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Full Topic 1 Notes

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Lola Veitch
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253 views

Full Topic 1 Notes

IB ESS Topic 1 notes

Uploaded by

Lola Veitch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Environmental Value Systems An environmental value system is a perspective that determines how individuals / societies and politi Movement view the environment. tis the ‘lens’ through which individuals decide on the value or species, habitats or ecosystems. The lens is made up of an individuals / societies: © Education © Culture! * Politics | © Parental Influence * Lifestyle © Religion / Spiritual Values Individuals and Societies display and express different value systems to differing environmental problems or contexts. Environmental Value Systems are dynamic (they are constantly changing and being modified) \|Eco centric / + An ecocentric viewpoint integrates social, spiritual and environmental a ”\imnensions into a holistic ideal,It puts ecology and nature as central to humanity = and emphasizes a less materialistic approach to life with greater self-sufficiency of societies. An ecocentric | viewpoint prioritizes biorights, emphasizes the importance of education and encourages self-restraint in . , human behaviour. ropocentric |An anthropocentric viewpoint argues that humans must sustainably manage the global system! This might be ‘through the use of taxes, environmental regulation and legislation. Debate would be encouraged to reach a “consensual, pragmatic approach to solving environmental problems. ‘Technocentric! Techno centric’solutions to environmental problem8. This is a consequence of a largely optimistic view of the? "Tole humans can play in improving the lot of humanity. Scientific research is encouraged in order to forry — policies and to understand how systems can be controlled) manipulated or changed to solve resource i] depletion. A pro-growth agenda is deemed necessary for society's improvement. t . There are extremes at either end of this spectrum (for example, deep ecologists= ecocentric to cornucopian— ‘ tecrinocentric), but in practice, EVSs vary greatly depending on cultures and time periods, and they rarely fit simply or perfectly into any classification. Scanned with CamScanner ‘The figure below contains an ancient Chinese proverb. Proverb" Ifyou are thinking a year ahead, sowseed I.you are thinking ten years ahead, I you are thinking a hundred years educate the people ahead, Chinese poet Kuan Tzu 500 BC ‘The poet Kuan Tzu could be seen as an ecacentrist or a technocentrst. Justify whether ‘you think his views are ecocentric or technocentric. 2) Outline two factors which may offect someone's environm _ Suivoundind lucodion ith / Lifestyle + Relidion Scanned with CamScanner _|___ Description Religious / | Educational | Guttural/ example of (Environmental SP iritual Political [Society y eeeazeer | Value system) aspects __f Anthropowutric |* Considering |*Westem _| + ASSertive [+ Govenntent] * America. 1 7 human beings |cutture | high level cururt | Cram, | as the most lof confidere| + Living within the Means of nature «Living off +he interest oF nature (LIVing With the extra (SMa amount) without destroying the capital), |. Using natures Sustamable natural income ex? Fish catching -catch Small amount & let themselves to reproduct? Q. why do we Not change? — | (Inertia (Lack of will /effort) Misleading media (Adjusting) Lack of political will (Govemment laws) | Expense (Recover) Unsure Will happen in the future Scanned with CamScanner 412 — fF Gaia and Daisyworld? ; el \LoeTo explain how Gola theory explains Systems thining ~~ Related to EVS maintains conditions for_life” Gaia Hypothesis : "Earth 1s a Sef regulating , comPlex Site + Proposed by James lovelock who Was the member of NASA Sto ; program teams aimed to look for life on other Planets LoHthout delay travelling +0 those Planets. ‘Gaia’ _¢ complex, reactive and dinantic atmosphere 4 Regulate condition CLife on earth crecttes % Moinains Heo C the planet Screams - 1'm ative. | ‘Daisyworid! C Black & votiFe daisy) A White daisy> white doisy reflects heat» get cold black daisy Fon Famed /srows temp risee absord heat <— black daisy stows Cloud reflect SUN & Cool down the -temperature . Scanned with CamScanner SS ee = 5 7 (EcoloSiaa|_foot print Seal ow! uke i ml logical footprint is the area : Pei i An ecological aaa te resowrds a the fete OF which 4% Sustainability Pr = x being consumed by that popuiati . (MEDC + LEDC = Large + Smaul’ camout of eotp #Thailand= 2.66 9h/ per person to Sustain them Sustainatirity (Global Biocapacity 7 Earth Biocapacity= |. 66 9h/ Per person AS population * Earth Bio wmpacity Clack of space for the human) eu it (nde Ht vari E 3 a Dependent Variabl 7 The mount of Catbon_|+ Size of GDP = The amount of and | Carbon emission &or grazing) » Food Production 4 The Omount of forest |. Bindiversity (to Sueply timber) _|- Popwation / extinction fore ‘Size oF fisheries [+ Life expectancy (68/08) Size of urban areas |: Gendey Parity < Amount of ag ricytural Air quauty land Co $row food) |: Rates of reSoute_@hsumetion ——LETASK 5 The relationship between Ecolodica footprint ancl) Life_expectancy, \ | —_Hnorthesis - country thes havehigh number of ecoiosicgs Footprints will at hove . low lige SARE CHONY > [ack of resources Country that hove z ; LSE _Scojovicot footprints will nove _ | higher life. SxPectancy > | NCY > eFough amount of rescurces —_LLTable C20 countries) © a eevee ESC “NOE low Number of ecological feotprints Wil have | eNough amount of rescurces ia lat Scanned with CamScanner |__ eet ) Scattered 9faph (20 counties) - __| + Life expectancy vs Ecological footprint 2 World overage Betty Poets. See oo hb pee) —— Life ‘expectancy is increasiny every Year dlobony indicates that heath care system and +the vaccine has developed. In +this Huble(ll), the “country with the bighest life expectancy is Spain ot 83.2 years and the country with the lowest life expectony i ziland__ ot SB. 6 years. Most of the MEDC countries such as Canada, UK, Stain, Fran@ and US have ish life expectancy while most of the [Lepc countries: Such as Afghanistan, Hoiti , zimbabwe and [Swaziland have lower expectancy. His because those countries have good heath Care and enough amount of -food production 3. uUSe land aS agricultural wases, However, most of the countries? Lcolodical footprints except -from Philippines Bangladesh, Afghanistan | and Haiti are higher than the world auetase ecological footprints Which is _L4Gha per person that means People arotind +he € using more than an averade/ limited amount thet World of ecOlogical footerint. overuse) earth: (an Provide For example” iq tis Sieh(l2) shows that US-+aS hish numper of LCOlo9ica! footprints at 8.229ha which Means US need 8.229h| per person to systain them Sustainability. In a word, US | People are not live Sustainability because they have more than laverade Size of ecoloSical footArint. tt-Oiso suggests -thatas the Humber oF Population Sroush, the number of ecological foctorint’s wil_| Scanned with CamScanner decrease because there are {imded area [resources for People oy on nee Earth. tt is not 90ing-to be Sustainable if they destroy |covitay the _imed“Gmount_ of Population) and use the ¢ dgcrease becouse of act of food production and lack a on the Earth. } 2. My Hypothesis wos wrong. @ ish) Tale shui ] |. County _Ecologea fotpr Life expectancy Alghanistan 079587) j Bangladesh ‘South Korea ee Spain ves Swactand lecnme_| Thatand | UK Feo UAE i Zimbabwe [(Prcvecms — ere Rear Presa ae If the Country hos high life ex Pe jf ME resources during they live fe. > Ecol ll. number would increase . ell Scanned with CamScanner __CEnergy and Matter> I|_S¥stems “Contain ¢ “energy 0 and matter _* Energy- Power or the ability to do work Matter A Substances which has_moss_and_volume(atom of hydrogen, /The plant Earth ° Tree {_ineux |store [ Gureur fetand /soil |__| «plants the * Fruit & [+ Seed tree + Roots je Sunlignt | « Woter the + Flower _|-* Fertilizer pea +rer >| ° Timber* _[ Nutrient e Manage | |_| 02 /COz | Climacte. e + Reflected light * Coz %*_c Glucose * H20 4 Starch |. Labour ¥ eitulase Photosynthesis Respiration Decomposition ,Tonspiratior 7 Respiration « Transfer tBoth energy and mater have the ayility to be transferred > ‘flow’ woter moving from +he fiver > Sea. vind E Sugar moving from a hertivore > carnivore N the ocgan Currents moving warm woter around the plonet =No change of form occurs Water remain aS Water Sugar = Sugar Heat Energy = Heat enersy * Transfomation - From_one type of matter into nother +yPe_of mater (or erers) Scanned with CamScanner co to GAS Cevatotation) Light to Heck ce | Light (©) 7 Jucse (mater) chemical enersy ( Photosynttesis) | a 12/4 Sarter + Mobile phone, Inputs & Outputs | Input i Output Plastics Kinetic i Glass Sound _| Metals Phone | Light Lapour Therma)=-heat | v Electrical ©) Time co UnuSeFuLT Csemiconductor) (907, wostd® ) > 10-/-chepnical® VND < System model - Forest ecosystem7 Storages _ Pro@ss * Producer ¢ Plants /Tree? + Photosynthesis + Herbivores Animals that eat plants)| (Coz + H20> GHeQct02) L + The sun + Consumption “(Camivores (Pure meat consumer) |: Death & Waste «Detritus (waste) + Decomposttion (Break down) «Nutrients in Soil + Respiration ( pgatloss) + Decomposer ( Bacteria, Fungi) |: Reflect Cheat {0SS) jt} A10-7/ fale CLoss Yo+/. oF enersy by reflection Cheat fos) | Scanned with CamScanner | fespirasion, | Chtot 1055) SOK) [mM Reflection Cheod toss) _Lo00K “an out | > vorster Transformation Scanned with CamScanner [ imogine the image of Haxry Poter) | [Ff Graphical Models * ac ||__+ Tables / Diagrams / pictures / Photogtaghs (Maps | Mosthematica! Models | Physical Models > | Verbal Models | Advant Disadvantages |+ Allow complex systems to_be + Lack accuracy | simplified * iterpreted differently by different + Limited Prediction about the fiture | People “Inputs can pe changed to consider|- Different model / different outcomes different situations + Predictions cepend onthe stils | + Form the pasis of discussion& | oF people making +e models. | consultation. i Practice IA Albedo Aim. To investigate dround temperature Variations due to different | land cover Colours | (Hypothesis) Black plastic covers would absorb more heat +herefore Water | temperature would be higher than white reflects SUnlights. i Ble. | A Scanned with CamScanner = —————————— | (Equipment) we *loOmL of beaker x3 - 7 [+ Black colour Paper *2 (A Size) White colour Paper X 2 CA+Si20) 2 clear Plostic sheet x) CAtsize) {+ Thermometer x 3 * Tape (Cutter | arty eo) : (Method) 4 StOPS evaporation by adding loyerClid? clear plastic shoe White Poper ] ss a RnR BOml water | Cir» | Soml water + Measure temperature before /ofter Cuwith thermometer) Black Paper Cover Sida, |_BOml water oe Scanned with CamScanner Equilibrium and Feedback in Environmental Systems? ( P24~33) + Entropy (Kanu padiing against the water ) _ - Life is a struggle against entroPy OS without the constant input of new ener3y (food) Will be lost as heat Chigh enirory) — Life always moves from high order to low order Clow entropy» high ertvopy) £ — AN the energy inthe universe (isolated system) will be transfered | into heat: + Equilibrium | State of balance’ that exists ina s the system. . rm Dynanvic equilibrium s the system: Scanned with CamScanner + Static equiviorium - Unstable - equitiorium changes mn J ia (Leretum +o a. new pot of equilibrium } LTerum “O_o. NEW PO' _SSUMOTIUM = Permanent changes tothe ——|_systert) = change /forcing) ex) ete 4 = |__t Positive feedback _ newport i | *FeedbackK STAY z i. Negative feedback - self reguiates the system and results on a steady | | (goed +hing) Stote equilibrium “u | : (Daisy WORE #8 ¥ Positive -feadback — using more ineutS until eventually the system | ~ (bad thing) Collapses ond fails (results increase/ decrease in ourrd) | “cpesitive)| (forces change within asystems and pushes “the sistem _| to a Point of New equilibrium) = ex) Global warmind Land /Sea temperature F tera traps more heat + femperature — more evaporation tio Resilence and Tippin Le Resilence: A prop: ; - | Tipping Poi “(system Hansfortts into a completely different System. Good thing (Stability) é Negative feedback / Dynamic equilibrium rest ecosystem Was ableto respond to te disturbance event eit had evoled to be resilient YY a Scanned with CamScanner as seat fut mer of SPEGeS = TF sorte Specas whole € environment f" Might affected) "y) Clinale cRects (wonnay cl imate 2 | Photosynthesis] ) = |5) Higher levels of terels of genet dy Res cseOR 6) Human cy help the System recover A “(poly cautture Farm) = Scanned with CamScanner Pollution _[E The release of a a substance (Pollutants § > CO2, Methane, CFC, Plostic, Nox and Soot) at a vate that is Seater than can be tendered, | hamloss by 0 natural prowsses Release of unwanted chemicals _ = Hann the environment = ne = From human activities TH Ate there any. benefits: to polluting? ? - Nations and Countries rarely +ry to live SuStoinably, with resilient €cosyStems , USIN9 renewable Sources . |» Monitoring Polltion Indivect monitoring ( biotic) ‘+ Can be quick on@ expertise is | | Low Tech * Relatively cheap Effective Identifyin9 individuals to |SPecies I€VUls requires taining @|! Restore Cimpact st ntl [-Pouusion management < OES ce le TS __ step |p Reduce (productior ae elaine | calter_ human _< activit¥ = get this )Sameing) @| > Regulate requires money, time, thought) | __ (control ——_——_——_—~_"_- out & clean remove) CO2 CO2 from +he oir Physically / L |_Cekan up efoads 3 i”) fy ves pe he re r Energy _| Organisms L | coz Radiation _| “Human”? ; Ni3, Therma! Alien species [chloro wrocarbors(crc)| Noise | chy Fung lox | ‘SOy. (Sulfur dioxide) Ozone (0s - Toposeliric) | Plastic Soot (unburned oil) Oil Pesticides (OPT) Organophosphare __ETypes oF pollutants 1° Primary pollutants > Active Pollutants: Garboni may Poindtant cycler S02 tipo = te. Scanned with CamScanner __| sttes /1meo | (Gas trom 5) (Rainwater collects _nitiates which rn rarel 10'sKen ahd aust. eutstvophicetion) - POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) | — Not water soluble (stored in fect molecules) _ Cause cancusated set hormones (men) Highly persistent mn the environment L often m from of Plastic :PCB/ PVC bon'+ brodagrade / Romain active in the food choin for a long tim + often manufactured Os pesticides in the post (OPT) — "E POP bio accumulate Tn the foodchain and biomagnity Os they Scanned with CamScanner + (we altemaie Products == (Solution? r (Reduce) — i sgt we MO poor 0 slnoton of fsknes Human activity - fast pute auirel — Producing- “preset cocatn We Pollutant i pep | Bad te te oF Fea paceagivg merarials 7 . — petease of polttt), pojzies to conrol #he combat plastic Uee/iuas a it matte from lNAStiC POYMLS / TECK Mela into environmtant Met must OY be . ae epnproved waste hese clean up te ocean Combage patch) — Itnpact — pola on — goo-sptem ~ Blaluaie) ~ ouy can you aise awareness, ~ ak exe 0 imgack anurd eat? Uns i efectiv®? ~ il iE be effective ee Banned 4 Atemative mahuidls ces oe tg Bring own plate ae, v eI ncornfortabie (5). degre “ Plasti Piased evidence HUMAN ACTIVITY PRODUCING POLLUTANT (change hustan behovior) i [RELEASE OF POLLUTANT INTO. ENVIRONMENT (Requased) 8 cn omarion “ia, Plast Pollution Syllabus Objective; Evaluate the effectiveness of each ofthe three different ovals of inlervetion (wt reference to plate poison) Font, laiour money [ ns moet indamantl ve of potion management ive tcreloges, Neste and aune Bvt campains ssn community groups + overmental agitation economic neentvesicsncentives Cooling elas of pottnt sto chango th human acy that ads ore praductn of ant nthe et pac, by promaing [ites scent corey ee ae cbt dare rrr tt |e leglstatng an reguasng standards emision \ ovelopingfaphingtchnologles er extracng polltant tom emissions. {fearon restoration of aged system |, exacting on emo pat om ecoyeem |Wnere bo te atovelavls of management hve ales, tales maybe hvofuce to recover damaged acon By ‘epinngnocing ot cpa pontone an ammo.

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