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Computing Concepts: Lecture 3: Overview of Computers and Programming

The document provides an overview of computers and programming, describing the history and evolution of computers from the ENIAC to modern devices, the key components of computer hardware and software including the CPU, memory, operating systems and applications, and different computer languages from machine to assembly to high-level languages.

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Mohammad Newaz Sharif Rafi 1911191642
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62 views

Computing Concepts: Lecture 3: Overview of Computers and Programming

The document provides an overview of computers and programming, describing the history and evolution of computers from the ENIAC to modern devices, the key components of computer hardware and software including the CPU, memory, operating systems and applications, and different computer languages from machine to assembly to high-level languages.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Newaz Sharif Rafi 1911191642
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computing Concepts

Lecture 3: Overview of Computers and


Programming

North South University CSE115


Electronic Computers Then..
• ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Was unveiled publicly on February, 1946.
• In 2011, to honor of the 65th anniversary of the ENIAC‘s unveiling,
the city of Philadelphia declared February 15 as the ENIAC‘s day.
• Weighed 30 tons
• Occupied 30-by-50 foot space.
• Used to compute ballistics
tables, predict the weather, and
make atomic energy
calculations.
• Was in continuous operation
untill October 2, 1955.

North South University CSE115 2


Electronic Computers Today

(a) Desktop Computer


(b) Hewlett Packard Laptop
(c) iPad
(a) (b) (d) Android phone, LG Thrill
4G

(c) (d)

North South University CSE115 3


Elements of Computer Systems

• Two major categories:


1. Hardware
2. Software

• Hardware: Hardware is the equipment used to perform


the necessary computations and includes the central
processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard, mouse,
printer, and speakers.

• Software: Software consists of the programs that


enables us to solve problems with a computer by
providing it with lists of instructions to perform.

North South University CSE115 4


Computer Hardware (contd.)

• Main memory:
– stores programs, data, and results.
– Has two types: RAM and ROM
– RAM: Random Access Memory, offers temporary storage of
programs and data, usually volatile memory which means that
everything in RAM will be lost when the computer is switched off.
– ROM: Read-Only Memory, stores programs or data permanently,
not volatile. Start.up instructions and other critical instructions
are burned into ROM chips at the factory.
• Secondary Storage Devices:
– Reason: First, need for permanent or semipermanent storage for
information
– Second, systems typically store more information than will fit in
main memory.

North South University CSE115 5


Computer Hardware

• Main memory
• Secondary memory:
CDs, DVDs, Hard
drives, flash drives,
etc.
• Central Processing
Unit
• Input devices:
keyboards, mouses,
touch pads,
scaanners, joysticks,
etc.
• Output devices:
monitors, printers,
Components of a PC speakers, etc.

North South University CSE115 6


Anatomy of Memory
Memory Cells
• Ordered sequence of storage locations
• Each cell has a unique address that indicates its relative
position in memory.
• The data stored in a memory cell are called the contents of
the cell.

Bits
• Derived from the words binary digit
• Smallest element a computer can deal with

Bytes
• The amount of storage required to
store a single character (usually 8 bits)
such as the letter H stored in memory
cell 4 in figure.

North South University CSE115 7


Computer Software

• Operating System (OS):


– Software that controls interaction of user and
computer hardware and that manages
allocation of computer resources.
• Application Software:
– software used for a specific task such as word
processing, accounting, or database
management.

North South University CSE115 8


Computer Languages

• Machine Language:
– Binary number codes understood be a
specific CPU
• Assembly Language:
– Mnemonic codes that correspond to machine
language instructions
• High-level language:
– Machine-independent programming language
that combines algebraic expressions and
English symbols
North South University CSE115 9

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