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Systematic Survey On Smart Home Safety and Security Systems Using The Arduino Platform

This article summarizes a systematic survey of 63 research papers on smart home safety and security systems using the Arduino platform. The survey analyzed the papers to understand the state-of-the-art applications of these systems, their architectures, enabling technologies, components, challenges, and how future research could improve their implementation and use.

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Systematic Survey On Smart Home Safety and Security Systems Using The Arduino Platform

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3008610, IEEE Access

Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.DOI

Systematic Survey on Smart Home

Safety and Security Systems Using the
Arduino Platform
QUSAY I. SARHAN1
1
Software Engineering and Embedded Systems (SEES) Research Group, Department of Computer Science, College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq (e-mail: [email protected])
Corresponding author: Qusay I. Sarhan (e-mail: [email protected]).

ABSTRACT Smart home safety and security systems have gained much importance over the last few
years owing to their notable impact in reducing and preventing losses in resources and human life caused
by unwanted situations that could occur while homeowners are far away from their homes. To date, there is
a lack of an in-depth literature analysis that could help researchers and developers better understand these
systems and their applications in different contexts. It is therefore crucial that research evidence published
in this area is presented. In this study, 63 research papers that examined smart home safety and security
systems using the Arduino platform from popular literature databases were thoroughly surveyed to extract
useful data. Then, the extracted data were analyzed to answer many research questions concerning state-of-
the-art applications of these systems, their architectures, their enabling technologies, their components, etc.
In addition, several challenges that these systems currently face and how future research could enable better
implementation and use of these systems were discussed.

INDEX TERMS Arduino, smart homes, safety systems, security systems, sensors and actuators, architec-
tures, enabling technologies.

I. INTRODUCTION a number of reasons, such as the burning of materials, gases,

smart home system is defined as a collection of sen- and electrical circuits, which could cause serious accidents
A sors, actuators, communication devices, and computing
devices that are connected to each other to provide home-
[3]. To protect homes from fire, a fire alarm system is a must.
Fire alarm systems are very useful in warning homeowners
owners with services and applications (e.g., safety and se- about this undesired situation and to prevent the loss of
curity, automation, entertainment, and energy management) resources and human life that could result from it. Gas
with minimum or no intervention [1]. However, smart home leakage is another unwanted situation. Liquefied petroleum
safety and security systems are in high demand and always gas (LPG) is the most widely used gas for cooking in homes.
needed for many reasons including people’s desire to feel It is provided in cylinders and may blast due to leakage.
safe in their own houses and to avoid a high rate of crime In many cases, residents do not know that gas is leaking.
[2]. Additionally, recent advancements in the Internet of They therefore may light up fire that causes a blast. To avoid
Things (IoT), pocket-size microcontrollers, and inexpensive this dangerous situation, a gas leakage detection system must
sensors/actuators have provided many opportunities to enable be installed and used. Crime is rampant these days as well.
safety and security in smart homes. Safety and security The installation of security systems in homes is therefore
systems are employed to monitor indoor environments to crucial [4]. These systems can detect movements that may
provide homeowners with live updates and alarms when occur as a result of a thief entering a house. To avoid all
harmful situations may arise while they are far away. The aim the situations mentioned above, fire, gas leakage, and motion
of these systems is to interpret the sensory data collected (via detection systems must be developed and used. Doing so
sensors) from the surrounding environment to issue alarms or will ensure the safety and security of homeowners and their
to carry out some appropriate actions (via actuators) against families and will prevent them from serious accidents and
unwanted events. For instance, fire in homes could occur for undesired situations. The work of smart home safety and

VOLUME 4, 2016 1

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3008610, IEEE Access

Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

security systems starts with monitoring the surrounding envi- data in smart homes. Additionally, the technologies required
ronment and then reacting to the abovementioned unexpected to enable IoT and big data in smart homes were provided,
incidents that may occur while homeowners are away by along with their possible applications and services. In [8],
sending alert notifications. In addition, some proper actions the authors described the benefits and applications of using
may also be taken by the systems such as stopping fire the IoT in smart homes. Then, they dedicated a section to
through the spraying of water and reducing the concentra- IoT-based smart home security systems. In that section, they
tion of gas via air ventilation. The monitoring process of presented the use of sensors such as infrared (IR), passive
these systems is performed by means of sensors such as infrared (PIR) sensors, and cameras for developing motion
temperature sensors, gas sensors, and motion sensors. In detection security systems. Additionally, the authors in [9]
event of an emergency, these systems may send notifications provided different IoT-based smart home applications. Then,
such as messages and emails. Additionally, they may use they described a number of concerns about using the IoT
actuators such as buzzers, lights, and screens to notify nearby in smart home systems such as security, data management,
people. A communication medium is required to interact with communication issues, etc. The authors in [10] and [11]
these systems. Wireless communication, such as the Global presented different interesting functions of smart home sys-
System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Bluetooth, and tems. Then, they described the monitoring and controlling
WiFi, is widely used in this context. Of course, the selection processes in smart homes and highlighted the advantages
of the appropriate communication medium is subject to a and disadvantages of various wireless technologies such as
number of factors, including the cost, range, and technical Bluetooth, GSM, ZigBee, and WiFi. Moreover, they pro-
specifications [5]. This study presents a detailed systematic vided an overview of different smart home architectures. The
survey covering the past six years to analyze the state-of-the- authors in [12]–[14] focused on the applications, enabling
art research evidence related to Arduino-based smart home technologies, and security challenges in smart homes. In [15],
safety and security systems. The study begins with defining the authors conducted a systematic review on smart home
several research questions (RQs) covering several aspects of systems and their applications from the users’ perspective.
this topic. Then, it identifies the related papers that should Additionally, they presented different types of smart home
be examined to answer the identified questions. Finally, it systems and their benefits. Then, they highlighted the chal-
concludes with a discussion of potential opportunities for lenges and barriers of implementing smart home systems.
research in the field. To achieve the aforementioned aims, The focus of the aforementioned studies was not to con-
the relevant published papers were collected and extensively duct a dedicated systematic literature study on smart home
analyzed using a systematic process. safety and security systems. In contrast, our paper presents
This systematic survey study was motivated by a number a comprehensive and systematic literature study with a well-
of factors: (a) Safety and security systems in smart homes are defined research methodology to investigate several aspects
an important topic of research. Therefore, it is imperative to of smart home safety and security systems, such as ap-
conduct a survey of related works to better understand the applications, architectures, enabling technologies, challenges
plications, implementations, and current research directions with possible solutions, and possible research gaps. Thus, it
of this topic. (b) Carrying out a survey study could potentially extends the details of other works on this topic by addressing
benefit numerous researchers and developers interested in the nine important research questions that are not addressed in
field and aid in its future development. (c) There is no in- the literature. Potentially, this study provides a more detailed
depth survey study that explores the topic of this paper. survey on the development and use of smart home safety and
The remainder of this survey paper is structured as follows: security systems.
Section II presents the related works for this study. Section III
describes in detail the research methodology used to conduct III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
this study systematically. Section IV presents the results and In this study, the guidelines for conducting systematic map-
outcomes of the study. Section V presents the threats to ping studies [16] and systematic literature review studies
validity and the actions taken into account to avoid them. [17] were followed. The systematic process employed in this
Finally, the conclusions of the study are provided in Section study consists of five stages, as shown in Figure 1.
VI. The first stage is to identify the objectives and questions
of this study. Here, the study’s research problem is identified,
II. RELATED WORKS and various questions are defined to address the identified
This section briefly presents the most relevant literature problem. The search process is performed in the second
publications on the topic. The authors in [6] provided an stage. Here, a search strategy for selecting the relevant publi-
overview of smart homes and their main components. Then, cations on the topic of this study is specified. The third stage
they presented different security issues related to smart home is the selecting and filtering of the publications obtained from
systems. In addition, they provided a summary of the security the preceding stage. The fourth stage is the data extraction, in
studies that are conducted to address the security problems in which the relevant publications are extensively analyzed and
smart homes and some possible solutions. The authors in [7] the useful details needed to answer the identified questions of
presented a brief survey of the works that use the IoT and big this study are extracted. The final stage is the reporting and
2 VOLUME 4, 2016

Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

• RQ4. Which Arduino boards are the most commonly

used in smart home safety and security systems?
• RQ5. What are the most commonly used alert notifica-
tions and response actions in Arduino-based smart home
safety and security systems?
• RQ6. What are the most commonly used system ar-
chitectures in Arduino-based smart home safety and
security systems?
• RQ7. What useful details and findings can be extracted
from the identified system architectures?
• RQ8. What are the challenges and issues of implement-
ing and using Arduino-based smart home safety and
security systems?
• RQ9. What are the potential future directions of re-
search on smart home safety and security systems using
Arduino?

B. SEARCH STRATEGY
1) Literature Sources
Five standard online databases that index the publications
relevant to the scope of this survey were selected as sources.
Table 1 presents these sources and their web-links.

TABLE 1. Database sources used to search the literature

FIGURE 1. Stages of the used systematic survey process Sources Links

IEEE Xplore http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Elsevier ScienceDirect http://sciencedirect.com
ACM Digital Library http://portal.acm.org
documenting of the results. The details of the aforementioned Scopus http://scopus.com
five stages are provided in the subsequent sections. SpringerLink http://springerlink.com

A. IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND

QUESTIONS 2) Search String
1) Research Objectives
To find the publications relevant to this study, the following
search string was applied to the database literature sources:
This systematic survey aims to provide a comprehensive
analysis of all the studies published on smart home safety and
"(arduino OR microcontroller) AND (smart OR intelligent)
security systems using the Arduino platform by identifying,
AND (home OR house OR building) AND ( automation OR
reviewing, and categorizing the state-of-the-art contributions.
monitoring OR gas OR fire OR motion OR intrusion OR
This is achieved by answering several related research ques-
security OR system)"
tions and thus helping researchers and developers to better
understand these systems and contribute to their development
All terms of the search string were linked with each other
and research.
using Boolean operators [18]. The Boolean "OR" was em-
ployed to link synonyms or related terms that refer precisely
2) Research Questions or broadly to different aspects of the study topic, and the
Several research questions (RQs) have been identified and Boolean "AND" was used to link the major terms.
answered in this study. Each RQ addresses a particular aspect
of the topic as follows. C. PAPER SELECTION
• RQ1. What is the number and distribution of published 1) Paper Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
studies on Arduino-based smart home safety and secu- A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were established and
rity systems since 2014? employed to decide whether a publication is relevant to this
• RQ2. Which universities are active in Arduino-based study or not. These criteria, which are listed below, have been
smart home safety and security systems research? applied based on the titles, abstracts, and full text reading.
• RQ3. What are the applications and enabling sensors Inclusion criteria:
of Arduino-based safety and security systems in smart • Publications related directly to smart home safety
homes? and security systems using Arduino. Arduino has
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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

been selected because it represents the most used

microcontroller-based board in various smart home sys-
tems. It has a user-friendly development environment
and is affordable. In addition, it is appealing due to
its large support community, extensive set of support
software libraries, and various shields/modules boards
to extend its interfacing capabilities [19].
• Publications published online over the last six years
(2014–2019). According to our search and exploration
of the literature, publications on smart home safety and
security systems using Arduino started in 2014.
Exclusion criteria:
• Publications not published in English.
• Publications not peer reviewed (e.g., gray literature).
• Publications not published electronically.
• Publications that are duplicates of other previous publi-
cations.
• Publications without clear experimental results and evi-
dence.

2) Snowballing
To reduce the risk of missing some relevant papers, the snow- FIGURE 2. Results of the paper selection process
balling search technique [20] was applied to the remaining
papers. In snowballing, the reference list of each paper is TABLE 2. Data extraction form
checked with the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Then, the paper
selection process is applied recursively to the papers that have Data Item Value RQ
Paper number Integer ID None
just been found. Paper title Title of the study None
Figure 2 shows the number of included and excluded pa- Publication year Calendar year RQ1
pers at each stage of the paper selection process. In addition, Publication type Category of publication type RQ1
Publication venue Name of publication venue RQ1
Table 14 lists all papers (with their references, titles, and Active university Name of the active universities and their RQ2
publication years) obtained after applying the paper selection details
process. Applications and Applications and enabling sensors of RQ3
enabling sensors Arduino-based safety and security systems
in smart homes
D. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Arduino boards Arduino boards used in smart home safety RQ4
From the selected papers, data were extracted and extensively and security systems
Alert notifications Alert notifications and response actions pro- RQ5
analyzed to answer the identified RQs. The extracted data and actions vided by Arduino-based smart home safety
were stored in an Excel sheet of various fields created specif- and security systems
ically for this study. Each field has a data item and a value, Architectures Architectures used in Arduino-based smart RQ6
home safety and security system
as presented in Table 2. In this stage, the data were extracted Architectures: de- Useful details and findings extracted from RQ7
first and then double-checked to ensure accuracy. tails and findings the identified system architectures
Challenges Challenges and issues of implementing and RQ8
using Arduino-based smart home safety and
IV. RESULTS
security systems
To answer the identified RQs of this study, all the selected Future Research Possible future research directions RQ9
publications were intensively analyzed. Each RQ, repre-
sented by a short title, is discussed in the following subsec-
tions based on the obtained results. publication number is an indication of the successful applica-
tions of Arduino-based safety and security systems in smart
A. DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS (RQ1) homes. Another valid reason is the appearance of new techni-
1) Publication Frequency cal advancements in the IoT, pocket-sized microcontrollers,
All the selected papers of this study were analyzed to de- and a variety of affordable sensors/actuators, providing many
termine their publication frequency and evolution. Figure 3 possibilities for implementing and using these systems.
shows the results of this analysis. The results show that the
average number of publications per year is approximately 11 2) Publication Venue
papers. Additionally, it can be noted that the interest in this As evident in Figure 4, the selected studies are distributed
topic increased in the last three years. This increase in the across several publication venues, of which 60 are conference
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FIGURE 5. Number of published papers vs. journal name

in these top four conferences. The greatest number (ap-

proximately 87%) of conference papers were published at
individual conferences that are represented as "Others" in
Figure 6.

FIGURE 3. Publication per year

papers, 2 are journal papers, and 1 is a workshop paper.

This figure also shows that only 3% of the published papers
have reached the maturity of a journal publication, implying
that the research area is still very young or even immature
[21], [22]. Some conference papers were published as book
FIGURE 6. Number of published papers vs. conference name
chapters. Here, their original venues, which are conferences,
were considered.
B. ACTIVE UNIVERSITIES (RQ2)
Many universities are interested and involved in the research
topic of this study. However, the most active universities are
those who have published at least two research papers on
this topic. The details of these universities, the references to
their published papers, and the total number of their papers
are presented in Table 3. The table evidently shows that
"Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)" is the top university
in researching the topic with approximately 6% (4/63) of the
total publications.

TABLE 3. Active universities with their details

Country University Published Papers Total

FIGURE 4. Publication ratio per each venue
India Vellore Institute of Technology [23], [24], [25], [26] 4
(VIT)
India Amity University [27], [28] 2
By analyzing the publications, the most active and top Indonesia Institut Teknologi Bandung [29], [30] 2
Bangladesh Independent University [31], [32] 2
journals, conferences, and workshop venues that publish Bangladesh North South University (NSU) [33], [34] 2
papers on the topic of this study can be clarified. Due to Bangladesh American International Univer- [34], [35] 2
their long names, abbreviations are used in this paper. Figure sity Bangladesh (AIUB)
5 shows the active journals in which the relevant papers
were published. The full names of the journals can be found
in Table 15. The figure clearly shows that the most active C. APPLICATIONS AND SENSORS OF ARDUINO-BASED
journals are "Procedia Comput. Sci." and "IEEE Access" SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS IN SMART HOMES
with one published paper each. (RQ3)
Figure 6 shows the active conferences in which the relevant The deep analysis of the selected studies shows that the
papers were published. The full names of the conferences applications of Arduino based safety and security systems
are presented in Table 16. The most active conferences are in smart homes can be categorized into three main areas.
"ICCES", "ICAEE", "ICECA", and "ICOEI". Notably, ap- Table 4 presents this information and refers to the published
proximately 13% of the conference papers were published papers of each application area. It can be noted that "Intrusion
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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

detection", "Fire detection", and "Gas detection" have 41, 25, "ultrasonic", "camera", "IR", and "microwave" sensors,
and 23 relevant published papers, respectively. Additionally, respectively. It is worth mentioning that some papers
it is observable that some papers implemented more than one employed more than one type of motion sensor.
application area.

TABLE 4. Distribution of papers by application area

Application Areas Published Papers Total

Intrusion detection [2], [36], [1], [37], [29], [38], [4], [39], [40], 41
[30], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [27], [46],
[47], [48], [49], [50], [32], [51], [52], [53],
[54], [26], [33], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59],
[60], [28], [61], [62], [34], [63], [64], [65]
Fire detection [23], [66], [43], [49], [32], [67], [68], [69], 25
[70], [71], [34], [72], [3], [29], [39], [42],
[45], [73], [24], [55], [59], [74], [63], [65],
FIGURE 7. Number of published papers vs. motion sensor type
[31]
Gas detection [36], [39], [24], [44], [19], [45], [48], [75], 23
[25], [76], [55], [58], [35], [71], [77], [78], Table 6 briefly presents the main differences between
[59], [79], [74], [80], [73], [64], [65] "PIR", "ultrasonic", "IR", and "microwave" motion de-
tection sensors. The "camera" sensor can be used for
both motion and fire detection, as explained in the
1) Intrusion Detection image-based detection of Section IV-C2 (Fire Detec-
Intrusion detection systems are intelligent systems installed tion).
in homes to warn owners and prevent unwanted situations
such as house break-ins and violent crimes. The analysis TABLE 6. Comparison of motion sensors

of the considered papers in this study reveals that intrusion

Ambient Temperature
Measurement Angle
can be detected via three detection methods, namely, motion-

Operating Voltage
Trigger Condition
Sensitivity Range

based detection, vibration-based detection, and image-based

Sensing Type
Sensor Name

detection. Table 5 presents this information and refers to

the papers of each intrusion detection method. From the
identified intrusion detection methods, it can be noted that
"motion-based detection" is the top and most commonly used Temperature Projection
intrusion detection method, with 38 published papers. It is PIR 7m 3–5V 100° Dependent
Change area
worth mentioning that some papers employed more than one Line
Ultrasonic 2-4m Movement 5V 15° Independent
direction
type of intrusion detection method. Line
IR 2-30cm Movement 3–5V 35° Dependent
direction
TABLE 5. Distribution of papers by intrusion detection method Projection
Microwave 5-9m Movement 4-28V 360° Independent
area
Detection Method Published Papers Total
Motion-based detection [2], [36], [1], [37], [29], [38], [4], [40], 38 • Vibration-based detection: In this type of detection,
[30], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [27], vibration sensors are used to detect vibrations in the sur-
[46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [32], [51],
[52], [53], [54], [26], [33], [56], [57], roundings. These sensors can be installed on windows
[58], [59], [60], [28], [61], [62], [34], and doors to detect vibrations caused by glass/door tam-
[63] , [64] pering or breakage. Analyzing the papers considered in
Vibration-based detection [48], [58], [59], [62], [65] 5
Contact-based detection [39], [48], [55], [58], [59] 5 this study reveals that 100% (5/5) of the total published
papers considered the "SW-420" vibration sensor in
developing their systems, as shown in Figure 8.
• Motion-based detection: Here, motion sensors are
used to detect intrusion. When there is a movement
in any area inside a home, the used motion sensor
will detect that movement. To detect intrusion via mo-
tion, different types of sensors can be used. Exam-
ining the considered papers in this study reveals that
the "PIR", "ultrasonic", "camera", "InfraRed (IR)", and
"microwave" motion detection sensors are the focus FIGURE 8. Number of published papers vs. vibration sensor type
of researchers in the literature. Figure 7 shows this
information. The figure also shows that approximately • Contact-based detection: In this type of detection,
84% (32/38), 5% (2/38), 5% (2/38), 5% (2/38), and 3% magnetic contact switch sensors are installed on win-
(1/38) of the total published papers considered "PIR", dows and doors to detect if they are opened due to
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an intrusion activity. Each sensor is designed with two voltage will be. The lower the smoke concentration is,
parts: one part is set on a window or door frame, and the lower the output voltage will be. Analyzing the pa-
the other part is set on the window or door itself. Thus, pers considered in this study reveals that 100% (12/12)
when the two parts are separated from each other, the of the total published papers considered the "MQ2"
contact is broken, which triggers an alarm. Analyzing sensor in developing their systems, as shown in Figure
the papers considered in this study reveals that 100% 10.
(5/5) of the total published papers considered the "MC-
38" magnetic contact switch sensor in developing their
systems as shown in Figure 9.

FIGURE 10. Number of published papers vs. smoke sensor type

• Temperature-based detection: Here, temperature sen-

FIGURE 9. Number of published papers vs. magnetic contact switch sensor sors are used to detect fire. When fire starts in any area
type
inside a home, the temperature of the surrounding air
increases exponentially until reaching a maximum level,
while humidity decreases until reaching a minimum
2) Fire Detection level or even zero [28]. To detect fire via tempera-
Fire detection systems are commonly employed in smart ture, different types of sensors can be used. Examining
homes to ensure homeowner safety and to avoid or reduce the considered papers in this study reveals that the
property loss. In the case of fire threat, these systems au- "DHT11", "DHT22", "LM35", and "DS18B20" temper-
tomatically notify homeowners about this emergency situ- ature measurement sensors are the focus of researchers
ation and may perform some proper actions to reduce the in the literature with approximately 40% (4/10), 20%
impact. Common causes of fire could be gas leakage, cooking (2/10), 20% (2/10), and 20% (2/10) of the total pub-
outbreaks, and electrical fire including electrical contactless, lished papers, respectively. Figure 11 shows this in-
faulty outlets, and faulty appliances [26]. The analysis of the formation. The figure also shows that the "DHT11"
considered papers in this study reveals that fire can be de- sensor is the top and most commonly used temperature
tected via four detection methods, namely, smoke-based de- measurement sensor.
tection, temperature-based detection, flame-based detection,
and image-based detection. Table 7 presents this information
and refers to the papers of each fire detection method. From
the identified fire detection methods, it can be noted that
"smoke-based detection" is the top and most commonly used
fire detection method with 12 published papers. It is worth
mentioning that some papers employed more than one type
of fire detection method.

TABLE 7. Distribution of papers by fire detection method

Detection Method Published Papers Total FIGURE 11. Number of published papers vs. temperature sensor type
Smoke-based detection [23], [66], [43], [49], [32], [67], 12
[68], [69], [70], [71], [34], [72] It is worth mentioning that each sensor has its own set of
Temperature-based detection [3], [29], [39], [23], [42], [45], [68], 10
[70], [71], [73] technical specifications, and it is difficult for developers
Flame-based detection [24], [68], [55], [59], [74], [73], 8 to choose the most suitable sensor for building their
[63], [65] temperature-based fire detection systems. To help in this
Image-based detection [31] 1
respect, Table 8 briefly presents the main differences
between these four temperature sensors.
• Smoke-based detection: In this type of detection, • Flame-based detection: Flame sensors can also be used
smoke sensors are used to detect the presence of smoke to detect fire and they are available in two main types,
(which is a main indicator of fire occurrence) in the namely, ultraviolet (UV)-based flame sensors and IR-
monitoring area. These sensors work on the basis of the based flame sensors. As most types of fire produce
relationship between voltage and the measured smoke certain levels of UV radiation in the atmosphere, UV
concentration in the atmosphere. In other words, the sensors can be used to detect these levels of radiation.
higher the smoke concentration is, the higher the output The main drawback of these sensors is that they can
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TABLE 8. Comparison of temperature sensors the wide range of their detection compared to other
methods. Here, the fire detection process is performed

Temperature Range
Operating Voltage

Library Required
via four main steps: (a) Image acquisition: here, images

Output Signal
Measurement
Sensor Name

are captured from an installed camera at a regular in-

terval. (b) Image preprocessing: captured images then

Accuracy
might be preprocessed via different techniques (e.g.,
contrast adjustment, intensity adjustment, and color
Temperature +/-2ºC conversion) to enhance their quality or to reduce their
DHT11 Digital 3-5.5V 0-50ºC Yes
Humidity (at 0-50ºC)
Temperature +/-0.5ºC computational complexity [82]. (c) Image similarity
DHT22 Digital 3-6V -40-80ºC Yes measurement: here, two captured images are compared
Humidity (at -40-80ºC)
+/-0.5ºC to each other to decide how close they are. This can be
LM35 Temperature Analog 4-30V -55-150ºC No
(at 25ºC)
+/-0.5ºC
performed by using different image similarity measure-
DS18B20 Temperature Digital 3-5.5V -55-125ºC Yes ments (e.g., Euclidean distance, Mahalanobis distance,
(at -10-85ºC)
and Chord distance) [83]. The outcome from this step
is then used to check whether there is fire in a specific
produce false alarms as a result of detecting other UV monitoring area or not. (d) Image background subtrac-
sources, such as electrical sparks and lighting. Addition- tion: here, the regions of image intensity changes due
ally, their detection could be inhibited by thick smoke, to fire can be extracted for further processing. Often,
vapor, and dust. On the other hand, IR sensors can detect the absolute image subtraction method represented by
fires that emit light in the infrared spectrum. The main |image1-image2| is used for this purpose. Thus, the
drawback of these sensors is that they can produce false output pixels will mostly be zero values in the regions
alarms because they have poor detection performance where no intensity changes are found. Otherwise, the
for stable flames. Analyzing the papers considered in pixels in regions where intensity changes are found
this study reveals that 100% (8/8) of the total published will exhibit significant absolute differences between the
papers considered the "YG1006" IR sensor in develop- two compared images (image before fire and image
ing their systems, as shown in Figure 12. There are many after fire). In most cases, the output from this step is
valid reasons for preferring IR sensors over UV sensors, not very meaningful. Thus, the representation of the
including the fact that IR sensors are more insensitive to output image is converted into another new image that
dust and dirt, are more insensitive to light, and provide is more meaningful and easy to analyze. To do so, the
good detection within the range of approximately 60 thresholding method is employed to convert the output
metre from fire sources. image into a binary image that shows the impact and
size of fire in a more understandable way [84].

3) Gas Detection
LPG is a colorless odorless liquid that readily evaporates into
a gas. Normally, it is provided in cylinders, with odorants
added to help detect leaks. LPG is an essential need of every
household, as it is used for cooking and heating. However, its
FIGURE 12. Number of published papers vs. flame sensor type
leakage could lead to disasters. When the gas meets a source
of ignition, it can burn or explode. Inhaling LPG vapor at
Table 9 presents the technical specifications of the
high concentrations even for a short time can cause fainting,
"YG1006" flame sensor.
asphyxiation, and/or death. Here, different gas sensors can
TABLE 9. "YG1006" sensor specifications be used to detect the presence of gas in the atmosphere.
Analyzing the papers considered in this study reveals that
Specification Detail
Operating Voltage 3.3V-5V the "MQ2", "MQ5", "MQ6", and "MQ9" gas sensors are the
On-board Chip LM393 focus of researchers in the literature. Figure 13 shows this
Detection Angle 60 degrees information. The figure also shows that approximately 70%
Wavelength Detection Range 760nm-1100nm
Distance Detection Range Up to 60 meters
(16/23), 22% (5/23), 4% (1/23), and 4% (1/23) of the total
Dust/Dirt Sensitivity Very low published papers considered "MQ2", "MQ5", "MQ6", and
Light Sensitivity Very low "MQ9", respectively.
Table 10 presents the target gas and concentration range of
• Image-based detection: In this type of detection, im- these four MQ series gas sensors [85].
ages captured by cameras are processed with complex
image processing and analysis techniques to detect D. MOST USED ARDUINO BOARDS (RQ4)
changes, including fire occurrence [81]. The main ad- The smart home safety and security systems in the con-
vantage of using image-based fire detection systems is sidered papers of this study are based on Arduino boards.
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TABLE 11. Comparison of the used Arduino boards

Operating Voltage

Processor Type

Flash Memory
Analog Inputs
Board Name

Clock Speed

Digital I/O

SRAM
PWM
Uno 5V ATmega328P 16 MHz 14 6 6 32 KB 2 KB
Mega 5V ATmega2560 16 MHz 54 16 15 256 KB 8 KB
Due 3.3V ATSAM3X8E 84 MHz 54 12 12 512 KB 96 KB
FIGURE 13. Number of published papers vs. gas sensor type
ATmega32U4 16 MHz 32 KB 2.5 KB
Yun 5V 20 12 7
AR9331 Linux 400 MHz 64 MB 16 MB
ATmega168 16 KB 1 KB
TABLE 10. MQ sensors target gas Nano 5V 16 MHz 14 8 6
ATmega328P 32 KB 2 KB
Leonardo 5V ATmega32U4 16 MHz 20 12 7 32 KB 2.5 KB
Sensor Model Target Gas Detect Concentration
MQ2 LPG, Methane, Butane, Smoke 300-10000ppm
MQ5 LPG, Natural Gas 300-10000ppm
MQ6 LPG, Butane 200-10000ppm actions (e.g., to stop or reduce the impact of dangerous
MQ9 LPG, Carbon Monoxide, Coal 100-10000ppm situations) in response to these undesired situations. Ana-
Gas, Liquefied Gas lyzing the selected papers reveals that "playing sound" and
"sending SMS" with approximately 60% (38/63) and 46%
(29/63) of the total published papers, respectively, are the
These boards are open-source microcontroller-based boards
two most commonly used notification mechanisms. Figure
developed by "Arduino.cc" [86]. Each board has a number
15 shows this information. It is worth mentioning that many
of digital input/output pins, a number of analog input/output
studies employed more than one notification mechanism in
pins, can be powered by a USB cable or by an external power
their systems. Sound is played using buzzers/speakers. The
supply, and is programmable with the Arduino program-
sound of an alarm scares off intruders/infiltrators and catches
ming language. Arduino pins can be interfaced with various
the attention of nearby people towards event taking place.
sensors, actuators, modules, and shields to further expand
Sending SMS messages to designated phone numbers (e.g.,
each board’s capabilities and thus provide more functionality
to homeowners, police stations, or fire stations to enable them
to users [87]. Figure 14 shows the most commonly used
to take proper actions) is performed using GSM communica-
Arduino boards in the selected studies. It is worth mentioning
tion.
that some studies used two boards in a single system. How-
ever, it can be noted that "Arduino Uno" and "Arduino Mega"
are the most used boards, with percentages of approximately
65% (41/63) and 30% (19/63) of the total publications,
respectively. Table 11 presents a brief comparison of the used
Arduino boards.

FIGURE 15. Number of published papers vs. alert/notification type

FIGURE 14. Number of published papers vs. Arduino board Regarding the proper actions considered against unwanted
situations, Figure 16 shows that "water sprinkling", "exhaust
fan", and "fire extinguisher" with approximately 11% (7/63),
E. ALERT NOTIFICATIONS AND RESPONSE ACTIONS 5% (3/63), and 2% (1/63) of the total published papers ,
(RQ5) respectively, are the only three proper actions used. Water
When any unwanted situation (e.g., gas leak, fire, and in- sprinkling is performed via a solenoid valve, which is a valve
trusion) occurs while homeowners are far away, it is crucial switch controlled by an electromagnet. The used valve is a
for the installed safety and security systems to activate alert normally closed (NC) valve, which means that if pressurized
notifications to notify owners or even perform some proper water is supplied to an NC solenoid valve, water will not
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flow through the valve. If a suitable power is supplied to communication medium (ZigBee). The receiver XBee
the valve, the valve will open, and the water will flow. An board is then connected to the Arduino board. The
exhaust fan is a device used to pull out (by moving the air Arduino board is connected to the Internet using the
from inside to outside) the air in a room/house via fans or Arduino Ethernet shield. This connection provides the
blowers. Using exhaust fans helps to clear smoke or leaked opportunity to use an embedded web server that can be
gas. A fire extinguisher is a fire protection device used accessed remotely from everywhere. The Arduino board
for extinguishing or preventing fires. In smart homes, the continuously uploads the readings from the sensors to
extinguisher is controlled and turned on by a servo motor. the embedded web server. Thus, the user can use his/her
mobile phone for example to wirelessly access and
display the readings stored in the web server. Figure 18
shows this architecture type.

FIGURE 16. Number of published papers vs. action type

F. SMART HOME ARCHITECTURES (RQ6)

According to the papers analyzed in this study, it has been
found that a number of different architectures were employed
in the design and implementation of smart home safety
and security systems using Arduino. Figure 17 shows this
information. It can be noted that the top three used system
architectures are "Architecture 15" with approximately 37%
(23/63), "Architecture 14" with approximately 14% (9/63),
and "Architecture 5" with approximately 8% (5/63) of the
total publications.

FIGURE 18. Smart home architecture 1

• Architecture 2: This smart home system architecture

Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

duino board using wires. The Arduino board is con-

nected to the transmitter XBee board using wires. The
transmitter XBee board is connected to the receiver
XBee board wirelessly using ZigBee technology. The
receiver XBee board is then connected to a computer
using a USB cable. In the event of an emergency, the
Arduino board will activate alarms via the actuators and
will send the sensors readings to a personal computer
wirelessly. Thus, the user can use a desktop application
(e.g„ Arduino IDE or a dedicated application) installed
on his/her personal computer to read the sensors data.
Figure 21 shows this architecture type.

FIGURE 19. Smart home architecture 2

duino board using wires. The Arduino board is con-

nected to the Internet using the Arduino Ethernet shield.
In case of an emergency, the Arduino board will activate
alarms via the actuators. Then, it will upload the status
of sensors to the embedded web server. Thus, the user
can use his/her mobile phone for example to wirelessly
access (via the Internet) the sensor readings stored in the
web server. Figure 20 shows this architecture type.

FIGURE 21. Smart home architecture 4

• Architecture 5: This smart home system architecture

consists of sensors and actuators connected to the Ar-
duino board using wires. The Arduino board is con-
nected to the Internet using WiFi. In response to an
emergency situation, the Arduino board will activate
alarms via the actuators. Then, it will upload the status
of the sensors to a web server. Thus, the user can use
his/her mobile phone, for example, to wirelessly access
(via the Internet) the sensors readings stored in the web
server. Figure 22 shows this architecture type.
• Architecture 6: This smart home system architecture
consists of sensors connected to the Arduino board
using wires. The Arduino board is connected to the
transmitter XBee board using wires. The transmitter
XBee board is connected to the receiver XBee board
FIGURE 20. Smart home architecture 3 wirelessly using ZigBee technology. The receiver XBee
board is then connected to a computer using a USB
• Architecture 4: This smart home system architecture cable. The computer is interfaced with a GSM device. In
consists of sensors and actuators connected to the Ar- case of an emergency, the computer will send an alarm
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status of sensors to a web server. Thus, the user can use

his/her mobile phone, for example, to wirelessly access
(via the Internet) the sensors readings stored in the web
server. Figure 24 shows this architecture type.

FIGURE 22. Smart home architecture 5

notification wirelessly to the user. Figure 23 shows this

architecture type.
FIGURE 24. Smart home architecture 7

• Architecture 8: This smart home system architecture

consists of sensors connected to the Arduino board
using wires. The Arduino board is connected to the In-
ternet using an Ethernet connection. The Arduino board
continuously uploads the readings from the sensors to
the embedded web server. Thus, the user can use his/her
mobile phone, for example, to wirelessly access and
display the readings stored in the web server. Figure 25
shows this architecture type.
• Architecture 9: This smart home system architecture
consists of sensors connected to the Arduino board
using wires. The Arduino board is connected to the In-
ternet using WiFi. In case of an emergency, the Arduino
will upload the status of sensors to a web server. Then,
the server will send an alarm notification wirelessly to
the user. Figure 26 shows this architecture type.
• Architecture 10: This smart home system architecture
consists of sensors (camera) connected to a computer
using wires. The Arduino board is connected to the com-
puter using a USB cable. In the event of an emergency,
the Arduino board will activate alarms via the actuators
and then will send an alarm notification wirelessly using
GSM to the user. Figure 27 shows this architecture type.
FIGURE 23. Smart home architecture 6 • Architecture 11: This smart home system architecture
consists of sensors (camera) connected to a computer
• Architecture 7: This smart home system architecture using wires. The Arduino board is connected to the
consists of sensors connected to the Arduino board computer using a USB cable. In response to an emer-
using wires. The Arduino board is connected to a com- gency situation, the Arduino board will activate alarms
puter using a USB cable. The computer uploads the via the actuators. Then, the computer will send sensor
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FIGURE 25. Smart home architecture 8 FIGURE 27. Smart home architecture 10

FIGURE 28. Smart home architecture 11

FIGURE 26. Smart home architecture 9

shows this architecture type.
• Architecture 13: This smart home system architecture
data wirelessly to Dropbox so that the user can access consists of sensors connected to the transmitter Arduino
the stored data. Figure 28 shows this architecture type. board using wires. The transmitter Arduino board is
• Architecture 12: This smart home system architecture connected to the receiver Arduino board using a wireless
consists of sensors and actuators connected to the Ar- communication medium. The receiver Arduino board
duino board using wires. In case of an emergency, the is connected to the Internet using WiFi. The receiver
Arduino board will activate alarms via the actuators. Arduino board uploads the status of sensors to a web
Additionally, the user has the ability to wirelessly access server. Thus, the user can use his/her mobile phone,
the sensor readings via Bluetooth by using a mobile for example, to wirelessly access (via the Internet) the
application installed on his/her mobile phone. Figure 29 sensors readings stored in the web server. Figure 30
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FIGURE 31. Smart home architecture 14

FIGURE 29. Smart home architecture 12 nected to the mobile network using GSM. In case of an
emergency, the Arduino board will activate alarms via
the actuators and then will send an alarm notification
shows this architecture type. wirelessly to the user. Figure 32 shows this architecture
type.

FIGURE 32. Smart home architecture 15

• Architecture 16: This smart home system architecture

consists of sensors and actuators connected to the Ar-
FIGURE 30. Smart home architecture 13 duino board using wires. The Arduino board is con-
nected to a computer using wires. A camera is connected
• Architecture 14: This smart home system architec- to the computer using wires. The computer is connected
ture consists of sensors and actuators connected to the to the Internet using WiFi. In the event of an emergency,
Arduino board using wires. In case of an emergency, the Arduino board will activate alarms via the actuators
the Arduino board will activate alarms via the actua- and then will send a notification to the computer to
tors. Thus, the user will notice the sensor readings and capture pictures. Then, the computer will upload the
alarms. Figure 31 shows this architecture type. pictures to the server. The user can use his/her mobile
• Architecture 15: This smart home system architecture phone for example to wirelessly access (via the Internet)
consists of sensors and actuators connected to the Ar- the pictures stored in the server. Figure 33 shows this
duino board using wires. The Arduino board is con- architecture type.
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FIGURE 33. Smart home architecture 16 FIGURE 34. Smart home architecture 17

• Architecture 17: This smart home system architecture

consists of sensors connected to the transmitter Arduino
board using wires. The transmitter Arduino board is
connected to the receiver Arduino board using a wireless
communication medium. The receiver Arduino board
is connected to the mobile network and to the Internet
using GSM and WiFi, respectively. In the event of an
emergency, the receiver Arduino board will send an
alarm notification wirelessly to the user via the mobile
network then it will upload the status of sensors to the
server. Thus, the user can use his/her mobile phone,
for example, to wirelessly access (via the Internet) the
sensors readings stored in the server. Figure 34 shows
this architecture type.
• Architecture 18: This smart home system architecture
consists of sensors connected to the Arduino board us-
ing wires. The Arduino board is connected to the mobile
network using GSM. In an emergency situation, the
Arduino board will send an alarm notification wirelessly
to the user. Here, the user also has the ability to send
back a deactivation notification to the Arduino board to FIGURE 35. Smart home architecture 18
stop the operation of the system. Figure 35 shows this
architecture type.
• Architecture 19: This smart home system architecture use his/her mobile phone, for example, to wirelessly
consists of sensors connected to the Arduino board access (via the Internet) the sensors readings stored in
using wires. The Arduino board is connected to the the server. Figure 36 shows this architecture type.
mobile network using GSM and to the Internet using • Architecture 20: This smart home system architecture
an Ethernet connection. In the case of an emergency, the consists of sensors connected to the transmitter Arduino
Arduino board will send an alarm notification wirelessly board using wires. The transmitter Arduino board is
to the user via the mobile network and then uploads connected to the receiver Arduino board using a wireless
the status of sensors to the server. Thus, the user can communication medium. The receiver Arduino board
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FIGURE 36. Smart home architecture 19

is connected to a computer using a USB cable. The

computer is connected to the Internet via WiFi. In an
emergency situation, the receiver Arduino board will FIGURE 37. Smart home architecture 20
activate alarms via the actuators connected to it and
then will send sensor readings to the computer to be
uploaded to the server. Thus, the user can use his/her
mobile phone, for example, to wirelessly access (via the
Internet) the sensors readings stored in the server. Figure
37 shows this architecture type.
• Architecture 21: This smart home system architec-
ture consists of sensors and actuators connected to
the Arduino board using wires. The Arduino board is
connected to the mobile network using GSM. In an
emergency situation, the Arduino board will activate
alarms via the actuators and then will send an alarm
notification wirelessly to the user. Here, the user also
has the ability to send back a deactivation notification to
the Arduino board to stop the operation of the actuators.
Figure 38 shows this architecture type.

G. DETAILS AND FINDINGS EXTRACTED FROM

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES (RQ7) FIGURE 38. Smart home architecture 21
Analyzing the selected papers of this study based on the sys-
tem architectures obtained from them reveals several useful
details and interesting findings as follows: the total publications, respectively.
• Wired connection: In a wired connection, the sensors
1) Collecting Sensors Data are connected directly to the main Arduino boards via
It has been found that sensors data can be collected by wires. Thus, the main boards directly read their readings
Arduino boards via two connection mediums, namely, wired except in architectures 10 and 11, where the readings
and wirelessly. Figure 39 shows the connection types used, of the sensors are collected by a computer that decides
i.e., "wired connection" and "wireless connection", with per- whether there is an emergency situation or not. In an
centages of approximately 89% (56/63) and 11% (7/63) of emergency situation, the computer will inform the Ar-
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FIGURE 39. Number of published papers vs. sensor connection type

duino board to activate some actuators to generate alarm

notifications.
• Wireless connection: In a wireless connection as in
architectures 1, 2, 4, 6, 13, 17, and 20, transmitter
FIGURE 40. Number of published papers vs. server type
and receiver nodes are employed. Examining the afore-
mentioned seven architectures reveals that the ZigBee
module was used in five papers and that the NRF24L01
the integrity and functionality of the installed system.
module was used in two papers. Only these two modules
This can be ensured by searching for real-world projects
were used as wireless communication mediums between
that a specific server has been deployed for and what the
the transmitters and receivers. Table 12 presents a brief
results were.
comparison of these two wireless communication mod-
• Features: The selected server should meet both user
ules. For more details, please refer to [88].
and developer requirements. Additionally, it is crucial
TABLE 12. Comparison between ZigBee and NRF24L01 wireless
to check whether the offered features are free of cost
communication modules or not. Some advanced features are provided only after
Module Typical Range Data Rates Power
paying some amount of money.
ZigBee 10-100m 20-250kbps Low • Support: The selected server should provide support to
NRF24L01 10-150m 250kbps-Mbps Ultra-Low its users when they are faced with any technical issues
while using it.
• Documentation: The selected server should provide
2) Data Storage Servers users with full documentation of how to use it. The doc-
Different types of servers/platforms were used in the consid- umentation should be written in a simple and informa-
ered papers for two purposes: (a) To store sensors readings tive way and should always be available for download.
to be accessed by users. (b) To send alarm notifications.
Figure 40 shows the different types of servers used. Clearly, 3) Internet Connectivity
"Local server", "Ethernet server", "ThingSpeak server", and
It has been found that 25 out of the 63 papers employed
"Ubidots server" are the most commonly used servers, with
the Internet in their systems via two connection methods,
percentages of approximately 13% (8/63), 8% (5/63), 6%
namely, WiFi and Ethernet connections. Figure 41 shows the
(4/63), and 3% (2/63) of the total publications, respectively.
connection types used, i.e., "WiFi connection" and "Ethernet
Additionally, it can be noted that many of these servers
connection", with percentages of approximately 64% (16/25)
are cloud based. To help developers select the most suitable
and 36% (9/25) of the total publications, respectively.
server to be used in their systems out of many available
options, the following main points can be considered in the Table 13 briefly presents the main differences between the
selection process [89]: WiFi and Ethernet connections [90].
• Availability: The selected server or platform should
Examining the papers that used WiFi to connect to the
have high availability (the probability that it will be run Internet reveals that "ESP8266 WiFi", "PC Builtin WiFi",
with no outage for many years). This can be ensured by and "Arduino Yun Builtin WiFi" have percentages of approx-
asking current and past customers and by investigating imately 44% (7/16), 44% (7/16), and 12% (2/16) of the total
reviews that reflect what each server can offer in this publications, respectively. Figure 42 shows this result.
context.
• Scalability: Because an installed system may grow H. CHALLENGES AND ISSUES (RQ8)
over time due to users’ needs, the selected server should A variety of challenges and issues are posed by implementing
be able to scale well with that without compromising and using smart home safety and security systems using Ar-
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FIGURE 42. Number of published papers vs. sensor connection type

FIGURE 41. Number of published papers vs. connection type • Internet outage: Many of the proposed systems de-
pend on the Internet to send alarm notifications or to
TABLE 13. Comparison between Wifi and Ethernet connections upload readings obtained from different sensors to the
cloud to be accessed by users. Without Internet con-
Factors Wifi Ethernet nectivity, users will not be notified of any unwanted
Speed Slow data transfer speed Faster data transfer speed situations. To overcome this issue, the installed system
Reliability Suffers from signal inter- Does not suffer from sig-
ference to due environ- nal interference should periodically check the Internet connectivity. In
mental conditions the case of Internet outages, the system should be able
Security Data needs to be en- Data does not require to to send its notifications and upload its readings once
crypted be encrypted
Latency Higher Lower the Internet is available again. Another valid solution
Cable Installation Not required Required is to employ GSM technology in addition to using the
Deployment Easy to install and deploy Difficult to install and de- Internet [47], [55]. When there is no Internet, GSM
ploy
communication can be used.
• Software compatibility: In the papers considered in
this study, all the proposed systems that enable home-
duino and their enabling technologies. The following points owners to use mobile applications to access the readings
summarize those challenges and issues. of sensors or interact with the system have associated
• Physical attacks: The distributed and unattended na- Android native mobile applications that were created
ture of sensors and actuators installed in smart homes for this purpose. The rationale for developing mobile
makes them susceptible to different types of physical applications for only Android-based devices is the fact
attacks [91]. They may physically be destroyed (e.g., that Android has become the most popular operating
via physical force, heat, or counterfeiting of their asso- system for mobile phones and tablets [57]. Considering
ciated circuitry), disabled, or even stolen. Therefore, it that all homeowners have Android-based devices is not
is essential to install and deploy these devices in secure viable. To overcome this issue, web applications or
locations to protect them against physical attacks [92]. hybrid mobile applications that are developed using web
• Device failure: Because there are a number of sensors, technologies (e.g., HTML, CSS, and JavaScript) can be
actuators, and microcontrollers that communicate with used instead of native mobile applications. Doing so will
each other, failure in one of these devices may lead enable users to utilize the proposed systems using smart
to failure of the entire system. It is recommended that phones with any operating system installed or by using
when the installed system starts working, it should dis- computers. Web applications provide full interoperabil-
play the status of all connected devices to the user. Thus, ity or cross-platform compatibility features. Therefore,
the user from the beginning will notice if any device is they can be accessed and used by any software plat-
not working properly. Otherwise, the developed system form. On the other hand, developing native mobile
should be adaptable and continue working in case of applications limits their use [93]. In addition, any large
simple failures or immediately warn users about the change occurring in that platform means that the whole
occurrence of any failure. application will need to be changed accordingly, which
• Power outage: A power outage due to damaged elec- is not feasible and time consuming.
trical transmission lines, short circuits, etc., prevents • Arduino clones: Most of the proposed systems in the
the deployed system from delivering its services to the literature used Arduino clones, not original devices, in
user. One valid solution to this issue is to use power their systems. This may lead to problems in the long
backups such as solar panels with rechargeable batteries run for many reasons owing to the following: (a) They
to power the system [59]. There are many benefits of are not made from the best hardware components (e.g.,
using solar energy, including the fact that it does not integrated circuits (ICs), I/O pins, communication ports,
harm the environment/atmosphere and can be collected and soldering materials). (b) They have the issue of
every day, even on cloudy days [65]. drivers not working on some operating systems. (c)
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They are not fully tested for better quality before being usage, and SRAM usage, different coding strategies
shipped. (optimization) can be employed. However, analyzing
• Security: Many of the proposed systems utilize the the considered papers reveals that no study analyzed
IoT to deliver services to homeowners. However, the and measured the impact of writing efficient code for
IoT core physical components, such as wireless sensor programming Arduino-based safety and security sys-
networks (WSNs) and wireless communication devices, tems. Additionally, to use sensors such as DHT11 and
are vulnerable to various security threats [94]. This is DHT22 for measuring humidity and temperature, an
because these components suffer from resource lim- external software library must be included in the code.
itations, computing constraints, small storage spaces, For example, the libraries: [96], [97], and [98] can all
and limited wireless channel bandwidth. Any security be used to program the DHT11 sensor, but one of them
threat in this respect may lead to the entire system provides better performance and outperforms the others
being compromised. To overcome this security issue, in terms of runtime, flash memory usage, and SRAM
software and hardware enhancements may be useful in space. There is no study in the literature addressing
some cases. To address the issue properly and com- this important issue. Therefore, it will be interesting to
prehensively, sophisticated countermeasures must be examine the capabilities and performance of each avail-
applied, such as malicious node detection techniques, able library to help developers select the most suitable
lightweight encryption algorithms, secure key manage- one.
ment mechanisms, and secure routing protocols [95]. • Visualization: Using a large number of different sensors
in homes can create a large amount of data related to
I. FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH (RQ9) what is happening in one’s home. However, if these
Several possible directions for future research were identified data are not reduced and visualized in a meaningful
based on the analysis of the papers included in this study. and understandable way, they will overwhelm the home-
These future directions are summarized and categorized un- owner. One solution to this issue is to apply filters to
der the following points: separate the sensors readings into different abstraction
• Extendability: The installed Arduino-based smart levels. Thus, the homeowner can look for the data
home safety and security systems should allow home- within a specific level only instead of going through
owners to add new types of sensors and actuators when all the displayed data. In this way, the user can better
needed without making large changes to the software understand the displayed data. Additionally, it has been
and hardware design. This can be achieved by allowing found that most developed systems display raw sensors
owners to add new devices and then register (e.g., by data to users who are mostly nontechnical and thus
providing the type of device, type of device output, and cannot understand the data without it being processed
device pin) them using a new software feature called and displayed in an informative format.
“add new sensor/actuators” that should be provided by • Testing: Smart home safety and security system testing
the software application developed for this purpose. requires a variety of connected sensors, actuators, and
Here, one issue that developers may face could be un- devices to be deployed and then actually tested. In
derstanding how the software functionality for a specific practice, certain situations such as considering fire in
added device will be added or generated. In addition, all the rooms of a house are difficult and not safe to
what will the impact, cost, or effort be in achieving this? be provided. Therefore, developers should be equipped
An intensive investigation in this regard can therefore be with various types of simulation software to resolve
considered a successful step forward. this deployment issue. These tools should allow various
• Satisfaction: The goal of using smart home safety and critical scenarios to be simulated and should also allow
security systems is to help notify homeowners in the testing systems under these scenarios before they are
event of an unwanted situation while they are far from used in reality.
home. However, are homeowners truly satisfied with
using the developed systems? In the considered papers, V. THREATS TO VALIDITY
there is no research addressing this important concern. Different threats may affect the validity of literature survey
Thus, it is crucial to measure user satisfaction and even studies. For this paper, the following actions were taken into
involve it in some parts of the development process. consideration to avoid threats to validity.
• Performance: Arduino devices suffer from resource • Finding related papers: It cannot be ensured whether
limitations and computing capabilities (e.g., limited all the related studies can be found. Thus, several litera-
code storage space, limited data memory size, and ture databases were used and a search string with several
limited processing power). Therefore, it is crucial to term synonyms was applied to obtain the relevant stud-
efficiently program these devices, especially when the ies. However, there may still remain some undiscovered
aim is to develop time-sensitive applications where each papers. To address this threat, there was intensive appli-
second matters. To increase the performance of Arduino cation of the snowballing search technique to reduce the
programs in terms of execution time, flash memory probability of missing important relevant papers.
VOLUME 4, 2016 19

Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

• Accuracy of data extraction: Many mistakes may [6] M. B. Yassein, I. Hmeidi, F. Shatnawi, W. Mardini, and Y. Khamayseh,
occur when extracting data from the selected papers. “Smart home is not smart enough to protect you - protocols, challenges
and open issues,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 160, pp. 134 – 141,
To tackle this threat, the data extraction process was 2019.
performed manually. Automatic mining and filtering [7] A. Daissaoui, A. Boulmakoul, L. Karim, and A. Lbath, “Iot and big data
provided by Microsoft Excel were also used in the analytics for smart buildings: A survey,” Procedia Computer Science, vol.
170, pp. 161 – 168, 2020.
spreadsheet. The results from both methods were then [8] V. Williams, S. Terence J., and J. Immaculate, “Survey on internet of
compared to determine the differences and reach a final things based smart home,” in 2019 International Conference on Intelligent
dataset. Sustainable Systems (ICISS), 2019, pp. 460–464.
[9] M. Alaa, A. Zaidan, B. Zaidan, M. Talal, and M. Kiah, “A review of smart
• Study reproducibility: Another threat is whether other home applications based on internet of things,” Journal of Network and
researchers could obtain similar results if they per- Computer Applications, vol. 97, pp. 48 – 65, 2017.
form/duplicate this study. To address this threat, all [10] M. Asadullah and A. Raza, “An overview of home automation systems,” in
the steps of the research methodology followed and 2016 2nd International Conference on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
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VI. CONCLUSIONS
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TABLE 14: List of all papers included in this study

No. Ref. Paper Title Year

1 [2] A tablet-controlled, mesh-network security system: an architecture for a secure, mesh network of security and automation systems using 2014
Arduino and Zigbee controllers and an Android tablet application
2 [36] Android based smart home system with control via Bluetooth and internet connectivity 2014
3 [1] Design of Small Smart Home System Based on Arduino 2014
4 [3] HOME FADS: A Dedicated Fire Alert Detection System Using ZigBee Wireless Network 2014
5 [37] A comparative study and implementation of real time home automation system 2015
6 [29] Intelligent home management system prototype design and development 2015
7 [38] Prototype utilization of PIR motion sensor for real time surveillance system and web-enabled lamp automation 2015
8 [4] Smart home automation system for intrusion detection 2015
9 [39] Smart home for elderly care, based on Wireless Sensor Network 2015
10 [23] Xively based sensing and monitoring system for IoT 2015
11 [24] A 24 hour IoT framework for monitoring and managing home automation 2016
12 [40] ADDSMART: Address Digitization and Smart Mailbox with RFID Technology 2016
13 [31] An automatic fire detection and warning system under home video surveillance 2016
14 [30] Design and implementation of Smart Home Surveillance system 2016
15 [41] Design and implementation prototype of a smart house system at low cost and multi-functional 2016
16 [42] Home Monitoring and Security system 2016
17 [66] Smoke Detection Alert System via Mobile Application 2016
18 [43] Wireless Home monitoring using Social Internet of Things (SIoT) 2016
19 [44] Customary homes to smart homes using Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile application 2017
20 [19] Design and implementation of a low-cost Arduino-based smart home system 2017
21 [45] Design and implementation of security system for smart home 2017
22 [27] Economical Home Monitoring System Using IOT 2017
23 [46] Home automation system using wireless network 2017
24 [47] IoT based intrusion detection system using PIR sensor 2017
25 [48] IoT: Secured and automated house 2017
26 [49] Low-cost home automation using Arduino and Modbus protocol 2017
27 [50] RFID Device Based Home Security System to Detect Intruder Trespassing 2017
28 [32] Smart home solutions with sun tracking solar panel 2017
29 [67] A Home Environment Monitoring Design on Arduino 2018
30 [75] A User-Friendly Low-Cost Mobile App Based Home Appliance Control And Circuit Breaker 2018
31 [51] Arduino-based Wireless Motion Detecting System 2018
32 [52] Design and Implementation of IoT-Based Automation System for Smart Home 2018
33 [25] Design of Weather Monitoring System and Smart Home Automation 2018
34 [53] Development of Voice Control and Home Security for Smart Home Automation 2018
35 [76] Effective Environmental Monitoring and Domestic Home Conditions by Implementation of IoT 2018
36 [54] ElectriCare – Care, Protection and Automation 2018
37 [68] Fire Safety and Alert System Using Arduino Sensors with IoT Integration 2018
38 [69] GSM based Home Environment Monitoring System 2018
39 [26] Home Security System Using GSM 2018
40 [33] Microcontroller Based Smart Home System with Enhanced Appliance Switching Capacity 2018
41 [70] Prototype of Fire Symptom Detection System 2018
42 [55] Prototype Residence Monitoring and Automation System Using Microcontroller Arduino 2018
43 [56] Smart Home System - Remote Monitoring and Control Using Mobile Phone 2018
44 [57] Design and Validation of a Multifunctional Android-Based Smart Home Control and Monitoring System 2019
45 [58] Developing System from Low-Cost Devices to Build a Security and Fire System as a Part of IoT 2019
46 [35] Domicile - An IoT Based Smart Home Automation System 2019
47 [71] Early Detection System for Gas Leakage and Fire in Smart Home Using Machine Learning 2019
48 [77] Gas Leakage Detection Based on IOT 2019
49 [78] GSM Based Low-cost Gas Leakage, Explosion and Fire Alert System with Advanced Security 2019
50 [59] Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Sustainable Home Automation along with Security using Solar Energy 2019
51 [79] IoT based LPG cylinder monitoring system 2019
52 [74] IoT based smart gas management system 2019
53 [60] IoT based Smart Security System using PIR and Microwave Sensors 2019
54 [28] Iot Based Smart Wireless Home Security Systems 2019
55 [61] IOT Controlled Home Automation Technologies 2019
56 [62] Neural controller for smart house security subsystem 2019
57 [80] Ogrodut: GSM based Gas Leakage Detection and Ventilation System using Arduino and Servo Motor 2019
58 [73] Quick Fire Sensing Model and Extinguishing by Using an Arduino Based Fire Protection Device 2019
59 [34] Service Development of Smart Home Automation System 2019
60 [72] Smart Fire-Alarm System for Home 2019
61 [63] Smart Home Automation System Using Internet of Things 2019
62 [64] Smart home monitoring and automation energy efficient system using IoT devices 2019
63 [65] Smart Old Age Home Using Zigbee 2019

VOLUME 4, 2016 23

Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

TABLE 15. List of active journals with abbreviations

Acronym Journal Full Name

Procedia Comput. Sci. Procedia Computer Science
IEEE Access IEEE Access

TABLE 16. List of active conferences with abbreviations

Acronym Conference Full Name

ICCES International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES)
ICAEE International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE)
ICECA International conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA)
ICOEI International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI)

24 VOLUME 4, 2016

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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