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X - Ray Diffraction Technique and Diffraction Methods: Seminar On

This document summarizes a seminar on X-ray diffraction techniques and diffraction methods. It introduces X-ray diffraction, how X-rays are generated and interact with crystals, and the basic principles behind XRD. It describes three main experimental diffraction methods: Laue's method using stationary crystals, the rotating crystal method, and the powder method. It concludes by outlining some applications of XRD methods like determining crystal structure and identifying materials.

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Mohamad Alameh
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238 views

X - Ray Diffraction Technique and Diffraction Methods: Seminar On

This document summarizes a seminar on X-ray diffraction techniques and diffraction methods. It introduces X-ray diffraction, how X-rays are generated and interact with crystals, and the basic principles behind XRD. It describes three main experimental diffraction methods: Laue's method using stationary crystals, the rotating crystal method, and the powder method. It concludes by outlining some applications of XRD methods like determining crystal structure and identifying materials.

Uploaded by

Mohamad Alameh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Seminar On

X – Ray Diffraction Technique


and
Diffraction Methods

Presented by

Melwin D’mello

M.E (Welding Engineering)


Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR),
Department of Manufacturing Engineering,
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Generation of X-ray
• X- ray region
• X- ray diffraction
• XRD Principle
• XRD Equipment
• Diffraction Methods
• Applications of XRD Methods
• References
INTRODUCTION

• X- rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen who called


them “X-rays” and it is also called as “Roentgen Rays”.

• X- ray diffraction was discovered by Max Von Laue in 1912.

• X- rays are electro magnetic radiation with wavelengths in


the range 0.1 to 100 A o .

• X- rays used in diffraction experiments have typical


wavelengths of 0.5 to 1.8 A o.
GENERATION OF X-RAYS
X - RAY REGION
X-RAY DIFFRACTION ( XRD )
• These methods are based on the scattering of X-ray
crystals.

• When x-rays interact with a solid material, the scattered


beams causes diffraction.
XRD PRINCIPLE
• Different Planes in a crystal give different signals
equal to positive interface of waves.
XRD EQIPMENT
EXPERIMENTAL
DIFFRACTION METHODS
X-Ray
Diffraction
Method

1. Laue’s 2. Rotating
3. Powder
Crystal
Method Method
Method
1. LAUE’S METHOD
• In this method a single crystal is held stationary in the path
of radiation of continuous wavelength. While  is kept
constant, the wavelength ,  is varied.

• A plane film receives the diffracted beams. A developed


film after its exposure shows a diffraction pattern that
consists of series of spots.
Laue’s method is divided
Into two types

a) Transmission Method

b) Back Reflection Method


a) Transmission Method
A beam of x-ray is passed through the crystal,
after passing through the crystal, x-rays are diffracted
and recorded on a photographic plate.
a) Transmission Method
b) Back Reflection Method

This method provides similar information as the


transmission method.
2. ROTATING CRYSTAL
METHOD
Rotating Crystal Method cont…

• In this method , a single crystal is rotated about the fixed


axis in a beam of monochromatic. The angle  is variable
while the wavelength is kept constant.

• The variation of angle  due to rotation of the crystal brings


different atomic planes in the crystal into position.

• To record such reflections a film is mounted on a cylindrical


holder that is concentric with a rotating spindle.
3. POWDER METHOD
• This method is useful for samples that are difficult to
obtain in single crystal form.

• The powder method is used to determine the value of the


lattice parameters accurately.
The powder method cont…

• A sample of hundreds of powdered crystals show that the


diffracted beams form continuous cones.

• A circle of film is used to record the diffraction pattern.

• Each cone intersects the film giving diffraction lines.

• The lines are seen as arcs on the film.


APPLICATIONS OF XRD
METHODS
• Determination of crystal size and shape.

• Particle size determination by spot counting methods.

• Crystallographic structural analysis.

• Unit cell calculations for crystalline materials.

• Identification of single and multi phase materials


REFERENCES

1. “Instrumental Methods Of Chemical Analysis” by


Gurudeep R Chatwal.

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

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