GLOSSARY

Flow Rate Variation - The difference in percentage between the maximum emitter’s
discharge to the minimum emitter’s discharge.

Emission uniformity
Flow rate
Inlet lateral flow rate
Emitter flow rate
Irrigation rate
Kv
Kd
Exponent
Inside diameter
Nominal diameter
Inlet Velocity
Friction factor
Friction factor
Water peak demand
Daily irrigation time
Flushing system
Pressure
Head pressure
End pressure
Pressure rating
SETTING

The Settings window helps set the program language setting and determine whether to
use the Metric or the US measuring system.

Selecting the interface language:

In the Setting window select the Languages tab. From the drop-down list select a
language then press the “GO” button. Restart the program for changes to take affect.
Selecting the measuring system:
In the Setting window select the System tab. Chose either Metric or US system then
press the “GO” button. Restart the program for changes to take affect.
SHIFTS

The Shifts program calculates the irrigation rate and number of shifts needed
according to the given parameters The Valves program calculates the valve friction
loss according to the given parameters.

There are 2 separate calculations to be made the first is the “Irrigation Rate”:
Enter the relevant data for each field. After entering all the relevant data press the
“Calculate” button (in the irrigation rate section) to calculate the irrigation rate.
The second calculation is “No of shifts” (number of shifts) this calculation is based on
the “Irrigation Rate” calculation, therefore you must calculate the irrigation rate first,
enter the data for the remaining fields and then press “Calculate” to calculate the
number of shifts needed for those particular parameters.

Pressing the “Reset” button will clear the data and enable you to recalculate with
different parameters. Each “Reset” button resets it’s own section.
VALVES

The Valves program calculates the valve friction loss according to the given
parameters.

In order to calculate the valves friction loss the following parameters should be
entered:

Valve type
Select the type from the list. The basic Valves database consists of: Aquanet,
TNL and PRV valve types, but you can add/delete/change valves type and
related data and parameters using the “DB Update” program.
Configuration
Select the desired configuration. Configuration options vary according to
valve type selection.
Diameter
Select the desired valve diameter. Selecting the diameter automatically sets the
“Kv” field value.
Flow Rate
Enter the desired flow rate.

After entering all the relevant data press the “Calculate” button to calculate the
friction loss. Pressing the “Reset” button will clear the data and enable you to
recalculate with different parameters.
 Pressing the “Print” button from the Main Pipe window will print the Main
Pipe program results but not as they are shown on screen. If you want to
print the screen use the windows Alt + Print Screen features to capture the screen and
save it as a picture. Pressing the “Print “ button from the Chart window will print the
chart.
 The additional results report can be reached by pressing the
“Additional Results” button (next to the “Compute” button).
The report cannot be edited.

It contains a table showing the Pressure, Pressure Loss, Height and difference in
height at 10 different points located at equal distances along the mine pipe line. These
values do not refer to the distances entered in the course of the topography line.

The “Additional Results” also shows the minimum and maximum pressure along the
line and at what distance from the beginning of the line was this pressure obtained.

Pressing the “Chart” button will display the main pipe line pressure results
chart. The Chart shows the changes of the pressure and height along the
line (a Chart of the “Additional Results”). It is recommended to print the Chart for
better view.
You can change the Chart title to fit your needs. All you have to do is enter the title
you want in the title bar and then press the “Change Title” button.
One-by-one feature
This is a new feature. It applies only for pipes that have a nominal diameter in the
pipe database. You should decide if you want to use this option first because once you
change this option all data is cleared and you need to start over.
If the “one-by-one” check box is marked you need to enter the nominal diameter for
each segment, as always. But if the checkbox is unmarked you can enter only the
“Segment length”, and the “Flow Rate” for each segment and the nominal diameter
will be automatically chosen. The automatically chosen diameter is a suggestion to
help you “guess” the correct diameter. Nevertheless you can change the suggested
nominal diameter at all times without changing back to “one-by-one”.

Calculations and Results

After entering all the required data press “Compute” for calculations. The blue
colored cells will be calculated as well as the “Additional Results” and the “Chart”.

The cells that will be calculated in the main pipe window are: Total Length, Start
Flow Rate, Cumulative Pressure Loss, End Line Pressure and Pressure, Pressure Loss,
and Velocity per segment (diameter).
MAIN PIPE

The Main Pipe program calculates the cumulative pressure loss and the water flow
velocity in the main pipe distributing water pipe (single or telescopic). It changes to
suit the required irrigation system parameters.

The basic pipes database consists of mainly PE, PVC and Layflat pipes, but the pipes
database is very flexible. You can add/delete/change pipes type, class, nominal and
inside diameters using the “DB Update” program.

In order to design the main pipe line the following parameters should be entered.
First you should decide if you want to work with “one-by-one” option or without.
Then select the “Pipe Type” and only after that fill the rest of the parameters.

Pipe Type
Select the desired pipe type from a list: PE pipe , PVC pipe, Layflat,
Aluminum, and other pipes, depending on the pipe database.
Friction Factor
For PE PVC and LAYFLAT pipes a friction factor of 150 (based on Darcy-
Wiesbach equation) is automatically set. For other pipes the appropriate
friction factor must be entered. The friction factor value ranges between 50 to
200 , in case of an improper entry of friction factor, a warning is displayed.
Pipe Class
Select the suited pipe class from the list. The list changes according to the
“Pipe Type” selection. Some pipes don’t have a class either because there is
no such thing for that type of pipe or because it wasn’t filled in the database.
Either way if the list is blank, ignore the field (pipe class normally represents
the maximum allowed working pressure in PSI units).
Head Pressure
Enter the required pressure at the beginning of the main pipe line.
Topography
The same idea as in emitters only for main pipe line.
Nominal Diam (Nominal Diameter)
Select the nominal diameter from the list. The list changes according to your
“Pipe Type” selection. In most cases selecting the Nominal Diameter
automatically enters the value for “Inside Diameter” field. If the list is blank
ignore the field and enter the “Inside Diameter” value instead.
Inside Diam (Inside Diameter)
This field is automatically set for pipes that are in the database. In the case it
isn’t set automatically you should enter it manually, remember the value
should be the INSIDE diameter.
Segment Length
Enter the required main pipe segment length.
Flow Rate
Enter the required flow rate for the segment.
You can build a telescopic pipe up to 5 different diameters. The upper field is always
larger then the one below, therefore always start with the largest diameter and
gradually advance to the smallest diameter. You cannot select a second diameter
before you enter a value in the “Segment Length” field.
 Pressing the “Print” button from the Submain window will print the
Submain program results but not as they are shown on screen. If you want
to print the screen use the windows Alt + Print Screen features to capture the screen
and save it as a picture. Pressing the “Print “ button from the Chart window will print
the chart.
 The additional results report can be reached by pressing the
“Additional Results” button (next to the “Compute” button).
The report cannot be edited.

It contains a table showing the Pressure, Pressure Loss, Height and difference in
height at 10 different points located at equal distances along the line. These values do
not refer to the distances entered in the course of the topography line.

The “Additional Results” also shows the minimum and maximum pressure along the
line and at what distance from the beginning of the line was this pressure obtained.

Pressing the “Chart” button will display the submain pipe line pressure
results chart. The Chart shows the changes of the pressure and height
along the line (a Chart of the “Additional Results”). It is recommended to print the
Chart for better view.
You can change the Chart title to fit your needs. All you have to do is enter the title
you want in the title bar and then press the “Change Title” button.
You can build a telescopic pipe up to 3 different diameters. The upper field diameter
is always larger then the one below, therefore always start with the largest diameter
and gradually advance to the smallest diameter. You cannot select a second diameter
before you enter a value in the “Segment Length” field.

There are 2 more options that can be filled before computing.

Topography
The same idea as in emitters only for submain line.
Shape
Can be entered manually or with the help of the “Shape Wizard”. You can
choose either a rectangular or a trapezoidal shape:
Rectangular - all the laterals are at about the same length. You can either enter
average Inlet Lateral Flow Rate or average Flow Rate.
Trapezoidal - there is a difference in the laterals length, starting from a certain
length and gradually changing until reaching a different length in the last
lateral. You need to enter the Inlet Lateral Flow Rate for the first and last
laterals.

Calculations and Results

After entering all the required data press “Compute” for calculations. The blue
colored cells will be calculated as well as the “Additional Results” and the “Chart”.

he cells that will be calculated in the submain window are: Total Length; Cumulative
Pressure Loss; End Line Pressure; Pressure, Pressure Loss, and Velocity per segment
(diameter), and submain Flow Rate.
SUBMAIN

The SubMain program calculates the cumulative pressure loss and the water flow
velocity in the submain distributing water pipe (single or telescopic). It changes to suit
the required irrigation system parameters.

The basic pipes database consists of mainly PE, PVC and Layflat pipes, but the pipes
database is very flexible. You can add/delete/change pipes type, class, nominal and
inside diameters using the “DB Update” program.

In order to design the submain line the following parameters should be entered.
You should select the “Pipe Type” first and only after that fill the rest of the
parameters.

Pipe Type
Select the desired pipe type from a list: PE pipe, PVC pipe, Layflat,
Aluminum, and other pipes, depending on the pipe database.
Friction Factor
For PE PVC and LAYFLAT pipes a friction factor of 150 (based on Darcy-
Wiesbach equation) is automatically set. For other pipes the appropriate
friction factor must be entered. The friction factor value ranges between 50 to
200 , in case of an improper entry of friction factor, a warning is displayed.
Pipe Class
Select the suited pipe class from the list. The list changes according to the
“Pipe Type” you selected. Some pipes don’t have a class either because there
is no such thing for that type of pipe or because it wasn’t filled in the database.
Either way if the list is blank ignore the field (pipe class normally represents
the maximum allowed working pressure in BAR units).
Head Pressure
Enter the required pressure at the beginning of the submain line.
End Flow
Enter the flow rate at the end of the submain line. The common value for this
field is 0.
No Of Laterals (Number of Laterals)
Enter the number of laterals along the entire distribution pipe, no matter
whether it is a single diameter or a pipe composed of a number of diameters
(“telescopic” pipe).
Nominal Diam (Nominal Diameter)
Select the nominal diameter from the list. The list changes according to your
“Pipe Type” selection. In most cases selecting the Nominal Diameter
automatically enters the value for “Inside Diameter” field. If the list is blank
ignore the field and enter the “Inside Diameter” value instead.
Inside Diam (Inside Diameter)
This field is automatically set for pipes that are in the database. In the case it
isn’t set automatically you should enter it manually, remember the value
should be the INSIDE diameter.
Segment Length
Enter the required submain segment length.
Step 2
Enter the Inlet Lateral Flow Rate for the first lateral (for Rectangular shape you need
to enter average Inlet Lateral Flow Rate). If you don’t know you can press calculate
for automatic entry according to your emitter data.

Step 3
Enter the Inlet Lateral Flow Rate for the last lateral, the N lateral (for Rectangular
shape skip this step).

Step 4
Enter the Head Pressure for the first and last lateral respectively (for Rectangular
shape you need to enter the average Head Pressure). If you used the “calculate” button
or the “to Shape Wizard” button this fields will be filled automatically (but they are
still editable).

To finish and enter the data into the SubMain program press the “To SubMain”
button. Pressing this button will also open the SubMain program window.
SHAPE WIZARD

The Shape Wizard program is a new feature. Its main goal is to help transfer the
required system parameters (Inlet Lateral Flow Rate, Minimum Head Pressure) from
the Emitters program to the SubMain program. The wizard is useful for determining
the correct flow rate to enter in the “Shape” section in the SubMain program.

There are 2 ways to activate the Shape Wizard program:

Pressing the “Shape Wizard” button in the main window.

Pressing the “to Shape Wizard” button in the Emitter “Additional

Results” window.

If you activate it from the Emitter program the first results will be automatically
entered according to the emitter results. If not you can always press the “calculate”
button and calculate the results from the Emitter program. After that you will have a
“Back to Shape” button instead of a “to Shape Wizard” button. The automatically
entered data can be manually changed at all stages. For example if the automatically
entered data was 123.02 you can enter 123 instead.

Step 1
Choose the area shape. Rectangular or Trapezoidal. Make sure that there is a drawing
in the preview pane and not the word “NONE”. If the word “NONE” appears then
you have to toggle with the options to activate your choice, even if originally the
option you wanted was selected.

The rest of the steps will be shown for Trapezoidal option since it includes the
Rectangular option.
 Pressing the “Print” button from the Emitter window will print the Emitter
program results but not as they are shown on screen. If you want to print
the screen use the windows Alt + Print Screen features to capture the screen and save
it as a picture. Pressing the “Print “ button from the Chart window will print the chart.

Note:

If the maximal pressure in one of the non-regulated emitters in the line is lower than
0.1 m or higher than 50 m, the calculations will be stopped on this emitter (even if the
calculation is still incomplete). The emitter calculation results will be presented along
with an appropriate warning displayed in red.

For example: WARNING – Inlet pressure is above 50 m !

For a regulated emitter the calculation will be performed as described above.

However, if the minimum pressure in one of the emitters in the line is lower than 5 m,
an appropriate warning will be displayed in red.

For example: WARNING – Minimum pressure is Below 5 m !

End Pressure - the pressure at the end of the line.
Emitter Distance and Emitter Line Pressure - pressure in 10 different emitters located
at equal distances along the line. These values do not refer to the distances
entered in the course of the line topography. Definitions are aimed to provide a
picture about pressure losses along the line.

The “Shape Wizard” button helps you transfer the required emitter system parameters
(Inlet Lateral Flow Rate , Minimum Head Pressure) from the Emitters program to the
SubMain program. See Shape Wizard Program.

Pressing the “Chart” button will display the emitter line pressure results
chart. The Chart shows the changes of the pressure and flow rate variation
along the line. It is recommended to print the Chart for better view.
You can change the Chart title to fit your needs. All you have to do is enter the title
you want in the title bar and then press the “Change Title” button.
You don’t have to fill all 10 pairs but your last distance value has to be higher or
equal to total pipe length. The easiest way to go between the cells is using the “TAB”
key.

Calculations and Results

After entering all the required data press “Compute” for calculations. The blue
colored cells will be calculated as well as the “Additional Results” and the “Chart”.

The cells that will be calculated in the emitter window are : Total Emitters, Total
Length, Total Pressure Loss; Pressure Loss, Head Pressure, and Velocity per segment;
and Segment Length when using any Calculation method that is not “Emitter Line
Length”.

The additional results report can be reached by pressing the

“Additional Results” button (next to the “Compute” button).
The report cannot be edited.

It contains the following results:

Average Emitter Flow Rate - calculated as the result of dividing “Inlet Lateral Flow
Rate” by “Total Emitter Quantity”.
Inlet Lateral Flow Rate - the cumulative flow rate along the entire line.
Flow Rate Variation - is the difference in percentage between the maximum emitter’s
discharge to the minimum emitter’s discharge.
FV(%)=[(Qmax - Qmin) / Qmax]*100
Emission Uniformity - is the result of the following formula as specified by the
1/2
ASAE: EU(%)=(Qmin / Qmax)*[1-1.27*CV/n ]
Min/Max Emitter Pressure - the pressure in the emitter with extreme (minimum or
maximum) pressure (not necessarily at the beginning or the end of line).
Inlet Velocity - the maximum velocity at the lateral inlet.
Total Length - the result of the computation or the given value for lateral length.
Total Emitters - the cumulative number of emitters along the given length.
Emitter Line pressures:
Head Pressure - the pressure at the beginning of the line.
 d. “Emission Uniformity”- similar to “flow rate variation”, calculation will
be executed to achieve the desired emission uniformity, and will generate
the maximum lateral length under these conditions. Therefore there is no
need to fill the “Segment Length” field (8). Emission uniformity units are
also % but the common value for this field is any value above 85 %. This
option is available for non PC emitters only.

There are 2 more options that can be filled before computing, but you can also leave
them with their default values.

1. Flushing
If you want to calculate for a system that includes end lateral flushing you should
check the “Flushing” box, and enter the desired flushing velocity (usually around
0.3-0.6 m/sec, and “End Pressure” around 2m). Flushing system you can only be
used with the “Emitter Line Length” calculation method. However, after checking
the “Flushing” box you will have to reselect this calculation method before
pressing “Compute”.

2. Topography
You can choose between either fixed or changing line slope.
By default, fixed topography with 0% slope is set.

”Fixed“- Enter the desired value in “Slope” field. Negative value means downhill
while positive values mean uphill. Units are %, usually not more than 10% slope.
”Changing” – Lets you determine the altitude along the line, from end line to
submain, up to 10 points each point consists of 2 cells: one for distance one for
height. When you check “Changing” the “Changing topography” section appears
at the bottom of the screen. Units are meter/feet.

”distances” - The upper line (with the right hand cell always 0) is used to load the
distance from the end of line to the point of the altitude change. These distances
may be unequal. The value of each cell is the net distance from the end of line
point. The value in length in each cell is always greater than the value entered in
previous cell.
”heights” - The lower line is used to enter altitudes of the points whose distance
from the end of line is set above them. The values may represent elevation
readings from a map or relative elevation to zero level at the end of line. Positive
values mean the point is elevated above the end of line, negative values mean the
point is below the end of line elevation.
 field you can activate the second pipe type by pressing the “TAB” key on the
keyboard or moving to another field.

“Inside Diam” (inside diameter”), “KD” and “Exponent” fields are automatically set
according to the emitter type and pipe parameters selected. The value of these fields
cannot be changed, unless the change was made in the database.
4 5 6

7 8

8. Segment Length
Enter the required segment length.
9. End Pressure
The actual value for calculation of pressure at the furthest emitter. The common
values for this field are: around 10m for drippers.
around 20m for mini-sprinklers.
between 20-30m for sprinklers.
around 2m when using flushing system.
10. Calculation Method
There are 4 calculation methods are available which are used in accordance with
the loaded data:
10

a. “Emitter Line Length” - calculation will be executed for the entire

designated length.
b. “Pressure Range”- calculation will be executed in a way that makes sure
the maximal pressure variation between maximum emitter’s pressure to
minimum emitter’s pressure does not exceed the pressure range you
entered. The computation result will also show the maximum lateral length
under the designated conditions. Therefore it is not necessary to fill the
“Segment Length” field (8) if you intend to use this method. This option is
available for PC (exponent value is equal to zero) emitters only. Pressure
range units are meter/feet.
c. ”Flow Rate Variation” – calculation will be executed to achieve the
requested flow variation and will generate the maximum lateral length
under these conditions. Therefore there is no need to fill the “Segment
Length” field (8). Flow variation units are %. The common values for this
field are between 10-15%. This option is available for non PC emitters
only (exponent value is above zero).
EMITTERS

The Emitters program calculates the cumulative pressure loss, average flow rate etc,
in the irrigation system emitters for the parameters selected to meet the system
requirements.

In order to design the emitter line the following parameters should be entered.
It is recommended that you enter the parameters in the following order for best
performance and less hassle.

1. Emitter
There are 4 basic type of emitters to choose from: Drip Line, On Line, Sprinklers
and Micro-Sprinklers.
2. Type
Choose a specific emitter from a list of emitters. The list changes according to the
basic type you selected from the emitter list. The list can include both PC
(pressure compensated) emitters and non-PC emitters.
3. Emitter Spacing
The distance between each two successive emitters along the line 3.

1
3
2

4. Flow Rate
Each emitter type has it’s own set of nominal flow rate values available. Choose
the one you want from the list.

Selection of either “ On Line ”, “ Sprinkler ” or “ Mini-Sprinkler ” from emitter list

requires selection of “Pipe Material”, correlating “Pressure Rating” and “Pipe Type”
for connection to the emitter. If you selected “Drip Line” these 3 options are not
available.

5. Pipe Material
Select the pipe material you want from the list. If you selected “On Line” there is
only PE pipe available. If you selected “Sprinkler” you can chose between: PE
pipe, PVC pipe, LayFlat and Aluminum. If you selected “Mini-Sprinkler” you can
chose between PE or PVC pipe.
6. Pressure Rating
After selecting “Pipe Material” you will need to select a correlating pressure rate
from a list of available pressure values for the specific pipe you selected.
7. Pipe Type
Select the type of pipe you want. You can build a telescopic pipe (built of 2
different diameters in the same class) just keep in mind that the first diameter is
the larger of the two. You cannot select a second diameter before you enter a value
in the “Segment Length” field. After entering a value in the “Segment length”
Š The database consists of pipes manufactured in compliance with the relevant local
standards: P.E. pipes - normative reference 150, DIN, ISO
P.V.C pipes - normative reference 150, DIN, ISO
NOTES:

Š There are three types of parameters :

- Selected from a list provided by the program (the arrow next to the cell is clicked
to display the list).
- Entered by the user in accordance with his own considerations.
- Automatically inserted by the program to suit the entry made. These entries will
usually have a more faded gray color, unlike the users entries black color.

However, when the user’s entry creates an improper result, a warning message will
appear at the bottom of the screen warning about the improper parameter result.

For example: WARNING – Inlet Pressure Is Above 50 m !

Then the entry subject to a correction must be clicked and the new entry made.

Š If you try to compute (clicking the Compute cell) with lacking or illegal data, a
request to enter the omitted value, or correct the illegal one, will be displayed.

For example:

After clicking the OK button the window will be closed, and the cursor jumps to the
appropriate cell. Enter the required value and reinitiate the computation.

Š Pay attention to the measurement units! Make sure your entries are in the units
designated next to each cell heading, otherwise wrong computation results will be
obtained.

Š The print button will print to the default printer. You can not choose

the printer after you pressed this button. Also notice that it doesn’t always print the
screen as it is but it does print the current program results.

Š The “ENTER” key is inoperative in the program.

GENERAL

The Emitters program calculates the cumulative pressure loss ,the average flow rate,
the water flow velocity etc. in the selected emitter. It can be changed to suit the
desired irrigation system parameters.

The SubMain program calculates the cumulative pressure loss and the water flow
velocity in the submain distributing water pipe (single or telescopic). It changes to suit
the required irrigation system parameters.

The Main Pipe program calculates the cumulative pressure loss and the water flow
velocity in the main conducting water pipe (single or telescopic). It changes to suit the
required irrigation system parameters .

The Shape Wizard program helps transfer the required system parameters (Inlet
Lateral Flow Rate , Minimum Head Pressure) from the Emitters program to the
SubMain program.

The Valves program calculates the valve friction loss according to the given
parameters.

The Shifts program calculates the irrigation rate and number of shifts needed
according to the given parameters.

The Settings window helps set the program language setting and determine whether
to use the Metric or the US measuring system.
check the “Yes, Launch the program file” box and press “Finish”.

Troubleshooting Installation:

When working with a windown98 Hebrew-enabled operating system:

The content of the database libraries may not be copied and consequently no
data to chose from. To bypass this problem simply copy the 3 libraries:
Database Languages and Skins from the installation directory to the
Destination directory.
The program will not launch after pressing the “Finish” button even though
you check the ”launch program” check box. Start the program from the start-
programs menu.
Introduction

The irrigation system planning software is designed to help you define the parameters
of your irrigation system. You will be able to run the program with any suitable
parameters, review the output, and change input data in order to match it to the
appropriate irrigation system set up .

Some parameters may be selected from a system list; whereas other are entered by the
user according to their own needs so they do not conflict with the program’s
limitations .

The software package includes an opening main window, five calculation programs,
one language setting window and a database that can be modified and updated by the
user.

Minimum system requirements

MS Windows 98 or higher installed.

Pentium processor compatible or higher.
32 MB RAM or more.
SVGA Display (800x600 256 colors recommended).

Installation Instructions
Before you begin the Planning Software installation it is strongly advised you exit any
running program .

If a previous version of Hydro Calc is already installed on your computer, it is

recommended to uninstall it before installing the new version, to avoid duplicity
problems.

If you have the old NetafimPlanning Software (HydrauliCalc) installed on your

computer you do not have to uninstall it as long as you don’t install the new Hydro
Calc in the same directory.

To run the SETUP program :

Open your Windows File Manager or File Explorer and click the CD icon .Double
click the CD’s SETUP.EXE application and follow the instructions displayed on the
screen .

When you get to the last installation window:

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM REQUIERMENTS
INSTALLATION
GENERAL
EMITTERS
SHAPE WIZARD
SUBMAIN
MAIN PIPE
VALVES
SHIFTS
SETTING
GLOSSARY