Archontic States of Consciousness in Twe PDF
Archontic States of Consciousness in Twe PDF
[ Note: the following text is the reading script (with a few slides inserted) from my paper
presentation at the ESSWE 7 conference in July 2019, held at the University of Amsterdam. Here, I
have only made minor edits to the paper’s contents since ESSWE 7. The paper’s original title was
“Archontic States of Consciousness in Twentieth-century Neuroshamanism,” but I decided to
change this title after the conference pamphlets had already been printed. ]
In this paper, I intend to do two things: 1) explore select phenomena within the category of
intermediary beings called “archons”; and 2) analyze how experiences of archons during altered
states of consciousness influenced the textual and philosophical productions of William S.
Burroughs II and his entourage.
“Archon” is derived from an ancient Greek word roughly meaning “ruler.”1 This term was
appropriated in Late Antiquity by many Gnostic sects who believed that the physical universe was an
evil perversion of humanity’s divine nature, and that demonic intelligences called “archons” were the
servants of an evil Demiurge that had imprisoned humans in the realm of time. The archons were
thought to be carried to Earth by astrological rays in order to keep human souls bound to their
bodies by blocking spiritual transcendence, bringing earthly temptations, or causing disease. The
legendary alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis even thought the archons would send their demons into
the alchemist’s laboratory in order to ruin chemical experiments.2
Ancient Gnostics also generally believed that beyond the archons was the one eternal God of
transcendent love, and it was an enlightened person’s duty to ascend beyond the archons and
re-unite with the good God. Sethian Gnostics held complex “skywalk” rituals where the initiate
would symbolically ascend into the celestial sphere, confront the planetary archons, and vanquish
them with magical words of power.3 Gnostic amulets often depicted archons as humanoids in
Roman military uniforms, showing how archontic religion is frequently a weapon of the oppressed
against hegemonic authority. Archons were also depicted with animal parts, such as the head of a
lion. It should be noted that the word “archontic,” in the lower case, has been used by scholars to
mean, ‘relating to archons,’ and “Archontic,” in the upper case, has been used by Church Fathers as
a polemical label for specific Gnostic groups adhering to the lessons of the Harmony corpus.4 The
word ‘archontism’ is a term of my own that is based upon the more general usage of the lower case
“archontic,” and ‘archontism’ is useful because it has reduced polemical and historical connotation,
as archontism is intended to describe a transhistorical, theoretical pattern of spiritual thought.
Archontic motifs survived in the West via various Abrahamic guises throughout the middle ages,
and even make interesting appearances in latter-stage Rosicrucianism. For example, in the
18th-century German Rosicrucian text Geheime Figuren, the protagonist wanderer must wrestle and
dismember a lion as part of his initiation test, and afterwards finds himself rapidly transported to the
top of a wall high in the sky,5 evidencing that Enlightenment-era secret societies in Europe were still
experimenting with archontic motifs that had features similar to the ancient Gnosticisms.
1
DeConick, The Gnostic New Age, 94.
2
See: Fraser, “Zosimos of Panopolis and the Book of Enoch” (2004).
3
See: DeConick, The Gnostic New Age, 223—224.
4
See: van den Broek, “Archontics,” in Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism (2006).
5
For an English version of the tale, see Smith Ely Jelliffe’s translation of Herbert Silberer’s Problems of Mysticism and its
Symbolism (1917).
Thus, most generally speaking, based on these examples, I define an archon as an agentified
barrier to spiritual or material transcendence, and this agentified metaphysical barrier is often built
into or articulating with the natural world somehow. In the simplest language, an archon is any
supernatural entity that has some type of “control” over human beings. More recently, archons have
had a resurgence in the West via New Age spiritualities, particularly within the neuromantic milieus
centering around American author William Burroughs. “Neuromancy” is a term borne out of the
Burroughsian reception from writers like William Gibson6 and Genesis P-Orridge,7 which translates
to ‘brain magic,’ or using neurological understandings of the mind in order to manipulate one’s
consciousness. Neuromancy techniques include the use of chemicals, sound, stroboscopic light,
meditation, and sensory deprivation, as well as linguistic and artistic experimentation, all used for
inducing altered states of consciousness. One way in which Burroughs was pioneering in terms of
altered states methods was by conducting experiments using unique combinations of these
techniques to potentiate the intensity of his altered experiences. However, during some of
Burroughs’ consciousness experiments, he would encounter hostile entities waiting for him.
Burroughs, to my knowledge, does not use the term “archon” in his writing. He uses the terms
“insects,” “parasites,” “aliens,” et cetera, to refer to humanity’s invisible wardens; however,
Burroughs scholars have used the term “archon” to describe Burroughs’ characters,8 and writers
influenced by Burroughs have also used the term “archon” in their own writing (such as Grant
Morrison).9 Furthermore, Burroughs himself explicitly identifies as a “Gnostic,”10 and as well, the
parasitic spirit masters in Burroughs’ writing overlap with the concept of archons to such an extent
that the term ‘archontist’ is fairly applied to him.11
Burroughs was interested in intermediary beings from a young age. As a child, he once
hallucinated a green reindeer at a city park in St. Louis, Missouri, and also once hallucinated tiny grey
men playing in a dollhouse.12 Being sexually abused at the age of four,13 by the age of five Burroughs
began to have panic attacks predicated on an overwhelming sense of impending doom, feeling an
6
See: Gibson, Neuromancer (1984).
7
Opstrup, The Way Out, 153.
8
See: Stephenson, “The Gnostic Vision of William S. Burroughs” (1984).
9
See: Morrison, The Invisibles (2012).
10
Stevens, The Magical…, 103.
11
For a lengthier version of my justification of the term ‘archontism’ in relation to Burroughs’ work, see: Cowan, “What
Most People Would Call Evil” (2018).
12
Miles, Call Me Burroughs, ch. 2.
13
Ibid.
evil presence all around him that would make him weep with fear.14 This intuitive experience of the
archons involving such intense fear, I refer to as ‘archontic panic,’ since it draws clear parallels to the
“panic” experiences depicted in ancient Greece regarding the forest god Pan. It is interesting to note
that the god Pan makes multiple appearances in Burroughs’ Nova books, and usually during his
most apocalyptic and destructive passages.15
In 1951, now a thirty-seven year old graduate student in Mayan archeology, Burroughs had an
episode of archontic panic while walking down the street one afternoon in his neighborhood in
Mexico City; tears streamed down his face for no known reason, and he had a feeling that something
terrible was about to happen.16 Later that same night, after consuming excessive amounts of alcohol,
he accidentally killed his wife, Joan Vollmer, in a botched William Tell performance at a friend’s
apartment. He would later come to believe that he had been possessed by an evil entity he called
“The Ugly Spirit,” and that it was this demon that had made him miss the shot.17 In an attempt to
come to grips with Joan’s tragedy and his subsequent belief in possession, Burroughs’ writing took
on explicitly magical structures that were aimed at assassinating his Ugly Spirit. By the late 1950s,
Burroughs claimed he had learned to confront an alien consciousness inside his mind, and
Burroughs’ friend Allen Ginsberg even once felt the presence of this hostile entity while watching
Burroughs meditate.18 Eventually, Burroughs came to believe that the possessing alien was
parasitically integrated into his linguistic epistemology, thus his Ugly Spirit was not just a psychic
parasite, but was at least partially a type of disembodied information lifeform with the ability to
control his language, thoughts, and emotions, disrupting his internal silence and forcing him to
produce and feel negative energies.19
14
Miles, Call Me Burroughs, “Introduction.”
15
See: Burroughs, The Soft Machine (1968), 151; Burroughs, Ticket That Exploded, 29.
16
Morgan, Literary Outlaw, 207. See also: Burroughs, Queer, “Introduction.”
17
Miles, Call Me Burroughs, “Introduction.”
18
Ibid., ch. 28, sec. 2 “A Friendship Renewed.” See also: ibid., ch. 51, sec. 5 “Aliens.”
19
See: Burroughs, Ticket That Exploded, “Operation Rewrite”; Burroughs and Gysin, The Exterminator, 10; Burroughs,
Exterminator!, “What Washington? What Orders?”; Burroughs and Gysin, The Third Mind, “The Exterminator.”
These linguistic theories of demonology extended into Burroughs writing, wherein by the early
1960s Burroughs had intensified this anti-linguistic stance and was now arguing that language itself
was a type of metaphysical virus that imprisoned all of humanity in the experience of time.20
Language, for Burroughs, not only restricts the senses and perceptions of human beings by stunting
and controlling their epistemology, but also allows humans to elicit the emotional reactions that the
language entity uses as a food source.21 I have translated and synthesized Burroughs’ linguistic
demonology into a diagram I call ‘the Burroughsian brain.’ In the Burroughsian Brain, what I term
the Logos consciousness determines the form of the Ethos consciousness where our sensory
perceptions reside, and these sensory perceptions in turn trigger our Pathos consciousness where
our emotions reside, with this entire epistemological train rooted in the temporal dimensions of
personal and genetic memory. The Logos demon thus chains humanity’s embodied consciousness to
its memory banks in order to produce the negative feelings that the Logos demon consumes as the
fundament of its digestive cycle. The implication of the epistemological setup is that by removing
language from the brain, one could liberate their sensory abilities and thus release their anxiety
complexes as well, attaining a state of not only heightened perception but also emotional freedom.
20
Burroughs and Gysin, The Exterminator, 11—12; Burroughs, The Place of Dead Roads, “Shoot-out in Boulder.”
21
See: Burroughs, Ticket That Exploded, “Call the Old Doctor Twice?”; Burroughs and Gysin, The Exterminator, 21—22.
Knowing the details of Burroughs’ demonological economics is important for literature studies
because William Burroughs’ experiments with cut-up writing were often created with the intention
of causing magical violence to intermediary beings by scrambling language through rearrangements
of texts and sentences.22 This type of encoding of violence into the fabric of reality through textual
and artistic production was primarily intended by Burroughs to do two things:
● challenge and deprogram one’s innate linguistic epistemologies in order to expand sensory
awareness and thus perceive the archons;23
● and 2) feed subversive codes of violence back into the repetitive discursive entity of
humankind to bring about an apocalyptic destruction of society and temporal
consciousness.24
These two magical functions of cut-up writing are evident even in the earliest cut-up publications,
Minutes to Go and The Exterminator, both published in Paris in 1960.
22
Miles, Call Me Burroughs, ch. 32, sec. 2 “Cut-Ups”; Burroughs, The Soft Machine, 74, 103—119, 151; Burroughs, The
Ticket That Exploded, “Winds of Time” (especially p. 11’s reference to “non-organization” as a form of immunization; see
Cowan, “What Most People Would Call Evil,” for an explanation of this passage). On the relation between cut-up
writing and magic squares, see: Cowan, “Devils in the Ink,” 171—182.
23
Burroughs and Gysin, The Exterminator, 33 (see Cowan, Sidelined to the Ghetto, ch. 7 for an explanation of this passage).
24
Burroughs, The Ticket That Exploded, 29, 36.
In terms of Burroughs’ consciousness experiments, these intensified after Vollmer’s death, peaking
from 1953 to 1961. During this time he used ayahuasca, cannabis, psilocybin, LSD, DMT,
mescaline, meditation, mirror-gazing, stroboscopic light, trance music, and artistic experimentation.
During one experiment in Tangier in 1961, Burroughs sat in the middle of three different radios all
tuned to static, or white noise. In addition to this sonic component, Burroughs also used a
stroboscope designed by Brion Gysin and Ian Somerville intended to induce alpha-frequency
brainwaves, and when Burroughs then combined this light and sound stimulation with psilocybin,
the effects were so powerful that he had a panic attack.25 1961 was a bad year for Burroughs
regarding psychedelics. During one DMT experiment in Tangier, Burroughs claimed he was
transported to a place he calls “The Ovens” where “white hot bees” flowed through his body as he
battled a giant octopus god.26
In Burroughs’ onto-cosmology, “The Ovens” are a part of the ‘phantomland’27 that exists between
the parasitical consciousness of Time and the primordial consciousness of Space. The phantomland
25
Miles, Call Me Burroughs, ch. 35, sec. 1 “The Psychedelic Summer.”
26
Burroughs, Rub Out the Words, 68—70.
27
Burroughs would more likely refer to this intermediary realm as “the Duad,” “the Land of the Dead,” or “the Place of
Dead Roads” (see: Burroughs, The Place of Dead Roads [1983] and The Western Lands [1987] for examples), and he has
never used the term “phantomland”; phantomland is a term of my own creation based on Burroughs various uses of the
term “phantom” (see for example: Burroughs and Gysin, The Exterminator, 13, 15; Burroughs, The Ticket That Exploded,
26 and “Do You Love Me?”).
is the world of dreams, ghosts, and demons; it is an interface between the temporal and the
primordial. The Ovens exist as an alien fortification in the phantomland, and are populated by
sadistic insectoid succubi/incubi who torture human spirits that have strayed from their bodies.28 To
reiterate, Burroughs had many negative experiences with psychedelics in 1961, and eventually he
found himself being transported to the Ovens over and over again after dosing almost any
serotonergic psychedelic, even in moderate quantities.29 This repetitive contact with the Ovens
eventually soured his opinion on psychedelics for the rest of his life. The tortures of the Ovens
make many appearances in Burroughs’ writing during the 1960s, his protagonists often braving a
mission to the Ovens in order to kill the archontic monsters that were variously depicted as insects,
centipedes, scorpions, or crabs. Burroughs also believed that the emetic chemical apomorphine
could counteract the effects of archontic gnosis, and he would inject himself with it during bad
psychedelic experiences in a direct attempt to fight demonic possession.30 In his 1966 appendix to
The Soft Machine, Burroughs posits that the normal state of human consciousness itself is a parasitic
infection of the brain, and that apomorphine, a drug normally used for opiate and alcohol
withdrawal, could possibly disrupt psychic infections via resetting and stabilizing the body’s
metabolism.31
But Burroughs was not the only one in his neuromantic milieu to encounter an archon during
stroboscopic experimentation. In 1959, Burroughs suggested to his friend Allen Ginsberg that
Ginsberg should use a stroboscope during his planned LSD experiment at the Mental Research
Institute in Palo Alto, California.32 Ginsberg followed Burroughs’ advice, and to terrifying effect.
The stroboscope was synced with Ginsberg’s EEG so that the pulses of light would mimic his own
alpha waves, but as the effects of the drug and the stroboscope increased, Ginsberg had to quit in
the middle of the experiment because the experience was too intense, and he describes it as:
There was no distinction between inner or outer. Suddenly I got the uncanny sense that I was really no
different than all of this mechanical machinery around me. I began to think that if I let this go on, something
awful would happen. I would be absorbed into the electrical network grid of the entire nation. Then I began
feeling a slight crackling along the hemispheres of my skull. I felt my soul being sucked out through the light
into the wall socket.33
28
Burroughs, The Ticket That Exploded, “Winds of Time.”
29
Burroughs, Rub Out the Words, 87.
30
Miles, Call Me Burroughs, ch. 34, sec. 3 “Paul Bowles”; Burroughs, Rub Out the Words, 7 3—75, 87.
31
Burroughs, The Soft Machine, “Appendix.”
32
Geiger, The Chapel…, 47.
After getting the researchers to shut off the stroboscope, Ginsberg began frantically writing,
composing a poem titled “Lysergic Acid” which describes an encounter with an ominous entity:
It is a multiple million eyed monster \ it is hidden in all its elephants and selves \ it hummeth in the electric
typewriter \ it is electricity connected to itself, if it hath wires \ it is a vast Spiderweb [...] the million eyed
Spyder that hath no name \ spinneth of itself endlessly \ the monster that is no monster approaches with
apples, perfume, railroads, \ Televisions, skulls \ a universe that eats and drinks itself \ blood from my skull
[...] it creeps and undulates beneath the sea \ it is coming to take over the city \ it invades beneath every
Consciousness.34
Because Ginsberg’s LSD experience at Palo Alto was one of a forced rejection of the body, or an
involuntary ego-dissolution where there is the perceptual conflation of body with environment, it
seems logical that such an experience could lead to powerful feelings of fear. It would also not be
outlandish to surmise that this experience of fear could cause an unconscious assignment of agency
to the dissolving forces via neurocognitive hyperdetection mechanisms that are constantly scanning
for signs of danger. But it is interesting to note that Ginsberg’s entity has many similarities to
Burroughs’ archons: Ginsberg associates his LSD monster with language concepts, he gives it
arthropodic characteristics by calling it a spider, and Ginsberg also attributes a digestive dynamic to
it. Furthermore, he sees the entity right around the time he decides to stop the experiment, thus the
entity also arguably functioned as a barrier to transcendence, and would thus be an archon.
33
Geiger, The Chapel…, 47—48.
34
Ginsberg, (n.p.).
35
My thoughts in this regard are influenced by Erik Davis’s TechGnosis (2015); see: “Introduction,” especially p. xix.
36
Stevens, The Magical…, 111.
this projection of intent into the fabric of reality is what allows for Burroughs’ personifications of
pain that I have described as “Archons.” But a third reason that I think neuromancy and archontism
are a natural pairing is that complex neuromantic methods like the ones Burroughs and Ginsberg
utilized have the potential to create abnormally powerful experiences, and this augmented
experiential intensity makes neuromantic altered states of consciousness more likely to induce
feelings of fear and paranoia that will be personified into monstrous beings.
To conclude, we must ask: why should we want to know about this? How can knowledge of
archontic gnosis benefit other disciplines dealing with Burroughs? Well, since most scholarship on
Burroughs is from the perspective of literary criticism, the most obvious answer is that Burroughs’
altered experiences can help with analyses of literary form and style. But bigotry within literary
scholarship has thus far largely abstained from treating cut-up writing as a magical ritual per se, and
this abstinence often leads Burroughs scholars to downplay the importance of esotericism.37 This
prejudice in academia thus causes Burroughs critics to focus on cut-up as strictly an anti-authorial
extension of intertextuality that effectively creates indeterminacy of meaning. Admittedly, cut-up is
an anti-authorial act of intertextuality, but by saying that cut-up has indeterminate meaning, scholars
reify crucial misunderstandings that stunt the development of cut-up writing’s formal analysis.
37
See: Cowan, Sidelined to the Ghetto (2019).
Lastly, identifying Burroughs’ archontic experiences within his texts is important because it allows us
to realize how influential his own altered experiences are to the many writers, philosophers, and
spiritual seekers who read him. Historically, altered states of consciousness have been a powerful
force in literature, philosophy, and politics, and understanding the discourses that develop around
these altered experiences is critical to analyzing and predicting social development.
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