Stoichiometric Relationships

Ms. Peace
 Lesson 1

Introduction to Stoichiometry

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We Are Here

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States of Matter
Made up
of Occupies
particles,
atoms,
a volume
molecules, in space
ions

Matter

Particles
are in Has a
constant mass
motion
States of Matter

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Properties of States of Matter
SOLID LIQUID GAS
●
Distance Close together Close but further apart than Particles far apart
in solids

Arrangement Regular Random Random

Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape-take the No fixed shape-fill the

shape of the container container

Volume Fixed Fixed Not Fixed

Movement Vibrate Move around each other Move around in all

directions

Speed Slowest Faster Fastest

Energy Lowest Higher Highest

Forces of attraction Strongest Weaker Weakest

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Temperature
▶ Units:
▶ Fahrenheit
▶ Celsius
▶ Kelvin*

▶ SI units are a set of standard units that are used in

science throughout the world

▶ Absolute zero: 0 K or -273° C

▶ K = ° C + 273
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Changes of States

E E
n x
d o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r m
m i
i c
c

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Changes of States
▶ Endothermic:
▶ Melting and boiling
▶ Energy must be transferred from the surroundings to bring about these
changes
▶ The potential energy of molecules increases; they vibrate more and move
faster
▶ Exothermic:
▶ Condensation and freezing
▶ Energy is transferred to the surroundings
▶ The potential energy of molecules decreases; the vibrate less and move
slower

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Utilization
▶ Freeze-drying is a food preservation technique
▶ Freeze-drying uses the process of sublimation
▶ Foods that require dehydration are first frozen and then subjected to a
reduced pressure
▶ The frozen water then sublimes directly to water vapor thus dehydrating
the food

▶ How Refrigeration Works

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Elements and Compounds
▶ Elements contain atoms of only one type
▶ Atoms of elements combine in a fixed ratio to form compounds
composed of molecules or ions
▶ These are the fundamental basis in formulas and chemical equations
▶ Properties of compounds are very different from those of its
constitutional elements

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Mixtures
▶ A pure substance is matter that has a constant composition
▶ N2
▶ H2O
▶ NaCl
▶ C6H12O6
▶ Pure substances combine physically to form a mixture
▶ Mixtures contain more than one element and/or compound that are not
chemically bonded together and so retain their individual properties.

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Mixtures

Filtration Fractional Distillation

Mixtures

Column Chromatography
Types of Mixtures
▶ Homogeneous
▶ One phase…you can’t see the separation between the parts of the mixture
▶ For example: seawater is mixture of salt and water, but you can’t see the salt.

▶ Heterogeneous
▶ Multiple phases….you can see the different components of the mixture
▶ For example: salad dressing is a mixture of oil and vinegar, and you can see the
bits of oil and the bits of vinegar.

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MYP Review
▶ State Symbols:
▶ (s)
▶ (l)
▶ (g)
▶ (aq)

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Types of Chemical Reactions
Word Equations
▶ Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

▶ H2 + O2 → H2O

Is this balanced???

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Symbol Equations
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O vs H2 + O2 → H2O
4H 4H 2H 2H
2O 2O 2O 1O
● The red numbers are called coefficients and tell you the number of each molecule involved in the
reaction
● Required to balance the equation
● Without them the equation does not balance – each side of the reaction would have different
numbers of each atom – which would break physics
● You can’t change the subscript numbers in the formulas as this changes the chemical
● If there is no coefficient, it is ‘1’

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Tips for Balancing Equations
1) Balance metals
2) Balance nonmetals
3) Balance oxygen
4) Balance hydrogen

● Try keeping a tally-chart of the numbers of atoms on each side of the equation

● BE PATIENT!!!!

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Construct equations and then balance them
for each of the following:
● Magnesium (Mg) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to make magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and hydrogen gas

● Ethane (C2H6) reacts with oxygen gas to make carbon dioxide and water

● Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) reacts with aluminium chloride (AlCl3) to make aluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)3) and lead
chloride (PbCl2)

● Barium nitride (Ba3N2) reacts with water to make barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) and ammonia (NH3)

● Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) reacting with aluminium to make aluminium oxide (Al2O3), aluminium
chloride (AlCl3), nitric oxide (NO) and water

● Extension: Write a flow chart that can be followed to let you to balance equations
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Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or
eliminate the generation of hazardous substances.
Atom Economy
▶ Utilization of synthetic reactions and industrial processes that must be
increasingly efficient to preserve raw materials and produce fewer and
less toxic emissions

▶ Developed by Professor Barry Trost of Stanford University

▶ Atom economy looks at the level of efficiency of chemical reactions by

comparing the molecular mass of atoms in the reactants with the
molecular mass of useful compounds

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Atom Economy
▶ Atom economy is the percentage of reactants changed to useful
products

▶ In an ideal chemical process the amount of reactants = amounts of

products produced
▶ What does it mean if there is an atom economy of 100%?

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Key Points
▶ The properties of solids, liquids and gases are due to the
arrangement and motion of their particles

▶ Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous

▶ Equations must be balanced to ensure that mass is conserved

▶ A high atom economy means fewer atoms are being wasted

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 Lesson 2

Formulas and Composition by Mass

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We Are Here

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SI Units
▶ System of International Units was
developed to transcend all languages
and cultures

▶ The International Bureau of Weights and

Measures (BIPM) monitors the correct use of
SI units in all applications of science

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Stoichiometry
▶ Stoichiometry uses the quantitative relationships between amounts of
reactants and products in a chemical reaction

▶ Avogadro’s constant,
6.02x1023mol-1, enables us to
make comparisons between
chemical species

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Relative Atomic Mass, Ar
▶ The periodic table tells you the relative atomic mass of each
element
▶ This is the mass of an element relative to a 12th of the mass of 12C.
▶ It is a relative value, which means it has no units.
▶ Relative atomic mass has the symbol ‘Ar’

▶ For example carbon: Ar(C) = 12.01

▶ The reason it isn’t a whole number is due to isotopes

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Relative Atomic Mass, Ar
▶ Relative abundance of each isotope is a measure of the
percentage that occurs in a sample of the element

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Relative Molecular or Formula Mass, Mr
▶ Relative Molecular Mass is calculated by adding up the
Ar for each atom in a molecule.

▶ The related term relative formula mass refers to the

relative mass of one unit of a formula and is used for
empirical formulas

▶ No units as this is a ratio

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Calculating Mr
● HCl ● H2SO4
● Ar(H) = 1.01
● Ar(H) = 1.01 ● Ar (S) = 32.06
● Ar (Cl) = 35.45 ● Ar(O) = 16.00
● Mr = 1.01 + 35.45 = 36.46 ● Mr = 2x1.01 + 32.06 + 4x16.00
= 98.08
● Mg(OH)2
● C2H4 ● Ar(Mg) = 24.31
● Ar(C) = 12.01 ● Ar(O) = 16.00
● Ar (H) = 1.01 ● Ar (H) = 1.01
● Mr = 24.31 + 2x16.00 + 2x1.01
● Mr = 2x12.01 + 4x1.01 = 58.33
= 16.06

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Calculate Mr for:
● Br2 ● (NH4)2SO4

● C3H8 ● C6H12O6

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Molar Mass
▶ Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance. It
has the units of grams per mole, g mol-1

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Mole Calculations
Types of Formulas
▶ Qualitative analysis: focuses on determining which elements are present
▶ Quantitative analysis: focuses on determining the relative masses of
elements allowing to determine the exact composition
▶ Empirical Formula: simplest whole-number ratio of atoms or amount of
each element present in a compound
▶ Molecular Formula: the actual number of atoms or amount of elements
in one structural unit or one mole of the compound
▶ Empirical formulas and molecular formulas can be the same

▶ Because of their structure, ionic (and giant covalent) compounds do

not form molecules so empirical formula is the only one relevant

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Percentage Composition by Mass
● If we divide the total mass of each element in a
compound by the number of atoms

● For example ethanol, C2H5OH, Mr = 46.08

C H O
Number Present 2 6 1
Multiply by Ar 2 x 12.01 = 24.02 6 x 1.01 = 6.06 1 x 16.00 = 16.00
Divide by Mr, convert to 24.02/46.08 x 100 = 6.06/46.08 x 100 16.00/46.08 x 100 =
% 52.1% = 13.1% 34.7%

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Calculate % composition by mass for:
1. H2O 3. CuSO4.5H2O

2. Mg(OH)2 4. C12H22O11

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Example: Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur
in H2SO4
FInd the mass of
H2SO4 each element
2(H)= 2(1.01) = 2.02
Find the mass of
1(S)= 1 (32.06) = 32.06 the compound

4(O) = 4(16.00) = 64.00 Divide the

element by the
98.08 relative atomic
mass
%S = 32.06 x 100% = 32.69%
98.08 Multiply by 100

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Example: A sample of a compound contains 20%
hydrogen and 80% carbon by mass and Mr = 30.08
Write symbols as a
C : H ratio
80% : 20% Write %
80/12.01 = 6.67: 20/1.01 = 20 composition below
Divide each % by
6.67/6.67 = 1 : 20/6.67 = 3 Ar
n/a since no awkward decimals above Divide each by
smallest
Multiply to remove
Empirical formula = CH3: 30.08/(12.01 + 3 x 1.10) = 2 fractions
Divide Mr by
Molecular formula = CH3 x 2 = C2H6 formula mass
Multiply empirical
formula by above

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 Example: a sample of a compound contains 8.4% hydrogen,
65.2% carbon and 29.1% nitrogen by mass, and Mr = 288.5
Write symbols as a
C : H : N ratio
Write %
62.5% : 8.4% : 29.1%
composition below

62.5/12.01= 5.20 8.4/1.01= 8.31 29.1/14.01=2.08 Divide each % by

Ar
5.20/2.08 = 2.5 8.31/2.08 = 4 2.08/2.08 = 1 Divide each by
smallest
2.5 x 2 = 5 4x2=8 1x2=2 Multiply to remove
fractions
Empirical formula = C5H8N2 so 288.5/ 96.2 = 3 Divide Mr by
formula mass
Molecular formula = C5H8N2 x 3 = C15H24N6
Multiply empirical
formula by above
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 Lesson 3

Mole Ratios and Theoretical Yields

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We Are Here

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Stoichiometry
▶ Stoichiometry is the quantitative method of examining relative amounts
of reactants and products
▶ Percentage yield is vital in monitoring the efficiency and profitability of
industrial processes

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Mole Ratios
▶ This is the ratio of one compound to another in a balanced equation.

▶ For example, in the equation

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

▶ Hydrogen, oxygen and water are present in 2:1:2 ratio.

▶ 0.2 mol of H2 reacts with 0.1 mol of O2 to make 0.2 mol H2O
▶ 5 mol of H2 reacts with 2.5 mol of O2 to make 5 mol of H2O
▶ To make 4 mol of H2O you need 4 mol of H2 and 2 mol of O2

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Mole Ratios in Calculations
The mole ratio!

▶ wanted = the substance you want to find out more about

▶ given = the substance you are given the full info for
▶ n(wanted) = the number of moles you are trying to find out
▶ n(given) = the number of moles of you are given in the question
▶ wanteds = the number of wants in the balanced equation
▶ givens = the number of givens in the balanced equation

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Example 1
▶ What quantity of Al(OH)3 in moles is
required to produce 5.00 mol of H2O? Check for
2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2O balanced equation

Assign ‘wanted’
and ‘given’

Write the
▶ H2O is given, Al(OH)3 is wanted. equation
▶ n(Al(OH)3) = 5.00 x (2/3)=3.33 mol
Sub in your numbers

Evaluate the sum

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Example 2
▶ What quantity of O2 in moles is required to fully react with
0.215 mol of butane (C4H10) to produce water Check for
and carbon dioxide? balanced equation
2 C4H10 + 13 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O Assign ‘wanted’
and ‘given’

Write the
equation
▶ C4H10 is given, O2 is wanted.
▶ n(O2) = 0.215 x (13/2) Sub in your numbers

▶ n(O2) = 1.40 mol

Evaluate the sum

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Limiting Reagant
▶ In a reaction, we can describe reactants as being ‘limiting’ or in ‘excess’
▶ Limiting – this is the reactant that runs out
▶ Excess – the reaction will not run out of this reactant

▶ The limiting reactant will be your ‘given’ in further calculations:

▶ Determining amounts of products formed
▶ Determining amounts of other reactants used

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Limiting Reagent
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

▶ For example, if you have 2.0 mol H2 and 2.0 mol O2

▶ H2 is the limiting reactant – it will run out
▶ O2 is present in excess – there is more than enough

▶ To determine this, divide the quantity of each reactant by its coefficient in the
equation. The smallest number is the limiting reactant:
▶ H2: 2.0 / 2 = 1.0 – smallest therefore limiting
▶ O2: 2.0 / 1 = 2.0

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Example 1: What quantity, in moles, of MgCl2 can be produced by reacting 10.5 g
magnesium with 100 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution?
▶ Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
▶ Determine limiting reagent:
▶ Mg: (10.5g / 24.31g) = 0.432 mol
▶ HCl: (0.100dm3 x 2.50mol dm-3)0.25mol
▶ 0.250/2(coefficient) = 0.125mol (smallest therefore is L.R.)
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Initial 0.432 mol 0.250 mol 0 mol 0 mol

Change -0.125 mol -(2)0.125 mol +0.125 mol +0.125mol

Final 0.307 mol 0 0.125mol 0.125mol

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Example 2 : What quantity, in moles, of carbon dioxide would be formed from the
reaction of 12.0 mol oxygen with 2.00 mol propane, and how much of which reactant
would remain?
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
▶ Determine limiting reagent:
▶ C3H8 : 2.00 mol
▶ O2: 12.0mol/5(coefficient) =2.4 mol

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

Initial 2.00 mol 12.0 mol 0 mol 0 mol

Change -2.00 mol -5 (2.00mol) +3 (2.00 mol) +4 (2.00 mol)

Final 0 mol 2.00 mol 6.00 mol 8.00 mol

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Theoretical, actual and percentage yield
▶ Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product you would make if
the limiting reactant was fully converted to product.
▶ Use the limiting reactants maths to work this out

▶ Actual yield is the actual amount of product collected in after a reaction

▶ Can be different from the theoretical yield

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Percent Yield
 Lesson 9

Molar Volumes of Gases

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We Are Here

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Molar Volume of a Gas
▶ The kinetic theory of gases is a model used to explain and predict the
behavior of gases at a microscopic level
▶ Postulates of assumptions that must be true for this theory to hold:
1. Gases are made up of very small particles, separated by large
distances. Most of the volume occupied by gas is empty space
2. Gaseous particles are constantly moving in a straight lines, but
random directions
3. Gaseous particles undergo elastic collisions with each other and
the walls of the container. No loss of kinetic energy occurs
4. Gaseous particles exert no force of attraction on other gases

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Molar Volume of a Gas
▶ Under conditions of STP, an ideal gas obeys these
postulates
▶ At high temperature and low pressure, gases respond
in ways that depart from the ideal gas behavior and
exhibit behaviors of real gases

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The Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas
▶ At standard temperature and pressure:
▶ (STP, T = 273K, P = 1.01x105 Pa or 100kPa)
▶ Molar Volume of Ideal Gas = 22.7 dm3 mol-1

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Avogadro’s Law
▶ Calculate the moles of oxygen in a 6.73dm3 sample of
oxygen gas at STP

6.73dm3 1 mole = 0.296 mol

22.7dm3

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Boyle’s Law
P1V1=P2V2 At a constant
temperature, the volume of
a fixed mass of an ideal
gas is inversely proportional
to its pressure

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Charles’ Law

The volume of a fixed mass

of an ideal gas at a constant
pressure is directly proportional
to its kelvin temperature

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Gay-Lussac’s Law

The pressure of a fixed mass

of an ideal gas at a constant
volume is directly proportional
to its kelvin temperature

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Combined Gas Law Equation

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Ideal Gas Law
▶ Relationship between pressure, volume, temperature,
and the amount, in mol, of gas particles

R=8.31 JK-1mol-1

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Conversions
1,000,000cm3 = 1m3
● To convert m3 to cm3 multiply by 1,000,000
● To convert cm3 to m3 divide by 1,000,000

1000dm3= 1m3
● To convert m3 to dm3 multiply by 1000
● To convert dm3 to m3 divide by 1000

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 Lesson 5

Solutions

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We Are Here

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Solutions Basics

+
SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute that has been dissolved in

a solvent. When dissolved in water the solution is described as an aqueous
solution.

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Concentration
This is the strength of a solution.

Most Least
Concentrated Concentrated
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Concentration/Molarity
▶ The molar concentration of a solution is defined as the
amount (in mol) of a substance dissolved in dm3 of a
solvent

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Concentration/Molarity
▶ Units:
▶ mass per unit volume, g dm-3
▶ mole per unit volume, mol dm-3
▶ Parts per million(ppm)
▶ One part in 1 x 106 parts
▶ 1 ppm=1 mg dm-3

▶ Square brackets are used to

denote molar concentration
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Titrations
▶ Titration involves using a solution whose concentration is known,
to find the concentration of another which isn’t known.

▶ An exact volume of one solution is in a conical flask, a second

solution is added to it from a burette.

▶ When the reaction reaches its ‘endpoint’, we record

how much was added
▶ There is always some kind of indicator
which changes colour to tell us when we
have reached the end.
● Determine the concentration of acids/bases
● Determine concentrations of other reactants
● Following the rate of a reaction
● Determining equilibrium constants

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Titration
● Titration involves using a solution whose concentration is known,
to find the concentration of another which isn’t known.

● An exact volume of one solution is in a conical flask, a second

solution is added to it from a burette.

● It doesn’t matter which solution is in the burette, and which is in

the conical flask.

● When the reaction reaches its ‘endpoint’, we record how much

was added
● There is always some kind of indicator which changes colour to ● Determine the concentration of
tell us when we have reached the end. acids/bases
● Determine concentrations of
other reactants
● Following the rate of a reaction
● Determining equilibrium
constants

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The mathematics of titrations

Where:
n = coefficient in
balanced equation
C = concentration
V = volume

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Water of Crystallisation
● Some substances crystallise with water, this is called
water of crystallisation
● These substances are described as hydrated

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Airbag Stoichiometry

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