IONIC e.g.

NaCl
SIMPLE MOLECULAR e.g. CH4
SIMPLE MOLECULAR e.g. CH4
SIMPLE MOLECULAR e.g. I2
GAS I2 I
I I
I

I
I

I
I

SOLID I2 I I LIQUID I2
I I I I I

I
I I I
I
I I

I
I
 PROPERTY EXPLANATION
Melting & LOW Weak forces
boiling
between molecules
points

Electrical No mobile charged

DOES NOT CONDUCT
conductivity particles

Weak forces
Strength BRITTLE
between molecules
Solubility in
SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE
water
SIMPLE MOLECULAR e.g. ice
SIMPLE MOLECULAR e.g. ice
 PROPERTY EXPLANATION
Melting &
Weak forces
boiling LOW
between molecules
points

Electrical No mobile charged

DOES NOT CONDUCT
conductivity particles

In ice molecules are

arranged in lattice
Density of ICE IS LESS DENSE due to H-bonds; as
ice v water THAN WATER a liquid molecules
are closer as not in
lattice
GIANT COVALENT e.g. SiO2
GIANT COVALENT e.g. SiO2
GIANT COVALENT e.g. diamond

http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/diamond.htm
Great rotatable structures (but they are NOT molecules!!)
GIANT COVALENT e.g. diamond
 PROPERTY EXPLANATION
Melting & Need to break all
boiling VERY HIGH strong covalent
points bonds

Electrical No mobile charged

DOES NOT CONDUCT
conductivity particles

Rigid arrangement
Strength STRONG of atoms held by
covalent bonds
Solubility in
INSOLUBLE
water
GIANT COVALENT e.g. graphite

http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/diamond.htm
Great rotatable structures (but they are NOT molecules!!)
GIANT COVALENT e.g. graphite
 PROPERTY EXPLANATION
Melting & Need to break all
boiling VERY HIGH strong covalent
points bonds
Some electrons free
Electrical
CONDUCTS to move between
conductivity
layers
Weak forces
Strength BRITTLE between layers so
layers can slide
Solubility in
INSOLUBLE
water
GIANT COVALENT e.g. graphene

C Graphene
GIANT COVALENT e.g. graphene
METALLIC e.g. Mg
 PROPERTY EXPLANATION
Melting & Strong attraction
boiling HIGH between +ve ions
points and delocalised e-’s
Outer shell
Electrical
CONDUCTS electrons free to
conductivity
move
Layers can slide
Strength STRONG while maintaining
metallic bonding
Solubility in
INSOLUBLE
water
Rank these metals in order of melting points:

Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
+ e-+ + e- +e- e- --
2+ e2+ e2+
e 2+
- + e- + e- Sodium --- - - -
e e e e e Magnesium
e+ - - -- -
e
e 2+ 2+ 2+ e
e- e- (Na) e e e
e-
+ + e+ + - -- e 2+
2+e 2+ 2+
(Mg)
e-
- -- - - -
e e ee e
2+
e 2+ 2+
+ e-+ e-+ e-

e -
+ + e+ -
e- -
e
+e- e+ + -+
e Potassium
-
-
e e - (K)
+
- e+- + e-
e
+ e-+ + e- +
+ e-+ + e- +e- e- --
2+ e2+ e2+
e 2+
- + e- + e- Sodium --- - - -
e e e e e Magnesium
e+ - - -- -
e
e 2+ 2+ 2+ e
e- e- (Na) e e e
e-
+ + e+ + Mpt 98ºC - -- e 2+
2+e 2+ 2+
(Mg)
e-
- -- - - -
e e ee e
2+
e 2+ 2+ Mpt 650ºC
+ e-+ e-+ e-

e -
+ + e+ -
e- -
e
+e- e+ + -+
e Potassium
-
-
e e - (K)
+
- e+- + e-
e Mpt 64ºC
+ e-+ + e- +
+ e-+ + e- +e- e- --
2+ e2+ e2+
e 2+
- + e- + e- Sodium --- - - -
e e e e e Magnesium
e+ - - -- -
e
e 2+ 2+ 2+ e
e- e- e e e
e-
+ + e+ +
(Na) - -- e 2+
2+e 2+ 2+
(Mg)
e-
- Mpt 98ºC -- - - -
e e ee e
2+
e 2+ 2+ Mpt 650ºC
+ e-+ e-+ e- Con 0.218 Con 0.224

e - Con = Electrical conductivity

+ + e+ - (measured as 10-8 Ω-1m-1)
e- -
e
+e- e+ + -+
e Potassium
-
-
e e - (K)
+
- e+- + e-
e Mpt 64ºC
+ e-+ + e- + Con 0.143