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Command: Alter

The document provides examples of SQL commands used to create, alter, insert, update, delete, and select data from database tables. It demonstrates how to create a database and table, add, modify and drop columns from a table using ALTER commands, insert, update, delete data from tables, and use transactions with savepoints and rollbacks. It also shows how to grant and revoke privileges to users and use the WHERE clause to filter records.

Uploaded by

Jameel Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Command: Alter

The document provides examples of SQL commands used to create, alter, insert, update, delete, and select data from database tables. It demonstrates how to create a database and table, add, modify and drop columns from a table using ALTER commands, insert, update, delete data from tables, and use transactions with savepoints and rollbacks. It also shows how to grant and revoke privileges to users and use the WHERE clause to filter records.

Uploaded by

Jameel Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example for creating Database

CREATE DATABASE Test;

Example for creating Table


CREATE TABLE Student(student_id INT, name VARCHAR(100), age INT);

ALTER command
alter command is used for altering the table structure, such as,

 to add a column to existing table

 to rename any existing column

 to change datatype of any column or to modify its size.

 to drop a column from the table.

ALTER Command: Add a new Column


ALTER TABLE student ADD address VARCHAR(200);

ALTER Command: Add multiple new Columns


ALTER TABLE student ADD father_name VARCHAR(60), mother_name VARCHAR(60), dob DATE;

ALTER Command: Add Column with default value


ALTER TABLE student ADD( dob DATE DEFAULT '01-Jan-99')

ALTER Command: Modify an existing Column


ALTER TABLE student MODIFY( address varchar(300));

ALTER Command: Rename a Column


ALTER TABLE student RENAME address TO location;

ALTER Command: Drop a Column


ALTER TABLE student DROP( address);

TRUNCATE command
TRUNCATE TABLE student;

DROP command
DROP TABLE student;

RENAME query
RENAME TABLE student to students_info;
INSERT command
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES(data1, data2, ...)

Insert value into only specific columns


INSERT INTO student(id, name) values(102, 'Alex');

Insert NULL value to a column


INSERT INTO Student VALUES(102,'Alex', null);

Insert Default value to a column


INSERT INTO Student VALUES(103,'Chris', default)

UPDATE command
UPDATE student SET age=18 WHERE student_id=102;

Updating Multiple Columns


UPDATE student SET name='Abhi', age=17 where s_id=103;

DELETE command

Delete all Records from a Table


DELETE FROM student;

Delete a particular Record from a Table


DELETE FROM student WHERE s_id=103;

COMMIT command
COMMIT;

ROLLBACK command
ROLLBACK TO savepoint_name;

SAVEPOINT command
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

Using Savepoint and Rollback


Following is the table class,

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam
4 Alex

Lets use some SQL queries on the above table and see the results.
INSERT INTO class VALUES(5, 'Rahul');

COMMIT;

UPDATE class SET name = 'Abhijit' WHERE id = '5';

SAVEPOINT A;

INSERT INTO class VALUES(6, 'Chris');

SAVEPOINT B;

INSERT INTO class VALUES(7, 'Bravo');

SAVEPOINT C;

SELECT * FROM class;

NOTE: SELECT statement is used to show the data stored in the table.

The resultant table will look like,

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex

5 Abhijit

6 Chris

7 Bravo

Now let's use the ROLLBACK command to roll back the state of data to the savepoint B.
ROLLBACK TO B;

SELECT * FROM class;

Now our class table will look like,

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex
5 Abhijit

6 Chris

Now let's again use the ROLLBACK command to roll back the state of data to the savepoint A
ROLLBACK TO A;

SELECT * FROM class;

Now the table will look like,

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex

5 Abhijit

Using GRANT and REVOKE


GRANT CREATE TABLE TO username;

Grant all privilege to a User


GRANT sysdba TO username

Grant permission to create any table


GRANT CREATE ANY TABLE TO username

Grant permission to drop any table


GRANT DROP ANY TABLE TO username

To take back Permissions


REVOKE CREATE TABLE FROM username

Using the WHERE SQL clause


DELETE FROM table_name WHERE [condition];
SELECT s_id,
name,
age,
address
FROM student WHERE s_id = 101;
AND & OR operator
AND operator
SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE salary < 10000 AND age > 25

OR operator
SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE salary > 10000 OR age > 25

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