Tutorial 2

Review of Basics - Thermodynamic Properties

1. What is the different between intensive and extensive property? List down the
thermodynamic properties that are considered as extensive and intensive property.

Extensive property is property that depends on size while intensive property is

independent of size.

Extensive property - volume, entropy, enthalpy

Intensive property - temperature, pressure

2. Using suitable plot of PT and PV diagram, explain the difference between triple point and
critical point.

See lecture note.

3. Estimate the specific volume of sulfur dioxide at 500 oF, 25 psia. How much error would
be made using the ideal gas equation of state (%)?

Solution

For SO2 Tc = 730oK, Pc = 77.7 atm,  = 0.273

RT
vZ
P
a) For ideal gas Z = 1

0.73  960  1
v  412 ft 3 / mol
25
14.7

b) Using correlation
960 25
Tr   1.24, Pr   0.022
775 14.7  77.7
B P
Z  1 r r ; Br  B  0   B  1
Tr

0.422 0.172
B  0   0.083  1.6
; B  1  0.139  4.2
Tr Tr

0.422  0.172 
Br  0.083   0.2730.139   0.216  0.019  0.197
1.241. 6
 1.24 4.2 

1
   0.197  0.022 
Z  1    0.9965
 1.24 

0.73  960  0.9965

v  410.6 ft 3 / mol
25
14.7

The ideal volume is good to 0.4% in this case.

4. Gaseous carbon dioxide is initially at 16oC, 55.4 bar in a rigid tank 1000 cm3 in volume. It
is then heated to 183oC. Using generalize compressibility factor, determine;
a. how much carbon dioxide is in this tank.
b. the final pressure of the tank.

Solution

16oC 16oC
55.4 bar 55.4 bar
V = 1000cc V = 1000cc

a b
Tc  304.2 o K ; Pc  22.8 atm  73.9 bar;   0.225
a) Tr = 0.95; Pr = 0.75 (on dividing line between density regions, see Fig. 4.5 text book).
z  z  0     z  1
From Fig (4.4)
z  0.56  0.225  0.017  0.55
PV 55.4  1000
n   4.19 mol
Z RT 0.55  83.14  289

b) At 456 oK, Tr = 1.5, assume low pressure

2
 Z n RT Z  4.19  83.14  456
P 
V 1000
B P Br P
Z  1 r r  1
Tr 73.9  1.5
 0.422   0.172 
Br   0.083  1.6 
 0.225 0.139    0.113
 1.5   1.5 4.6 
 0.113 P  83.14  456  4.19 
P  1.0     P  158.85  0.0162 P
 73.9  1.5  1000 

P  136.7 bar , Pr  1.85

Ok for low pressure

5. A 10 ft3 container holds 1lb of a mixture of steam and water. If the temperature is 240 oF,
what volume is occupied by the steam? What is its mass?

Solution

10 ft3 Vl?
1 lb H2O Vv?
Liquid + mlv?
vapor

V  Vl  Vv  vl ml  vv mv  10 ft 3
m  1.0  ml  mv

From steam tables: at 240oF, Stn.

ft 3
ft 3 v l  0.0169
v v  16.321 , lb
lb

ml  1.0  mv
10  0.01691  mv   16.321 mv
mv  0.6123 lb
Vv  9.993 ft 3
ml  0.3877 lb
Vl  0.007 ft 3

3
6. A rigid, steel vessel initially contains 1200 kg liquid water with the remainder of its 3 m 3
total volume filled with water vapor. The initial temperature is 200 oC.

a. How much heat (kJ) must be supplied to keep the temperature at 200 oC if 800
kg liquid water at 60oC is added?
b. What is the mass of saturated vapor at the final condition (kg)?

Note: the properties of saturated water at 60oC may be used for the water added.

Solution

m = 1200+ mVB+800

800kg l vl =10.00156 m3/kg

mlB=1200kg 60oC vV = 0.12736 m3/kg
mVB?
ul = 850.64
200oC
200oC uV = 2595.3
Q?
3
3m 3 m3

4
 ME  MB  MI
M B  M lB  M VB  1200  M VB
VVB 3  VlB
M vB  
vVB vVB
VlB  M lB  vlB  1200  0.00156  1.3872 m 3
3  1.3872
M VB   12.66 kg
0.12736
M B  1200  12.66  1212.66 kg

U E  U B  H I  Q  W rigid
H I  hI  m I  251.11  800  2.009  10 5 kJ
U E  M l E u l  M VE u v
U B  1200  850.64  12.66  2595.3  1.054  10 6 kJ

7. A gas is taken through a three-step cyclic process as follows:

a. Heat at constant volume from 300oK, 1 bar to 2 bar.
b. Expand adiabatically, reversible to 1 bar.
c. Cool at constant P to 300oK
Make a table showing the heat and work for each step as well as the net heat and work
7
for the cycle. The gas is ideal with CP of R
2

Solution

a. step 1; constant volume; T1 = 300oK; T2 = ?; P1 = 1 bar; P2 = 2 bar

Energy balance
0
(U + KE +PE)E = (U + KE +PE)B + (H + KE +PE)I - (H + KE +PE)O + Q –W

(1) KEE – KEB = 0 system is not moving

(2) PEE – PEB = 0 no potential to move system
(3) (H + KE +PE)I - (H + KE +PE)O = 0 closed system
(4) W = 0 no volume change

U E  U B  Q  U
0
By definition: U = T S – P V no volume change

5
By definition: for ideal gas u = CVT;

P1V1 P2V2
T1

T2
; V1  V2  T2 
P2
P1
T1 
2 bar
1bar
 
 300 o K  600 o K

5  8.314 J 
Q  u  CV T  1mol  
2  mol K
 
 600 o K  300 o K  6236 J


b. step 2 adiabatic; reversible; T1 = 600oK, T2 = ?; P1 = 2 bar; P2 = 1 bar

Energy balance

0
(U + KE +PE)E = (U + KE +PE)B + (H + KE +PE)I - (H + KE +PE)O + Q –W

(1) KEE – KEB = 0 system is not moving

(2) PEE – PEB = 0 no potential to move system
(3) (H + KE +PE)I - (H + KE +PE)O = 0 closed system
(4) Q = 0 adiabatic

U = -W

Entropy balance
0 0
SE = SB + SI – SO + Q + SP
(1) SI – SO = 0 closed system
(2) Q = 0 adaibatic
(3) SP = 0 reversible
SE  SB  0
By definition for ideal gas in terms of T and P:
T  P 
S  C P ln 2   R ln 2 
 T1   P1 
From entropy balance S = 0
T  P 
 C P ln 2   R ln 2 
 T1   P1 
7 T  P 
R ln 2   R ln 2 
2  T1   P1 
T  2  P2 
ln  2   ln 
 T1  7  P1 
 2  1 
T2  T1 exp  ln    492.2 o K
 7  2 
From the energy balance

-W = U
For ideal gas:

6
 U  CV T
 
W 
5
1 mol   8.314 J  492.2 K  600 K 
2  mol K 
W  2241 J

c. Step 3; constant P; T1 = 492.2oK, T2 = 300 oK ; P1 = 1 bar; P2 = 1 bar

Energy balance

(U + KE +PE)E = (U + KE +PE)B + (H + KE +PE)I - (H + KE +PE)O + Q –W

(1) KEE – KEB = 0 system is not moving

(2) PEE – PEB = 0 no potential to move system
(3) (H + KE +PE)I - (H + KE +PE)O = 0 closed system

U  Q  W
W  P  V  at constant P
 Q  H  C P T
7  8.314 J 
Q  1 mol     192.2 K   5593 J
2  mol K 
U  n CV T
5  8.314 J

U  1 mol    192.2 K   3995
2  mol K

W  Q  U  5593  3995  1598 J

Q, [J} W, [J]
Step 1 6236 0
Step 2 0 2241
Step3 -5593 -1598
Net 643 643