CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

CIE 531
Site Management & Construction Equipment

Lecture 2
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Site Management

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Site Management overview
 Most construction sites that run into trouble do so for reasons related to
managerial factors rather than because of technical problems
 The site-based management can make significant improvements in the cost
and time savings during the construction process without involving a mass of
additional work.

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Site management

 Site management, in general, involves many tasks, such as;

 site investigation before construction process starts,
 material delivery and procurement management,
 keeping better site records,
 keeping good site communication and high level of
information flow,
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 Site management

monitoring performance regularly,

establishing a well co-ordination system among different parts, and
performing a good site layout planning.
Among the important tasks of site management is the site layout
planning.

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Site Layout planning
A detailed planning of the site results in
 minimizing travel time
Minimizing waiting time
increasing worker morale by showing better and safer work
environment.

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Site Layout planning

Construction site layout involves

 identifying
 sizing
 placing temporary facilities (TFs).

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Site Layout planning
These temporary facilities includes but not limited to:
simple lay-down areas to warehouses,
fabrication shops,
maintenance shops,
batch plant
residence facilities.

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Site Layout planning
Required temporary facilities depends on
 project type,
 scale,
 design,
 location,
 organization of construction work.

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Site Layout planning
There are two general objectives which planners should seek to meet through
careful organization of the site for construction.
 First, the site must be designed to maximize efficiency of operations in order
to promote worker productivity, to shorten project time and to reduce cost.

 Second, the final plan must create a project with a good work environment in
order to attract and retain the best personnel and thus contribute to better
work quality and productivity
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The Engineer's Site Organisation

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The Resident Engineer (RE)
 Engineer's representative and chief responsible person on site is
known as the resident engineer.
 He is opposite to the site agent being the chief executive on site for
the engineer.

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Duties of the Resident Engineer
Resident engineer is expected to carry out the following activities as may be
requested of him by the engineer:
1. To coordinate the work of various contractors; to agree detailed programs
of works; to check that all necessary instructions have been given to
contractors,
2. To check all the materials are ordered in good time and all necessary
permits for them are obtained,
3. To see that the requirements of specifications in regard to materials and
workmanship are compiled with the contractors.
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Duties of the Resident Engineer
4.To watch for faulty workmanship or material, and issue instructions
for remedying such faults.
5.To check the elevation level and layout of the structure that it
conforms with the drawings.
6.To issue further instructions and classifications of detail as are
necessary,
7.To measure the amount of the work done for the purpose of
payment and to calculate such payments
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Duties of the Resident Engineer
8.To keep records of all measurements and tests, and to bring plans
into conformity with the work as actually executed.
9.To act as a channel for all claims and disputes' and to provide the
facts which are relevant
10.To see that the finished works are free from defects, tested and set
properly functioning
11.To report regularly to the engineer on all the above matters.

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The Resident Engineer's Staff
 Even on a small job, it will be necessary for the
resident engineer to be assisted by an inspector
and a typist or other office worker.
 On larger jobs he will need a team of engineers
and other technical specialists to assist him.

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The Resident Engineer's Staff

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Key Site Personnel for Contractor
In the site organization of a contractor, the key five persons are:
a. the agent (Site Manager)
b. site engineer
c. office manager
d. general foreman
e. plant manager (foreman)
f. Contract manager on large jobs (Only in very large jobs)

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Key Site Personnel for Contractor
On smaller jobs;
the duties of the agent and site engineer may be combined,
the general foreman may also be the plant foreman.
On large jobs;
 a contract manager may be appointed over the agent. His job being
managerial rather than technical and executive control.

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The Site Agent Responsibilities
 The site agent is has the power of;
directing and controlling the whole construction work
on site
 employing workers on site
Hiring machinery and equipment,
purchasing materials, and employing subcontractors.

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The Site Agent Responsibilities
The power to do these things without reference to his
firm's head office will depend;
on the size of the job
its nature and distance from head office
the policy adopted by his firm
course standing within the firm.

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Skills of a site agent
 be knowledgeable in the civil engineering construction
 be able to command men
 a good organizer and administrator.
 sound business sense not only satisfying the engineer, but
also to make a profit for the contractor

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The Site Engineer responsibilities
Responsible for;
seeing that works are constructed to the right lines and levels
advising the agent on all design and engineering matters.
taking site levels; lining in and levelling construction work
 planning temporary access, roads and bridges

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The Site Engineer responsibilities
dealing with powers supply, water supply, drainage
concrete batching plant foundation
keeping of progress and quality records.
measuring up the work in his section weekly or monthly.
On smaller jobs, the site engineer may act as sub-agent

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The Office Manager
Within the site office, the agents' principal administrator is the office
manager.
His responsibility covers;
1.carrying out most of the paper works correspondence
2.issuing of orders for materials,
3.receiving and checking and checking accounts,
4. making up pay sheets.
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The Office Manager
Normally under him there are other persons such as,
 pay clerk,
 order clerk,
 correspondence secretary,
 and accounts clerk.

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The Office Manager
He also controls other staff, such as;
invoice checker
Storekeeper
messengers
tea boys
staff car drivers
night watchmen.
Note: If there is no a separate site cashier, the office manager will also have to
handle the workmen's pay
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General Foreman
The general foreman is the agent's right-hand man for the execution
of the works in the field. (When no site engineer on site)
Responsibility;
keep the work moving ahead daily schedule as the agent has planned
it.
Should spend alot of time outside, visiting all parts of the work under
his control.
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General Foreman
Skills for the General Forman;
Should have wide practical knowledge and experience
must be able to read engineer's drawings.
possess foresight and planning ability.

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Plant Manager/Engineer:
The position of plant engineer is normally separately designated from that of
general foreman
Responsibility
to maintain and service the plant and to have it available as required.
controls the fitters and welders,
maintains power supplies to the site- i.e. to run the site generator.
Plant manager is advised by the agent in long-term planning, and by general
foreman for day to day planning.

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Key Site Personnel for the Contractor

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Construction Equipment

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The Earthmoving Process
Earthmoving is the process of moving soil or rock from one location to
another and processing it

The purpose is to meet construction requirements of;

 location,

elevation,

 density,

moisture content,

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Earthmoving Process
Activities involved in the earthmoving process includes;
1.excavating
2.loading
3. hauling
4.placing (dumping and spreading)
5.compacting
6.grading
7.finishing.

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Earthmoving Process

Efficient management of the earth-moving process

requires

a. accurate estimating of work quantities

b.job conditions,

c. proper selection of equipment,

d. Competent job management.

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Equipment Selection
 ability of the equipment to perform the required work
 Production of the equipment
 Possible future use of the equipment on another project
 the availability of spare parts and service
 the effect of equipment downtime on other construction equipment
and operations

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Production of Earthmoving Equipment
 The basic relationship for estimating the production of all
earthmoving equipment is:
Production = Volume per cycle x Cycles per hour
 The term "cycles per hour" must include any appropriate efficiency
factors, so that it represents the number of cycles actually achieved
(or expected to be achieved) per hour
 There are tables which can be used for production shovels and
draglines.

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Production of Earthmoving Equipment
There are two principal approaches to estimating job efficiency in determining
the number of cycles per hour to be used
1. One method is to use the number of effective working minutes per hour to
calculate the number of cycles achieved per hour.
This is equivalent to using an efficiency factor equal to the number of working
minutes per hour divided by 60.
2. The other approach is to multiply the number of theoretical cycles per 60-min
hour by a numerical efficiency factor.

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Production of Earthmoving Equipment
 The cost per unit of production may be calculated as follows:

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Efficiency factors based on a combination of job conditions and
management conditions

Job efficiency factors for earthmoving operation

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Earthmoving Materials
Soil and Rock
 Soil and rock are the materials that make up the crust of the earth and are, therefore, the
materials of interest to the constructor.

General Soil Characteristics

 Trafficability is the ability of a soil to support the weight of vehicles under repeated traffic.
 In construction, trafficability controls the amount and type of traffic that can use
unimproved access roads,
 Trafficability controls operation of earth-moving equipment within the construction area.
 Trafficability is primarily a function of soil type and moisture conditions

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General Soil Characteristics
 Loadability is a measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading a soil.
 Loose granular soils are highly loadable, whereas compacted cohesive soils and rock have low
loadability.
 Unit soil weight is normally expressed in pounds per cubic yard or kilograms per cubic meter.
 Unit weight depends on soil type, moisture content, and degree of compaction.
 Unit soil weight is normally expressed in pounds per cubic yard or kilograms per cubic meter.
 Unit weight depends on soil type, moisture content, and degree of compaction.
 Soil unit weight is also a factor in determining the capacity of a haul unit

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General Soil Characteristics
The moisture content of a soil is expressed as a percentage that represents the
weight of water in the soil di-vided by the dry weight of the soil:

Example: A soil sample weighed 120 kg in the natural state and 100 kag after drying, the
weight of water in the sample would be 20 kg and the soil moisture content would be 20%
120−100
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 100
 100 = 20%

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Soil Volume-change Characteristics
Soil Conditions
 There are three principal conditions or states in which earthmoving material
may exist:
 bank
 Loose
 compacted

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Soil Volume-change Characteristics
Bank: Material in its natural state before disturbance.
Often referred to as in-place or in situ.
 A unit volume is identified as a bank cubic yard
Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded.
A unit volume is identified as a Loose Cubic Yard (LCY) or Loose Cubic Meter
(Lm3)
Compacted: Material after compaction.
A unit volume is identified as a Compacted Cubic Yard (CCY) or Compacted
Cubic Meter (Cm3)
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Swell
 A soil increases in volume when it is excavated because the soil grains are loosened during
excavation and air fills the void spaces created.
 As a result, a unit volume of soil in the bank condition will occupy more than one unit volume
after excavation.
 This phenomenon is called swell.

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Swell
Example: Find the swell of a soil that weighs 2800 kg/m3 in its natural
state and 2000 kg/m3 after excavation

2800
𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = − 1 × 100 = 40%
2000

That is, 1 bank cubic meter of material will expand to 1.4 loose cubic
meters after excavation

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Shrinkage
When a soil is compacted, some of the air is forced out of the soil's
void spaces.
As a result, the soil will occupy less volume than it did under either
the bank or loose conditions.
This phenomenon, which is the reverse of the swell phenomenon, is
called shrinkage

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Shrinkage

Soil volume change due to excavation and compaction.

 Note that both swell and shrinkage are calculated from the bank (or
natural) condition.

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Shrinkage
Example
Find the shrinkage of a soil that weighs 2800 kg/m3 in its
natural state and 3500 kg/m3 after compaction.
2800
𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1 − × 100 = 20%
3500

1 bank cubic meter of soil will shrink to about 0.8 cubic

meters of compacted soil
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Load and Shrinkage Factors

 Haul unit and spoil bank volume are commonly expressed in loose
measure,
 it is convenient to have a conversion factor to simplify the conversion
of loose volume to bank volume.
 The factor used for this purpose is called a load factor.

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Load and Shrinkage Factors

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Load and Shrinkage Factors
A factor used for the conversion of bank volume to compacted volume is some-
times referred to as a shrinkage factor
 Bank volume may be multiplied by the shrinkage factor to obtain compacted
volume
 Compacted volume may be divided by the shrinkage factor to obtain bank
volume

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Load and Shrinkage Factors

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Load and Shrinkage Factors
Example
A soil weighs 1163 kg/Lm3 , 1661 kg/Lm3 and 2077 kg/Lm3.
a) Find the load factor and shrinkage factor for the soil
b) How many cubic meters (Bm3) and compacted cubic meters (Cm3) are contained
in 593,000 Lm3 (loose cubic meters) of this soil.

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Load and Shrinkage Factors

1163
a. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1661 = 0.70

1661
𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.80
2077

b. Bank Volume = 593,000  0.70 = 415,100 Bm3

Compacted volume = 415,000  0.80 = 332,000 Cm3

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Typical soil weight and volume change characteristics

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THANK YOU

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