INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

MODULE 1
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT
SYSTEMS

Mr. Paul B. Bokingkito Jr.

Instructor
 CS 310 – Intelligent Systems

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Intelligent Systems

UNIT OBJECTIVES

• to be aware of the rationale of the artificial intelligence and soft computing

paradigms with their advantages over traditional computing

• to gain an understanding of the theoretical foundations of various types of

intelligent systems technologies to a level adequate for achieving objectives as
stated below

CONTENT

1. Introduction to Intelligent Systems

1.1. What is intelligence?
1.2. What is Intelligence Composed of?
1.3. Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence
1.4. What is an intelligent system?
1.5. Significance of intelligent systems in business
1.6. Characteristics of intelligent systems
1.7. The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1.8. The Soft Computing paradigm

1.1 What is intelligence?

Intelligence is the ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships

and analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory,
solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify,
generalize, and adapt new situations.

Type of Intelligence

Intelligence Description Example

The ability to speak, recognize,

and use mechanisms of
Linguistic intelligence phonology (speech sounds), Narrators, Orators
syntax (grammar), and
semantics (meaning).
 The ability to create,
communicate with, and
Musicians, Singers,
Musical intelligence understand meanings made of
Composers
sound, understanding of pitch,
rhythm.

The ability of use and

understand relationships in the
Mathematicians,
Logical-mathematical intelligence absence of action or objects.
Scientists
Understanding complex and
abstract ideas.

The ability to perceive visual or

spatial information, change it,
Map readers,
and re-create visual images
Spatial intelligence Astronauts,
without reference to the objects,
Physicists
construct 3D images, and to
move and rotate them.

The ability to use complete or

part of the body to solve
problems or fashion products,
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence Players, Dancers
control over fine and coarse
motor skills, and manipulate the
objects.

The ability to distinguish among

Intra-personal intelligence one’s own feelings, intentions, Gautam Buddhha
and motivations.

The ability to recognize and

Mass
make distinctions among other
Interpersonal intelligence Communicators,
people’s feelings, beliefs, and
Interviewers
intentions.

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at
least one and at most all intelligences in it.
 Learning Activity 1

With the 7 types of intelligence, give an example of

application/system that possess its description.

Example:

\ Linguistic Intelligence – Google Translate

1.2 What is Intelligence composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of:

a) Reasoning
b) Learning
c) Problem Solving
d) Perception
e) Linguistic Intelligence

Let us go through all the components briefly:

a) Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for

judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types:

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement and

It conducts specific observations to
examines the possibilities to reach a
makes broad general statements.
specific, logical conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are true in If something is true of a class of things
a statement, inductive reasoning in general, it is also true for all members
allows for the conclusion to be false. of that class.

Example − "All women of age above

Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is
60 years are grandmothers. Shalini is 65
studious. Therefore, All teachers are
years. Therefore, Shalini is a
studious."
grandmother."
 b) Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising,
being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of
the subjects of the study. The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some
animals, and AI-enabled systems.

c) Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked
by known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of
selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the
desired goal are available.

d) Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing

sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory
organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by
the sensors together in a meaningful manner.
e) Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write
the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Learning Activity 2

Sophia, a social humanoid robot developed by Hong Kong-based

company Hanson Robotics is an intelligent system. Based on the
composition of intelligence, what do you think are the things Sophia can do
on her daily activities? List at least 5.

1.3 Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

1. Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules

and data.

2. Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching

algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store,
and recall as its pattern is simple.

3. Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing
or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.

Learning Activity 3

Who are more intelligent Humans or Computer? Explain your answer.

1.4 What is an intelligent system?

What is an intelligent system?

A truly intelligent system adapts itself to deal with changes in problems

(automatic learning). They are technologically advanced machines that
perceive and respond to the world around them.

Intelligent systems display machine-level intelligence, reasoning, often

learning, not necessarily self-adapting. A machine intelligence has a computer
follow problem solving processes something like that in humans.

Intelligent systems are revolutionizing a variety of industries, including

transportation and logistics, security, and manufacturing. They help improve
energy efficiency, quality, and flexibility of these systems. Intelligent systems are
complex and use a wide range of technologies – artificial intelligence,
cybersecurity, natural language processing, deep learning, embedded CPUs,
distributed storage, wireless networking and graphical signalling.

Learning Activity 4

Facebook is considered an intelligent system. What do you think are

the things that made Facebook an intelligent system?

1.5 Intelligent systems in business

Intelligent systems in business utilise one or more intelligence tools, usually to aid
decision making. It provides business intelligence to increase productivity and
gain competitive advantage.

Examples of business intelligence – information on

▪ Customer behaviour patterns

▪ Market trend

▪ Efficiency bottlenecks

Examples of successful intelligent systems applications in business:

▪ Customer service (Customer Relations Modelling)

▪ Scheduling (Ex. Mine Operations)

▪ Data mining

▪ Financial market prediction

▪ Quality control
Examples of Intelligent systems in business

a) HNC (now Fair Isaac) software’s credit card fraud detector Falcon offers 30-70%
improvement over existing methods (an example of a neural network).

b) MetLife insurance uses automated extraction of information from applications in

MITA (an example of language technology use)

c) Personalized, Internet-based TV listings (an intelligent agent)

d) Hyundai’s development apartment construction plans FASTrak-Apt (a Case

Based Reasoning project)

e) US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA uses "expert advisors"

to help identify fire and other safety hazards at work sites (an expert system).

Source: http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/16430.html

Learning Activity 5

What problems can intelligent systems solve in the business?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

1.6 Characteristics of Intelligent Systems

Intelligent systems can take many forms, from automated vacuums such as the
Roomba to facial recognition programs to Lazada’s personalized shopping suggestions.

1. Intelligent Systems possess one or more of these:

▪ Capability to extract and store knowledge

▪ Human like reasoning process

▪ Learning from experience (or training)

▪ Dealing with imprecise expressions of facts

▪ Finding solutions through processes similar to natural evolution

2. Recent trend

▪ More sophisticated Interaction with the user through

✓ natural language understanding

 ✓ speech recognition and synthesis

✓ image analysis

▪ Most current intelligent systems are based on

✓ rule based expert systems

✓ one or more of the methodologies belonging to soft computing

Learning Activity 6

Find an intelligent system and describe its characteristics.

__________________________________________
Image of the
__________________________________________
intelligent system.
__________________________________________

1.7 The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines

that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be
applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as
learning and problem-solving.

▪ Primary goal:

▪ Development of software aimed at enabling machines to solve problems

through human-like reasoning

▪ Attempts to build systems based on a model of knowledge representation and

processing in the human mind

▪ Encompasses study of the brain to understand its structure and functions

▪ In existence as a discipline since 1956

▪ Failed to live up to initial expectations due to

▪ inadequate understanding of intelligence, brain function

▪ complexity of problems to be solved

▪ Expert systems – an AI success story of the 80s

▪ Case Based Reasoning systems - partial success

 Learning Activity 7

Give 3 examples of an AI-based system. Describe the purpose of each

system.

1.______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________

1.8 The Soft Computing (SC) paradigm

Soft computing is the use of approximate calculations to provide imprecise but

usable solutions to complex computational problems. The approach enables solutions for
problems that may be either unsolvable or just too time-consuming to solve with current
hardware. Also known as Computational Intelligence.

Unlike conventional computing, SC techniques

1. can be tolerant of imprecise, incomplete or corrupt input data

2. solve problems without explicit solution steps

3. learn the solution through repeated observation and adaptation

4. can handle information expressed in vague linguistic terms

5. arrive at an acceptable solution through evolution

The first four characteristics are common in problem solving by individual

humans. The fifth characteristic (evolution) is common in nature

The core SC methodologies found in current intelligent systems are:

a) Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

b) Fuzzy Systems

c) Genetic Algorithms (GA)

Learning Activity 8

Weather forecasting is a system that uses soft computing. Describe

the features that it has. And what is/are the technique it uses in terms of soft
computing?