sue an tor of he aos of ‘ines, Curent Jocrpons of fee by ngs wih an ites Sl pr en ate pi potas {ag things on completing ace ron developing iets and amen ‘The nes its eng tho en. Lt wy conde fs some of he ‘Tfernces feeweun he ob hat witen and spoken Inga do. > TASKS Consider hs pice of wing Saye in Se ea oe fim GeralPxpmation 1 you dpsed » che in prion and ned dey to «ba alc thea ou i two he eee te ‘Se aig om rth tel ns ae? Wa bow mod inept te enh nl Sec Mabe erat he Sl ee ee eee Te Gl ona Sec Eetonros seen! fake Sa EEE aoe LEST, fogs sa a ny ees Aug ibe writen and poke exe have ceri things in eon — {pon who wants sorting done snd ues ngage done ‘he ps of anetape tht the sear sod the wrt oe eee tecat the sol peti aes font te wate te te afar bet cone tang we has eee met ad wil roa ces mete pon as btn hac Testo oe ey oem 2g xe el formas Ievrytang poor wlth wl Sore gfe nk ered eats wl eave nd sh ene nay ened pe nd prsnal incctin, ad» dlrne ype of ngage behave 8 ‘tel to mainte range Se ‘emg che ring own st roe agg pial toa formal a ave pes deg woe ont cat onto ampli ve bane ei mina ‘Supra oak neon ee pope ieee edi tn ngage il be eves pales tec iow aye ye at ae te fae ‘i he lc ig wm a cu Soyo aenng s meng inns een es an fe ‘il fe: Wha hy my on Eno, hover ou he ‘oon! peter of ane wh se pale diese a ‘neers naga Nor wl hyve Rew ‘he roles of tng 11 rake appropri ches ftom the grammatical pd exe ystems on ‘Gf fm wc they bg eo ope tents fort engage, Widdowson ‘ih or lene howee,itmay be that ft he ental probe ‘emi ental rate than dicta the foegn lear have ‘leady ent be wt in ths ow lenge he they wal bane {cuit he cunt intective sty uring dco enc ‘Dems he sty fo ror in eae. The pele sow cx ‘ln atu a feet ang. {Widdowson 196465) Differences between writing and reading ety ered lean sea one npg hey, ut toy eal sey shal bet One Powers beat ting marly requis soe fo erocon snot at esly phe py poe fe trope of coe eran ough hua ee ey ‘ice > TASK 6 Think about he things you do ere, sy, the our of 7:00 inl 2.00 ni for stapling sp, bang esha ‘efiming nue ke ea ean the ho. How many of Tie ngs you do woul orally vole rag and bow mao) oa area commuter, whe ting pn Tokyo oe New Yer ed Ingo a pervs seem kin tans lock to hc the tite ganang ne he newspaper ck the departs four 0 Yonglon ei arti. he lod tou wi rend Tete sng ding tsps » fight Ina nds ‘en eling ss sural ll which enables you to et oa an ‘act duns. Wang nents aes nec ilu Oe ‘tlh on lea 0 more proc ae ataaecber i emecr ee eo ree crieebaetomaracters aren pee gare Seen SS rin mn aotins =e ‘enor bang der sd wer, my the ee inked poeta eeea 23 splontion 4 pile sce. Leming 0 wee not jist quton of dee Sig st nal hh ii reg ea opt snd vc cats. A vsion of ths view spt ‘herby Kea ‘Command of wing pets fo etic ‘on ci nd pltieal sane. The person who coms ba ‘he fone of wing and of pc serene conse an esl dies nay fom the pron who cman he fens (pen tone heer DD) (ote exlodel fom ane rang of wl ae, sang we wae Sernsjeny of once niin ces ace i ee ‘si pg MOG ibe! eeely wre cre ‘eet mtg, oe nage snl ot ve es es ‘SF wollte eee tc recap tee as Sy ds Ligne BY oes char pot Writing and power bea, wing i apdamencaly a al activity which is ied ihn scl eh hat cnn the le > TASK 7 How many ofthese oil aves would you be hapy to we Le wath ding one wing? Why ot why nt Invi hee people to mer apa your ed's sence schol ayn bone Drawing pte als of po cab Inn 200 pope 4 welling serpin Sgt ye ro es ns ue did Intmupelt a he dione of comine menting ‘Congatig eno 4 bois ace Nang a 1 of hw acini cn vale wing, Howe, sme often ‘End ce ono esi be seat Fr nan sre ing iw and een he cay pel nme ‘omen sem et be fy ec dow ta they fen be morte on by loge cuter lenge Se oe Sinan” tong won be sto sen wx lavas fr 2 ert fr hee hse end Yo mol wel ated ‘rete rons ¢weing et ponand io Sele oso che Tis teen antl and who hs sed oe! Pic eves whch ane The roles of ering 13, sete nn ht te e Fee ete peri 2 eres “This ip tht for vv of pail cerns ix rough he Ins fwting hth nda come toe fly ete ne iat npn, na oly nthe argent teeny af, [aloe eon feos an agen The mere ee ha Somating i wits szonys own cag, or ermgle of perma ‘ce aod sho. Cet people wren crcin mgs ee {esas 1987.) rie for math ass hat ing res bbe “sued wih sas an poet yong you a ve el > Dome eo shin about bow wing is sed in ganizations. [Ei ae at of elo) Wich woul ne be om ed ently byte wrt whch would mom ily be pre fee er 2 int ow sone manag [pany the Managing ectr(D} con marge the Frokton Deparment (SM) and» machine operator (MO) Bese which the fllming tet are mat Hk Yo hve es tre, ed i, by wh pen Tent ‘Original txt Wh rier nfo oe il Saf aoe Bp mony ep Compan satel poe tea af dan eu for ume fst for detaed predation Matin beskdewn pore Maintenance cron, requ for tine of, ad machine breakdown ‘Nps ly 0b pcre fons whch ve oe led. The (her docunen re wali pal tx Te eon fo thi son {ir very mh’ fnaon of the se 0 wih the documents re pat ue aubeey of thon who we thems The sted ons ae wed“ spate ts commit apwarls fom thew i ler potion in a berry ‘stb wh managers reponse. The iormaton tne ec Sout rtrd perked ins panded ead beet cs un eit Twenty on he art ofthe wir Inde te ef gala Inventvenes wou axa be dscourgd ‘The ete documents those whieh ae ot pein forms a wed ‘pmange opt very ec hing ne This mg eter best ‘mt ofthe ing ofthe dace ul fa in tees 2 eer of ‘Ema puto te procs of ploy fron win a erp ‘in ei to compe chen cl par ‘This duson has iglihted seo the ways ia which earning how tv dead to thom who do ao have th sl or frig legge hp po cm Ty ey mo {rearing A cena pen, or example mayb i hey iat Howe ie do deco 0 exend the range by ecg "five wes in he apt ngs hey shoul amare ofthe ae tw have foie othe: When somooe eens how to wae, they ae ja deeopng ew sl hey ae ao gating ive an at fim wih ution fsb re poner, a he apropene we oF Iangnge ant be aoe 31 Speaking and writing Distinguishing features of spoken and written language ‘Whe ica that he ply act of seking and wt at ey “Miocatsd we we canes ow eo nang mo ght be more Spproncis in one socal oe ha sot aly tbe oe at theca fundomesadlerenes been engage at ewe whe reopen at nen we wie? b Task 9 i oreo oar a Sen Serine pea Spee een gee ton Fee cent egos i See et acing prste he ‘both fit and well, Pen keep VMI Tag ec tt oto my ech Sasi abate See eee ia iat a gt Peon ng . Tice wat oft mont eerste Rens aa cenrption ‘ni babe tha yom ad neil aig Text & a he wri te Ea ofthe atu and Tex C the sper nd Texts and [pen mre ler tnd you might hepa them ns he co Sebo he mo rates gn ‘iat of pole slag th ce eerste to eel ‘Sri Given our abit pon sme texts wh a gh dee ofsplnton ones sn of he soni eon ate 9 ae Alge eagles ae mare db wo ines, What cer de > TASK 10 ‘Ae thee fetus of rma of voce in ou ft ner hyo wold nd oly in win po et? Canenpocy ew fh diteres vee ten on seen epee hy So oe ae ata at aTeael Late ngs cnn en ees aly ete ‘nor peyote On rec fa eng ae ‘itu edt oe aul res bt leaning hp {cha wines team co ite ey we mute pdt ce Cerda wr st nh tac es aie ot Ses vey ge en weg or eng eps Stem bet ise ps npg te oe aed tc at wien ee 90 ot pe ee wm > TASK 11 1 pone, rear lee tem onde of poten on \eron ae make a ato ook ate tase lo Yaseen scken et do You el ave bce Inti he procs of wasn ‘Ae Hows Pred ering wih hk pacer in i ea? Oh hes all ete Reval age e-Rusning around; ein he anything. De. Conky as eve he Ye The ope dot win, i he jockey tha pled up ot (Gevalia when twin tough He ont oes crock when thy lowe recorded by Elaine Daisey, quoted in Haley 198946-7) Apa om he of th coset information ht woul ate een ‘alaleto tbe pepe n he nga conerstioe or xa kno. pe of he backround andthe ho te da ocr ‘wt ol the wow Uagrtan ssoc of peatng tn a acral at wasn ae josie an paling eure: Posada. 32 Speabing nd wring 97 fares te the pel aspen of ates Engh ta ae wed ‘Susy lp ge meson eens tm, png, ond fs big the tus impertet ne page S01 Dalon ad {Sint See) Pant rsa ema of th lng, Hor they ll mang to wht we ny. Tse Tete thd ry soto eyeing forte lal oF ‘oy sowing oe whipetng td be el expres and cal [Pate they ts ben ey ake Alhouphhandering might re a Sora beable wrfet» arco spsch es lf thwe {vel ue tht el he see amd Tecate th rings cant dey ini or erent these na Neca aco ch weer nv doped wap of empena, [Ertan cs whee ir sho wold Be ipa Sa that ‘ee we pant sd eer ere of pep ie ba nie Ie oF lied tt Lexical density ‘On way flan at ete ngs hn, wold be to eer yon langage miso en res Be here toy ‘postve ways nich writen Taeguage ifr om spoken? > TASK 12 Read the two texts blow, Whit a the mos sian ile ‘St teen tn he rea of roar sd vray? Tot a so sual you have plan your our whale dy you i nds at up yo knw you are at ve fe ina way Species ei oe ag MAS inten then es robles i Tear fp ad low) jon in tees ton mck hig EE down ney Eee Cfacrh and Reper 1983451) Pacha pre £72.00, ‘Tears row cet wating fot he decane con ‘tna ot his pues of sare nh Geld ewe cm pany and 991 yer ein rap ofthe above propery. Ths Plus Sn nse have en ape om bse at eon Feet sre ofthe fehl w Nr (Gro one ‘Sou hoger TOA rgrg eplanation ge of thee wo pape ve comment nh ites in he Spoken Weston Grammer incompete wteranes comple sees jeer mmm Sola tons redced weed fons il wor fone Vocabulary infomal heal ee fommonwotds ze words torent abreiaons ‘oemal iat pypaic “he sc pram race of formal writen tents ar en ute spe the complex of th wren form wok scent pcal inte number a coment wordy oto pu ants way tthe en ‘iy the lexi ha wie feta lly hs sh [Hay 198), spoken Englsh wes sophaed and state Imaal races tht ake convention sod monsegye posi elo apn the two example in Task 125 shoud be poible {oes cenerundersandg ofthat eae lsc day Tis {nt pve an eflve mens af ping set desta hows ple foro put tents illo pac on the poker > TASK 13 Conse oct, mare the two examples in Task 12 This tine, inte abe of gamma tone for example ai ne repontion) andthe mumbo eal ene ord hat Ine ‘er om independent mening] in ech Tastes of 7 word (eclaing extn i ‘tm. Of she 18 re ena tems ets pad et owt have ee counted ‘i ea te) a 49 ae amides se and ‘Trell coue atta grasa moe than or an {puma woes a ecl words, This an be expel ead ‘ity of 26 per conto 036" Tee Bt st more or ‘eves hs 65 word 37 of wich ae lee hem and 35 pam ‘tac dese of 9 per ent or 258 Tappa [St pil conta eten spoken ud mre language ln pel ‘he mre "writer the ange eg tgs lb de po on of eel werd the oa um fein won he Sar aie 195564, Speating ond wring 18 ‘Thi simple analy of lesa deity de oe, howe sve com Fl pute ofthe itn ween pee a wen angge We ‘ko nl coder weer the eal He wich ae cote ae ‘Shen hgh eqn) or asl fw fegueny > TASK 14 ‘Which he the statements ow sams be the mea char ei of eon langage? Testa ME wn cently waking 0 the dunt animation Wig porcine of share nthe fel owning compen (2 ror Ten B Me own now waking forthe paper which wl sy that be 18S fue hi he company at owas he feel. or ‘Me towne cant wang fo th doses whch wlan fm thar as prhae 2 haren he company at OD tbe Feel. (2¢ word We iv sendy wen that on of he ess that you might i toc ‘hls te compete eal Sere the text rstn. For Text ‘Rom won pt 20 word exe eo a= for Te B24 tnonds 0 lca one a =O and for ext C24 words! Td em ie Ne vos al he ‘hares Bis the mont ke pen ingge, sh oles deny ‘roel nppore hs raenlhoug thai pot tow et woud ‘intnny expo noma comer: We nn sb spp th ‘lim by Tsking ference tenth ex een Tee Aad Testa Mel froyn Jaen wing / acumen ofemation phar Tiare ecold omning! company Test 8 [Met Brown f sow / wating! popes sy up / i campany “Tent aes more high egy thn ow fequney word: ‘wow freuen puperPdocamen ay eo boupa (ncase CaeExplain > TASK 15 Cole en short sls (of hit iy wos fate ‘ering fom a ange a dierent sources lewapeper popular Feel, sade jour agains hol ool dod de ‘bute the sone wg speaking Conn Then see the vcr of sme of fxs an soil helene ey? lesa egaecy et sppot your tive cpio, “This of dein any oo se more clit speci pi gets Rewer oa “though we can hae probing nda unto poe td ‘rey rg ton yer ere frais ‘ec nape nung. A teineneot of th analy ‘ren iene thet equced o enable wk wih ly ‘paste sampes of langage t more cos! anase we sa ‘hinge weiten serene a nt fo comparson, lst wee the ‘ls as orm wi this ay, weave alo make me forall comprions beeen spoke an writ txt aed os ve as ne sae scout of eal denny > TASK 16 Ting ofthe exams we work wih in Task 14, how sun eal wom eth or een a Bee ands ae shown yo ert frst) Tata IM Brown ic une wang fo th decent confnation of hi puch of sare ine fl! owning company [is Brown i now waking fo he papas Bwhich il say bat elas bout hsb af te amy ae own he Fel lnTest A de oe cae wih 1 ese ems A has ste {dna of Tn eat Bere a four cance icon ists Beows ow waite! pts he second contin opted anne ought 1 / Corp dhe fourth 2 low eb ie ha gress ry af (Soe = 275s eae el deny, oid we an cae Senay lable ene for ssasing he ween of spoken orien tex Specing and wnting 21 3.3 Stylistic choice “The abn dics might supe hat we have wre accor 0 ‘Viel dni rc ur ten re ob sul taco ‘ean tn the bet wting was hely nominal ay ost {ae apa fr vere dete ssi: his puro of sare te Pell ning company rather ha the hs owt Is bf the ecpary tat own oe col wold of one be tet nth ete ese The thera ode we hve (tr king at hr deal wh pol extreme neal dens or ‘Sls es mae pone ge prominence ocean eer ‘Telcnutn ad cot ins lpn rash th the ‘ender Convento! ye of win wich oe ste ren ml Se ie a da eis Woe TR Uncen peti and wing sand we ol be ny [sired ty ssvume that eon te writen fos sage mr ep {nore odo putea oor wre ave tobe able et» sch es ut coment projected edb, Ar we sa The diet aes of poe ep aria sti cies Bae [Edo tbe dream of ting or» dstntne node, the xr ‘ceo ting he made Cort waco ketal atts post [it trer teerBve a to develop ange of eons sta ‘cas Som ofthe inlet at of xy noaaied so ‘sue that crater‘ ky inrmation ae ven maximo ‘romance Oey sometime a x retin to the very tei ad jciyo cvsy male yey tnd oars amare converts > TASK 17 eal de along peso ming a ik shat wh he ‘es fave hon oe ming ss that are more es ‘inert ou protec By the Conner Guaraie, Ear Elecronics eaanes this oduct ee of das atta sad ena athe uct cs ye onsme om th te forthe eid Fone yee Deae Me Bao, Now tn all ot miandetanding ve been, eared up fe thar up some towne an aolgy 1 aploge o ou and Ms rca nt fom fy Bae onl hope dat yo our sere34 Espleaion Tas € _Nconguence of hears pose rm robles whch realy {he prblene~proene ich me acy ba, nd ha gr plea fr sol fn coe wil existential comand xine al bem wl not only bean lec Inter on redo vevemet the merino aman aed (itge 97348) “he coisa she wns hae made athe ame ne hat wall fae nen we ote somching They ile qe abt who the Peal eae of the ext might nha lc the wer wants cher ire omer tltompe ex beeen the loser amd the fees ofthe wt an so fot For one et You mips de tnt Pon wot eee ewe of eas oma end ea eoteryou mewn engage er iat» contac pole wh Conclusion ‘A awareness of che dienes Keowee the ply wien andthe ‘pip mse cnet wre An ably vo wae a at tals“ the foray contests» preoral Ibe se demlynoatna! apron insane yer of cae ‘i olga wet. o somethin betwee tense ers Utesrenss when comer to aGkesang irre anes Cain nablranding ofthe ings ftrences bets ype in ‘Se pil sake angange an eset pr of wie locaton. Sours ofthe extrac in Tn 9 Tex B pra commanication Text C~Bygnte 1987316 “ext D = Gaon Wooly, Vo. 151 m0 19 4 The organization of written texts 4.1 Introduction 1 3 we saw how tial writes Inguge can ke distinguished om ‘Goi soon langage a tom of let and grammar Here we wil Bik out ce od rie etre of write ngage tht opie ov the elf these. In Sing thi mew oc ae re nf wen es the amp ie rhe ‘jar or yal npn on be pope of onentonal wee The hn snr i oy tated ‘Crono te sei onion hy Ta The tid conde elton ‘Rip teers cestode complexe win write tox ie ‘piv o the parpone for whey ee wen. Whe ano ‘Som compete veo contour aware of thse the lngeage many aden eran to ween» sco fis ‘Engng have ao pone Sean wi thm an ca ent oe ‘exp underanding of Bv hey oke 4.2 Layout > TASK 18. Given flow siple example of writen Enh which ip ropranlyarangel fr tr partclar scl upsell the ‘our hat ve be ela somey et te Jono colts {o'a Brisk render expectations Toe ths te of te. What tere woul oo te oct nga te tet make ‘appropri os psp?xplnation Anyone who fai wih ri er woking convention il Dense ae he ares hn ee nappropt nase Tee UR, fel pace he such forms prs it id ib ant» hil of ve way tom the top of he xrelpe ast "wo ines om the eit hand ed. The essere come foley tte pstion in hogan i heya tent in an offal apc and en the campuny, umber, to, post coe a mcemary oun This pte pci o Beh ade and would not be aca in nay suns whee, for example ses cnmentons ree the ‘om Ere the oct td the ano he tt Efe the mon of In Lava elope mh beads > TASK 19 ‘Wha ote eneope adren conventions do you know? Ca you ‘plinth fees tween tem I fot geton of (Sitar te hy coment lend by they velo tee oh seal ato? 43 ‘The oaniaton of writer texts 25 os al ind eerie wit) ny er oe of ‘Sogn: What impotent fo note ere tha a owlege of hw this Sele i rel ous fe guage may ot a tare Teoghone dca, sal nde caalogen ond elope ‘Sica ae et creat santa, een though the fn ‘hone hey fis may be ame ntl terest ears ‘Soar, we have done ao ore han lok be ao of ene ed isl nd by nm ps od loge or ‘rape the stupor inte op ried cer ofa eneope ‘eae ener mnt ving chins expect fd a ‘leave plod pe lesson on elope he US for fo lar how sate Ate uot i or comer, woe whee the re ter pic play cl help to rae he ene thn te Social function (One sch tof pencils has sve considraleaetion in recent ‘eiching at Ths at cated the eonep of gee. Ts te ‘often wt odes dil tpes of trate, for sxamplee, ‘aga, novel oc diferent typeof i for exam lm ro spe ‘een mal comedy dao oh Eatonaianding oe ‘cm ten up the cance and aed tt refer to lange st ‘pei acl cones In conte we ea tay that gee ees ‘Treat types of voi ary enced hough dieters, ex Spoken x witcha are aucined wi them: For example es ‘Scie ay dei to sn «promotional te to toe pot bus ‘cet Ifthe exci unread the eae consrai800- $e wi thi sre of wt a prue catralconet i she tel nor oni know aot the yout of tbe gente “promotor, atl a be ae to make appropie ls rman nd co ‘er chokes to give the leer te Bot char of cee wath tf ‘trea. The ecutive the ees, ante poeta cents ral pa ‘pans nthe gn cich hang ae to play. I the exci has ‘lpebisor er arch corres enough estan fhe ore forue flay and nthe ngs sil 0 word be er Per ‘Sey tego ance tht wl do the desed job and ses ‘rl be made > TASK 20 “The ths ent ow a all pica of para ere in bs 1 ing Wt Wht Hague pel you en Tir de ged hoe lene a26 Explants Be ese 8 “Te egoiantion of tren teste 27 etter © ‘Ech fs esis in se se easing te eet. We can = East tein ky ley fr sual the expesion a SEE star ll es leer and ao om he way wich ch te ily schnowdgs the reno « pon with aed nd = ep ie se renson forse rection TSMR tn» my ret wih ee etd eo.4a pation Such ene pc of he einer writen by alr and rant ‘arg orn, to form's i pee esbald be aw ear Bat a wor, we nel 0 hxow = what amma and lel colts nl 40 be made der to eshte wn rp ow to ergs txts appopatly o do pata je ow te een the ene wh we a wig 1.6 we wil ener in more a soe he way in which gare proc to wating can be sell or acing Clause relations ‘Their apc of ex onaization wich we wll conser now deems Guo expe of ho lngang ger ad Engh i pre theopete: He, we sl at be so anced ws area pe 1 ol tne scel cao wich he ew lon 0 et te fvled Rather we wb aking ines geal ee at how [tngge 5 wed make eoonectone within writen tts faking. > TASK 21 Sealy he folloing tres and ewe the psp in wht yOu feof the mnt oe order. The sree ve hen Sed foe nem ‘AN comparion of wo ans approaches tthe pole fey Aen rote of iy 1) End, bonees te tngeenspped spies would eae he he tama crf ou ens pe am he oe the yr af stow o eel 2} Read mime cme Teds the dango ing by materng sd upon the Fat {chen (3 We tlre te sole forthe etal ed ince a able he mnt to comer why where mesial tyes wou be disso, (hs ma Sear ee ne frak snow he whole rset ht he eps, an if oe ‘ie oti bs nny ein ig ‘tk af gi foe se (6) These ys pee ot hal Slaw ec te Crum: meni olla pa {onde we mguldy eared of lw snow [Sicha mete {pov aden fo ur ey bet wl) Whenne tae ‘row aE sme ofthe ney rad ay hae ck [pfs Novy we tse aye oo al ce fe een et ‘te eh a eg tht aca ted wh pea ‘ere (10) Mere comeng suey apo ster of ata my find thence ng fed, [Winter 197, que Hoey 1985), Temi faites In anv 9 ston od pclae probe (he egal eat i tage 4, you wil hae aoe vty feat sre of ee eo weed a Tn 1 an 28. hyo wee tion you knee the cal ayout and eanzaton fe cs tate (She re on your Knowledge ow ete raced eral {fe eat erga here nts peal cated ith pat lars conext a are ie fers of he ers ecto, Sinks sf eal eal pars wich eamptnt aes cn ps tc hey are sigaledby specs mls or ea SE fe en and bw pet Be the problem ico oe er hind cae tend a amine with i wo ages F Svloent a4 wie range of dle x Pe “Teas wich ace ky he Kinde f lesa markers mentioned ako ‘Tobe stb st sfetoe, One way fing how wes Wo ‘Ge ae entra mo arse me ete text 10 ploy ‘eons semsquencey which i bed 0 the pany ame "ecm nhac te players ae eto wt ence tne f pager ne ten de oer nd posed on the ex flyer soar he ort canor ee what ae Ben ten A ese fe ph evan Sm coe Jour slow’ ete renee which mmediy pees oe Jou have to nr, When is our tm to wee, you mas avo bg Tra al old ta make wha you met fellow ont Fe tly tnd geal pouble fom wn our ined ees > TASK 22, 1 youre working i. rou e lping ‘Serio come ‘Gen ilow resample waig sence en fo exon ‘Srompuer propia 17 wong ts hs seme “The nt wat era thik an ete in wtaton a re pnb ‘An expe of «text wich red om hs games en bow 1 The bcs oii thik pd were ina neaton ar abit spose 2 TER Seal ee i flloned, the progr that are reduce ae they Ske smal and eo ache er ue that You hope fen ero he pein to an oe you ean walk 4 Seon sale dame foe fon sot 5 On ioe her hoe apt of expetsion shuld never be ely asd30 Expos 6 tot woud re sired ef hig whi eer aye a Ue Vc he pe Fasc Matt $6 Rms me nw a cd ‘heen ae inked oer it a ee we bv ex which ‘ihe Caen chev tht ie of posites ‘tc wordy lea eto, and te lag re. Se ‘er of semen J ot Ral ny ecred eget Te fends nt we o be png anywhere cl eae ‘pe Ti at asin a coe eet ba der en mao eco ing med ye oie ‘et olf to make sense of the atin oer mony cv mie oberon, ‘fie ext dispays formal aking dene th age above ee Sng exprssns vac a ‘ths gene ach ever amy ed ‘scone marker ie Bowne andthe ihe had eae they ate ce to ean the met neler rte the ‘ramp were, th deve ony sre tw etn ges In tarqene Tati noe coberen ene ton erect ‘ht no veal race deerbs noting. desloge no pene nd acne a arb lr hater eee make a ‘ysl This new ay, bower hat ‘Sera comsstences alay rode, oneal tex fe Tak 2,» sence ov ae ad sang pnt Group woking wth thse sons pe eee id ow heb ch oul fo he. > TASK 23) Ploy Sear cocuque agi, thine wing the tet bow: "By one th ad dies the weve ik Sen Ui Oo and T wa ll ceclng Srongh the dow ie ing wo Shem yl ad es al ee le ee spol th his ing, yo wl ave prada» more accept te orth on whch sel fom he Ropu ses Ihe oat by the es th praup of ses bee cone up wth ‘o'eanpe ger Baw 1 yeaah hn th sce eo Sn i ba nd ThE egestas ag nc et ‘re nmtn of ee 21 decided park my ouside asl hot with ken eon Sgn wich sed "el at amped tales pve 3 Tpoed rund me eel bre opening te doo a geting ot 4 Theis hg tht Unset once var ou wan ha he per {ae mat bee ber wl low eng 5 Tedd Tey loves tn the house 1 Without them I as gamg to have probing te foo fad alas ke neesand Thal thing with me pte ma ‘roe sray ned af el How te cry would develop over a lage op of cone wna, ori he ms ofthe faethe tes reat deal more cep {He tanta ‘pepmming’ exter A expan fo hs lid bee expen readers ave os mca ee mach es gilli i fae ph ‘deren nese th on beached long way Foc eta iw may haves sige phim nace that temprstre 5 {Seem a ie Se Clos ig {naj par i ur parr whe west en 2 nod etry ‘hate ener pit content wl flow snd hence, we are ingens wri ain eo he he he ‘cial tet me hve dill expen aed ee fo devop |i more ects wap we ar oe sila ees rom this dso wok! comin simple ramet fen Pera ne igs ets scat with ex ean cnc sole ‘he prob saben ghghed inthe expe above ie abo ube 1273 of Coke Dane publ th Schon) We ean [Etomerr, ste eno pete cn be dene spon ela te ‘Slave aces heme tts oppost the ace ‘SIity of th eel ors ‘The vender expectant ee tp by {Thane are open et even zr sutor pecan produce ue ‘Met tetsu exponen anos be Gapped when er ‘tthe potre of aor tthe anagem ef otc BY coe ‘ty the chal went fs pct eure an exam per Eis pene teats expettone of coma Spe af eben ee ee ee Sec caesarean Peper treet ees Sane nee peer eer rola iSite arom eas Se ee evan pee ean asplnaton ‘The Gk eshon dees sane is ign he om of snd, Whar mas igor pin ced ere ‘nd mes mpi cho ila malig wan ped ye mating a ety ce cee aio mor “eaten es od sows bow the allowing lope canbe irl om The Gh ion dere fone ig ea of atin Tre epi he ted fore ania snd mae wot of he cheat of cca el Sea ye fry oe et (Widen 1983580) > TASK 24 ‘Now cay ow you awn ecomtrcon oft dog wich Premppordin te llowg erate se het eet ‘See cary fin wi leper net Oa ee Stn fc why evens nen Fae Sal be cate ago » ile ese tale, all made of sides ew in ont nen ed ‘Ace een wont might Relng oo he Sa ae as mene ? fat ls te the lack were to ago th ey to sal Set hy i weal nt ope a of em ‘ meres on the ond tine ound, se cae wp ow ct ‘ihe ha nos sec bela behind we 2 ae doar ‘out een che ik the ie ei golden ey inh ck ‘rice a no ber read ‘le opened he doe “nd fou ae ina sel pss, cmc ae chan act: mee ; 2 ok do a lacked slag spas ino the vt (tei Cara Al's Adve Wonderland) 45 "ae gmat o wes 38 “The impstions of thi iw of winged is interretion—are ‘mated by Hoey "The wit nbn ore wih Sn sentence, The ede ‘fa th fiat scene snd fame expecting tote information ‘eves aw Ns hrm ay reg ie cape Shower iolaor or mote of hi oer queso (o expect). ‘Dteting te wntece al ha ee ueon fing were ovo the ede hs, hn the adr respecte at to cect he gues tha st bese. sd hi {tem tone, ern aan ht the sees ae at ited a set a els chee the dco (Woe 198517041) Discourse relations 'etelece oa edatin chewber nthe dcoune ind the sagen oe dco rf bent i son he Teplice lye we have st ae, te re so eres ‘ch eo iy egredy the tuenc smes n e {nr online pei of orden whch spp cheec One SRSA he tad in wat Hoey ee "neane co > TASK 25 Consider te flowing sete. They can be combined in ‘eco aiflrene may Wc do you ea the mot pa Se eqre? prt ie he sk [tthe enemy appronchig (Hoey 1983835) (0 te tmeny-four combination the one which is acted by most people who aenpr the tok es aw he ety aponching 1 oper Tero the ack 1s this vein th cole desi a the seta unmarked ve on The geeion avo att ay Hehe oder which gee Flkgel On explanation wich canbe ted raed onthe nin Schone pal hema wc canbe decribed at general, ‘etl af coming ne which pois bss fo esaExplain ‘2pecatons of how set wil dene Cook: Dour ag FA, a eof tngang au oly So we te expecting ‘the atone whi wore have win etn td hh ‘ces have seme, ba we so hve towed af bv ter ‘on organic nr word wk peu uve poles He that posed by she wat To 2 Inte eof tat Camp Hot ne tos i of he pl “etnias ote canting en ‘cto ao oo me ‘Se tcl eh Sas the following, way: = “The stain ht Lay om sey data proton ara: a ‘reno soci amt ‘ote an make the dows lation of text—that way tee Ailes te one ater ce ee xp a at ‘tytn ae abo cond the eount of spot thay ge ead {rinse css ay kt tex ype tel sd ad fe semac imoledy of dcosre ep them nist Hey thrown stuns where thew mk hat the eae al ot Intepe te extn the way the wiser wan ipo oi thi istepreson by vane of ap el ile “The maf ofan understanding of disuse laos can bat be seo whe ings go mon Comte the flog exam of prod ‘em nth nt aren wir fade to gel ue ops ‘ih cficntexcine ‘A trenthalne inca th acne of sleso in pons bx, ‘he tan ha econ fo sD Dall Ser oe (evs drt winners he ween c's ars soe [rence roi tt a ig [he rca [se do does he ne nd pro seh (New Stat March 170) 1 iste we ar face wth the problen of an opening snes whi ‘isso som ob conmsed wh the tant wh fan ie ‘pl dlogae Sewer writs a render the ft sentence tp ‘he gustan: HOW fo beaters a ts? Ber the flowing ma ‘ene doer noe anne hr ques nt con of hi page iy ‘tid Wier (986) donate thatthe ener etree pen om he oc athe wie mated enabashs 20 u=tocvrtow pte, bt tld to dso, They pope ete tc othe signal ned problem’ a in The problem ws he rater nd ony mene te smoun."a y fe Inti ts dey 46 ie opmnon fries The schematic pate of, strUATION—enopien—sousrion! {isronte-EvALUATION/AnSULT Sg of serra a of duce ‘aon wach ca ented, proiding an epee me Stor er ade of text ad prod fneork. for Wes Trample of ober ica teason=ntsts, and oaNER4L™ran "us Ba how do schemas ate tothe pete pts a xa teen ete ds eater) ‘This conation can be mide clear if we think feo broad eof ‘ehemat ashe in play the enone‘ see ee. The Eve's anced th the Wd of or peso elas ‘che ode how 9 fle oye! Sach second pesos shat ‘Ete wen weet of ay of ph en terrae bw drop on apnea A flare fo make eppopete oe ‘ike Sema ot retin communion bento an ap opr lee af omy make he pen need fel ptronond ‘Rind rife ede confued because heb he aot make ‘Sno an arama in the ee sb “Te other st of schemata can be thug of 8 hid peso schemata, i ther ward ow "reise oH. Thre Bel 0 {Erlop pyre td censpalsatiosip wh te word aed {ev eanpl thor schemata awe npn a malang the onesie ‘ween ward eae aker, ond eeophyslog the ‘ame above ‘What happens inte formation of omnia genre ic thatthe ae ‘ond oe id pron schema eee mare es el, {otha for exp, expnened en of gh eae abe ‘Sonne orf roecon or leer aig ob within the st ‘Suro sf ho schematic outs ave ot Enon ear, ‘nemo y's wre a tat anne matched wah 4 sei oe ands ach tr pices laa hows the ede Conclusion In we hae cise «rage of comenons whch carci the ivy of writing comet which ae fo do wh the ell sie "ar lyr, bao ah scr way of rnin whe a Tenuta, Were as oid ho te ce “eovenion at ienexpessna i the proc of enacing 1 son ‘ET werd ser Length on ne ang tae conetiene lan by np th nt ace final et or Tak 21 compo of atin approaches the problen of ey roads (8) Wccver there now in gland, sme of the county ou ay Astetlic ee {10 sre coming ldo opon seer of backEsplntion mu dh igo ed (2) Rod ain ‘Seas tyt sefoc the dng of dng by string und wpe te ‘onl ce) Sch me eer aque fon ery ‘orf (3) sin dens hf thee se ea sow te wale pes bat to be repeats, and Ife sow ori ecmes inesng) ities in pain ome kind of pip fore (ln Norway were tere may be snow adie fo ea Seve ony the yn law reser a lene be ed wa opel a ‘pie re 16) Tees preven mente a ete ‘Trex wether condo ona the rade artery ered tf bee mow. ()-Tnar Sen gip ts ky slices eb he Seta ai the mettle wo Sass, {iV Eagan howeve he gered Spey would teach ‘arma suas of ou ost ce eno the rte ge cf ‘om ke mek, [3) We Deetce he to see for the od {Ealitedtore ten af ool sa 52 Approaches to the teaching of writing: process Introduction ‘The teaching of wring has long, be a cel element in al eds ‘onal ayes a there ase many, ofen colicin, views ofthe best sways of going about We might ideify thee pinpal ways of {pprochag the tsk focus on for, focus on the wie, ad fosts 09 {ender ne Raines, 1998; 237-60. These three perspectives nam ‘ree major movements in the wachng of wating. The est i = ea ‘Sal text based approach whi sll sed in any matras—e me ‘wile in Seton To ofthis bok. Teachers who foes on form oem ca ae a do Ahoend wine crenata ey he 3 potion ‘ion to comet and where posible lminate, In sich « context, one ‘Of the teachers mah oes wil be to isl ons of cores ‘anf The second approach, which me will explore i theres of She erelped nat etn bhi don und es ‘hh wat san dependent proce of ents rays particle srs ‘as eycl of weting acts which ove lemer frm the generation ‘Tides andthe cllzion of data deg to the ‘pean’ of a Sn ibe text Benue ofthis emphasis this ney exergng poroah bas ‘en bee called the proces approach eo teaching writing sil The thd approach is ote socially oriented and foots onthe ways ‘nich wes and text eed to each readers Tn hi apreach, ‘teting i seen s a ese socil acy in which ext ae wie {en todo dings, the ssumption Being that Hf dhe veader cant reg: ‘sue the purpone of text, communication wll ot be sce. Thi fects onthe reer sco to be asc with what ar often called _gome approche to wetings which we wal explores 6 Models of the writing process Tac wh Sr en rs of he erp of cine pops hosing whch coe te ‘envy ual unpedcabiny of wing, They have Bsn dd by 8 Site fay fecha Samed whe haps ie Sete Ti ta eS ety some coreg of teine 198i) att nf be orien some etal > TASK 26 ‘in tot he inf edd wing you i i yor at guage = frig gun eet th ceo four pan or ak witht cllegu sd fod at abet sone, ‘tie they hare ren Cone he varios sae hed ‘oe gor rh nro et the em a prope re ‘ote inade ple oceanfront on tite, anded nase operon, ot jl fer pbleaton| “Te spe olin in Figure ae song the tot commen epee ‘Sec eprint etng es ai ts) 1 1 {oper /shtrg encase ama emanate = 1 (Gocieg seme arta aes, ange pete, ‘Sting ro aula overone ‘Smle nar model ofthe wring proces hve however, bene ‘ed by 2 nunber of ache and each no rn.» fal {We of win suet ters acy doe Zan 1983; Raines 19s) They hee deeb th proce f wring tect sad cou ple oer wordy, abou Sere rene sage the on own of man extend exc pal ws eva we of ‘ie sts ny er fre 2 ot compe, > TASK 27 “Think again abou the proes of composing a8 extend piss at wing Dain» Wow char? or apt whch spe oar ‘en uneranding othe rons yo fd youre nll Aros te tactins of ins > ‘hen wtng. Wee ay been nti of «nee popes ‘Woe jou ead on 24,00 ord ay be mote dis vali wha happens procs of wating he sae p= een eis pb shat you found that he diferent stags apeared mare than ces dn tro eqns cl tat he ea sep [atid in Fg thst ie may meting more ot ied mor comple can ted y Figure wich shows the le pot scored mguenee but aie an ap cea ge 2 ‘This proces ae en die 4 lows ‘Conuay what many ebooks vit, writers a flow ana nc amine engaging sd then reve Fr we ‘Tiers park nied ny stor ones peed fn ite the roc dat poss ew nt Ter al (tamer 1985229) reas Raimes nen sat ot ny pol in the eprtion of ete an ao kr sonnet [eStore ton cponton heya eT en ‘cok’ wes ty lt sk hey may ee swe ts Hey ct ay he ed for hh wa ‘Slap he pling age The ye gy hen med ee CE Sy dr coe wt ange abe Serpe ‘Ee Sitn o may na 9 se hp of eres Ber ieee ae pe tat sy comet appre how REIS dice4 Explosion 5.3 Protocols ‘Sich a mde of what hapens when sus wre we at ben ‘ahaha hough dt hone ne what wee sce ewe pig sig provocneaui estgs of ws wh vane cote no be te mene ores ile thy a Wt) te fren npg Stings have eal sconce evel Svea 3 to wht they el riod nthe rodcon of ‘eel pce of wring This search har aoe the cal Semin shthon hia tea, lh sa oe anaes You an get aca the st of its tac ane wrkel ah by dg a abt > TASK 28 [ter xd your owe thoughts ak one a wo collegues or selena ewe ed ‘fen ‘boughs ithe fling wig tk, Compre the item sage a actives tha rw es Writing tnt You wae a at hose tht you ve ved in Mt ht Spi mor an bal a 1 lnguae 3 Fr language tat You know we You coal pet pope who ee nterce baygi Yo Kea mati of en mites Inaction: Record your the wt hog An example po- tone ghen bon he weds ils ce epee of ‘bevwrer ning lg the words olde sta ext {hice wee "im honking atu owe ed nn Noncy what of ‘hig il people om Tsai ie howe tif the gwd? Yo Tak so, a ue set ar ote ene af Nay oe" ora? Te ‘Pena aar I ae 0 ma a ofthe be gs ab Tan se th hrs ta al help ll The fons on the writer inherent in the depen of proses ‘phates hae browghts range of ens to takes od sens “ending td ing materia which make we of these appt ‘gly arp match writing fo he a of nua coe cy ey acl tp A te wag with Sn sl he peti of en oc lngane bebo wh eed ‘yt vy hs Be own expr. These psi cn trib owing pedagoy, uh apch fas bln a ‘Aotroces othe eching of wtings it 5.4 Problems of the process approach (One prem for techs who waste some frm of pot ah to tig he Wo ke lane erent ye ‘'Eapmast for he Sevlopmee ofS ats wits al te rin coutndsory lnc ofthe thing ttre hy te, eto Wonk ws Fe xan» fosts othe nun creo tice ein men ways opposed the bkaiowrst mode ng Ii Sing etodetg evento te Pesan, Pres, Fedcon Ft ol nay ap abn mate The png fl on ached sppeiches to ago ing nee peri deveopd to helper he pen haga, "oh omphsae per peice, dling, ed the techig a spect i {ise Toews fos fat ton a over to mech tel fx the ‘ego noting lancet sul fo aches who wat ‘Ste fc of th wing css. > TASK 29 Find io othe language aching ebooks tha ou hae Worked wil. How mony of testes whic fous 0 tad Ine pve sen an oppo tobe crest and in rom ie otc snd how many bog wi sm example et ste a ices of ngage i psn oi one poe ee teaches who want 6 lope procs approach {hha of tebol nrer dicey ow ose whee $Trgeow pre aple al ig whre iig {Sox inn ene where the Process town whith wer os {otorteand pfs denne tthe mont sgn componente they bog 19035) hoe proved pl foe many hs and Stem ncle enon USA occa conte ‘ge pt ft tat vars prs apocisY wing cme ie eset ape fom peep cg specs 3c Aes ing: Ar wg cer repos ke so many of my siden, wat epodicing acpi tt, ttn ests coh snk, to ing ae ‘lowe sau nny eyo tring he ue ge {Simei T a vrened my nate to Someone ce, fo tse ‘ther aber oe (Sone 199228, re, Sommers ving her eat experec ofthe ft Langue tring ison Se eed colle tendon wing clase and ethng for oe epost! es“splnon ila int pc hai cb i stom of sens aot ly at age eet of poe [iPr bt sutcorawaree he ow pre 0 Saw one aerate chair they ed be te wed tie pe crown cenve pac” (ower 1965 370. quod So ‘fire 1980 These showy she carmen ofthe elle wade ‘dens at he beni ft ers quoted sow: “A he ining sme een mid at ne Ano “Td home fw ging cme out Enon hat ie stam oy bt dent Rao ely Wha Pn pin 72 “ls oe we ot someting ou a id ext nyo ame! 19853176) “Tee ates appeae to ee hee dlp a wes cme of ‘Ber ubelopment'sthkrs. For thr ning to wee, awe Eve ‘cen in arler vos hs bok, saat with ming ie ‘Shvayr a elng with te word, Hower tha no neces 2 ‘eeutve of te Sannin wad al wg stant Hd ems, ‘Sly swe ning to wate ina eso o foe gape > TASK 30 Mack pocetaprosch dry bas bon devsoed in ere 10 ‘Mle he oof maine peer and ESL cll cnpotion Suds inthe USA What dren ae there ley vo be twee oe soe? wring paren and thos ft oar Disa sng tome not lanpag for profs] apo Mary ais anes come vo the force ange coo wih aly Ele! oper ue ee ngage The mow Spon rege of oy foc mck ames wl erry ieee ef wit sure ely eyed adres ‘to may nt ye tve ere owe ec even i Bt Sup any prin cons and tains ened bes ery ns lari seep du te compro at ‘rnin a rap npg: wig potters! Isr words Sates er tow too he ewe a wih "hey waa wit What 8 mor ey walneal api aes 0 sk inonteae Agproaces wo the teaching of writings process 43 5.5 What writers need to know “The range of knowledge that» wre rues when uneraig TRE ch be umnnaed te flowing way Content krone Knowle of the concept irda the sbi ae Contest brows ‘oui of te conte in which te fexrnl be read Lege sytem velge Kao thon es fe ye cay forthe cmp onal he mak one he mos appropiate way ring Proce browse Prag fora eae eng a > TASK 31 Lon ashe wring signet Helo, What Kind of knowl els wire reo aes ache ice? WIRE howe Ciepo of knowledge pea above eximate he Inte popes f che of Howlett igh be ‘er eno ch mene 9% 1 rear an internal company report eating em ito fed ee aomason sre. 2. Wate av exansnaton ey wth she ie ‘Capita pest IE Si tne de pb of ilen eine | Wie roc desernion brochure fora new rng of cc hoochie pt : «4 Wear an Nex deri naivety eaten ow eKta cgeeig whe Engh the meio of te Tow aad see ‘What flows ran example response for sige Te run whe jr th dtm rake weal ee pp an eectve repre. They as fe ia i would ety pura he wc tobe ae of ror! toe TE Me Gece they would med content dowd Ea pantie wer mold od npg ptr Kade ot pare cin eso ely bot alo Knowl of be Teal lores a the ase thatthe report wuld be ren aa et wuld mach te expectations O18 rade Fram operon nhs ance wan wntng proces bode “Peep ek wie yar ead important te ober eens vere ily be more sigan,56 Comen knowedee ass om owls Wiking proces knwege 1% 0 athe her apnea were consend signee 2th ext tton ey queso wa lobe teow ceded mos wi ine proce knowl. Ths a resign ths tk tht be most doy sors with langage ering scons and ‘nay ways ‘emp abtopi The weer ake for opine hes no lets damon of chal pte, Anos “ihe proc despon rot] was ain os igh cone ‘en an cntest novia Te poop that sper 4 he MSC serio) woul etx had fo woe wold md ery ak lee omen bre, very rod uncstning of “ie roc sy fh rn ane rer mon reaches an writes fel da ch wide range of knowlege and ‘pence tees to be Brought 0 Inada te sehre a Ss ‘ory compton of hse wens sme es qusions os ‘itn to whch anyone apprch to wing Ssrsion gy 0 tne the meds of ce Ths ae wil eed Conclusion In we have oked at ow esearch ito what people do when thy ‘it ed he devopmen ofa approach cies 0 rove ive in wing at an the mere tol eos {ibe we of writen prs mode, x psc common nay “dastanal yen aed angage leg erin aco he aloe ‘prone wen has date Eom nigorting ito sleseocen ‘rting pats ad fom ception othe portance of fe ee Spe hacen ig wh te dcr, weet {lmitioe an cat be erat anwering te neds fol peso le ag 6 Approaches to the teaching of writing: genre Introduction In swe come egress to the waching of wing wih foe {atacand pepsin eee ae a par fous on the wre can aly es i aera Ent esa eye ering 9 wes ino od eeu ee ey Pe a bal ie va they are oc ware of what he ea Soper ind thse ete i Veep of he sect f problem which an ase when writes do m0 Bee Sab feat er rae espe rom 3 ext explore these > TASK 32 : ef Toh a th ens erode low wee writen by merit eh Sot tala (Cabs Fe Cente cand Ahoy sie aioe me pal ont eh eer do you pee and wi? Later A yan eck for reply abt the leben of es ‘ews ey62 spate eer 8 a ty sayy he eames earn (cena hve ent arse pron toi hte Seam deh aw ed ar et ok rm earings Yar Lee Ais wal fo be move acepablethan Lat B owe fre tal for ws wae to expla thie dsn, Bah eto ‘ead our aepmily and anlar exgetd peng wd og ‘Wcnendons ‘oth lets conan vestry, splint stn Intakes ded he ae mae of hve nf han Bs Yt Caer A Side be brain spe oh ton Understning wy ti ‘hoa be toy and veang ma the impctons mgt be fr wetng ‘merci ao ye whe not al ah nea Heesortted approach, br have fn elf thse poate ‘tik ken th ang pot ow oe eee ‘Communicative events and communicative purposes In ge, specs which ons on te reader cng the en: ‘en a rm al conn the fe pl a» er Stent ta tet toa cal urea ane et er ‘Ste wit tenon gore Oa a lo oo ae tlenandng how hs eon cen ed “These ravi dons of pee John Sas (190) bags an ‘ceed dno th ‘ i Sato 1 ‘A em compris a ds of commute eens the members of wae ae arsomaeae pape {Sone 199058) Sle dion of ye rei of contenporyinbpetaiom oth em ne slyly 198K 18, ate 199) {de contael o'moe eet eeepment in he Ba of erre sre eB 193) poe rw yong ae wich erin any espero ane pts teenie, bre an component Howere neeig Approaches othe tabingof wii: geme 47 the notion of gare mayb, tegueon remins w ch an apa (2) comple sonny ca Bp teacher he ae pac of Inthe allowing as we wl wor hough lof the eens wich nae up Smal comple dts of pee In gts soul te Fos mae are the common fee he aro he reset Final of hr Hino apron and be meds of eres he ‘Wea ach tk lea oa explanation a the ec Eom at Sac ae The tse shuld aby make poset ro tie» expen of hyo Tac 3, leter A reo ieee In what 1 bve called ‘ttn 1 Sales nadcs evo key tems om ave coat ves commana pr {lve A commune vet pies nat aly cedure and (earsipant tls tht Score snd te enone 1 pode a epost and clu ae ‘Stone Swale 1950 40 ne wordy pone sing antag a0 Spent wy pe meting re Tis ya sine ‘ls afte "poo gives canting samp aie: ‘sing ded ero" quests to cnel ow much information ho tor fenly wats lb lowed ee > TASK 33 ch ofthe commasican events ew cues 4 ween text Ie ve to snared nyu vo luge cl tee wha willbe te sat ers of ech of eee? Fi ti hoetol and ctl seats mene by Sale deen he wy thy ae wre? = company want oni the point of ew men fer of a ~ Neompany wants to ane ese ying thi oda hat {eae oped on epee al = A prt wth to fom cs ech ld wil teens oun schoo the owing dy. ack ofthe estos ha din sl pape As we ive seen ieee ae mw mn ede ew ny ‘hosel we are gad he roti are al "rtp SE Zemanta ee of pane may te eos ‘Sic Toreplyecs so pov wether or a0 thy rel ave ft ‘Ts company seer lis pen tb apo and ‘rl al apc the rng death apinment hy ao “ine hones a vie and the oly Toe eer il eens ‘iin pisses stam plese to norm you = and thsplnatior pointes wl commence wth eff, ano il be tet teconpny eta and ped ty a un mae ear eet racers ‘The net eve, by coma, asa pean ith pl quaiatons, : company, a an used prchasr ad the eed ext Wl he ‘dfn’ carats, Ava eal dcamen, ht be ten by ‘Sanne wth ayer? enalnon and eat, Pte or tun ethically sei osbaay and tr of preset ou wld os exe oi meer types of decent ome cones hy ‘ls eu a companys over hegre et st reel, “he hn communeave eet the Iter fom pa 0 das ace me tlt gt gle by meas Fee ips i pe fer same io 2 ot, ting ch ate amp el pce we ey re te cb ter prs ra ny ache Evening ‘inte dando te mr te ease wll spat eee Beier fsemaon to be proved nd the rite wal are oe ‘Sons fer maining empl of esos Yee ‘alee me hol uc nd cn “ke em ‘communave pron? hs ho bec wd by in Main iM 99) men tess he cas ened so SLES te! be nee fy bean we Ma ss ‘evo car of wg dnt in hol ample werent Srl out oes nseasrion pet eed o coal rr an pian i ergy ancl ii an arse oe ‘Rectobne [obec sea f pcos ly pa nthe dd around the writer which generalize experience) mes > TASK 34 ‘Marin (1989 quotes ap example of Yet 5 Asari hal es wig ex sd cosa wth emo eat [yw he megs har ane crete Faroe, Tae 4 Bie ve op ia ee hyd a ty de eid fll ny coed bir Das bid ht bik, ‘Some at smal na the ae be, Ta dived pina ee. estes wold de. was Mack Wt and it war sal (moa 198827) 63 Approabes to he teaching of wring gre 49 hat arth den communi purposes expt he? ‘Towhch ofthe Tow euper mestoned above might hese (aoe elon? ain agus ht Tet A ies spi fri rate — shwengront Ti eri malig ol omer ee cos en tng br hase The mgr are ‘Trepor tht thy ean be queooed and then derloped hough dhe Chou cae eel ety oh ero he en ‘Sal hw eB gue seenre Fay de wettest he peso hin i expert ae th en gi, powtng he ar wa cen an ore alt pel once ew ofthe worl ey iis igorat to ie cen the operat otk oat eden onl Sane egesene Home et bea {St nce othe nd expres, ian ids of wring ‘ed be mop te cha ecm Bre sb ce Silica on efecto sEscurrna adtengny ecu al cen tte ond nach gore, 198971 1 uch inacon Somes desing or tte by ein hem {2 ely to expec yr om ofthe we Tice hos how woes bl he gna mises ngage hog ceding he aed ‘peel stesso web ase of an explih reap fois TRE faye in wht conning socal demands ene eet ores How genres change “hex tne in Sale ein ove fark specicon tiara ee Sueno 2 . ‘pee conto oma cs th men SSRI RE Sag common pp Te per $oohee ap te par monies of peters ‘Sn ery ote aa ore oe {Seater 99058 Saale use ofthe rms ep andpateat scours community ees {tu peed cng xa whch ey ean ‘adeno Tis san b's problem for totes who want to foe ‘tay atngy om nd water a rig fe end nes, ‘bet he soem of the shory on whith conventions ae ‘Sale Who Should have he gh fo determine ce perpen and50" Esplonation ets ofa douse commanity? Can tat power be sere or Sigs fh toning le ok tae an oe > TASK 35 Rend the wo ta execs tle. What the gee of which thar fo tet re exp? What the commun Pa. ove ta hey sare mambo th ee? (ie COmULD Eh Din 98) On Ame rs ary ‘Thc cum a ce gene‘. es lar aged prone baa a whic he word a slung se ie upbeat st ncaring oe anata ‘mother npunge-Cins COMUILD El Donny" oc hat ‘es he woe of lapgage i ahaa rer and glint ‘ann, be elas tem ne ani gun —Osfor Adve Sur: Dior sd on ain ch pert ey gh ‘kg of sie donation fom the words of ose er wren fares mi throgh th xen we onvrsons sachs tony elo, aed pea pels Tee comes ae dered Ipaler pop o expert is thee words the daca cman Fico 1 we sce tt cin have an ares conmunive pu ‘he shy aimed ne for wht ey are by ges oad (ce! wr sd ta the mc sue of sates ep S50 fo meets of a dscose communi of looper eee fae gueriosto be anowered for the pepo ofthe dns, The oe iow dor an edad read Cuter become exc ‘tea tet dcoune commana whch wees ona? The ‘ond eHow do changes in he we acy a doney aking {a chags tothe geal ake pase?” This second quion Approaches 0 the tubing of wring: gme 51 ‘mpotant bcs iis fe the asta a dil fel a wed 0 ‘lng he etry of th eter ad per and sept train once they hoe ane 3 mae os paren dicowse com ‘mony In aver othe et aeion,the main way ia whic people ome lecopaper sty eng eee cna and bfowng or ee Pre hove capt they Bd wee i the work eer he fiony maker. Along the major disonary pars hve rboe teaming pone fo heer say ren thi ot ina fs avery recy depended on examples of ter dca 22pm tue by al ee ve re cp hey mci of Cn ado te ar gene “The peat sk wil poi some posite answers to he second que > TASK 36 ead the eal in Tek 35 once mar. la seve yay he COBUILD cme legs the tere of the gore ‘Disonary inthe Orford Adee Lamers Diconay ca ‘ie What the direc torr tare wo examples of he {vet Wy do'you snk he romepsaon of gene at ‘ronan oth cal a member of «spi agente of ‘Dictionary’ Le ‘Caner tansy wick prover ane of nfoemton com ‘holy fund in tina or hae sens example rama ‘plata, fematon on prancat) Hoth of ho dna ie fren wten by expt fens of Be pret ecoarse camme iy bate fat empl les markedly om the second The [visas om seo rene he latneip Bement \eopaper (be tony wer and he ene he ion we. [Retitedhr of the COBUILD eitanny saps dost we {en in onlinay, eeyy gh (onc ta 1987. The ‘Conti dona br ben wey aan foe today I ‘ine dln an forthe way im wlach et eaped to make oe ‘Snes acnce eo vender, This act fe the diflerence ‘eonrn COBUILD' mre informal ding ye and he med ‘ona yl of he Oxford avon Lewes Doar. “This pio sinpoant ac deste how gr i ot gid trl foctest oration scl esc, a snp ot whith ish pani accep asd ‘ge inte cf te gene Leaer onary expert ene ‘fi comma hae eer ion std deed toca Age vome oft fandom renin snd pcos. As oy he52 planation ori has change Such gnc changes happen lth sng, and SES me by ere Spence tig ul ey va petigo, Thecocepe of eee yumi no sate nd he Stole and tether nnd be aware of he iy of Soca races {ude tench mike hve pate pone Ths swore a {Hepa co rece very eee pe of ening aed i rom thane nce with specu whch foc on orm 6A Reader expectation and schematic structure Sten 3 Apo omc ce of comma ete ni Uhre Sone tof smears pane Phe pp Teiatip ic caper nen ftp dace ey {hey const bere for sr ge, Th tonal, ‘Rope oma scant of he dcr dence ‘cts he foment nde ‘See 9058 ‘This stot has Bang on Task 32. We have led sen how the suc purpns o's commons ovat mare the een ‘Soe thas wre ake In sleigh poem pe Tete of ‘Soya tow pole (9 ake we of he sof ene ad ‘Solow forsake tater A mae apy ord ‘Fan Ueno They seme le ate opening of ech ee eter A ‘Ne wing for wo weks for a ely aout the eet of complain Ted oy shag was acy for met wre you Mast [nee 0K you Enow bow sapped a {ey egy wh ave rand fs rere aes Saud in eon bt at hee the bahrom homer doe work sid mare ve sect ee in wha te ei «ni ih he athe wnt baer th tee edt expan hy fi i way ul a he oe complaint nl ae thse a elationsi-balig at ‘es me thas der ar Let By coer ges irecy ie ‘Medea of te complain aks no stemge focus a hot wh the eder Enc hah the wer nae esti “endo mpeove he eat, toler uo make een he sight ‘at comrson fo he eer al seem hat mort reef et GF compi 9 Exlsh expect hte tobe is sot of cnc ‘long ene of som ne» ih cial gene, Ses ‘Avproahes to he aching of iting: geome Sb pea ope contin on writers who wish co ue eleiey ‘cue enon howe wh ty conform oe psec om ‘tins nen vss do ne hae al coma of be pags ten, Sovlong at hey snp to nna heels to make {hip wk he peony te complanng worn ue words owe rin the peter Wes hws tetera of scene The ‘nica fw a ugha oar on omy canning ccc of ‘prcton wl ale pov vr th esos of ke et ‘Soe ple forthe to common cays en tex. “Tice of ede exetaton lates the seem rac’ whic Sais enone Semen Swale promts a account the way tc nde ne tr npn fh wo to cet ea th herd on wher maining eng Wing. Ts be ‘Rents edgar sown parca, Swale dese he alae {oral sch’ wehmke posible ora wits to pofur propia woed nd rnc fee fo spac Soi pupae ‘Was combnaton of fecal prc and comen hema Wh Ines pre for us eay example of esc ewes 2 oes hl das of propa een och sn xe Sis beng ell pal sy sa Sake gram shows how ir Eaowge sl expe he word aod of ex comb rece of sate eenne bod the content ad os [Efthe tes which ave lowate’ ms paresiar gre he ge “Teer of explain es whch do ot ep to a esti ‘nih fe ade es co be ella tanto whch dha {he ihe gamma! poems ne ex whom LOX \ 7 eos conten (swat 1990386)——————— xplation 65 Defining typical and less typical examples: ‘communicative purpose Stene 4 tt ics «dys of imine een he members of ete sof commie pups. Ths arose va ee epee mame offen eu come eo set he vtnleferhe gee. Th ana Sam rece sacar of te Obese and aces and ee ctor fone ane. Conant pas bo Sree and one tat operates 10 Ke? the oe of Sea el nae fos om compere trl se aloo Pros seopls of «kore exhibit aie Teed fin rs of etre scott and ered ‘enc (ie 199058 Stone 4 addees «prblem cnimon 10 any apy atc Secon steely tears have ei over eb Wh eto amin fener, foe eal es eoeanhy, 2nd TE eee the cma pepe oa ae which ma aan tl fen A mle ame ve 0 ‘sown > TASK 37 Deed on tame fo he nti whi he lowing teas it ev ttc prose do they sare ad bow Prac? | Tat ese ors he ome wh iced moon ome (hme Se ed wh fhm pre, ay soe rund ok ‘eon eto ound wh tea of Sochened BY (Soda 116) Fi srancse—Shl enough young gd esol wo Flue The younger an pee the te seu, oe low fae, 2 chopped les 1 chee onion, Sse ino er orate 9 ins 2 Rie ps lng th geneous bch of Puy thyme a oo i of od mk ae ae Sa te sig oapimooady ntl he Kad Sneed and the ea ae cok -Tagl pve sin el dh or Sve role, Out Pa NL pee to forge fr ime In th ai 1350 SRST am Henke she eared ding be was Approaches 1 he aching of wring gare SS ‘ony sian for ping tin cleo fala pes Stee enum 0 rept in ht par of the wos Du your tan steaks jo at lv le bowen yom exch 5.7 Romone ad pu side ae war ew pa ate eae ‘ii ol sll opps 2 carry ses 2 ek of ers ‘Bey hoped snl 4 mas sined and chopped. Ald cg fey te ek for 1 mont Now pa yout ny weak ek the bag pa, al wie to caver them. Po be Bee eats and cok fr 1 hour m = slow oven [170°C SF ga 3 (dase 1976377) ede dear tha these tent ae all embers oo get eae "ec ‘Tas cammaneine pure it prove therener wth are Tse frelon des ey Sete, Tas ees ce we to poet rer wth th nt te following nine asl fly press roponion) TEES ine nd sempre (he elvan) iia a ha hy i or et ef in te ctiente yuan wich prov vs th he ee of alo a nar games ache working wih ude Seer ee repent wold no be esl oie the ‘il taton What exe eae do rove, bowers, eur SR Ae ad for sing sen eens the poset as ‘TEP Norligs of th en th ln fo partner By work itn mesa way sre cn beg to daw sme coco 20 happen npr tps ar ruc fed ich ewe See erm sen common, how sue fais nd {Sia Me Aied and can hes bento experiencia ME is a oven work can component pssst ‘Sfoache sowing er powesal Stone § forse de of commanaie et eet of TERESI cpr of th pte done conanity SSPEARS cote be taal forthe pee, Ths atonal Fe ea secre ofthe dicoune a nieces ad TSE eof comma and aml: Coamoneatveparones ath ‘Shine coeton and one whch peas co hep ce ware of & eatin come aren pel enema eae aon to pops exempts of ene exit araut tionary item ol streets beer Pe i ati pebaisyexpections reread, the= % splot xenple il be viawed os protpial by the parent discoase Siete ge nome beled and roduc by discourse “Snumnitesandbpora yates omit abl einopphic ‘Smeaton nd ply mcd fr ouation. (Svat 199058) “et mo semen of Sak ion oof hy ‘td ey of wig ce if thy sh to daw on tees ‘Sree nlp nga ging, he st ‘ea am eet apes fue ciber wor cx ‘amet mele of gene tos rote or ker ete al igh ec eects ae reed the cxeaplar Is pretonpicl = ‘lef ese exemplary ec probate oman’ and > TASK 38 ing wid te gee “Rep, deie how Hl def Fomine sere 0b umber af he ae: What rte would ou ue fr thi aceon cr ecaion? Tat A ‘Thrice of she oighouring eon of Ea Romagna it ‘ery even inthe pata des of Toca, which ally shoud [etna tom horace pss Hower when come 0 the ener preceded psa mae fo dra what, he ‘Fira emo oe sagh vera eer Shapes thik thsi somehing edo wth ei nae eof arc or — thes tching ying tea pte of seaing ast (tas 199251 PRESSURE COOKING {he 15h per cute ch prose and cook te pues fo boat {thd ofthe ue em A ihe ime ale he fo cok cn {een indy Laos tat 4 pba bet eo a {fee hefore you tk hey shold be dae co ake mae ‘Sle ofthe pls, prety he pt re en dips ‘Sea un hey ne the od and ea lg the ve ol the pcmure conker To vd this, ut 2s cool Fadler fot te onking was (ee 197954) Drs mass you cn fd then, Fanghi Poi te the Sw ad fem expense Et ou san a find xs. It ean fe metal om Cental Europe, Sak fetter ae or alk a hes tim the ‘tye hen (cary they na be vey Sea ‘Mevling hid nl one cn sd conser ror 66 67 Anproaches to he acing of ring: gene SP psc an sop per Shr an xen wy tn fc nae of he examples ie above ful the conditions necesry sok opel me he pc Rp Tey eb he ‘pei purpos of eabing te reader fo pepe a Frculr do the precede eat of ele Nea sel ln back ‘round ‘oat forthe reader Tes 8 pes narctont aout + ck Foe roc and baw one of the chau of trap, fa on neh to lnd render el tht pone Aad nea Tex Cw Set lst ofthe conditions, fs ost ifrnaton mia [Ep for dng sonesng in room bt oma en What dko'you do wa te mhtooms once yor hve prepared th oe ‘etd i or a ened ker igen ore seed? Genre and social structures ‘The Gl see of Sw defn dcr that themes of he se ch en fs moe of ey ‘ete tauce ofall toga foton, a pl ned [ther suet. Te de washer of weing wh tpl to ‘ng in ty of ge el wll denn yf he ‘oe srctrr mic redo hte feral ext toting mote ‘han poda of thr Capone fal eran ha ar eed Uae Perish atom of wting rion neds wo ie Wa 10 an eloctonal paradigm shih i ive nega na nena Process and genre ‘We began in 6 with a racic problem: what makes ane pe of wie. ig owe ace fan ate? wos sm Ua he natn fcr my pide kare pd ache wth way of king a Fbin: Hower, wie we have dcaeel pec some ae Feu ye coral win «gre approach the enclng of "ap might ok ik and how # wuld Ee rom the roses apo ‘ened Wie + roc approach to wri oston has many postive ‘pss ofr laos that decent neces athe sire rrr rd ks on oe {Sposa for eae wh apse eens of whats text Sood (Pike acces ele I we sxe es np for aw ‘in mote ound ond ngage wring clos to Serene iaty wes th nda ent hr ting edt be eto woses bond tng of coal one teens we, {oon wha wayemghe apne approach o wing clone seldhean pci Bn fen devopd gh pocospoon > TASK 39 Consider guint ster’ eter of cman wich we ud Jen Ta 32. How mic a wacher del withthe ies sich te seen ere hang wath wing fr parila eae ‘ne wa of responding to thie gunn ne by Hed (1983). Drs he cf ae Eo end on ‘tion, he ges yen cic an lp stents pin 9 {rcs wc hy ea ar a (er aan Say dosed antes sep oral gvened ‘Espo ower, 1998009 The sx seis 1 ing th ess of ge ays 2 “coment ling sot nances of ene) 5 terme ding ooo orate aye 4 Gordan 5 Soin” poe nays by Karnes a a adc creming thir own 6 tramltin ed oa samples fiasco gies gere ‘With repro Horr ete atin there ae ley a= ‘al xampe of the plementation ofthis of appoach On ofthe tos fly sabre an be found in Bhai (195), where Be dics ‘en ways whch Tesnrs can a inp igh fom he ‘Sen tal and ppl dime Of such ee res a "From ete buses corespondence (Cape 3) "Acdenie rig (Chape #}and Lal ting (Chaps) The sas ofa ieee etn the sme i's sonateraton fhe cl co Sin wh ea nse eh te hr ti ee, andthe dishing ngs eae ofthe ere Isr hr ward reduction memed by hee ng The nt the of Flowers ste al depend o the via of ‘ulin of spropte ext amples aa ease ths Would be {lig ore of computer sedsbledocament. Gt se, Bowe, ‘ne ent Tempore tng treachery ad ens Sad ‘ives to ae sours of sbens dts poe ich hey ‘ins fo act espn The eae be open ‘he of he parca unre hich det af ered Sd ida or deco asa rs ‘hom ower mas an ie pol’ Whee cnt 00 tol Mony oie ot? wing och {amo thiown wor int ate lnghge whee the eet thiamine tn sh sl wo gh of ica, tn ‘soled nl for erg (193393) Arproaches tothe teaching of iting: geome 59 ‘What ing advocate it cet ey eet rom thera i tation of psc deter, ere conning the exis fence of the pons of adoption tnd aden i nbc a we pte ss they rapood tothe es hey mee and» aoc Fesaganc explain of ah proce port to ste at {Bolin of proce onl pole wher wera enti de ee {ene of parca ox The tes practi ote ofthe approach which ower pops iis cyoe a acti ean be to the coe tne eco steve aendy cased 8 ee ie 2). 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