Use of Blockchain Technology in General Elections

Fatih Demircioğlu*

Abstract

Blockchain allows you to perform operations in a clear and secure manner in the
digital environment. Blockchain is a decentralized database with no singular central
control. Whenever a new transaction occurs in the system or changes are made to
an existing transaction, this change is checked on all entries on the network and if
most of the entries in the system confirm the new transaction as authentic, it will be
included in the system. If most of the records in the system do not confirm the
authenticity of this new transaction, it is not recorded in the system. In the event of
this decentralized system without a centralized control, the chain can operate
continuously without the need for a center. Blockchain was spoken in the original
Bitcoin article of Satoshi Nakamoto, published in 2008. In this article blockchain is
defined as a set of data blocks that are cryptographically interlinked with one
another, and a technology component that underlying the cryptocurrency although
the word “blockchain” is not mentioned. Bitcoin is the first application of
blockchain technology. Its success is one of the biggest reason of its widespreading.
The first reaction from scholars and legislators to this dissemination is how should
regulate this technology in the context of Bitcoin. Blockchain technology can be
applied not only to Bitcoin but also to many other areas. This revolutionary
technology has emerged as an entirely new system of data storage and management,
and is inherently democratic in nature. It is not controlled by a single person or
entity. The format of processing and storage of the data is decentralized and
transparent. When a data block is saved, this operation is permanent and it is not
possible to hack the system and changing the data is impossible. The success of this
technology in cryptocurrency markets has made it possible to use it in other areas.
General elections are only one of these areas. Blockchain technology has shown
that a credible democracy is possible for voters as a system that removes the odds of
corruption and violations of the rules that are present in the traditional voting
process. Elections that based on blockchain technology has begun to be
implemented in some countries. In this article, defining the outline of blockchain
technology, examining the practices in general elections in various countries and
identifying the advantages and disadvantages that can be encountered are aimed.

Key words: Blockchain, General Elections, Bitcoin

*
Research Assistant at Kocaeli University, International Relations Department.
Demircioğlu Vol 4 (1) 2018

Use of Blockchain Technology in General Elections

Introduction
A blockchain is a data structure that makes it possible to create a
digital ledger of data and share it among a network of independent
parties. A blockchain is digitized and decentralized. Constantly
growing as completed blocks are recorded and added to it in
chronological order, it allows participants to keep track of transactions
without central recordkeeping. Each node (a computer connected to
the network) gets a copy of the blockchain, which is downloaded
automatically.

A blockchain is a peer-to-peer system with no central authority

managing data flow. It has a large distributed network of independent
users. This means that the computers that make up the network are in
more than one location.

Originally developed as the accounting method for the virtual

currency Bitcoin, blockchains are appearing in a variety of
commercial applications today. Currently, the technology is primarily
used to verify transactions, within digital currencies though it is
possible to digitize, code and insert practically any document into the
blockchain. Doing so creates an indelible record that cannot be
changed; furthermore, the record’s authenticity can be verified by the

72
entire community using the blockchain instead of a single centralized
authority.1

Blockchains are now recognized as the missing trust layer for the
Internet. Blockchains can create trust in digital data. When
information has been written into a blockchain database, it’s nearly
impossible to remove or change it. This capability has never existed
before.

The Blockchain can be used for not only keeping track of debits and
credits for a currency system like Bitcoin, but also for keeping track of
any data that might involve a transaction or record of ownership in
some way. Estonia is already using the Blockchain in an effort to
clean up its notary system. This state teamed up with BitNation to
unravel fraudulent tactics on the part of the notary public.

Another use of this technology is in general elections. Sierra Leone

and Virginia State of US have used it in the first half of 2018. This
article will try to examine blockchain technology and focus on
advantages and disadvantages of its use in elections.2

1. Classifications of Blockchains

1
Tiana Laurence, Blockchain for Dummies, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons., 2017,
pp. 7-11.
2
Jared Norton, Blockchain: Easiest Ultimate Guide To Understand Blockchain,
http://brightwells.d-webhost.orphans.co.uk/juc-27/blockchain-easiest-ultimate-
guide-to-understand-blockchain-volume-1-blockchain-programming-smart-
contracts.pdf (last accessed on 18.06.2018), 2016, pp. 15-17.
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Use of Blockchain Technology in General Elections

When the blockchain can be read by anyone all over the world, it is
called a public blockchain. Anyone in the world, from anywhere and
at any time, can have access to all the transactions that are being
made. Not only that, the public can also participate actively in the
consensus process - which is the process to determine which of the
blocks can get added to the ledger and which cannot. This kind of
blockchain is known to be fully decentralized. In this system, any
person can influence the consensus process.

A blockchain is called a consortium blockchain when a specific

number of nodes are created to control the consensus process. This
kind of blockchain can be considered partially decentralized, because
the right to access the network can be limited to a number of
participants.

When a blockchain is closed off to one particular institution, it is

called a fully private blockchain. It completely depends on that
institution whether the blockchain will be open to the public for
reading or not, but the permission to write that blockchain only
belongs to that institution.

All three types of blockchains use cryptography to allow each

participant on any given network to manage the ledger in a secure way
without the need for a central authority to enforce the rules. The

74
removal of central authority from database structure is one of the most
important and powerful aspects of blockchains.3

Apart from the context of visibility and editing ability, there are two
other classifications of blockchain;

Blockchain 1.0 was for when blockchain was used primarily for
financial transactions. With Blockchain 1.0, users were able to
immediately send and receive cash from others instead of having to
wait for days for each transaction to fall through. With this, the
transaction fee worldwide was as low as below 1% whereas banks and
financial institutions charge from 7 to 30%. Blockchain 1.0 was later
extended to Blockchain 2.0 to increase the functionality of this
concept.

Blockchain 2.0 was extended from the previous version to make it

easier and more transparent to the public. Blockchain 2.0 is all about
the contracts. Blockchain 2.0 runs on a completely new protocol, aptly
known as the Blockchain 2.0 protocol. It distinguishes between the
asset and the programmable infrastructure. Blockchain 2.0 also
expands the technology to decentralize the market to involve even
more kinds of assets.

The concept of Blockchain is ever-changing; every time a new need

arises, Blockchain is remodeled to fit the requirements of the users.
From Blockchain 1.0 to 2.0, newer ideas are constantly emerging,

3
Paul Vigna and Michael J. Casey, The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and Future
of Everything, New York: St. Martin’s Press. 2018, pp. 21-23.
Demircioğlu Vol 4 (1) 2018

Use of Blockchain Technology in General Elections

whenever needed. In this context, the blockchain which is for using in

elections can be defined a public blockchain 2.0. 4

2. Examples of Using Blockchain in Elections

While all of those blockchain dreams may one day come true, the use
that is the most compelling is voting. The interest in blockchain
technology taking over from traditional election methods has potential
advantages due to the big technological upgrade from how elections
are currently held. Many national elections still take place using a
paper-based system, leaving open huge holes for security breaches,
fraud, and corruption.

The idea of using blockchain for elections is worth more than just an
experiment, however. Mobile voting using a safe and tested interface
could eliminate voter fraud and boost turnout. It will make it more
convenient for citizens to vote while abroad, irrespective of the
distance and time. It is also a beneficial tool for the election
commission to maintain transparency in the electoral process,
minimize the cost of conducting elections, streamline the process of
counting votes and ensure that all votes are counted.5

4
Christopher Lewis, Blockchain: Your Comprehensive Guide To Understanding The
Decentralized Future, https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31552019-
blockchain (last accessed on 26.06.2018), 2016, pp. 44-47.
5
Marcella Atzori, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the
State Still Necessary?”, http://nzz-files-prod.s3-website-eu-west-
76
When elections are contested, officials hole up in a room and hand-
count votes for hours — setting aside the ones they can’t decipher to
argue over later. On a larger scale, our election process makes it
difficult to vote. Many people struggle to take the time off to make it
to their polling place. Finding that polling place can sometimes be a
challenge.6

There have been some use-cases already where blockchain has come
to the aid of elections. Different countries and organizations have
begun experimenting with the immutable distributed ledger that offers
transparency and security.

Blockchain election project aiming to replace cumbersome voting

technology around the world got its first test in presidential election in
Sierra Leone on March 7th, 2018. Its potential benefits are impressive
and it seems clear that it can be expected to see plenty of future
elections using blockchain.

Representatives from the Switzerland-based project, called Agora,

served as outside observers at some polling sites for the election,
which was conducted using the country’s traditional paper ballots. In
280 polling centers across Sierra Leone’s Western District, the most
populous in the country, votes cast were manually recorded. Along

1.amazonaws.com/files/9/3/1/blockchain+Is+the+State+Still+Necessary_1.1868993
1.pdf (last accessed on 28.06.2018), 2015.
6
Nazli Choucri, Cyberpolitics in International Relations, Massachusetts: The MIT
Press, 2012.
Demircioğlu Vol 4 (1) 2018

Use of Blockchain Technology in General Elections

with other observer groups, Agora representatives were shown the cast
ballots. They used their equipment to record the votes to Agora’s
proprietary blockchain, without voters needing to do any additional
work.

Agora’s blockchain implementation doesn’t rely on a bitcoin-style

mining system for security, since access to the chain is limited to
Agora personnel and election officials and authorized auditors, and
other properties of the underlying algorithms also help make it more
energy efficient than cryptocurrency blockchains.7

The use of blockchain in the public sector reached another milestone

when West Virginia became the first U.S. state to allow internet
voting by blockchain in primary elections on May 8th, 2018. This was
not a full blockchain election, as it was only available to a select group
of voters, such as military members. However, the response was again
positive as experimenting with the use of blockchain in voting
continues to be ramped up.

While the voter participation through this platform was estimated to

be small, the intention of the administrators was to test the technology
in a pilot project with no immediate plans to implement it at a larger
scale.

7
Nicolas Courtois, “On The Longest Chain Rule and Programmed Self-Destruction
of Crypto Currencies”, https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0534 (last accessed on
27.06.2018), 2014.

78
Under the technology that was used in the West Virginia elections, a
voter’s identity is verified using biometric tools like a thumbprint scan
before voting on a mobile device. Each vote forms part of a chain of
votes, where it is mathematically proven by the third party participant.
Using blockchain, all data of the election process can be recorded on a
publicly verifiable ledger while maintaining the anonymity of voters,
with results available instantly.

Still, some elections experts are skeptical of any blockchain-based

voting system. They don’t think that blockchain is the answer to the
complicated questions that are presented by voting. They argue that
paper ballots can already be scanned electronically to quickly generate
results, but they can also be audited as needed if any questions arise.
Besides they are skeptical about that blockchain can solve questions
of authenticating voters or distributing results. They substantiate their
thesis with the argument that voting with internet-connected devices
also raises issues of potential malware or denial of service attacks.8

In spite of skepticism and concerns, blockchain elections were starting

to surface, and there appeared to be interest in the possibility of
organizations as big as national governments turning to the technology
for their possible use. It can be easily said that most countries will use
some form of digital voting in future, in this context blockchain is the

8
Vitalik Buterin, “Bitcoin Isn’t Quantum-Safe And How We Can Fix It When
Needed”, Bitcoin Magazine, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/bitcoin-is-not-
quantum-safe-and-how-we-can-fix-1375242150 (last accessed on 28.06.2018),
2013.
Demircioğlu Vol 4 (1) 2018

Use of Blockchain Technology in General Elections

only technology that has been created which can provide an end-to-
end verifiable and fully-transparent voting solution for this future.

Conclusion

Centralized vertical authority has become the main organizational

model in society, simply because there has not been a better
alternative so far.9 For the first time in history, citizens can now reach
consensus and coordination at global level through cryptographically
verified peer-to-peer procedures, without the intermediation of a third
party. The blockchain technology ushers in a new era of
decentralization on large-scale, in which human factor is minimized
and trust shifts from the human agents of a central organization to an
open source code. In such distributed architecture, “code is law”: the
protocol is open-source and it can be review by anyone; the network is
not owned nor controlled by any single entity; data are simultaneously
kept by all nodes, thus ensuring proper redundancy. Neutrality of the
code, distributed consensus and auditability of transactions can
significantly reduce or overcome frictions and failures inherent in

9
Anthony G. Willhelm, Democracy in Digital Age, Challenges to Political Life in
Cyberspace, London: Routledge, 2000.

80
decision-making process of centralized organizations. (e.g. lack of
transparency, corruption, coercion, etc.)10

Blockchain technology can be the key to ensuring the integrity of the

democratic process. It is still very much in the embryonic stages of its
disruption across many aspects of society, it has a long way to go.
However, there are some real strides in finance - banks are building
blockchains, corporations are decentralizing, and similar advances are
being made in politics and voting.

Blockchain technology certainly has many different use-cases, with

some more advanced in terms of their potential, and many differing in
their time-to-market. However, blockchain’s growth and
sophistication in spaces such as finance and elections would lead to a
global blockchain infrastructure being laid down.

Blockchain can underpin a tamper-proof ledger of information that the

public could access without security concerns. Its combination of
anonymous use and decentralized data storage has encouraged a bevy
of start-ups to examine blockchain as a way to make voting fair,
accountable, and secure.

Online voting imposes extremely stringent requirements on the

security of every aspect of voting. Blockchain technology can be the
missing link in the architecture of a viable online voting system.

10
Quinn DuPont and Bill Maurer, “Ledgers and Law in the Blockchain”,
https://www.weusecoins.com/assets/pdf/library/Ledgers%20and%20Law%20in%2
0the%20Blockchain.pdf (last accessed on 25.06.2018), 2015.
Demircioğlu Vol 4 (1) 2018

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Blockchain isn’t a miracle cure that will fix democracy but it’s not
entirely useless, either. The fact that major corporations, banks, and
now governments - both in terms of regulation, and for elections - are
looking deeply into the blockchain means that there is a big future
building for it. If it can be shown to be a success in electing a
country's leader, helping enact democratic needs and ensuring that
democracy is enacted fairly, then there's not much else that can stop it.

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