Scribd
Upload
272 views324 pages

Tamil - Durga

The document discusses a research paper titled 'Structural Analysis of Tamil Verbal Nouns'. It provides details about the author, place of publication and organization that published the paper. The summary briefly outlines the content and conclusions of the research paper.

Uploaded by

minsarakanna_84
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
272 views324 pages

Tamil - Durga

The document discusses a research paper titled 'Structural Analysis of Tamil Verbal Nouns'. It provides details about the author, place of publication and organization that published the paper. The summary briefly outlines the content and conclusions of the research paper.

Uploaded by

minsarakanna_84
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 324

“Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[

√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^”
(Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_´z\V[)

xÁ™kÏ √‚¶›]uÔVÔ© √V´]>Vƒ[ √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ›]uz


∂π¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD gFºk|

gFkV·Ï
E.mÏÔV, ®D.∞., ®D.‡∏_.,
√]° ®ı. : 24503/Ph.D-2/Tamil/P.T/April-2006

ÿ§BV·Ï
xÁ™kÏ ÿ>.]ÚQV™JÏ›]
÷Á©º√´VEˆBÏ.

>tμ cB´VF° Á\BD


ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ
º\ÁÈflEkAˆ á 622 403.

hÁÈ á 2012
ÿ§BV·Ï ƒV[§>μ

ÿ>. ]ÚQV™JÏ›],
÷Á© º√´VEˆBÏ,
>tμ cB´VF° Á\BD,
ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ,
º\ÁÈflEkAˆ á 622 403,
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \Vk‚¶D.

“Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô


ÿ§Ô^” ®[–D >ÁÈ©∏_ º\ÁÈflEkAˆ ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_
Ô_Ÿˆ >tμ cB´VF° Á\B (√z] ºÂ´D) gFkV·Ï E. mÏÔV (√]°
®ı.24503/Ph.D.2/Tamil/P.T/April 2006) ∂kÏÔ^ ÿƒFm^· ÷DxÁ™kÏ
√‚¶ gFºk| ®[ ÿ§BV^ÁÔl[ˇμ gF° ÿƒFB©ÿ√u≈>VzD.
÷ÀkVF° gFkV·´V_ >[MBÈVÔfl ÿƒFB©√‚¶ÿ>[ÆD, ÷ÀkVFs[
*m ºkÿ≈Õ>© √‚¶xD gFkV·Ú¬z ∂π¬Ô©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ ®[ÆD
ƒV[≈π¬˛º≈[.

÷¶D : º\ÁÈflEkAˆ (xÁ™kÏ ÿ>. ]ÚQV™JÏ›])


ÂV^ : ÿ§BV·Ï

x>_kÏ
gFkV·Ï cÆ]ÿ\Va

E.mÏÔV,
√]° ®ı.24503/Ph.D2/Tamil/P.T/April/2006,
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï, (√z] ºÂ´D)
>tμ cB´VF° Á\BD,
ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ,
º\ÁÈflEkAˆ á 622 403,
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \Vk‚¶D.

“Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô


ÿ§Ô^” ®[–D >ÁÈ©∏_ ∂Á\Õ> ÷ÀkVFºk| √V´]>Vƒ[
√_ÔÁȬÔwÔ›]_ xÁ™kÏ √‚¶D ÿ√Æk>uÔVÔ, ®[™V_ >[MBÈVÔfl
ÿƒFB©√‚¶ÿ>[ÆD, ÷>uz x[™Ï ºkÆ ®Õ> g´VFflE© √‚¶xD ÿ√≈
÷ÀkVFºk| ∂π¬Ô©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ ®[ÆD cÆ] ÌÆ˛º≈[.

÷¶D : º\ÁÈflEkAˆ (E.mÏÔV)


ÂV^ : gFkV·Ï

(ÿ>. ]ÚQV™JÏ›])
ÿ§BV·Ï
Â[§•Á´

“Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô


ÿ§Ô^” ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ gF° ÿƒFk>uz ∂–\] Â_˛B √V´]>Vƒ[
√_ÔÁȬÔwÔ›]uz Â[§. ÷›>ÁÈ©∏_ gF° ÿƒFk>uz kVF©√π›>
ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ x[™V^ x>_kÏÔ^ xÁ™kÏ
Â.÷´V\Vl ∂D\V ∂kÏÔ”¬zD, xÁ™kÏ √.E>D√´D ∂FBV
∂kÏÔ”¬zD Â[§. Ô_Ÿˆ x>_kÏ xÁ™kÏ >V.\Ë ∂kÏÔ”¬zD
®[ Â[§ÁB› ÿ>ˆs›m¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈[.

®πB ∂bzxÁ≈, gμÕ> ÔÚ›m, A]B EÕ>Á™, ÿ>πÕ> ∂§°


®[≈ Â_Èz∫ÔÁ·©ÿ√uÆ gF°¬ÔVÈ›]_ ®™¬z ∞u√‚¶
nB∫ÔÁ·© º√V¬˛ ®[Á™ ka¶›]B ÿ§BV·Ï º√´VEˆBÏ xÁ™kÏ
ÿ>.]ÚQV™JÏ›] ∂kÏÔ”¬z Â[§ ÌÆk]_ ÿÂfiƒD \˛μ˛º≈[.

gFsuz› º>ÁkBV™ ±_ÔÁ· kw∫˛B ÔºƒÏ ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_


Ô_Ÿˆ ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÏ ±ÈÔD, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \Vk‚¶ Á\B ±ÈÔD,
√V´]>Vƒ[ √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ ±ÈÔD, ®¸.Ω.®[.∏. Ákk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ ±ÈÔD,
(zº´VDº√‚Á¶), g˛B ±ÈÔ∫Ô^ ®[ gFsuz© √B[√‚¶™.
÷Õ±ÈÔ∫Ôπ[ ±ÈÔÏÔ”¬zD Â[§ Ì≈¬ Ô¶Á\©√‚|^º·[.

®[ cBÏÔ_sl_ tzÕ> gÏkD ÔV‚ΩkÚD ®[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ


∑.ƒÕ]´ºƒÔÏ á ÷´V¤È‚∑t g˛ºBVÚ¬zD ®[ Ô_s©√Ë ÿ>V¶´
ª¬Ô\π›mkÚD ®[ ÔkÏ ∑.∑s[ ∑Õ>Ï, ®[ \Ô[ ∑.ÿ¤ºBi,
®[–Á¶B ƒºÔV>´, ƒºÔV>ˆÔ”¬zD \uÆD ®[ ∂[A› º>Va
g˛ºBVÚ¬zD ÂV[ ®[ÿ≈[ÆD Â[§¬ Ô¶©√V|Á¶ºB[.
gFÁk sÁ´Õm xΩ¬Ô ®[Á™ ÂV”D gÏk©√|›]kÚD
Ô_Ÿˆ x>_kÏ, mÁ≈›>ÁÈkÏ, º√´VEˆBÏÔ^ g˛B
∂Á™kÚ¬zD ®[ Â[§ÁB› ÿ>ˆs›m¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈[.

gFºk‚ΩÁ™fl E≈Õ> xÁ≈l_ >‚¶fl∑ ÿƒFm ÿÔV|›> Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶


¤VF´VD ÔD©R‚¶Ï WÆk™›>VϬzD Â[§ÁB \˛μ°¶[ ÿ>ˆs›m¬
ÿÔV^˛º≈[.

Â[§•¶[
∑Ú¬Ô¬ z§X‚| s·¬ÔD

Ô.g. á Ô‚|Á´ gEˆBÏ


z≈^. á ]Ú¬z≈^
E.Ô.√. á Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^
ÿ>Vz. á ÿ>Vz©√VEˆBÏ
√. á √¬ÔD
√¬. á √¬Ô∫Ô^
√] á √]©√VEˆBÏ
\.√. á \uÆD √ÈÏ
º\Èm. á º\uÔV‚ΩB ±_
ÿ\V.ÿ√. á ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©√V·Ï
P.P. - Pages
ÿ√VÚ·¶¬ÔD

÷B_ >ÁÈ©A √¬Ô ®ı.

x[–Á´ 1á11

1. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD 12á68

2. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ 69á141

3. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^ 142á212

4. ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\ 213á284

WÁ≈°Á´ 285á287

mÁ±u√‚ΩB_ 1á15

∏[MÁ©AÔ^

∂) x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z§©AÔ^ 1á5

g) x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∏≈ √Á¶©AÔ^ 1á4

÷) ƒ\ÔVÈ ∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ 1á6


x[–Á´
>tμ ÷Ȭ˛BD ¿ı¶ k´ÈVuÆ© ∏[™ËÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ~´Vl´D
gı|Ô·VÔ ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ_ kΩk \Vu≈D, √V|ÿ√VÚ^ \Vu≈D g˛B™
WÔμÕm^·™. ∂ÔD, A≈D √u§© √VΩB ƒ∫Ô© AÈkÏÔ^ ∂Ôku√VÁk› ÿ>ˆ°
ÿƒF>™Ï. ¿]±_ ÔVÈ›]_ ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔfl ÿƒV_k>uz ÿkı√VÁk› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>™Ï.
ÔV©∏B›]_ sˆkVÔ¬ Ì≈ ºkıΩB º>Ák ∞u√‚¶ º√Vm ƒ´·\VÔ ®ømk>uz
sÚ›>©√VÁk¬ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï. √^”, z≈kfiEÔπ_ ÷Áƒ¬ÔVÔfl EÕmÔÁ·•D,
ƒÕ>∫ÔÁ·•D √B[√|›]™Ï.

ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ \¬Ô^ Ô_sB§° ÷_ÈV> ÔVÈ›]_ √Ω›> ŒÚkÏ ÌÆkÁ>


\u≈kÏÔ^ \™›]_ √]B Ák›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. º\ÁÈÂV‚¶VÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V_ ∂§sB_
ƒV>™∫Ô”D A]B ÷Ȭ˛B kΩk∫Ô”D >ta_ ∂§xÔ\Vl™. ∂kuÆ^ A›]Ȭ˛B
kÁÔÁ\Ô”^ Am¬ÔsÁ>•D Œ[Æ. ÔVȺkÔ›]_ ÔsÁ>›mÁ≈l_ ÷B_√VÔ
∞u√‚¶ ŒÚ √ˆV\ k·ÏflEºB Am¬ÔsÁ>BVzD. Am¬ÔsÁ> ®–D ÿ√BÏ 1960Ôπ_
g∫˛È›]_ WRÿ√VB‚ˆ ®[ÆD \V¶Ï[ ÿ√VB‚ˆ ®[ÆD Ì≈©√|kÁ> >ta_
Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[Æ kw∫˛™Ï.

∑Ák A]m, ÿ√VÚ^ A]m, k·DA]m


ÿƒVu A]m ºƒV]t¬Ô ÂkÔsÁ>

®™ √V´] Am¬ÔsÁ>ÁB© √u§© ÿ√ÚÁ\ºBV| º√∑˛≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ √V´] º>VuÆs›>


ÔsÁ> xBuE 1930áÔπ[ ∏u√z]l_ >V[ mπÏs¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm. √V´]¬z© ∏≈z
Am¬ÔsÁ> xBuEl_ gÏk›m¶[ ~|√‚¶kÏ Â.∏flƒJÏ›].

WÔμÔVÈ›][ ƒ›]B∫ÔÁ·•D, kÚ∫ÔVÈ›][ ƒV>Á™ÔÁ·•D


>ˆE©√>uÔVÔ cıÁ\, cÏflE ÷Ák ÷´ıÁ¶•D E≈ÔVFÿÔVı| ÔsÁ> kVM_
ƒfiƒˆ¬Ô x[kÕ> xuº√V¬z ÔsQÏÔº· kV™D√VΩÔ^. kV™D√VΩ ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_
Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z k·Á\R‚ΩB ÔsQÏÔ”^ Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V|
>tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ tÔ x¬˛B ÷¶D ÿ√Æ˛[≈™Ï. ƒx>VB
∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·¬Ôı|, ∂Á>© º√V¬Ôºkı|D ®[≈ ºÔV√DÿÔVı| ÔsÁ> kΩs_
∂Á> ®]Ï›>kÏÔº· ÷¬ÔsQÏÔ^.
gF°© ÿ√VÚ^

ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÷Ȭ˛BD \Vu≈D ÿ√uÆ √È Am kΩk∫Ôº·V| ∏≈¬˛≈m.


∂ÀkVÆ AmkΩkD ÿ√uÆ© ∏≈Õ> Œ[º≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>BVzD. ÔsÁ> ®[√m
ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÏ ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÷¬ÔVÈD kÁ´ √È \Vu≈∫Ô^ ÿ√uÆ k·ÏÕm ÷Ú©√Á>
Â\¬z ÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVÆ cÏ›m˛≈m. g∫˛ºÈBˆ[ kÚÁÔBV_ ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ √È
\Vu≈∫Ô^ ∞u√‚¶™. º\™V‚| ÷Ȭ˛B kÁÔÔ·V™ A]™D, ÂVk_, Ô‚|Á´, ÔsÁ>
x>ÈV™ ÷Ȭ˛B kÁÔÔÁ· ÂD ÂV‚|© √Á¶©√V·ÏÔ”D √Á¶¬Ô xu√‚¶™Ï.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ x[º™VΩBVÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|√kÏ \ÔVÔs √V´]BVÏ. Am¬ÔsÁ>l[
ÔVÈÔ‚¶›Á> \ˬÿÔVΩ ÔVÈD, ®ø›m¬ÔVÈD, kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔVÈD ®™ J[≈VÔ©
√z¬ÔÈVD. kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔVÈ›]_ Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_´z\V[,
~º´V| >tw[√[ g˛ºBVÏ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏ.

1936áD gı| 29áD º>] hÁÈ \V>D ºÔVBDA›#Ï \Vk‚¶D, ÿ√V^·VflEl_


∏≈Õ>VÏ Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[. ÿ√V^·VflE Â_Èx›m \ÔVo∫ÔD Ô_Ÿˆl_
sˆ°Á´BV·Ï, mÁ≈›>ÁÈkÏ g˛B √ËÔÁ· k˛›>VÏ. 1963á_ ‘WÈ°© Ø’ ®[≈
x>_ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]ÁB ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. Eu∏ÁB¬ ÔsQ´VÔ cÈz¬z ∂Á¶BV·D
ÔV‚ΩB ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ‘ƒÏ©√BVÔD’. ‘ÿ\·™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^’ ®[≈ ±KD >twÔ ∂´∑
√ˆ∑ 1982á_ ˛Á¶›>m. ]_o ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t ÿ√Vm¬zø cÆ©∏™´VÔ 1993á98 kÁ´
÷ÚÕ>VÏ.

‘∂¬M ƒV‚E’ ®[≈ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A ±KD, ‘ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>
±KD ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t sÚm ÿ√u≈ÁkBVzD. ƒJÔ ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁ·•D, cBˆB
>ÁÈkÏÔÁ·© √u§•D, A]B Ôı|∏Ω©AÔπ[ Â[Á\, yÁ\ÔÁ·•D ÔsÁ>BVÔ°D,
Ô‚|Á´BVÔ°D √Á¶©√]_ Eu∏ k_Èk´VÔ s·∫˛™VÏ.

~º´V| >tw[√[ 1933 gD gı| ÿƒ©¶D√Ï \V>D 28áD º>] ∏≈Õ>VÏ. ÷k´m
÷Buÿ√BÏ ÿ¤Ôyƒ[. >tμ *m ÿÔVı¶ √u§[ ÔV´\VÔ› >™m ÿ√BÁ´ >tw[√[
®™ \Vu§¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ. º√´VEˆB´VÔ°D, ÿ√V]ÁÔ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚El_

2
ÿƒF]kVE©√V·´VÔ°D √ËBVu§BkÏ. ¤©√VMB ÔsÁ> kΩkV™ ‘ÿƒ[ˆ•’áÁk
x>[ x>o_ >ta_ ®ø]BkÏ ®[≈ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ. ƒJÔ ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁ·•D,
>tμ √u§B EÕ>Á™ÔÁ·•D, ∂´EB_ \Vu≈∫ÔÁ·•D >[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
ÿÔVı|kÕ>kÏ. cÁ´ÂÁ¶, Ô‚|Á´, ÔsÁ>, ÂV¶ÔD, √B ÷Ȭ˛BD, EÆkÏ
÷Ȭ˛BD ®™© √È ÷Ȭ˛B kÁÔÔπKD E≈©A© ÿ√u≈kÏ. 1970á_ >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>±_ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÷m >twÔ ∂´E[ x>u√ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈m. ÛˆB
∏Á≈Ô^ ®[≈ Á«Ì ÿ>Vz] 1985á_ ÿkπkÕ>m.

∂©m_ ´z\V[ 1937á÷_ ÂkD√Ï ]∫Ô^ 9 ÷_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ. √][J[≈VD kB]_


x>_ ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ø]™VÏ. ∂m ∂k´m √^π gı| \Ȉ_ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÷·∫ÔÁÈ
√Ω›m¬ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zDº√Vm g∫˛È© º√´VEˆBÏ JÈD ƒÏˆBoƒD √u§ ∂§Õm
ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ∂>[∏≈z ƒÏˆBoƒ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·© √Á¶›>VÏ. ÷kÁ´fl ƒÏˆBoƒ¬
ÔsQÏÔπ[ x>ÈV\kÏ ®[Æ z§©∏¶ÈVD. \´A¬ ÔsQ´V™ ÷kÏ g∫˛È ÷Ȭ˛B
ÂV‚¶›>V_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÂV‚¶D ÿƒK›]™VÏ. ‘√V_T]’ 1974á_ ÿkπkÕ>m. >twÔ
∂´∑D >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B ∂Á\©AÔ”D √È √‚¶∫ÔÁ· kw∫˛ ÷kÁ´© ÿ√ÚÁ\©√|›]™.
Ôs¬ºÔV, cÚkÔ© º√ÿ´Vπ, Ôs\V \[™Ï >tw[Á™ g˛B™ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.
÷kˆ[ >ÕÁ>•D, >V›>V°D ÔsQÏÔ^ gkÏ. ÷kÏ cÚm, √V´ÊÔD º√V[≈
ÿ\VaÔÁ·•D ∂§Õ>kÏ.

>ÁÈ©A› º>Ï°

Am¬ÔsÁ> cÈ˛_ >™¬ÿÔ™› >Ml¶D ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ Eu∏


√VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ; JkÚD kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^
®[√m z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ƒJÔ ÊÏ]Ú›>D, \M>ºÂBD, kϬԩ
º√V´V‚¶D, ÔV>_, ÿ√ı s|>ÁÈ, ∂§sB_ x[º™u≈D, ∂w˛B_, >tøÏ°,
√z›>§°, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\, ƒV], \>D, ∑B x[º™u≈D x>ÈV™ Ô·∫Ôπ_
√Á¶¬Ô©√‚|^·™. x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ƒJÔ x[º™u≈›]uz
∂Ω©√Á¶BV™Ák. g>ÈV_ ∂kÏ>D √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§ÔÁ· g´VF>_ ®[–D
ºÂV¬˛_ ÷›>ÁÈ©A› º>Ï° ÿƒFB©ÿ√u≈m.

3
gF° ºÂV¬ÔD

x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ EÕ>Á™ √_ºÂV¬z© √VÏÁk•Á¶Bm. ƒJÔD


ƒVÏÕ> E¬Ô_Ô^, ∂§sB_ ºÂV¬z, \M>ºÂBD, ∂´EB_ g˛BkuÁ≈ ®|›m¬ÔV‚|D
E≈©AÁ¶B™. ÷kÏÔ”Á¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ *ÿ\FlB_, *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD, A]B √Ω\∫Ô^,
Am©√ˆ\VD, \VuÆ©√ı√V| g˛BkuÁ≈ Á\B\VÔ¬ÿÔVı| ƒJÔ›Á>fl
∑u§•^· ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·© º√∑k>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈™. ÷©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ BVÁk? ÷flƒJÔ›]_ ÷©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ WÁÈ ®[™? ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷kÏÔ^ ®ÀkÁÔBV™ c›]xÁ≈ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®[√Á> ®_ÈVD kÁ´BƬzD
kÁÔl_ gF° ºÂV¬ÔD ∂Á\Õm^·m.

x[™VF°Ô^

Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛B


x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ–¬z© ∏≈z Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ k·ÏflE¬z g>V´
ƒ¬]Ô·VÔ› ]Ôμ˛[≈™Ï. ÷D JkÁ´© √u§B √È >M WÁÈ gF°Ô^ kÕm^·™.
\VuÆ©√ı√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ®–D ±ÁÈ ÷´V. ÂV´VB–D, Eu∏l[
√Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ ®[≈ ±ÁÈ √VÈV°D ®ø]•^·™Ï.

E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD ®[≈› >ÁÈ©∏_ xÁ™kÏ


√‚¶ gFÁk WÔμ›]•^·VÏ. ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®–D gF° ±ÁÈ•D, >tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D ®[≈ gF° ±ÁÈ
QVM•D ®ø]•^·™Ï. Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ √Á¶©AÔ^ z§›m xÁ™kÏ √‚¶
gFÁk WÔμ›]•^· ÔÚVW] Ôs¬ºÔV¬ Ôs ®[–D ±ÁÈ ÿkπl‚|^·VÏ.
x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔÁ·© √u§ >M›>MBVÔ √È>´©√‚¶ xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gF°Ô”D,
±_Ô”D ÿkπkÕm^·º√VmD JkÁ´•D ŒÚºƒ´ ºÂV¬˛ gF°
WÔμ›>©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ.

kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ·V™ ÷kÏÔ^ >D √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^ z§›m ÷ÀkVF°


WÔμ›>©ÿ√uÆ^·m.

4
x>[Á\ g>V´∫Ô^

Eu∏, >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ >D ÔsÁ>© √Á¶©AÔ^ x>[Á\


g>V´∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶™.

Am¬ ÔsÁ> √u§B gF°Ô”D, Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[,


Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ >D √Á¶©AÔ^ z§›> gF°Ô”D ÿkπkÕm^·
±_Ô”D ÷ÀkVF°¬z› mÁÁ\ g>V´∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶™.

gF° ®_ÁÈ

x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^ ®[–D ÷ÀkVF° Eu∏


√VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛B ÔsQÏÔπ[
ÔsÁ>© √Á¶©AÔÁ· x>[Á\BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| gF° ÿƒFB© ÿ√uÆ^·m.

gF° ∂bzxÁ≈

Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^ ®[–D ÷ÀkVF°


÷©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· g´VFkº>V| >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§_ ÷kÏÔ^
ÿ√ÆD ÷¶D ®[™ ®[√Á>•D s·¬z˛≈m. ÷ÀkVFs_ s·¬ÔxÁ≈› ]≈™VF°
xÁ≈ºB ∏[√u≈©√‚|^·m.

÷B_ √Vz√V|

x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^ ®[–D ÷ÀkVF° x[–Á´,


xΩ°Á´ ¿∫ÔÈVÔ ÂV[z ÷B_Ô·VÔ© √z¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ∂Ák.

1. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD

2. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

3. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^

4. ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\.

5
÷B_ : 1 x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD

>tμ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©At¬Ô ÔsQÏÔ·VÔ› >\¬ºÔ


cˆ›>V™ >M› >[Á\ºBV| ]ÔμÕ>kÏÔ^ Eu∏, ~º´V| >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[
gkÏ. x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^, √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ºÂV¬z g˛B™
Ì≈©√‚|^·™. º>EB, ]´Vs¶, ÿ√Vm°¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ √u§ ∂§QÏÔπ[
ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ^ ∂ÀsB¬Ô∫Ôº·V| ÿÔVı|^· ÿ>V¶ÏA √u§•D
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™. J[Æ ÔsÁ> \´AÔ^ √u§•D, ∂ku§_ Ì≈©√‚|^· >›mk¬
ÌÆÔ^, ÔÁÈ\´A, ÿkπ©√V|Ô^ º√V[≈Ák s·¬˛•Á´¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

÷B_ : 2 x©ÿ√Ú∫ √Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^:

\´A √u§•D ∂>[ kÁ´BÁ≈ √u§B ∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D x©ÿ√ÚD


ÔsQÏÔ^ \´Á√fl ÿƒøÁ\BV™ xÁ≈l_ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >\m
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ· ®©√Ω› yÏ\VM›>™Ï ®[√m √u§•D s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
c^·¶¬Ô›Á>•D, √V| ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ®ÀkVÆ º>Ï° ÿƒFm^·™Ï ®[√™
Ì≈©√‚|^·™. Eu∏l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ º>ÏÁk J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ© √z›m¬ ÔVÈVD.
*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD, ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|, kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ®™
kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚|^·™. Eu∏l[ x>_ ÔsÁ>BV™ ÿ>V¶¬ÔD ®–D ÔsÁ>l_
g>VD ∞kV^ ®[–D ssoB› ÿ>V[\D *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m. {Á¶l[
Ô™°, ÔVÈD, «VokV_ ‚ƒ›]´D, ÌwV∫Ô_, ÂVF¬zÁ¶, Â|∫zD WÈD, \M>D
x>oB ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|^· ÔsÁ>Ô·VzD. ∂§QÏÔ^
√ÈÚD ÷›>ÁÔB ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|^· ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· sBÕmD, AÔμÕmD
̧•^·™Ï. {Á¶l[ Ô™° ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ \M>[ >[Á™ \≈Õm ∏≈
clÏÔπ¶D ÷ÚÕm √Ès>\V™ ÿ>Va_ÔÁ·¬ ÔuƬÿÔVı¶V[ ®[≈ ∂§sB_
ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ®|›m ÷BDA˛≈VÏ. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®–D ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]l_ ÷kÏ>D
EuG´V™ guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[ gaBVuÁ≈ \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂©√z] \VÕ>ÏÔ^,
\ı\™∫Ô\øD ÿÔV∫z >ta[ k‚¶V´ kw¬z, ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_Ô^, kVFÿ\Va \´∏[
ÌÆÔ^ ®™¬ Ôs›mk›º>V| √Á¶›m¬ÔV‚Ω•^·VÏ.

6
~º´V| >tw[√[ >D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V| ÿ√VÚ·VÔ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶ÔD, Ô_s,
g‚E›mÁ≈l_ ¶¬zD ÊϺÔ|Ô^, ÔVÕyBD, \VϬEBD x>oB™kuÁ≈› >D
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|^·VÏ. kVÿ™Vo, ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E, ]Á´©√¶D
®™© √Èku§KD >™m x›]Á´ÁB© √]›>kÏ. √V´]ÁB© º√VÈ \¬Ô”¬z
sa©AÏÁk ∞u√|›>© √_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÷Bu§•^·VÏ. \¬Ô”¬z
Â[Á\ÔÁ·fl ÿƒFB ºkıΩB ª¶Ô∫Ô^ ÷[Æ ∂kÏÔ”¬z ªÆ sÁ·s©√™kVÔ
÷Ú¬˛[≈™ ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ]Á´©√¶© √V¶_Ôπ_ kÚD g√Vƒ\V™ kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ·
∂∫Ô>fl ∑ÁkºBV| ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©AÔ^ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.

∂´EB_ ƒVÏÕ> ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·•D, ∂›mÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> Ô_s, ∂KkÈÔD x>oB


mÁ≈Ôπ_ c^· xÁ≈ºÔ|ÔÁ·•D >D ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈD s·¬˛•^·VÏ. ∂ÕWB
g‚EBV·ÏÔ^ >D g‚E ÷B¬Ô›]uz› º>ÁkBV™ ∂KkÈÔ c>sBV·ÏÔÁ·
cu√›] ÿƒF•D ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s› ]‚¶›Á> ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›]™Ï. ∂›>ÁÔB Ô_s
xÁ≈ÁB© º√Ω¬ Ô_s ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ∂ÕWB ÿ\Va g]¬Ô›>V_ Âσˆ √^πÔ”D
ºkV>BV √^πÔ”º\ ÿ√Ú˛s‚¶™ ®™ ÷Ω›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ ∂´EB_, Ô_sfl
ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·© √u§¬ ̧s‚|s¶V\_ ∂>uÔV™ yÏÁk•D >[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|
ÿ√VÚ·VÔ© √]° ÿƒFB› >k≈s_ÁÈ.

∂˛DÁƒÁB g•>\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ÂV‚| s|>ÁȬÔVÔ© º√V´VΩ Œ‚| ÿ\V›>


\¬Ôπ[ Ôk™›Á> ~Ï›>kÏ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ]. ÔVÕ]BD >Vμ›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô”¬z \VuÆ©
ÿ√BÁ´fl Û‚|º\ ∂_ÈV\_ ∂kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \VuÆ kVμÁk ∞u√|›> k_ÈÁ\ ∂u≈m
®™ s\ÏE¬˛≈VÏ. √V´]>Vƒ[ >™m ÔsÁ> JÈD ƒ\>Ï\ ƒJÔD cÚkVÔ √VΩ™V[
®[Æ \VϬEB›Á> º√Efl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. g‚|©√V_ kVÏ›> / ∂¬M¬ zı¶›]ºÈ /
∂˛DÁƒ AÁ>˛≈m / JkΩBV_ xÁ≈Á\ ÿƒF> kV\™ ®™ \VϬEB›Á>©
º√VuÆ˛[≈VÏ.

∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ƒD√kVt•ºÔ •ºÔ ®™› ÿ>V¶∫zD ˇÁ>l[


\ÔV kV¬˛B›]uz ª¶VÔ© ÿ√VÚ^ ÔVbD xÁ≈l_ ÷ÚÕº> ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>¬ Ô·D
sˆkV™m ®[√m AÈ™VzD. ÷kÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD ∂≈fl
Êu≈D, √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D, zwÕÁ>•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D ®™© √Vz√|›>ÈVD.
7
A´‚El[ W≈D √flÁƒ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÿÔV|Á\Ô^ ∞u√|˛≈º>V
∂∫z ∂Á> ®]ϬzD {Ï g•>\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒBu√¶ºkı|D ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
√VfiƒVoÔ^ m˛_ cˆB©√|D º√Vm ∂∫z¬ ÔsÁ>BV™m ∂Á>› >‚Ω¬ ºÔ‚zD A]B
˛Ú‚Ω´VÔ ∂k>V´D ®|¬Ôºkı|D ®™¬ z§X¶VÔ¬ z§¬˛≈VÏ. ÿƒVÕ>fl
ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^ m[√›]_ ƒV>_ Ôı|D EÕÁ> ÷´∫ÔV> \¬Ôπ[ A›]ÁB•D,
∂ΩÁ\›>™›Á>•D ®^π ÂÁÔBV|˛[≈VÏ.

A›>ˆ[ ÷Æ] kVÏ›Á>ÁB sˆkVÔ s·¬z˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. ƒ›]B


∂–√kD ∂Ô c≈° º√VÈ ÷>Á™fl ÿƒV_o¬ ÔV‚¶ xΩBVm. ∂Á>fl ÿƒVÕ>
∂–√k›>VºÈºB c´ ÷BKD. ∏≈Ï >BÁk ÂV¶V\_ Â\¬z ÂVº\ s·¬ÔV˛s‚¶V_
∂©A≈D ®Õ> ÷ÚÁ·¬ Ôı|D √B©√¶ ºkıΩB ∂kEBt_ÁÈ; ÷mºk ∑B›][ º>¶_
®™› >™m gÈV√Á™l[ g>V´ ∑Ú]BVÔ ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ.

∑>Õ]´º\ \VÁB ®™°D ÂVD ˛a›> ºÔV|Ô·VKD, ÂDÁ\¬ ˛a›>


ºÔV|Ô·VKD ÂVº\ ƒıÁ¶l‚| \Ω˛º≈VD ®[√Á> ÷È‚∑\[ ºÔV| ®–D
ÔsÁ>l_ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷À°È˛_ ÷´‚Á¶ ºk¶D º√V|˛≈kÏÔ^ >V[ ∏Áw¬Ô¬
ÌΩBkÏÔ^; √‚¶kÏ>™\VÔ© º√E ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ ÷B∫z√kÏÔ^ ∏›m¬zπÔ·VÔºk
ÔV‚EBπ¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[≈ ÷À°ıÁ\ÁB ŒÚ Ô_ÿȧB©√|D ∏›>Á™ x[Ák›m
∂D√È©√|›m˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

zwÕÁ>© √V¶_ÔÁ· √u§•D, zwÕÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ Ô_s √u§•D ®ømkm


ŒÚkÁÔ; zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÔuƬ ÿÔV^· ºkıΩBmD ŒÚkÁÔ; zwÕÁ>©
√V¶_ÔÁ· √ÈÏ ®ø]•^·™Ï. zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÔuƬÿÔV^· ºkıΩBÁ>
AmÁ\©∏›>[ x>_ xÚzØ√] kÁ´ √ÈÚD ®ø]•^·™Ï. ÷ÀkÁÔBV™
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ∂©m_ ´z\V–D ®ø]•^·VÏ.

zwÕÁ>Ô^ >V[ ÂVD ÷wÕ> ÿƒVϬÔD; ∂kÏÔ^ >\m ÷_ÈVÁ\ÔÁ·©


√VkÁ™BV_ ÷‚| W´©AD ∂§Ák© A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛¬ Ôu√Á™l[ AÁ™Ák
∂´kÁ¬zD ∂kÏÔ”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\m ÷Ú^ÔÁ·ºB ;
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔ xÁ™B ºkı|D ®™© √V|˛≈VÏ.

8
ÿ√ıÁ kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ› mÁBVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ kVμs_ ÿku§
ÿ√ÆkVÏÔ^. ÷´V\VB, EÈ©√]ÔV´ kw¬zÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ªΩÁwBV¬˛ ÿÂÚ©A¬z^
∂k^, ∂k”¬z^ ÿÂÚ©A ®™ ÷[≈_È ºÂu≈_È ∂k^ ®ˆÕm
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛[≈V^ ®™fl ƒ]l[ ƒ]ÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛ ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√ı cBÏÕ>k^ ®[Æ ÌÆD ÔsQÏ ∂k·VKD ∏´flƒÁ™Ô^ kÚ˛[≈™ ®™
÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

÷B_ : 3 x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^

ÔsÁ> ®[√m ®m? ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ÀkVÆ ÷™D ÔVı√m ®[√™ √u§B √_ºkÆ
∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D ∂¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ÀkVÆ √Á¶¬Ô ºkı|D ®[≈
ÿ§xÁ≈Ô”D ÷]_ s·¬˛¬ Ì≈©√‚|^·™.

∂©m_ ´z\V[ º>Ï>_, ÿÔVu≈¬zÁ¶, nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈, √VuԶȴ∫ÔD


g˛B ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷Ȭ˛B¬ z§X|Ô^ \Á¶ \Vu≈VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·©√‚|^·™. t[™_
z§›> ÷k´m ÔsÁ> c›]WÁÈl_ E≈Õ> √Ω\¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ s·∫z˛[≈m.
*ÿ\FÁ\lBD \uÆD ƒÏˆBoƒD º√V[≈kuÁ≈› >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
√B[√|›]•^·VÏ. *ÿ\FDÁ\lB¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ >tμ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>º>
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √V_T]. ¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ô_, {¶kı|Ô^, ÿ\·™ \_, g•>© جÔ^,
ÂVÔo∫Ô© Ø gƒ™D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ÷Ák ∂kÏ>D E≈©√V™ ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^
gzD. ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ· \Á¶\Vu§¬ ÁÔBV”D E≈©A¬ Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
∂w˛B_, ∂Á\©∏B_ ®™fl ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·fl E›]ˆ›m^·VÏ.

Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQÏ ÁÔlKD ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>BV¬ÔD


ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ŒÚÏ° ®[√>uz© √]ÈVÔ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ÁÔBV”D √V∫zfl
Eu∏¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁȺB. ÷>uz x^, ºÔV|, ∑kÏÔ^ x>oB ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D W≈D
ÔsÁ>ÁB•D z§©∏¶ÈVD. kÚº√>›>V_ sÁ·Õ> yı¶VÁ\fl ∑kÏÔÁ·•D, ƒV]
ÿk§BV_ sÁ·•D \M>© √|ÿÔVÁÈÔ”D ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák ®[˛≈
º√Vm \– >Ï\›Á>•D ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD Ôs›mk›][ E≈©Á√ ÂVD ÷™D
ÔVÈVD. ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· Oı ÔÁÈBVÔ°D, √B[ ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ.

9
>tw[√[ ÂÁ¶ \≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ \V§B {Á¶•D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_
√øm√‚¶VKD √øm √VÏ›m ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú©√m >V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®™
kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z› >™m ÔsÁ> JÈD ÷ȬÔD ÌÆ˛≈VÏ. ∂w˛BÁÈ•D, √Ω\›Á>•D
>\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ Am© ÿ√Vo°¶[ >Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ¶©∏BÁÈ ‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶›>
ºkÁ·l[ x›>VF©A’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ∑‚|˛≈VÏ. ∂´EB_kV]Ô”¬z ®^Á·•D,
®Ú¬ÁÔ•D ckÁ\BV¬z˛[≈VÏ. ~w› >twÏÔπ[ ∂Ô]WÁÈÁB ÛwoB_ ÿÔVı|
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ. ‘∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ’ ®–D ÔsÁ> E≈Õ> z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔfl
E›]ˆ›m^·VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X| ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[
®|›mÁ´©A, ÷B_√V™ ∂w˛B_, º√V´V‚¶ ∂w˛B_. z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>© √V∫z,
ºkÆ√V¶VÔ© A]™©√|›m>_ x>ÈV™ku§uz ª¶V™ c›]xÁ≈Ô·V_ ºkÆ√V¶VÔ¬
Ô‚¶Á\›m^· xÁ≈ÔÁ· ∂kÏ >D >M›]≈™VÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.

÷B_ : 4 ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\

x©ÿ√ÚD ÔÁÈQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\ z§›mD, ÿ√VmsB_A, E≈©∏B_A


z§›mD g”Á\, ∂w˛B_ z§›mD g´VB©√‚|^·™. x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[
ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”D Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔ”D g´VB©√‚|^·™. \M> ºÂBD, g[*ÔD,
ƒJÔ s|>ÁÈ g˛B >·∫Ôπ_ ÷kÏÔ^>D ÔsÁ>Ô^ Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛[≈™.

√Ω\D, z§X|, ÷ÚıÁ\, ∂∫Ô>D, x´ı, ÿ>V[\D, *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD,


®|›mÁ´©A, ÔÁ>ÿƒV_o© √V∫z, ÔV‚E©√|›m>_, A]B ÿƒV_ÈV‚E, ÂV‚¶VÏ ƒVÏÕ>
*‚ÿ¶|©A x>ÈV™ c›] xÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ xÁ≈Á\Ô·VÔ¬ ÔV©√‚|^·™.
JkÚD ∞≈›>Vw ÂVu√>Vı|Ô^ x>_ nD√>Vı|Ô^ kÁ´ ÔsÁ>› mÁ≈l_
∂–√kD kVFÕ>kÏÔ^. JkÚº\ º√´VEˆBÏÔ^. ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t sÚm ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^.
÷ÀkVÆ JkÚº\ ÿ√VmsB_AÔπ_ Œ©AÁ\© ÿ√u≈kÏÔ·VÔ c^·™Ï.

∂©m_´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^ ÷™D ÔV©√‚|^·™.


z§X‚Á¶ c›]BVÔ \‚|t[§ g[\ ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬
ÁÔBVı|^·m ÷kÏ>D E≈©√VzD. ÿ√VmWÁÈ, cÈÔºÂV¬z, kw¬z, >MWÁÈ,
z§X| \uÆD z§X|Ô·V_ ºÂ´ÈVzD ÷ÚıÁ\ z§›mD s·¬˛•^·Á\ ÷kÏ >D
E≈©∏B_√VÔ¬ ÔV©√‚|^·™.
10
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ sˆkV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛BÁk. ®ø›m ÿ\Va,
º√fl∑ ÿ\Va ®™ ÷Ú kw¬zÔÁ·•D ÁÔBV^k]_ ÷kÏ Ôs›mkD WÁ≈Õ>kÏ.
∂§sBo[ Â[Á\ yÁ\ÔÁ· g´VFÕm ∂§sB_ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·© √Á¶¬zD gu≈_
ÿ√u≈kÏ. \´A¬ ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔsÁ>ÂV¶ÔD, ÷Áƒ©√V¶_ ®™ ∂Á™›m›
mÁ≈ÔπKD kÈD kÕ>kÏ.

>tw[√[ zÆ∫ÔsÁ>, ÷ƬÔflÿƒ§° ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>, √´Õ>ºÂV¬z ®™


ÔsÁ>l[ ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKº\ >M x›]Á´ √]›>kÏ.

ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÌÁ≈•D Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÿÔVı|


ÿƒK›mD º√Ú›]BVÔ x´Á•D, √Ω\›Á>•D º>ÏÕ> O‚√›Á>•D,
ÿƒV_ÈV‚EÁB•D ÁÔBV”D ]≈[ ÿ√u≈kÏ. Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆ•, o\Á´¬Ì ®™©
A›]Ȭ˛B kΩk∫ÔÁ· cÈz¬z ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ.

ÂV[z ÷B_ÔπKD gFÕm Ôı¶ xΩ°Ô^ WÁ≈°Á´l_


ÿ>Vz›>π¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

gFºk‚Ω[ ÷Æ]l_ gF°¬z› mÁ W[≈ ±_Ô^ ÿ>Vz›m›


>´©√‚|^·™.



11
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD

kVÁwBΩ kVÁwÿB™ kw∫˛kÚD >tμ¬ÔsQÏ k´ÈVu§_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©A


t¬Ô ÔsQÏÔ·VÔ >›>\¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >M›>[Á\ *¬ Ì´› ]ÔμÕm kÚD
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔº· Eu∏, √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[
gkÏ ÷kÏÔπ[ √Á¶©AÔÁ· g´VB© Azx[ ÷kÏ>D kVμÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ g´VF>_
∂Ω©√Á¶BVzD. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔVÈ©∏[™ËBV™ x©ÿ√ÚD ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^,
∂ku§[ c^·VÏÕ> >›mk ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^, ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVı| ÷B∫˛B Ô‚EflƒVÏA
WÁÈÔ^ x>oB™kuÁ≈ xÁ≈ºB ˇμ¬Ôı¶kVÆ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›>ÈVD.

1.1 x©ÿ√ÚD ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^

÷B¬ÔD >›mkD Ô‚EflƒVÏA ÔsQÏ

º>EB ÷B¬ÔD ÔVÕ]BD ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚E Eu∏


\VϬEBD ÔDRM¸‚ √VÈ∑©∏´
Ô‚E (CPI) \ËB[

ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÿ√ˆBVˆBD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ~º´V|


÷B¬ÔD \VϬEB ÷B¬ÔD >tw[√[
ÿÈMMBD

]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD ÷¸ÈVtBD ].x.Ô. ∂©m_


Û‡∏lƒD (DMK) ´z\V[

÷kÏÔ^ ∂Õ>Õ>¬ Ô‚EÔπ[ ºÂ´Ω cÆ©∏™Ï ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷_ÈV\_


÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ~|√V‚Á¶ x[MÆ›]B ƒVÏA WÁȺB Ô‚Efl ƒVÏÿ√™
kÁÔÁ\©√|›>©√‚|^·m. Eu∏ ÔV∫˛´¸ ƒVÏ√V·´VÔ ÷ÚÕm ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Vm°¶Á\¬
Ô‚E (CPI) l[ ƒVÏ√V™ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈›]_ ÷B∫˛BkÏ. ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ
ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ®[≈ WÁÈ√Vÿ¶|›>]_ ÷ÀsÚ ƒVÏA WÁÈÔ”º\
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ka©√‚¶ ]´Vs¶ x[º™u≈¬ ÔwÔ›
º>VwÁ\ ∂ËBVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÚD ÷¸ÈVtB ∂Á\©AƒVÏ√V™k´VF ÷[≈·°D Wu√kÏ.
k‡A º√VÏ| kVˆB› >ÁÈkÏ √>s k˛›>kÏ. ~º´V| >tw[√[ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô cÏs_
x˛μ›m© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ºÂV¬˛_ ƒ∫Ôt›>kÏ. Eu∏ x>ÈVº™VÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ
ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ®|›> WÁÈ©√V‚Ωuz \V≈VÔ ∂>Á™¬ Ô|Á\BVÔ ®]Ï›m¬ Ôı¶™¬
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®ø]BkÏ ®[≈ º√V]KD ®Õ>ÿkVÚ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ Ô‚ElKD ƒVÏ√uÆ
÷Õ]B º>EB ÷B¬ÔD, ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\
÷B∫˛BkÏ gkVÏ. “÷Õ]B
÷B¬ÔD, g˛B J[Æ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ tÔ kKkV™ >·D ÿÔVı| >tμÂV‚Ω_
√´sfl ÿƒ_kV¬z© ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™. ƒJÔ cÏ° ƒJÔ{ÏÁ\, ƒJÔ¿] g˛B™
ƒVÏÕ>m. ®ømD √Á¶©√VπÔ”¬zˆB ∏[™ËBVÔ ÷Dx©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ôº·
s·∫˛™ ®™ÈVD
®™ÈVD”1 ®[√Ï m.ÊMflƒVt.

ƒJÔ cÏ°, ƒJÔ {ÏÁ\, ƒJÔ ¿], ÷kuÁ≈fl ƒVÏÕm ®ømD, √Á¶©√VπÔ^
®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”¬˛Á¶l_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ŒuÆÁ\•D c^·m.
∑>Õ]´D, ƒ\›mD, ƒºÔV>´›mkD ®–D ∏´fi∑© A´‚El[ x¬ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ®|›m¬
ÿÔVı¶VKD, ƒºÔV>´›mkD ®[√>Á™ºB ƒxÔ ¿] ®[√>VÔ°D ÿÔV^·ÈVD. ÷∫ºÔ
ƒJÔ ¿] z§›> √V´]BVÏ √VÏÁkl_ ÷ÚÕmD÷>Á™ ∂bÔÈVD.

\M> ƒJ>VB›][ cÚkV¬Ô›]ºÈºB ¿]ÁB ÿku§© ÿ√≈fl ÿƒFB


“\M>
ºkı|D. ∏[ ¿] ®_ÈV \V–¶ skÔV´∫ÔπKD c≈°ÔπKD ÷B_√VÔºk
ÿku§ ÿ√uÆ s|D. \M>¬ Ì‚|≈°Ôπ[ Ô‚|¬ºÔV©∏_ á º√V‚Ω¬ºÔV‚√V|
ÿÔVΩ Ô‚Ω© √≈¬˛≈ kÁ´l_, WÈxD, ¿ÚD \M>ÏÔ^ ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD
ÿ√VmkV™ ÿƒV›>VÔ ÷_ÈV> kÁ´l_ ®_ÈV s>›]KD \M>ÏÔ^ >∫Ô·m
ÿ√VÚ·V>´ c≈°Ôπ_ tÚÔ∫ÔÁ· s¶°D º\Vƒ\VÔºk ¶Õm ÿÔV^kÏ. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB© ÿ√Ú√V[Á\BV™ \M>ÏÔ^ cÚDº√Vm ÂVD Â\m
∞ÆxÔ\VÔ© √ˆ\V›]_ ∂|›> ∂ΩÁB Ák›m s|ºkVD
s|ºkVD” 2

ƒJÔ¿] z§›> ÿƒBu√V‚Ω_ ÷Ú√>VD ±u≈VıΩ_ ÷Õ]B á >twÔfl ƒJÔ


∂Á\©ÿ√[√m ®›>ÁÔB ƒ¬]BVÔ k·ÏÕm kÕ>ÿ>[√m z§›m ŒÚ ƒJÔsB_ ∂§QÏ
z§©∏|km ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

ÔV∫˛´¸ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ®[Æ √_ºkÆ


“ÔV∫˛´¸
∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ º>V[§ k·ÏÕm kÕ>VKD ÷Ú√>VD ±u≈Vı| ÷Õ]B
á >twÔfl ƒJÔ∂Á\©A ®[√m ∑´ı¶ÁÈ ®]ϬÔV> \Vu§ ∂Á\¬ÔV>

13
WÁÈlºÈºB Ô|Á\BV™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ ÿÔ|∏Ω•¶[ ÌΩB ƒ¬]BVÔ k·ÏÕm
kÕ>m. ÷]_ ∂´E[ ƒVÏAWÁÈ•D, WÏkVÔ ∂]ÔV´ ∂Á\©AD ÿ√ÚD√VKD
cBÏ\‚¶›]™ˆ[ ÂÈ–¬ÔVÔºk ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|s‚¶™. ®™ºk ƒJÔ¿]
ÿƒB_√|›>©√|k]_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ
®[√VÏ” 3 Ω. ÿ«fl. >V¬.

x©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ∂´∑ WÚkVÔD √u§B z§©AÔπoÚÕm ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[


∂Á\©A¬ ÌÆÔÁ· kÁÔÁ\©√|›]•D, ˛´V\ ƒJ>VB ƒJÔ WÆk™∫ÔÁ·
kÁÔÁ\©√|›] ∂kuÁ≈ WÁÈWÆ›mD \>¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ z§›mD
m. ÊMflƒVt s·¬˛•^·VÏ.

1. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ g]¬ÔD, 2. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ g]¬Ô›][ ƒJÔ WÆk™\VÔ


“1.
÷Ú¬zD ƒV]B∂Á\©A. 3. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ g]¬Ô›][ ƒJÔ WÆk™\VÔ
÷Ú¬zD, ºÔVs_ ƒx>VB ∂Á\©A, 4. ÿ√ıˇμ WÁÈ©√|›>©√|D
z|D√∂Á\©A. 5. WÏkVÔ ∂]ÔV´ ∂Á\©A. 6.∂´E[ ƒVÏAWÁÈ. 7. √ÁwB á
A]B xÁ≈Á\¬ÔÈ©∏[ zw©√∫Ô^ ÷ÁkºB ƒJÔ∂¿]l[ x>[Á\
∂Á\©A¬ÌÆÔ·VzD” 4
∂Á\©A¬ÌÆÔ·VzD

1.ƒV]BÁ\©A, 2. Ì‚|¬z|D√D, 3. ˛´V\fl ƒx>VB ∂Á\©A g˛B J[ÆD


Œ[§[ ka Œ[Æ ÷ÁÕm \¬Ôπ[ ÷Á°fl ÿƒBÁÈ cÚkV¬zD ŒÚ
WÈ°Á¶Á\© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ á ƒJÔ ∂Á\©Á√ cÚkV¬˛s|˛[≈™. ÷Õ]BVs[ √ÁwB
ƒJÔ¬ Ô‚¶Á\©∏Á™ s·¬zD ƒJÔsB_ ∂§QÏ ®¸.]Ú\ÁÈ.

÷Õ]Bfl ƒJÔD ®[≈ ÿ√Ú\VπÁÔl_ ( Social edibice ) ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ


“÷Õ]Bfl
º\uÔı¶ J[Æ ÌÆÔπ[ ÷Á° WÁÈÁB¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ. ÷DJ[ƶ[,
÷ku§[ ®_ÈV WÁÈÔπKD √ı√V‚| \]©AÔ·VÔ ( Values) ª|Ús, ÷DJ[Æ
ƒxÔ WÆk™∫ÔÁ·•D ª[≈fl ÿƒF˛[≈ Â∫Ì´\VÔ \>¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ ÷ÚÕm
kÕm^·™. ÷flƒJÔ© ∏[™Ë¬ºÔu√, √ı√V‚| \]©AÔ”¬ºÔu√ ∂§°fl
EÕ>Á™Ô^ cÚkV¬Ô©ÿ√u≈™. ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B© √Á¶©AÔπ[ ∏a°Ôπ_
÷Õ>fl ƒJÔfl ƒVÏA ºkÏÔÁ· O‚√\VÔ© √VÏ›>V_ ∂Á¶BV·∫Ôı|
ÿÔV^·ÈVD” 5 ®[√Ï.
ÿÔV^·ÈVD

14
1.1.1. º>EB ÷B¬ÔD

g∫˛È g]¬Ô›]uz ®]´V™ ∑º>EB cÏ° ÷Ús>\VÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶m.


ÔVÕ]BVÏ, √V´]BVÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô. x>ÈVº™VÏ º√V¬z AslB_ ƒVÏ º>EB kV>\VÔ°D,
(Teritorial Nationalism) ]ÈÔÏ , k.ÿk.∑. nBÏ, kVfiEÂV[ x>oºBVÏ º√V¬zÔÈVflƒV´
ÿ\[≈ÿ√Bˆ_ \>kV>›Á> x[ÿ™|›> ÔÈVflƒV´› º>EBkV>\VÔ°D ( Cultural
Nationalism) ÿkπ©√‚¶™. ÷ÀsÚs>©º√V¬zÔ”D ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚ElKD, ªÚ|s
÷ÚÕ>™.

JÈV>V´\V˛B º>ƒ√¬] ®–D ÂT™ \VϬÔD ®™› º>ƒ√¬]ÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶VΩ


W[≈VÏ √V´].

÷Õ]B
“÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ ÷B¬ÔD ÷ÕÂV‚Ω_ \ıΩ©º√V•^·
∂´EB_, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂¿]Ô^, ∑´ı¶_Ô^ ∂WBVB∫ÔÁ· {a©√>uÔVÔ
¶¬zD, ŒÚ>M©√‚¶ ÂV‚Ω[ ∂´EB_ º√V´V‚¶D, ∂[Æ cÈÔD xøk]KD
\M>ÏÔπ¶D c^· ÿ>Fk›>[Á\ÁB, \M>MK^· sÈ∫z›>™D,
ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m¬ ÿÔVø¬zD ∂kÈ›Á>ºk´Æ›m¬ ˛Á¶¬zD º√VˆB¬ÔD ÷m.
\M>M[ g[\ ƒ¬] kV[ koÁB Œ|¬Ô› ÿ>V|›m^· ÿ√ÚD º√VÏ ®™›
ÊMkVƒ[” 6
º>EB ÷B¬Ô›][ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB© º√E Wu√VÏ \ˬÿÔVΩ, ÊMkVƒ[

1920 kV¬˛_ c©Afl ƒ›]BV¬˛´Ô›][ ∏[™V_ ÷Õ]BV xøkmD ÔVÕ]B©


º√´ÁÈ TƒÈVluÆ ÔVÕ]BVÏ, k´ÈVuÆ \V\M>´VF, \ÔV›\VkVF º>Vu≈D ÿÔV^·›
ÿ>V¶∫˛™VÏ. ÔVÕ]l[ ÔVÈMB ®]Ï©A xÁ™ ÷Õ]B¬ ˛´V\∫ÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ª|Ús©
√´kÈVluÆ.

ÔVÕ]•ÔD
“ÔVÕ]•ÔD ( 1920 x>_) ∂Á™›]Õ]BVÁk \Vu§Bm º√V_
>twÔ›]KD x›]Á´√]›>m .................. ˛´V\ kVμ¬ÁÔ› >·›Á>© º√_;
(ƒJÔ\Vu≈›]KD √VϬÔ)ƒJÔ ÊÏ›]Ú›>›Á> kuAÆ›>_; ÷Õm
\>¬ºÔV‚√V‚Ω–^ \> ÷¬Ô›Á> ko•Æ›>_ ®[√™ ÔVÕ]B›][
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ô·VzD,......ÔVÕ]B›][ ÷Õ>fl ÿƒBu√V|Ô^ ÔV´\VÔ º\™V‚|
\BkV¬ÔD, ÷Õ]B ∂ΩWÁÈ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB √´°km tÔtÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔºk
÷ÚÕ>m. ∂Õ> ∂·s_ ÔVÕ]B›m¬z ŒÚ ÔVÈMB ®]Ï©AxÁ™ ÷ÚÕ>m
÷ÚÕ>m” 7
®™ ÔVÏ›]¬ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ÔË›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô>VzD.
15
g∫˛È g]¬Ô›][ ®]ÿ´VoBVÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ∑º>EB cÏ° AslB_ º>EB
kV>\VÔ© √V´]BVÏ. ]Ú.s.Ô. x>ÈVº™Vˆ¶D ÿkπ©√‚¶ s>D ®[√m >tμ\´A º√bD
√V´D√ˆB©√ˆ\V\VÔ°D E≈Õº>V∫ÔÈVluÆ. ∂kÏÔ”^”D ∂m z§©√VÔ› ]Ú.
s.Ô. s¶D x©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ >V¬ÔxD ŒÚ ºƒ´› ]´ıÿ¶øÕ> g¬Ô\VÔ
ÔV∫˛´¸, ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô, ÿ>Vauƒ∫Ôfl ÿƒBu√V|Ô·VÔ°D, √›]ˆ¬ÁÔBVEˆBÏ
√Ë ®™°D, √[xÔ\VÔ© √ˆ\VD ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ. ÷m√u§ºB,

>tμ©√ı√V‚| g”Á\l[ ÷B_A ÿÔVı|


“>tμ©√ı√V‚| ÷Õ]B º>EB›Á>
k·Ï©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ xBuEBVÔ ∂Á\Õ> EÕ>Á™ ]Ú.s.Ô. s[ ( 1883-1953)
>·›]ºÈºB ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. g∫˛È¬ ÔVÈM›mk g‚E ∞u√|›]B >V¬Ô∫Ô^
√Èku§[ ŒÚ∫z]´^ ºkÆ ∂kÏ gkVÏ
gkVÏ”8 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏.

÷>uÿÔ_ÈVD \V≈VÔ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √¬ÔD ]ÈÔÏ, k.ºk.∑. ∂FBÏ


“÷>uÿÔ_ÈVD
x>ÈVº™Vˆ¶D ∑º>EB cÏ° ÿkπ©√‚¶s>º\V, ÷Õm\> *‚A kV>D ( Hindu
Religious, Revivalism ) º√bD ÿƒBu√V|Ô·VÔ© √ˆV\D ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ.
÷>uz k.ºk.∑. ∂FBVˆ[ ºƒ´\Vº>s¬ zÚzÈ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔº·
c>V´∫Ô·Vl™. ∂¬zÚzÈ›]_ ∂Á™kÚD ƒˆƒ\\VÔ Â¶›>©√¶s_ÁÈ.
÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ ∂¿]BV™ kÚVflE´\>Ï\ ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ”¬z ®]Ï©A
ÿ>ˆs¬zxÔ\VÔ zÚzÈ›]uz kw∫Ô©√‚¶ W] c>sÁB› ]Ú©∏›
“W]
>Õms¶ºkı|ÿ\™ ¶V¬¶Ï k´>´V∑K ÂV•| (ÔV∫˛´¸ >ÁÈkÏ) ∂§¬ÁÔ
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ” 9.

∂kÚ¬z ®]´VÔ ∏´V\ÏÔ·V_ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ ÷_ÈV›


“∂kÚ¬z
yÏ\V™D ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô. xBuEBV_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m., ÔVÕ]BVÏ
÷ÕWÔμflEÔπ_ ∏´V\Ï >´©A¬ºÔ g>´kVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ. ∂›>ÁÔB
ƒD√k∫Ôπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV_ ÔV∫˛´¸ *>V™ ∂]Ú©√]•D ÿkÆ©AD
∞u√‚|k´ÈVluÆ” 10 .
ÿ√ˆBVˆ¶D ÌΩk´ÈVluÆ ÷º> WÁÈ ]Ú.s.Ô. >´©∏KD ∞u√‚|k´ÈVluÆ

yı¶VÁ\ {a©∏uÔVÔ© ÿ√ˆBVÏ Ák¬Ô›]_ WÔμ›]B ƒ›]BV¬˛´Ô©


“yı¶VÁ\
º√´V‚¶›Á>© √u§ ®ø>© AzÕ>º√Vm ÔVÕ]BVÏ ÿ√ˆBVÁ´© √u§ ®m°D
ÿƒFms‚¶VÏ” 11.
z§©∏¶V\ºÈ ÷Ú‚¶Ω©AD ÿƒFms‚¶VÏ

16
1919 x>_ 1925 kÁ´ WÔμÕº>§B ∞øÔV∫˛´¸ \VÂV|ÔπKD
“1919
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿÔVı|k´xB[≈ kz©AkVˆ© ∏´]W]›mk› yÏ\V™D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÔVfiEA´›]_ ]Ú.s.Ô. >ÁÈÁ\l_ 1925 ÷_ ÂÁ¶ ÿ√u≈
ÔV∫˛´¸ \VÂV‚Ω_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m \‚|\_ÈV\_ kz©A kV>› yÏ\V™D
®[√>VÔ°D √a ∑\›>√‚¶m. ÷>™V_ 1925 ÷_ ÔV∫˛´E_ ÷ÚÕm ÿ√ˆBVÏ
ÿkπºB§™VÏ. ÿkπºB§B º√V]KD ÔVÕ]BVˆ[ WÏ\V™©√Ë›]‚¶∫ÔÁ·
\‚|D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÿƒBu√|›]ºB kÕ>VÏ. g™V_ 1927 _ ÔVÕ]BVÁ´ ºÂˆ_
ƒÕ]›m kÏV>Ï\¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ z§›m kV>VΩB∏[™º´ ∂≈ºk
ÂD∏¬ÁÔlwÕm º√V™WÁÈl_ ÔVÕ]B ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔπoÚÕmD ̶› >DÁ\
xu≈VÔ› mıΩ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ
ÿÔVı¶VÏ” 12.

“ÔVfiEA´D
ÔVfiEA´D \VÂV‚Ω_ >D >ÁÈÁ\lºÈºB ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
yÏ\V™D º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ]Ú.s.Ô. tzÕ> kÚ››]uz g·V™VÏ.
ÔV∫˛´Áv s‚|© ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿkπºB§B º√Vº> >VxD ÿkπºB§s‚¶>VÔ
ÿ>ˆs›>VÏ” 13
]Ú.s.Ô. ]´Vs¶ ÂV‚|©√¶› ]≈©AswVs_ ÿ>ˆs›>VÏ

1.1.2 ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD

ì “zΩ
zΩ ∂´∑ ®–D ÿƒF] ÷>μ 2.5.1925 ∂[Æ ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. zΩ ∂´∑
º>V[§B ÂVº· ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§B ÂV·Vzÿ\™© ÿ√ˆBVÏ
z§©∏‚|^·VÏ
z§©∏‚|^·VÏ” 14.

ì “∑B\ˆBVÁ>
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz 21,22.11.1925 ÷_ ÔVfiEA´›]_ WÔμÕ>
ÔV∫˛´E[ >tμ\VÔV \VÂV‚Ω[ kz©A kVˆ© ∏´]W]›mk› yÏ\V™º\
ÔV_ºÔV^ ®[≈V_ ƒ\´ƒ ƒ[\VϬԺ\ ∂>[ s›m ®[Æ kV>V|˛≈VÏ ]Ú.s.Ô.
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÂVB¬ÔÏ ∂kÏÔ^ >ÕÁ>BVkVÏ. ÂV[ >VBVºk[
ÂV∫Ô^ ÷ÚkÚD \VBk´D ƒ[\VϬԬ Ì‚¶›]_ ºƒÏÕm ÿ√u≈ ∏^Á·ºB
∑B\ˆBVÁ>BVzD. ∂¬zwÕÁ> >V•¶[ kVwVm. >ÕÁ>•¶[ ºƒÏÕm
kVμ˛≈m. ∂>[ k·ÏflEÁB¬ Ôı|BV[ ÿ√Ú\˛μflE ∂Á¶˛º≈[
∂Á¶˛º≈[” 15.

∂¿]Ô”¬z ®]´VÔ¬ ˛·ÏÕÿ>økm ®[√m \M>M¶D ÷B_√VÔºk ∂Á\Õm


˛¶¬zD, ∏≈s¬zD gzD. ÷∫ºÔ ]Ú.s.Ô. ko•Æ›mD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz

17
ƒ[\VϬԺ\ s›m ®[˛≈ WÁÈ©√V‚Á¶ ÷[–D ª|Úsfl ƒÕ]›>V_ ∂>[ ÔÚJÈD
E›>Ï\´º√ ®[˛≈ cıÁ\ Â\¬z^ AÈ©√¶_ gzD. º\È]Ô\V™ Ô‚|›]‚¶∫Ô^
s]xÁ≈Ô^ ÿÔ|∏ΩÔ^. sȬԩ√‚¶ ®flƒ∫Ô^ ®™¬ ÿÔ‚Ω >‚Ω©º√V™>V™ ÷Æ˛
J|ı¶ ƒx>VB›][ ( Closed Society ) ªº¶lÚÕmD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> cÏ°
˛·ÏÕÿ>økm ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD ∂>[ c^·VÏÕ> ÷B_º√. ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD √u§B
÷›>zAˆ>_Ô”¶[ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ÔË©AÁ´ÔÁ·•D ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.

>tμÂV‚Ω_ cBÏWÁÈ ∂]ÔV´ º\ÈVıÁ\•¶[ WÈsB ÷Ȭ˛B


“>tμÂV‚Ω_
{‚¶›m¬z© A≈D√V™mD >twÏ EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ A]B>¶D kz¬Ô© º√Vkm\V™
ŒÚ ÿƒ_ÿ§ 1920 Ôπ_ kÚVE´\¬ ºÔV‚√V‚Á¶•D ∂>[ >∫z>·\V™
∏´V\ËB›Á>•D AÈÁ\WÁÈlKD, ƒJÔ WÁÈlKD ∂´EB_ WÁÈlKD
®]Ϭ˛[≈ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ gzD. ∏´V\ËBÿ§ ƒV´V>, >tμÂV| WÁÈ©√‚¶,
>tμWÁÈ©√‚¶ ŒÚ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ› º>¶_ ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈m. ƒÏkº>ƒ ºƒVƒoƒD
x>_ (E∫ÔV´ ºkKfl ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ) ]´Vs¶ º\[Á\ *‚A kÁ´ √È ]ÁƒÔπKD
√VÏÁkÔ^ ]Ú›>©√‚¶™. ÷Õ>¬ ÔÚ›m WÁÈ›º>¶o[ ŒÚ x¬˛B¬ Ô‚¶D
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD gzD (1926). Ák¬Ô›]_ >™¬z ∞u√‚¶ ∂–√k›][
∏[AÈ›]_, ∂Á™›]Õ]B ÔV∫˛´¸, >tμÂV‚Ω_ ƒJÔ\Vu≈›m¬ÔV™ >·\VÔ
∂Á\•D ƒV›]B©√V| ÷_ÁÈ ®[√Á> ∂§Õ> ~.ºk. ´V\ƒVt, >tμÂV‚Ω_
>M\M> ƒJÔ ÷B∫zWÁÈ, \M>M[ ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M>VB›Á>
kÚ˛≈VÏ” 16 .
∑BÿÔ·´k›Á>© √V]¬Ô¬ ̶Vm ®[≈ ÔÚ›mWÁȬz kÚ˛≈VÏ

>tμ WÁÈ©√‚¶ >tμÂV| WÁÈ©√‚¶ ŒÚÔÚ›mWÁÈ ®[≈kÏ z§©∏‚¶


º√V]KD ∂Ák zÆ˛B √uƬÔ^ ®>uzº\ ∂©√Vu√‚¶Ák. ÷ÀkVº≈ ∏´V\ ®]Ï©A
®™ kÚ˛≈º√Vm ∏´V\ËB ®]Ï©A kÚVE´\ >∫z>·\V™ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ÔV™ ®]Ï©A
®[˛≈ kÁÔlKº\ ÷ÁkBV°D AˆÕm ÿÔV^·©√¶ ºkı|k™ gzD. ∞ÿ™M_
÷>Á™ ŒÚº√VmD z§©∏‚¶ kz©√VϬz ƒV]l™Ï¬z g™ ®]Ï©A ®™ ®|›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V_ ∂m ∏≈w cÏÕ> ]ˆA WÁȺBBVzD.

∏´V\ ®]Ï©A ®[≈ s≠B›Á>¬ z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚ ƒV]ÁBfl ºƒÏÕ>


“∏´V\
Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®]´V™ º√V´V‚¶D ®[Æ ÔÚmkÁ> s|›m., ÷Õ]B k´ÈVÆ,
÷Õ]Bfl ƒJÔD g˛BÁk z§›> gF°Ô”¬ÔV™ >sÏ¬Ô xΩBV> ŒÚ
18
ÔÚ›>V¬ÔD ®™ ÂVD ÿÔV^· ºkıΩ•^·m. ƒV]fl ƒJÔ›][ ∏´›]ºBÔfl
ÛwK¬z^ ∏´V\ ®]Ï©A ®[≈ ÔÚ›>V¬ÔxD ∂Ï›>©√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D
ºkı|D”..
÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§_ ∂§sB_ √¬]l_, \Á≈QV™sB_, ∂w˛B_ ®™ √È]≈©√¶
A]B EÕ>Á™© AÈ∫Ôÿ·_ÈVD ∂ku§[ º>Vu≈›]_ ∏´\V ®]Ï©A›>[Á\
ÿÔVı|^·™. ÷kuº≈V| ÷Ú√>VD ±u≈VıΩ[ ƒJÔ, ¤™ÂVBÔ \VϬEB
\uÆD ƒJÔ W] ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô”¬zD JΩB ∂_Èm ÿkπ©√Á¶BV™
∏´V\ ®]Ï©A›>[Á\ cı|
cı|” 17 ®™ Â. x›mº\VÔ[ z§©∏|km ÷∫ºÔ
c^·VÏÕ> Aˆ>K¶[ \™∫ÿÔV^·› >¬Ô>VzD. gÔºk ÿ√ˆBVˆ¶D ®fiEWu√m
®[–D \V–¶©√uÆ Œ[Æ \‚|º\ BVzD.

®™¬z ÿ\Va ∂∏\V™D, ÷Ȭ˛B ∂∏\V™D ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD ˛Á¶BVm. ÿkÆD


\M>V∏\V™D >V[ cı|. ∂m°D k·ÏflE ∂∏\V™D >V[ x¬˛B\VzD ®[≈
1928 _ √V´]>Vƒ[ á
ÿ√ˆBVˆ[ EÕ>Á™ x[º™u≈›Á> ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ “1928
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ƒÕ]©A ∞u√‚¶m. ÷flƒÕ]©A >tμflEÕ>Á™ k´ÈVu§™mD >tμ
÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVu§™mD tÔ x¬˛B>V™ {Ï ÷ÁsÁ™fl E[™©√|›]
Wu˛[≈ÿ>™¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD...... √V´] kakÕ> √V´]>Vƒ[ >tμ\M>[ √u§B
ÔsQ™VÔ \VÆ˛≈VÏ.... \Á≈\ÁÈBΩÔπ[ ÷B¬Ô›][ x>[Á\©√¶V> >tμ
√|›>©√‚¶V[” 18 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑
\M>[ ÷]_ xÁ™©A© √|›>©√‚¶V[
Ek›>D∏.î

“1916
1916 gD gıΩºÈºB ƒV]B ®]Ï©AÏs[ JÈ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
ÿ>V¶∫˛s‚¶™. 1917 ÷_ ´¥BVs_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ g‚E ∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. 1925
ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm” 19 .
x>_ ÷Õ]BVsKD ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ºk‘[≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm
∞Á™B∏≈ ƒJÔ ÊÏ›]Ú›> ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÂV‚Ω–^ zÁ≈ÔÁ·¬ ÔÁ·B xB[≈™.
g™V_ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ôº\V ∂ku§[ g˺kˆÁ™ ∂ÔμÕm ∂kuÁ≈
∂a¬Ô©√V|√‚¶m. s|>ÁȬÔV™ º√V´V‚¶D ®[√m ÂV‚Á¶ ∂ΩÁ\›>Á·loÚÕm
∂Ôu≈©√V|√|km ®[≈V_ ∑B\ˆBVÁ>¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶D ÂDÁ\© ∏ˬzD ƒÔÈ
>Á·ÔπoÚÕmD ÂDÁ\ s|s¬Ô©√V|√|kÿ>™ÈVD. J¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔÁ· tz]BVÔ¬
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ°D, ∏≈©∏™V_ cBÏ° >Vμÿk™© º√>D √V´V‚|k>VÔ°D, ∏´V\fl
ÿƒ_kV¬z t¬Ô>VÔ°D, ÷Õm\>D s·∫z˛[≈m. ®[√Á>™VºÈºB ∑B\ˆBVÁ>
÷B¬ÔD ∞u≈›>Vμ°Ô”¬z ÷¶\V™mD kÚVE´\>Ï\›][ >∫z>·\V™m\V™

19
ÔVμ©AÏ° ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD ÿƒBu√¶s_ÁÈ. √VÏ©√™Ï *m ÿkÆ©A
ÿÔVı| ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD ÿƒB_√¶Vm ®[Æ ÿ√ˆBVº´ ∂§s›>VÏ. ∂§s›>º>V|
∂_ÈV\_ ∂ÀkVº≈ ∂kÏ>D kVμÂV^ xøkmD kVμÕmD ÔV‚Ω™VÏ. ÷>uz ÔÚ›m
ºkÆ√V|Ô”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶>VÔ ÷Æ]kÁ´ ÿ√ˆBVÏ ´V¤V˜l¶D ØıΩÚÕ> ‚º√
ƒˆBV™ c>V´\VzD.

∏´V\Ï ®[≈ ÿƒV_oºÈºB ƒV] g]¬Ô cÏ° zΩÿÔVı|^·ÿ>™


∂>Á™\Æ>o›m© √VÏ©√™Ï ®[º≈ z§©∏¶ÈV™VÏ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ √VÏ©√™Ï á
√VÏ©√™Ï ∂_ÈV>kVÏ ®™fl∑‚|D ÷ÚÁ\ ®]ÏkV™ ÿƒV_ÈV¶_ÔÁ· ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬˛
∂>uz\V≈VÔ› ]´Vs¶Ï ∂_ÈV>VÏ ®™ºk ∂Õ> ÷ÚÁ\ ®]ÏÁk© √B[√|›> ºkı|D
®[ÆD ko•Æ›]™VÏ.

]_ÁÈl_ kVμ√kÏÔÁ· ~º´V‚¶VÏ ∂_ÈV>kÏ ®[√m ®©√Ω© ÿ√VÚ^


“]_ÁÈl_
>´Vº>V ∂©√ΩºB 90 sø¬ÔV| \¬ÔÁ·© √VÏ©√™Ï ∂_ÈV>kÏ ®[√m\VzD
®[≈VÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ
ÿ√ˆBVÏ” 20 ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™kÏÔÁ·› ]´Vs¶Ï ®[ÆD, EÆ√V[Á\l™Á´›
]´Vs¶Ï ∂_ÈV>kÏ ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬z\VÆ ÿ√ˆBVÏ kuAÆ›]™VÏ.î1939 ÷_ ÿ√ˆBVÏ
]´Vs¶ ÂV| ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔÁB x[Ák›>]oÚÕm ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô cÏ° A›mÏ°
ÿ√u≈m.

1.1.3 ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD

∞Á™B >›mk∫Ô^ BV°D ÷Ú©∏[ ÷B_A z§›> s·¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ ¿Ω¬ÁÔl_


\VϬEB >›mkD ÷Ú©Á√ s·¬zkm¶[ W[Æs¶V\_ ®ÀkVÆ \Vu§ ∂Á\©√ÿ>™›
ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈m.

ì >›mkD
“>›mkD cÈÁÔ á ÷k–Á¶B ÷k–¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ cÈÁÔ
\VuÆk>uºÔ ®[≈VÏ. ∂§°¬z ÷mºk cıÁ\¬ z§¬ºÔV^ ®[≈VÏ. ∂§°
∂§°¬ ÔVÔºk ®[√º> ÂT™ ÔVÈ›m sfiQVMÔ^ √ÈÚD √Á≈ƒVuÆD >›mkD
÷›>›mkD \È‚|›>™\V™m, ÿ√VÚıÁ\Bu≈m ®[√º> \VϬ¸ ÌÆD
cıÁ\” 21 ®™ \u≈›>›mk∫ÔπoÚÕm \VϬEB›][ √B[√V| ®Õ>kÁÔl_
cıÁ\
ºkÆ√|˛[≈ÿ>™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ®¸.®[. ÂVÔ´Vƒ[. \VϬEBD ®[√m Œ‚|ÿ\V›>
\V–¶ s|>ÁÈl[ ÷È‚EB\VÔ°D. ÷ȬÔ\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õ]B_kº> gzD.

20
\VϬEBD ®[√m ÿkÆD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© º√V´V‚¶›Á> x[MÆ›>¬ÌΩB Œ[≈VÔ¬
ÔÚ]™V_ ∂m ∏Áw©√¶, ∏≈w cÏÕ> ]ˆº√, ®_ÈVs> \VÁBÔ”D ÿ√VÚ”¬z
∂ΩÁ\BV>o[ sÁ·ºk ®–D AÔμÿ√u≈ ÔV´_\VϬL[ JÈkVƒÔ›][ c^·VÏÕ>
ÿ√VÚıÁ\lÁ™› ÿ>^·› ÿ>πkV¬zkVÏ ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´V¤[.

ì ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÷Á´BVz√k[ cıÁ\© ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ ÔV\V‚¶V[. ∂mºk


“ÿ√VÚ”¬z
®_ÈVkÁÔBV™ \B¬Ô›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔV´D...... \VϬEBD
ÿ√VÚ”¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶›Á> x[ Ák¬zD xw¬Ô\_È \V≈VÔ© ÿ√VÚπ[
g]¬Ô›Á> ®]Ï›m© º√V´V¶ºk ∂kÁ™ ko•Æ›m˛≈m. .. ∂ÔÕÁ>
®_ÈV\B¬Ô›m¬zD ÔV´\V˛≈m. ®[√Á>Á™•D \VϬ¸ ÿ>πkVÔ s·¬˛
÷>Á™ºB ÿ√VÚ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV>_ á g©¤¬‚ √Vıº¶Î ®[Æ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ
.... ÷>[ kΩk∫Ô^ √È >Mfl ÿƒV›m ∑BÂÈD, zÆ˛B º>EB kV>D,
zø\™©√V[Á\, ƒV] ÿk§ º√V[≈ ∂Á™›mº\ ÿ√VÚ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV>o[
√_ºkÆ kÁÔ ÿkπ©√V|Ôº·
ÿkπ©√V|Ôº·” 22 ®[˛≈VÏ.

ÿ√VÚ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV>_ ®–D \VϬEB¬ ÔÚ›>V¬]Á™ (Concept) s·¬z


xÔ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB Œa ªaBD ÿƒF ®–D \VºkVlƒ xw¬Ô›]Á™›
>VºkVlƒ›][ ¿‚EBVÔ ∂Á¶BV·©√|›mkVÏ.

“ÿ√VÚÁ·•D
ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ∂]ÔV´›Á>•D >ÔÏ©√k–¬z›>V[ ÔD¨´\V™
Ôs›mkD ÿ√V∫zD. kV_‚s‚¶\–¬z^ ÿ√V∫˛B Ôs›mkD √V´]¬z^”D
√V´]>Vƒ–¬z^”D ÿ√V∫˛Bm.îÔs›mkD ®[√m \M>[ >[Á™
xø∂·s_ ~Ï›m¬ ÿÔV^km ÔsÁ>¬zD. ∂[∏_ >Áw©√m
ÔsÁ>©√ıA”23 ®™ QVM•D ÷ÀkVº≈ ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ∂]ÔV´›]uzD ÷¶∫ÿÔV¶VÁ\
ÔsÁ>©√ıA
®[√>Á™ºB Ôs›mk›]uÔV™ x[W√Õ>Á™BVÔ ko•Æ›mkVÏ.

kÚº√>∫ÔÁ· ®]Ï›m› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§BÁ>©º√VȺk, kÚ¬Ô


º√>∫ÔÁ·®]Ï›m© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔxD ÷∫ºÔ º>V[§¶ÈVluÆ. ∏[™Ï
c^·VÏÕ> ÿÔV^ÁÔ ºkÆ√V|Ô·V_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD cÁ¶Õm √È
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ Ô‚EÔ^ cÚkVl™. ∂¬Ô‚EÔπ[ ƒVÏ∏ÈV™ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B› º>VwÁ\
∂Á\©AÔ·VÔá ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈D, xuº√V¬z ®ø›>V·Ï ƒ∫ÔD, \¬Ô^ ÔÁÈ
÷Ȭ˛B ÔwÔD ®™© √_ºkÆ ∂Á\©AÔ”D º>V[§ \¬Ô^ \›]l_ √∫ÔVu§
k´ÈVl™.
21
1.2 J[Æ ÔsÁ> \´AÔ^

÷>μÔ·VÔ°D ÷B¬Ô\VÔ°D J[Æ ÔsÁ> \´AÔ^, ∂ku§_ ºkº´VΩ W[≈


>V¬Ô∫Ô^, ∂ku§[ ÿkπ©√V|Ô^ ªº¶ ª¶VΩ W[≈ >›mk¬ÌÆÔ^, √∫ºÔu√V·Ï
®[§kuÁ≈¬ ˇμkÚ\VÆ ∂‚¶kÁ© √|›>ÈVD.

ÔsÁ>\´A ÔÁÈ\´A >›mk¬ÌÆÔ^ √∫ºÔu√V·Ï

®ø›m º\È\´A ÂT™›mk ÿ√ÚD√VKD


÷>μ\´A ÷Ȭ˛B ÷ƒ∫Ô^ √VÏ©√™Ï

kV™D√VΩ >tμ\´A \VϬEBD √VÏ©√™Ï


÷B¬Ô \´A \VϬEB ÿÈMMBD ®kÚtÈÏ

Á«Ì ˇÁw \´A ÿ¤[ E›>Ï º√>D


zÆD√V\´A \´A, Û‡∏lƒD ∞mt_ÁÈ

÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ∑‚¶©√‚|^· ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ z§›> º\È]Ô sk´∫ÔÁ·•D


s·¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D xÁ≈ºB ∂Àk©√z]Ôπ_ s·¬˛ cÁ´¬Ô©√|D. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô
\´∏™Ï √V´] √V´]>Vƒ[ kakÕ> >tμ\´A ƒVÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ®ø›m ÷>μ \´∏™Ï
√V´]>VƒÁ™•D kV™D√VΩÔÁ·•D ∞uÔV>kÏÔ^. ®[√>VºÈºB x©ÿ√ÚD
ÔsQÏÔ·V™ Eu∏, ∂©m_´z\V[, ~º´V| >tw[√[ g˛ºBVÁ´•D ∞uÔ
\Æ©√kÏÔº·.

1.2.1 ì®ø›mî ÷>μ \´A

1959 ÷_ º>V[§B ®ø›m 1970 kÁ´ 119 ÷>μÔ·VÔ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÿ\Va


ÿ√BÏ©A¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ c^√¶ 460 ¬zD º\u√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπl‚¶m. 1962 x>_
1975 kÁ´ Am¬ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©AÔÁ·•D, ®ø›m ÿkπX¶VÔ ÿkπl‚¶m. 1959 x>_
1962 kÁ´ ®ø›]_ ÿkπBV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º>ÏÕÿ>|›> Am¬z´_Ô^ 2 ÿ>Vz©√VÔ
19 ÔsQÏÔπ[ 46 ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ®ø›m ÿkπl‚¶m. ÷kuÁ≈ÿB_ÈVD ÿkπl‚¶ E.∑.
ÿƒ_È©√V >DÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D >\m ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©AÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D \VuÆ ÷>BD ®[≈
ÿ√Bˆ_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.

22
“Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ
Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ ∂§xÔ\V™ ®ø›m ÔsQÏÔπ[ cÈÔD ÿ√ˆmD.
>MÁ\l[ cÈÔD. ÌÆ©√‚¶ √VÏÁkl_ sÁ·Õ> kƒ™ cÁ¶ƒ_, ∂>ϬÔD,
√VÈ” 24 .
∂√›>D ®™¬∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ √VÈ

∂©√Ω ∂kÏÔ^ ∞[ >MÁ\©√¶ÈVl™Ï \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ© AmÁ\©∏›>[,


z√. ´V.x>ÈVº™VÁ´© ∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm Â.∏flƒJÏ›], ÷mkV º\uz ∂s•D c|/
zÁÈ•D ÷Ú^/ T∑D ÷·Á\/ ∞ÆD ÿk§ /√Vs´s ƒ°¬ÔΩl_/ E>ÆD Ek©A/
®™ º\ÁÈ\´Á√© A≈¬ÔË›m \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔfl ƒJÔ cÏ°¶[ Am¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB
k·Ï›mk´ÈV™VÏ. ÷ÀkV≈_ÈV\_ ®ø›m¬zøs™Ï >MÁ\©√¶ ºÂÏÕ>m ∞ÿ™™
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑.

÷>uÔV™ ƒJÔsB_ ÔV´D ÔVı√m x¬˛B\VzD. 1916 ÷_ √VÏ©√™Ï


“÷>uÔV™
∂_ÈV>VÏ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ >tμÂV‚Ω_ ÿkÆD \¬Ô^ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ k·ÏÕm
>twÔ ∂´EB_ ƒJÔ© A≈¬ÔË©Á√© ∏[√u§™. ÷ku§[ ∂´EB_
∂Á¶BV·\VÔ© ÿ√ˆBVÚD, √ı√V‚Ω[ ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ© √V´]>Vƒ–D
ÿƒB_√‚¶™Ï. ®™ºk >tμÂV‚Ω[ (1950 ¬z© ∏[) ƒJÔ k´ÈVu§_
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √∫z ∞mD k˛¬ÔV> º\_>‚|© A›] ˝sÔ^ ∂ÕWB©√‚¶ Ûwo_
k´ÈVuÆıÁ\BVzD” 25.
º\uÔ›]B Wwo_ AÔo¶D º>Ω™Ï ®[√m k´ÈVuÆıÁ\BVzD

®™ºk ÷ÀkV≈VÔ› >MÁ\©√¶ ºÂÏÕ> ®ø›m zøs™Ï¬z ∞u≈ÿ>VÚ


AÔo¶xD, kΩÔVK¬ÔV™ kVlK\VÔ ÂT™ kV> (Modernism) º\ÁÈ \´AkVFÕ>m.

“ÂT™
ÂT™ kV>D ((Modernism)) ®[√m ŒÚ A]B ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B©º√V¬z
∂_Èm ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬Ô›Á>¬ z§¬zD. x>ÈVπ›mk ƒJÔ›][ x]ÏflEl_
º\u˛_ c>B\V™ ÂT™ kV>D ƒVÏÕ> ÷Ȭ˛B©º√V¬zÔ^ ÷Õ]BVs_ 1960
ÿ√u≈™”26 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ.
Ôπ_>V[ ÿƒ_kV¬z© ÿ√u≈™

Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z ª¶VÔ ÷∫ºÔ ®ø›m¬zøs™Ï kVlÈVÔ ÔVŸ[§B ÂT™kV>


OÁwkVl_Ô^ z§›m º\KD, s·¬˛fl ÿƒ_kVÏ √VÈV.

>MÁ\ ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ[ ªuƬÔı \V¶ÏMƒD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô© ÿ√u≈


“>MÁ\
AmÁ\lBD (ÂT™kV>D) >V[. º¤D¸ ¤VF¸, ÔV‡©ÔV, ∏ÿ´·¸‚, Ω.®¸.
®oB‚, √°ı‚, º√V[≈ ÔÁÈQÏÔπ[ cÈÔD, >MÁ\ cÈÔD, ƒJÔ›]oÚÕm
23
\M>Á™ ŒÚ >M\M>™VÔ© ∏F›ÿ>|›m© √VÏ›>m nº´V©∏B ÷Ȭ˛BD
\V¬¸ ®ˆÿ™v‚ ÔV_k¶VÏ ¶Vo º√V[≈ {sBÏÔπ[ \™flEÁ>°Ô^
>MÁ\©√|›>©√‚¶ \M>M[ mB´\M>›mπÔ^>VD ∂ÕWB©√‚¶ \M>[
ƒVÁk sÚDAD \M>[, \M>›Á> ÿkƬzD \M>[ ®_ºÈVÚD
>MÁ\÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ[ ÂVBÔÏÔ^>V[. ÷kÏÔ^ ®_ÈVD AmÁ\lBD ®[≈
ÿ√B´V_>V[ >tμfl ÛwK¬z^ OÁwÕ>VÏÔ^. Ô.ÂV. ∑©∏´\ËB[, kw∫˛.
E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V AÔμ√|›]B Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ k´s[ kaBVÔºk ÷m ºÂÏÕ>m
®™ÈVD” 27 .
®™ÈVD

ÂT™ kV>D z§›> ƒJÔsfiQV™¬ ÔÁȬԷfiEB s·¬Ô›]Á™ ®D.∞.


O‡\V[ ®|›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ô>VzD.

\´A Z]BV™kuÁ≈ AmÁ\¬z¬ ˇμ√|›m˛[≈mD, WÁÈ º√≈Á¶Õ>,


“\´A
ƒD∏´>VB ØÏk\V™kuÁ≈ ÷∫Ô© √|›m˛[≈m\V™ \™©º√V¬ÔVzD. ÷Õ>©
\™©º√V¬˛[ ÿƒB_xÁ≈›>V¬ÔD √ÁwÁ\ º√bk>VÔ ∂_Èm
A´‚EÔ´\V™>VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD √ÁwÁ\ÁB ∂aBVm. ÔV©√VuÆk>uÔVÔ ∂Á>©
AmÁ\•¶[ ÷∫Ô©√|›mD º√Vm ∂m √wÁ\º√bk>V˛[≈m. AmÁ\l[
Wt›>D √ÁwÁ\ÁB W´VÔˆ¬zDº√Vm ∂m A´‚E Ô´\V™>V˛[≈m. \>∫ÔÁ·©
ÿ√VÆ›> kÁ´ ÂT™kV>›][ √ÁwÁ\ º√ıkÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈVD ®[ÆD
ÔÁÈÔπ_ ÂT™kV>›][ A´‚EÔ´\V™ kÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈVD
ÔVÈVD” 28 ®™°D
z§©∏|kÏ.

ÂT™kV>›Á>© AÔo¶\VÔ ®ø›m¬zøs™Ï ∞u≈>uÔV™ ÔV´›Á>


kÚZ]BVÔ ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑ ÔVı˛[≈VÏ. g™V_ ÷>Á™ºB kÚ¬ÔZ]BV™>VÔ
∂Á¶BV·©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ.

ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔ^ x>ÈVπ›mkfl
“ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔ^ ƒJÔ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩloÚÕm
>©∏›m ∂ÔkB°È˛uz^ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ\V™VÏÔ^. º\uzÈÔ
ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©AÔ^ \M>Á™ ∂k™m k´ÈVuÆfl Ûwo_ ÷ÚÕmD Ô›>ˆ›m›
ÔV‚Ω™” 29.
>MÁ\› mBˆ_ t>©√™kVÔ¬ ÔV‚Ω™

24
ÂT™kV>›Á>© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBV”D xÁ≈Á\ √wÁ\
º√bk>VÔºkV, AmÁ\ÁB© Az›mk>VÔºkV ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ÔVıº¶VD. √V´]•D,
AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™kV>›Á>© AmÁ\ÁB© Az›mk>uÔVÔ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®M_
®ø›m¬zøs™Ï √ÁwÁ\ º√ıkÁÔlºÈºB ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®™ÈVD.

“ŒaÔ
ŒaÔ Ô¶°^ / ∂aÔ ƒV] A´‚E {∫zÔ / AmÁ\ º>V[ÆÔ ®™¬Ìs™VF
/ ¿ºBV, ÂVº™V \´√V™ √wÁ\•D / x]ÏÕ> ÿ§•D kVFÕ> ÂDT| / ∂ÕWBD
zÁ\˛º≈[” 30 .
gk>V ®™¬ zÁ\˛º≈[

÷m. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√Vs[ √wÁ\º√bD ÔsÁ> ÂT™kV>›]uzfl ƒˆBV™ {Ï


®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VzD. ŒÀÿkVÚÔVȬԂ¶›]KD º>V[ÆD ÷Ȭ˛B ÷ƒD ∂Àk¬ÔVȬԂ¶©
º√V¬zÔÁ·©√Á¶©√>uz¬ Ô·[ ∂Á\©√>VÔ ∂Á\Õm˛¶¬˛[≈m.

÷Õ> ÷Ȭ˛B ÷ƒ∫Ô”¬z^º· ŒÚ ÿ√Vm›>[Á\ AÈ©√|›m˛≈m.


“÷Õ>
√È°D ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ k´ÈVuƬ ÔVȬ Ô‚¶›]_ º>V[§BÁk. ∂Àk¬ÔVÈ›][
√ı√V‚Á¶ ®ø>°D, s·¬Ô°D, ∂ÀkÁÔ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B© √Á¶©AÔº·
>´°Ô^”31 ®[√Ï >tμÂV¶[.
∂Ω©√Á¶› >´°Ô^

®ø›ms_... ‡∏´VFΩ[ c·sB_ ºÔV‚√V|Ô”¬z¬ ÔÁÈkΩkD ÔVbD


xBuEÔ^ ¶›>©√‚¶™. √Ω\, z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ¤©√VMB Á«Ì°D ÷Õ>
®ø›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D √V]©AÔÁ· cı¶V¬˛s‚ΩÚÕ>™. ÷kÏÔ·m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
>ÁÈ#¬˛ Wu√m >M\M> kV>D. >M\M>™m. W´VÁƒ, k¬˛´D >VD., >s©A,
™ºkV‚¶D, ∂Ô cÁ·flƒ_, g˛B™ ÷kÏÔ^ √V¶_Ôπ[ ÔÚ©ÿ√VÚ^Ô^,
ÂD∏¬ÁÔl[Á\ \™flºƒVÏ°, \´WÁ™©A x>oBku§[ ∏Ωl_ ÷kÏÔ^ gΩB
g‚¶∫Ô^ ÷©√V¶_Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√‚| ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.

÷kÏÔπ_ EÈÏ ∂kƒ´ ∂kƒ´\VÔ ∂B_ ÂV‚|flƒ´¬ÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^x>_ ÿƒFm


÷∫ºÔ ÔÁ¶sˆ›>™Ï. >Dÿ√Bˆ_ su√Á™© √ÈÁÔÔÁ·© º√V‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ®™
®ø›m¬ ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √u§B \]©¨‚ΩÁ™ x[Ák©√VÏ., ~º´V| >tw[√[,
∂©√‚¶\V™ ÷Ȭ˛B›]Ú‚|¬z ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|Ô·VÔ Áky¸k´M[ √Ω\D Œ[Á≈•D,
Á«Ì Œ[Á≈•D, >tw[√[ ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ.

25
“√VkVÁ¶ WwK¬z^
√m∫˛kÚD ÿkıxB_Ô^”î
®[√m Áky¸k´M[ kˆÔ^
Herfeet beneath her petticoat
Lire little mice, Stole in and outî

®[√º> ÷>[JÈ\V™ ƒ∫o∫˛[ (Sucbling) kˆÔ^

ì ˛Á·¬z› ]ÚDAD / søÕ> ƒÚÔV/ √‚|©ØflE ÷m Áky¸k´[ >twV¬Ô›]_


ÂÁ¶ ÷>a_ (9) ÿkπkÕ> Á«Ì ÷mºk ÷k´m c>BWw_ ÿ>Vz©∏_,

ÿÔVΩl_ \ÈÚD √‚|©ØflE / ÁÔ©∏Ω Âøs¬ /


“ÿÔVΩl_ ÔVu§_ √≈¬zD
\È´Vfl∑
\È´Vfl∑” 32 ®™ \Æ∏≈s ®|›]Ú¬˛≈m. ®™ ÷™DÔV‚Ω s|kVÏ. ÷Às´ıΩ_
x[™m ®ø›m›]Ú‚|. ∏[™m ÔÚ›m¬Ô·° ÷´ıÁ¶•D >tw[√[
∂D√È©√|›]s|˛[≈VÏ. Œ[≈[ >V¬ÔD \uÿ≈V[§_ g¬ÔD ÿ√≈ÈVD. Œ[Á≈›
>øs ºkÿ≈V[Á≈©√Á¶¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ >øs©√Á¶¬ÁÔl_ ÷[™Á>›>øs ÷m
®™ ∂>[ JÈD ∑‚¶©√‚¶VÔ ºkı|D.

÷ƒ∫Ôÿ·™©√|D ÷Ȭ˛B© ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· c^ kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı|


√Á¶¬Ô xu√¶V\_ º\ÁȬÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c›]xÁ≈ÁB \‚|\_ÈV\_
c^·¶¬Ô›Á>•D ÂÔÈV¬Ô xB[≈ ∂kÈD ®ø›]_ ÷ÀkVÆ ºÂ´ÈVluÆ ÷>Á™ºB
√∑kFBVs[ (∑Õ>´ƒVt) ÿÔV^ÁÔ √ÔΩ©√ıb˛≈m. “º\uºÔ
º\uºÔ / ÿ´V\V[ΩƒD á
ÂVfl∑´oƒD ˆBoƒD ∂©√V_ / ÷D√´vMƒD á ®[ \Á™s¬z >¬ÔVπ´ƒD
∂©√V_ ED√VoƒD ƒVˆBoƒD *ı|D ÿkÆD ˆBoƒD ..... ƒV›º´¬z
®ÎE¸ÿ¶[EBoƒD ÔVx°¬z ÷[ÿ™V[Æ ... ∏[™V_ ºkÿ≈V[Æ á Ô´Ω¬z
ÔDRMƒD á ¶VÈÏ Í•\MƒD ÂVÿ\_ÈVD á ¶t_ ®ø›>V·Ï Â\¬ºÔV á
∏º·˜BˆƒD ( Plagiarism) ” 33.

®[≈V_ ®ø›m¬]Ú‚|, ÔÚ›m¬Ô·° ®[≈ ÷´ıÁ¶•º\ ∂m z§›mWuzD,


cÚk›Á>¬ ÁÔBV”D c›]BVÔ ºkıΩB Œ[Æ ÷©√Ω c^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ Ô·kV|D
∂kÈ\VÔ ®ø]›]KD ¿Ï›m© º√VluÆ.

26
®ø›m© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô›Á> ®ı kÁÔBVÔ© √z©√VÏ
ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ.

“1.
1. kVμ¬ÁÔ, 2. ƒV°, 3. ÷Á sÁwfl∑›>[Á\, 4. W´VÁƒ
( Frustration ), 5 >M\M>D ( Individualism ), 6. cıÏ°›>VÁ´ ( Stream of
ÿ>Va_” 34
Cernsciousriess) 7. ÔsQ[ ÿ>Va_, 8. ®ø›>V·Ï ÿ>Va_

Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂ΩÂV>\VÔ ‡∏´VF Ωƒ›Á>•D ∂>[ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·¬


“Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÿÔVı¶ ¸ÏˆBoKD, ®¬L¸ÿ¶[¥oƒD, º√V[≈kuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™.
÷>™V_ ÷¬ÔsQÏÔ^ >DÁ\›>Vº\ ƒx>VB›]oÚÕm ∏ˆ›m¬ÿÔVı|
ƒx>VB›Á> ŒÚ √VÏÁkBV·Ï º√VȬ ÔkM¬˛≈VÏÔ^. .. Œ|¬Ô©√‚º¶VÏ
√¬Ô\VÔ ÷©Am¬ÔsQÏÔ^ WuÔs_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ cÈÔº\ m[√\B\V™m ®[≈
ÂD∏¬ÁÔk≈‚E•D ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^” 35 ®[˛≈VÏ
\™ÿ\VΩÕ> º√V¬zD ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^
ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ.

®ø›m¬ ÔsQÏÔÁ· s\ÏE›>VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈºB \VϬEB


∂Ël™Ï ®ø›Á> ®]ÏÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷Õ> c^·¶¬ÔD Œ[Á≈ \‚|º\ z§¬ÿÔVı¶
ºÂV¬ÔV_ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ kΩk›Á> ∞u√]ºÈºB ∂kÏÔ^(ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ, Ô.
ÁÔÈVƒ√], ÿ>V.x.E.´zÂV>[) >B∫˛™VÏ. ´zÂV>[ kƒ™ÔsÁ> ®[√>Á™ºB
∞uÔs_ÁÈ. ÷Õ> ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿkÆÁ\, s´¬]. xÁ™©A, \™x§° ®[√>VÔ
\VϬEB >´©∏_ ®øÕ> kV>∫ÔÁ· ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D xÔ\VÔ.

\™ x§° á ‡∏´¸‚º´≠[ á ŒÚ º\V¸>Ï (‡√V≠[) ÷_ÁÈ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ


“\™
÷Ȭ˛BºÂV¬ÁÔ© √VÏ›m ÷tº¶‚ ÿƒFkm¬z ... ÷tº¶‚ ÿƒFm ÿ>VM¬Ôfl
ÿƒF>V_ ∂]_ cıÁ\ ÷´Vm.... ∏flƒJÏ›] ÿƒV_oBm º√VÈ º\uºÔ
Ω¸Eı¶¬ º´‚Ω∫... á ∂>Vkm c]Ï˛≈ WÁÈ ÂDxÁ¶Bm º≠©∏∫ cÚkV˛≈
WÁÈ ®™ºk, \™x§° ÂD ÷Ȭ˛B›][ ÿ√Vm› ÿ>MBVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm.
®™›]‚¶ k‚¶\VÔ ∂¬zu≈flƒV‚Á¶ \Æ›ÿ>ø]™VÏ E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V
ÿƒ_È©√V” 36

\´AD, AmÁ\•D ƒ∫Ôt¬zD √V∫˛Á™ E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, E.\Ë, (ºk. \Vo)


ÂzÈ[(Ω.ºÔ.mÁ´¸kVt) QV™¬Ì›>[ x>ÈVº™Vˆ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ c´ÈVD.
÷>uzD Ω.®¸. ®oB‚Ω[ >V¬ÔD E. \ˬz º\È]Ô\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>mD ÔV´\VzD.

27
\´∏oÚÕm \VÆ√‚|©AmÁ\ÁBfl ƒVÏÕ]Ú›>_ ®[√m ÂT™›][
“\´∏oÚÕm
ÿ√Vm©ÿ√VÚ^. gl–D ÂT™D ∂_Èm AmÁ\ ®[√m \´Á√ xu§KD
W´VÔˆ¬ÔVm, √Á¶©√Vπ >™m >M›]≈[ JÈD \´∏uzD EÈA]B ÌÆÔÁ·©
Az›mk>[ JÈxD AmÁ\ÁBfl ÿƒFBÈVD ®[√Á> Ω.®¸.÷oB‚ ®[–D
ÂT™kV>¬ ÔsQÏ s\σÔÏ >™m \´AD >M›]≈–D ( Tradition and individual
Talent) Ô‚|Á´l_ sˆ›mÁ´›m^·VÏ
sˆ›mÁ´›m^·VÏ” 37. ÷m©√u§ E.\˺B ŒÚ º√‚ΩlKD
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.

√ÁwB
“√ÁwB g‚Ô”¬z ÂVD ®_ºÈVÚD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD.
ƒ∫Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ”¬z, Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ, EÈ©√]ÔV´D, √‚Ω™©√VÁÈ ∂ÔÂV˚Æ,
A≈ÂV˚Æ ®ø]BkÏÔ”¬zD ÂVD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD.....( Tradition and
individual Talent) ®[≈ Ô‚|Á´ ®∫Ô”¬z© √V¶\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ∂]Úi¶kƒ\VÔ
∂]_ \´Á√ xøkm\VÔ ∂§Õm ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ¿ ®Á> *≈ ºkı|D ®[√m
ÿ>ˆ•D. ¿ \´Á√› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·V>kÁ´ ¿ AmÁ\ÁB© √Á¶¬Ô xΩBVm.
ÿÔV^·ºkı|D” 3 ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD
gÁÔBV_ ¿ √ÁwB s≠B∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·ºkı|D
Ôı|ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ. ®oB‚Ω[ \´AD >M›]≈–D ºÔV‚√V‚Á¶ Ák›m›
>V[ >VD ®ø]B>VÔ°D ∂m>[Á™ tÔ°D √V]›>m ®™°D Œ›m¬ÿÔV^˛[≈VÏ.

1970 _ zlo[ ∑Ú] ®[≈ BV©∏ÈÁ\Õ> ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB•D


“1970
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ ÂV.∏flƒJÏ›]. º\KD \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEºB Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[Æ
ÔV‚|k>[ JÈD ®]Ï©Á√fl ƒ\Vπ¬Ô xB[≈™Ï. ÿƒ_kD ÂÁ¶ ÷>aB_ ®ø]B.
BV©∏B_ ÷>uzfl ƒV[≈VzD. ƒ∫Ô©√V‚Á¶ Œ›>m Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[ÆD
Am¬ÔsÁ>¬zD kΩkD cı| ®[ÆD WÆk xB[≈™Ï. Am¬ÔsÁ> BV©Á√
*§B>_È, BV©∏uz‚√‚¶m>V[ ®[ÆD ̧™Ï ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ” 39 .
∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ ÷∫ÔkÏ ÿƒ_kD ®™¬z§©∏|km E.\ËÁB›>V[. ∂>Á™›
>[º√‚Ωl_ E.\˺B z§©∏‚¶^·VÏ. E.\Ë ®oB‚Ω[ √V]©∏_ ´ÔD ®[≈
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB© √Á¶›>VÏ. ÷Á>©º√V_ E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V √ˆ√V¶o[ √V]©∏_ ÿ\Z™V
®[≈ ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB© √Á¶›>VÏ. ÿ\Z™Vs[ x[z§©∏_ ∂kº´ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.

√ˆ√V¶_ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·©√Ω›m ´E›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕº>[. ∂º>ƒ\BD


“√ˆ√V¶_
ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD. BV©√Ú∫ÔÈD sÚ›],. ÔVˆÁÔ, √[MÚ√V‚ΩB_ x>oB

28
BV©A±_ÔÁ·•D cÁ´Ô”¶[ √Ω›º>[. ∂>[sÁ·kVÔ¬ ∏≈Õ>m
ÿ\Z™V”40 ®™› ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_
ÿ\Z™V

√ˆ√V¶K¬z ®_ÁÈ 400 ∂ΩÔ^ ®™› ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÛ›]´D ̧™VKD >\m


ÿ\Z™V 444 ∂ΩÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. g™VKD ∂§Õº> \´Á√ *§º™[ ®[˛≈VÏ.
Amÿ\Úz ®[≈ ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω ƒ∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®‚ΩÁ™ ∂ku§[ cÚkD, Œo,
kˆBÁ\©Á√ ∂©√ΩºB Ák›m¬ÿÔVı| ÷[Á≈B >¬Ô ÿƒVuÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|
Amÿ\Úz ÿÔV|›m©√VÏ¬Ô xB[≈>VÔ¬ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. E.\Ël[ ´ÔD ¿ı¶
ÔsÁ> tÔ°D AÔμÿ√u≈m. ∂]_ º\ÁÈ\´AD, ˇÁw \´AD ƒ∫Ôt¬˛[≈™. E.\Ë
g∫˛È© º√´VEˆBÏ >tμ \´∏KD BV©∏KD √luE t¬ÔkÏ. Ω.®¸.®oB‚Ω[
√VμWÈ›][ >V¬Ô›]_ >V[ E.\Ë Â´ÔD ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ø]™VÏ ®[≈VKD ∂m
ÔD√´V\VBD, s_o√V´D ®[√m º√VÈ \Ël[ ´ÔD ®[Æ >D º√‚Ωl_
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. √‚Ω™©√VÁÈl[ >V¬Ô›]_ E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V ÿ\Z™V ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB
kw∫˛B>uzD E. \Ël[ ´ԛ]uzD s›]BVƒtÚ¬˛≈m. ´ÔD ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>l_
ÔD√´V\VB kˆÔ”D, ∂ÔÂV˚uÆ kˆÔ”D, sºkÔ EÕ>V\Ël[ kˆÔ”D ªº¶
ªº¶ ÷¶D ÿ√u§Ú¬zD. ÷m√u§B ®]Z|ÔÁ·•D ÔVıº√VD.

÷Õ> kˆÔÁ·©√Ω›>°¶[ ÔD√Á™ º\uºÔV^ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ®[Æ ®|›m¬


“÷Õ>
ÿÔV^k>V? ÿ>ˆBV>kÏÔ^ ÷kÚÁ¶B ÿƒVÕ>flƒ´¬z ®[º≈ WÁ™›m¬
ÿÔV^·‚|D ®[º≈ ®ø]•^·V´V? ÷_ÁÈ, ∂Ï›>D AˆÕm>V[ √ÁwB
÷Ȭ˛BkˆÔÁ· ÷©√Ω¬ºÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V´V? ∂©√ΩBV™V_ ®[™>V[ ÷kÏ Ì≈
sÚDA˛≈VÏ? ®[Æ ®m°º\ AˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩBs_ÁÈ... x[–D ∏[–D
ºkÆ ºkÆ √ÈkˆÔÁ·fl ºƒÏ›m √ÁwB ÷Ȭ˛B kˆÔ”¬zD ko©AºÂVÁB
cı¶V¬˛lÚ¬˛≈VÏ” 41 ®™¬ÔΩÕm √VÁ>l_ÈV¬ ÔV‚Ω_ √BD ÿƒF•D xBuE
cı¶V¬˛lÚ¬˛≈VÏ
®™ ´ԛ][ kVlÈVÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÂT™›mk c›]xÁ≈lÁ™ s·∫˛¬
ÿÔV^·\V‚¶V\_ ¤Ô[ zƬˇ| ÿƒF>VÏ. \V≈VÔ ÷m ®oB‚ c›]xÁ≈ √ÁwB
÷Ȭ˛BkˆÔ^ ÷ÀkVÆ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈VKD, ∂m ∂[Á≈B ÿ√VÚπ_ ∂_ÈV\_
®|›>V·© ÿ√ÆD √V|ÿ√VÚ”¶[ ÿ√VÚÕ] ÷ÁBÕm ºkÆ >·\Vu≈\VF,
ÿ√VÚ‚√¶ºÂÏkº> ´ÔD ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> >tø¬z ∂§xÔ©√|›]B A]B√VË gzD.
÷m√u§B ÿk∫Ô‚ƒVtÂV>[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛≈VÏ.

29
√wD ÷Ȭ˛B kˆÔ^ ®[≈ ∂Á¶BV·›Á>› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔVı|
“√wD
∂Á>\Vu§ ÷[Á≈B ƒJÔ›][ ¶©AÔÁ·¬ ˛ı¶ºÈV| s\ÏflE¬zD
ÿ√VÚπ_ ÁÔBV^˛≈VÏ. ∂m ÿkÆD ˛ı¶_ ÷_ÁÈ. ƒJÔ s\σ™xD
ÿ√V]Õ>m
ÿ√V]Õ>m” 42 ®™˛≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ºƒV>Á™ xBuEÔ^ ÷[Á≈B ÷·D
kVƒÔÏÔ”¬ºÔV, ÷·∫ÔsQÏÔ”¬ºÔV E. \ËÁB© √u§ ∂kˆ[ ƒV>Á™Ô^ √u§›
ÿ>ˆ•\V ®™ ÿk∫Ô‚ ƒVtÂV>[ A]B√VÏÁkl_ g>∫Ô©√|˛≈Vº´ ∂m√u§ E. \Ë
®[™ WÁ™¬˛≈VÏ ®[≈ ºÔ^s E∏fl ÿƒ_k™V_ ®ø©√√‚¶º√Vm,

“E.\Ë
E.\Ë ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ºÂ´ΩBVÔ© √Ω¬ÔV\_ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_
E.\Ël[ √V]©A ∂kÏÔπ¶D ÷Ú¬zD. ®©√Ω ®[≈V_ E.\ËÁB© √Ω›ms‚|
∂Õ>© √V]©∏_ ®ø]Bkˆ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·© √Ω©√>[ JÈ\VÔ,
∂Á>©√Ω›ms‚| ®øm˛≈kÏ ®[Æ ƒ∫˛o›ÿ>V¶´VÔ Â¶¬zD ÷m. E.\Ë
√V]©∏_ÈV\_ ®ømk>VÔ WÁ™©√kÏ ∂©m_´z\V[ ∂_Èm >tw[√[
√V]©∏_®ø>ÈVD. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ŒÚÁ\_Ô_ ´ÔD ®[Æ ®ø›ms_ ŒÚ
>ÁÈB∫ÔD kÕ>m. Eu∏•D ÂV–D {º´ kB]™Ï. ÷´ı| \V>D s›]BVƒD
´ÔD kÕ>∏≈z ∂>[ √V]©∏_ ®ø>kÕ>>VÔ Eu∏ sÚm swV º\Á¶l_ Eu∏
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ” 43 ®™ E. \Ël[ >V¬ÔD ®–D ƒ∫˛o›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D,
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ
>tw[√–D ´ԛ][ √V]©√V_>V[ ®ø> kÕ>>VÔfl Eu∏l[ kV¬zJÈ›Á>•D
∑‚Ωflÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ®ø›][ >V¬ÔD kV™D√VΩÔ^ kÁ´¬z\VÔ›
ÿ>V¶Ïk>Á™ ÷™D ÔVÈVD.

÷ÀsB¬Ô›][ (ÂT™›>tμ¬ÔsÁ>) g´D√¬ÔVÈ›]_ √∫ºÔu≈kÏÔ·VÔ Â.


∏flƒJÏ›] Ô.ÂV.∑. ®¸. Ák›y¸k´[, ].ºƒV. ºkbºÔV√VÈ[, «ˆ ÊMkVƒ[, g˛B
÷kÏÔπ_ ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ EÆÔÁ> ®ø›>V·ÏÔ·VÔ°D √_ºkÆ mÁ≈Ôπ_
√∫ÔVu§BkÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔº· >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz¬ Ô‚¶u≈ ÔsÁ>ÁB•D,
kƒ™sÁ>ÁB•D ÂT™›mk›Á>•D ∂π›>kÏÔ^ ®™ÈVD.

>ta_ ®ø›m ÷>a[ Am¬ÔsÁ>© √∫Ôπ©∏uz ª¶VÔ› >ta[ ÂT™›mkD


c^kV∫Ô©√‚¶m. ÷∫z Ôt_ ∑kÈ∏_ z§©∏|√kÏÔº·V| \‚|\_ÈV\_ E.\Ë,
∏º´t^ x>ÈVº™VÏ √∫Ôπ©AD ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ z§∏¶›>¬Ô™ºkBVzD. ∏º´t^
E≈Õ> √Ω\sBuÔsQ´VÔ°D, >ta[ ÂT™›mk›Á>fl E≈©√VÔ s·¬˛Bk´VÔ°D

30
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈Õ> g”Á\ gkVÏ. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ >ta[ ÂT™›mkD ®[≈ ∂kÏ
±_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©At¬Ô Œ[≈VzD.

Ô.ÂV. ∑. >tμ\´∏oÚÕm Â\¬ÔV™ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· cÚkV¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·ºkı|D.


®™ ko•Æ›]kÕ> º√V]KD, E.\˺BV, ∏º´tº·V, E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√VºkV
∂Õ>kÁÔl_ √∫Ôπ¬Ô xB[≈ ∂·suz¬ z§©∏‚|fl ÿƒV_K\V≈V™ √∫Ôπ©A
®>Á™•D ∂Õ>kÁÔl_ WÔμ›>s_ÁÈ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂k´m ÂT™›mk
c^kV∫Ô_ ®[√mD √ÁwÁ\ÁB› >¬Ô Ák¬zD Œ[≈VÔºk ¿Ω›>m. c>´V\VÔ/
“∂´EBoKD
∂´EBoKD ̶ ®›>Á™ºBV E›>VÕ>∫Ô^, ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ ®[Æ (÷Õ]BVs_)
g‚E ÿƒK›]™VKD ̶ ∂Àk·°D ∂[MB \ıË_ sÁ·Õ>Ák.
÷©√Ω©√VϬzD º√Vm gÏ.®¸.®¸. E›>VÕ>D >V[ Â\m \ıË_ k·ÏÕ>
E›>VÕ>\VÔ©√|˛≈m. ®™ kV¬zJÈD kw∫zk>[ kVlÈVÔ› >\¬ÔV™
√˛´∫Ô©√|›]•^·VÏ” 44 .
∂´EB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶ WÁÈ√V‚Á¶© √˛´∫Ô©√|›]•^·VÏ >tμflÛwo_
Am¬ÔsÁ> kVlÈVÔ c^kV∫Ô©√‚¶ ÂT™›mk›]uz ®]´V™ \VϬflEB›
>´©A¬zƬˇ|Ô^ ÿ√ÚD√VKD c^·¶¬Ô›Á> x[MÆ›]ºB ®ø>©√‚¶™. ÷>uz
\Æ√¬Ô\VÔ kΩkD z§›> ∂§sB_ ØÏk\V™ ∂bzxÁ≈ \VϬEB› >´©∏_ ÷ÚÕm
c^·¶¬Ô ∂·suzfl ƒV›]B©√¶s_ÁÈ.

>tμflÛwo_ \VϬEB
“>tμflÛwo_ ÷Ȭ˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∂§xÔ©√|›]B
∂§QÏ ÂV. kV™\VÁÈ ÿ>V¶∫˛fl ƒ*√›]_ ÷m z§›mŒÚsˆkV™ √V¶±ÁÈ
®ø]•^· ºÔV. ºÔƒk[ kÁ´ ŸÔV¬Áƒ© ∏[√u§ ÷Ȭ˛B›]_
ÂT™›mk›Á> ®]Ï›m kÕm^·m z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ºƒVÔ{È∫Ô^ ®™°D,
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E ®™°D, >M\M>© AÈD√_Ô^ ®™°D ÷Ák xu≈VÔ©
A≈¬Ôˬԩ√‚| kÕm^·™. >s´°D \VϬEB ºÂV¬z ÷Ȭ˛B s\σ™D
®[√m ÷Ȭ˛B©√Á¶©AÔπ_ ÿ√V]Õm ˛¶¬zD ÔÚ›]Bu ƒVÏÁ√
ÿkπ©√|›mkm>V[ ®[˛≈ ÔÚ›º> ÷∫z √V´V”\[≈© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\
º√∑˛≈ ÷.®D. ®¸.ÂDØ]ˆ √V| x>_ √ıÁ¶B› >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ[
ƒJÔºkÏÔÁ· ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚|k]_ x¬˛B ƒV>Á™Ô^ √ÈAˆÕm^· º>VwÏ
ºÔƒk[ kÁ´ ª¶VΩ Wu˛[≈m. kΩkD z§›m sfiQV™ØÏk\V™ \VϬEB
ÿƒFB©√¶s_ÁÈ” 45
∂bÔ_ xÁ≈ ÷[–D xøÁ\BVÔ› >ta_ ∂§xÔD ÿƒFB©√¶s_ÁÈ
®™ \VϬ¸ s·¬zkVÏ.

31
“>tμÂV‚Ω_
>tμÂV‚Ω_ xuº√V¬zkV> s\σÏÔ^ ºÔV‚√V‚| Z]BVÔ ∂w˛B_
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 46
z§›m º√V]B ∂·° ÷[–D g´VFÕm ®ø>s_ÁÈ ®[º≈ º>V[Æ˛≈m
®[√Ï Ô. ÁÔÈVƒ√]•D. √V´]√V‚Ω_
“√V´]√V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕ> ŒÚÁ\ ( integration )
\ˬÿÔVΩ¬ÔV´ÏÔ·V_ ŒÚÁ\fl EÁ>kVÔ© º√V™m ®[Æ Ô™Ô ƒ√V√]
z§©∏|kÁ> ºÂV¬˛™V_ ÷kÏÔ”¬zfl EÁ>°¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ \‚|º\
®ıºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m. √V´]¬z©∏≈z \M>› ÿ>Vz©∏oÚÕm >M\M>ÏÔ^
EÁ>°WÁÈ” 47 .
s|√‚|W[≈VÏÔ^. ÷mºk EÁ>°WÁÈ

®[Æ ∑‚Ωflÿƒ_KD ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷kÏÔπ_ Â. ∏flƒJÏ›] \‚|D cÈÔ


∂Á\]ÁB sÚD∏•D, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· ®|›mÔV‚Ω•D Am¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uÔV™
g>σ\VÔ W[≈ s]sȬÔV™ WÁÈlÁ™•D ÷™D ÔV› >k≈s_ÁÈ.
Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[ جÔVˆÁB¬ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ®™°D º√VuÆkVÏ ~º´V|
>tw[√[. ∂]oÚÕm ŒÚ √z]

∂ı¶D ∂]ÏÕ>m / cÈÿÔ∫zD ̶V´D ªÿ´∫zD s≠©AÁÔ /


“∂ı¶D
kVÿ™∫zD ®‡˛≈z ÿ>Úÿk∫zD ∏\ÁÈ/ ¨´∫˛¬ z´_ º√ƒ / ºÔ‚¶ÿ>VÚ
z´_” 48 . ÷m º√VÏÿk§ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ> ∏ˆ‚Ωi ƒVD´VÎB© ∏[™Ël_
ºkÆ z´_
‘جÔVˆ’ ®™ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ]BVÁ´¬ z§X¶V¬˛B ∂ÚÁ\BV™ ÔsÁ> ®™. E.∑.
ÿƒ_È©√V ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷[Á≈B kVE©∏_ ~w©º√Vˆ[
∏[™ËlKD ÔVÕ]BD yÏkVÔ x[MÆ›>©√|D, ÛwÁÈ•D cÏ›>¬ÌΩB
Œ[≈VÔ°D ÷Ú©√>uÔV™ ƒV›]B¬ÌÆÔÁ·•D ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m ÂDÁ\
sB¬ÔÁk¬˛[≈m. ÷>Á™©√u§B ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´›][ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

ÂD kVμ¬ÁÔ √ÈV›ÔV´\B\V˛s‚¶m. ƒıÁ¶, ƒV°Ô^ ®∫zD, ∂[A


“ÂD
∂˛DÁƒ ®[≈ º√V>Á™Ô^ ÷∫z ®|√|k]_ÁÈ. kVμ¬ÁÔfl ƒÕÁ>lºÈ
÷›ÿ>Fk¬z´_ sÁȺ√Vk]_ÁÈ. \Áw ºÂ´›]_ ¤V] \_oÁÔÁB¬ Ìs
suÔxBKD جÔVˆl[ ÿ√V∫zD z´_ \]©∏wÕm º√Vkm º√VÈ› >V[ ÷m°D
∂kÏ” 49 .
®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ∂kÏ

32
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ Amÿ\Va ∂Á\©∏_ A]B ∂Ï›>∫Ô∫Ô^ ®©√Ωfl
ƒV›]B©√¶ÈV˛[≈™ ®[√>uz ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ E. \Ël[ ÔsÁ> Œ[§uz ª¶VÔ
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ Â. x›mƒVt.

ì “\u≈
\u≈ ºÂ´D ¶¬zD º√VmD WuzDº√Vm ÷Õ>¬ÁÔÔ^ ÿkÆÕº>V^
xÁ™› ÿ>V∫Ô_, >V∫ÔV> cÆ›>_ kΩk› ÿ>V_ÁÈ ®[º≈[. ÁÔÁB¬
ÔVÈV¬ÿÔ[≈V[. ÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈV¬zkÿ>[≈V_ tÚÔ\VÔ \V§s|k>V? ÔV_Ô^
g>V´\VÔ ÷Ú©√Á>© º√VȬ ÁÔÔÁ·•D g>V´\V¬zkm. ÔsÁ> BV©Á√
s‚¶°¶º™ºB ÔsQ–¬z© A]B ∏´¬ÁQ ]≈Õm ÿÔVı|s‚¶m. ®[Æ
ÿ>V¶ÏkVÏ” 50 .
º>V[Æ˛≈m. ∂m>V[ cıÁ\ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÏkVÏ

ì c^ xÔ\VÔ› º>∫˛© AˆBV\_ º√VFs‚¶ ŒÚ º√V¬z ®[√>VÔfl Eu∏BVKD


\uÆD √È´VKD ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚¶©√‚¶ c^\™ cÁ·flƒ_Ô^ ®[√>Á™ºB sˆ°D. gwxD
ÿ√u≈ ∂ÔºÂV¬˛[ sÁ·flƒ_Ô^ ®[√>VÔ› >D Am¬z´_Ô^ ÿ>Vz©∏[ x[–Á´l_
E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.

∏´VFΩ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô·V_ ÔsQÏÔ·m ∂ÔºÂV¬z ÷mkÁ´ ÔıΩ´V>


“∏´VFΩ[
∂·° sˆ°D gwxD ÿ√u≈m. cÏ° cÈÔ›]_ ÷[–D gw\VÔ› mwVs
√VÏ›>VÏÔ^. ÿ\[Á\BV™mD E¬ÔÈV™mD Ì‚|¬ÔÈ©√V™mD ]‚¶\V™
®ı›m¬z cÚkVÔV\_ ∏´¬ÁQ WÁÈlºÈºB ÷Ú¬zD ∂Ô cÁ·flƒÁÈ
®_ÈVD ÿƒV_È© √VÏ›>VÏÔ^. Ô¬Ôu≈ ∂b¬ÔÁ·© º√VÈ
®_ÈV©√¬Ô∫ÔπKD ÷ÚÕmD Œº´ ƒ\B›]_ \™›m¬z^ ÿ√Va•D
\™©√]°ÔÁ· \VÆ√|D ÷™Õÿ>ˆBV> Ô‚|¬Ô¶∫ÔV> \™©º√V¬ÁÔ
ÔÚ]™VÏ” 51 .
ÿkπ©√|›mkm >∫Ô^ Ô¶Á\ ®[Æ ÔÚ]™VÏ

ì ÔV>_ \‚|º\ ∂Ô›mÁ≈ ®[Æ kÁÔ©√|›> gμ \™›][ O‚√\V™


ƒÈ™∫ÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ∂ÔkVÏ©√VF ®ø›m ∂Ël™Ï √¶D∏Ω¬ÔÈVl™Ï.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ A≈xD ∂ÔxD gÔ \VϬEBxD ∏´VFΩBxD ∂Á\Õ>™ ®[Æ
z§©∏|kÏ. ÷∫z A≈D ®[√m A≈WÁÈ cÈÁÔ•D ∂ÔD ®[√m \™cÈÁÔ•D
z§›>m ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷>Á™¬ ÿÔV^·ºkı|D. ∂Ô›]Á A≈›]Á ®–D
ƒ∫Ô©√V¶_ kw¬ÔVu§[ √z©∏uÔV™ ÿ√VÚπ_ ∂_È. ÷›>ÁÔB ŒÚ ÔË©∏Á™

33
ŒÚkaBVÔ ∞uÆ ∂>™V_ ®[™ √B[ ®™ ∂>[*>V™ ºÔ^sÔÁ·•D ®ø©A˛[≈VÏ.
~º´V| >tw[√[.

E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V z§©∏|kmº√V_ ‡∏´VF Ω[ ÔÚ›mÔ·V_ ÔsQÏÔ·m


“E.∑.
∂ÔºÂV¬z ÷mkÁ´ÔıΩ´V> ∂·° sˆ°D gwxD ÿ√u≈m cıÁ\ ®[º≈
®|›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD, ∂>[√B[ ®[™ ®[√º> ÂD ºÔ^s. ÔsÁ>fl E˛flÁƒ
xÁ≈ ( Poetry Thoraphy ) ∞mD Ôı¶kÏÔ·V? >M\M>Á™fl ƒxÔ›]oÚÕm
∏ˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶m, ∂kÁ™ ~º¶u≈kV? ÷_ÁÈ ∂k™m ∏´¬ÁQ WÁÈl_
∂‘√k\VÔ ∂ÁÈ•D cÁ·flƒ_Ô”¬z kΩkD >Õm ∂kÁ™¬
ÔÈk´©√|›>kV? ƒ\ÔVÈ ƒJÔ ∂Á\©AÔπ[ ÿkƬԛ>¬Ô ∂Dƒ∫Ô^
∂´EB_ º\VƒΩÔ^ ÷kuº≈V| ÷kÏÔ^ º\Vmk>uz ®©º√VmD sÚD∏B]_ÁÈ.
ºkı|\V™V_ ∂Àk©º√Vm ÁÂBVıΩ ÿƒFms‚| Œm∫˛flÿƒ[Æ *ı|D
º√VFs|kVÏÔ^” 52 .
>∫Ô”¬z^º·ºB √B›Á>› ÿ>V¶´© º√VFs|kVÏÔ^

>ta[ x>_ Eu§>μ (Little Magazine) ®™°D ®ø›m ÷>μ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m.


®ø›m ÷>a[ ƒV>Á™ ®ø›m ÔsQÏ \›]l_ s>Õº>V>›>¬Ô >MflE≈©∏B_AÔ^
∂kuÁ≈ *§ ∂kÏÔπÁ¶ºB ÔV©√‚¶ EÈ ÿ√VmkV™ ŒuÆÁ\ ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ √u§•D
∂>[ ÿ√V[swV gıΩ_ W[Æ E≈©√VÔ ∑z\V´[ ®|›mÁ´©√™ ÷∫ºÔ
®ı›>¬Ô™kVD.

÷Õ>¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ºÂV¬zD º√V¬zD ºkÆ ºk≈V™Ák. EÈ


“÷Õ>¬
ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ ®]ÿ´]´V™Ák Â. ∏flƒJÏ›]l[ g[*Ô ∂Á\]¬z ºÂÏ ®]´V™m
E. \Ël[ ÔVÈxD, ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ•D ]ËÕ> ÂÔ´© √>u≈D. ®¸. Ák›y¸k´M[
ƒ\ÔVÈ©AmÁ\loÚÕm xu§KD \V≈V™m ∏º´Vtπ[ ÿƒÀsB_
∂bzxÁ≈ ÂzÈM[ c^xÔ cÁ´BV¶K¬z x´V™m √∑kFBVs[
ƒÔ\M> cÁ´BV¶_. ÷Õ> ºÂV¬˛_ {Ï ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬ÔD ºÔViΩ¬ÔV™
ƒ∫Ô\_È, >M¬ÔÁÈQÏÔπ[ Ì‚¶Á\©A ®[Æ ÷>uzD ÿ√VÚ^
ÿƒV_ÈÈV\V? Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Õ>© √[xÔ›>[Á\¬z¬ Ô·D ∞u√|›]Bm
ƒV>Á™” 53 .
>V[ ®ø›m ÷>a[ ƒV>Á™

÷Õ> ºkuÆÁ\ÔÁ· *§•D EÈ ÿ√VmkV™ >[Á\ÔÁ· ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_


ÔV¬Ì|D. ÷]_ ®ø]B ÿ√ÚD√VÈV[Á\l™ÚD ÂT™xÁ≈¬Ô_sl[ ƒÕ>]Ô^

34
ÂÔÏ©A≈\›]B >´ kϬԛÁ>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ √B[√|›]B ÿ\Va ÿ√Vm
kw¬˛oÚÕm ÿƒDÁ\© √|›>√‚¶m. tÔflEÈÁ´› >s´ \u≈kÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>¬Ô·D
√ı√V‚| ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·u≈m ®™¬ z§©∏|D ∑z\V´[ ®ø›]_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈ {º´ ÿ√ı
ÔsQ´V™ ÷´V. *™V‚EÁB© √u§¬ z§©∏|D º√Vm ÷ÀkVº≈ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√ıËB¬
ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÷´V. *™V‚El[ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ºkÆ√|kÁ>fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ.
kVÁwBΩ kVÁwBVF ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÚD ÔsÁ> \´∏uz ª¶VÔ ®ø›][ >V¬ÔD ∞º>–D
ŒÚkÁÔl_ √V]¬Ô¬ÌΩB Œ[≈VÔºk ∂m ∂kÏÔ”¬z ª¶VÔ°D ÿ>V¶ÏÕ]¶ÈVzD.
®[√m \Æ¬Ô xΩBV cıÁ\ºB gzD. ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ®ø›m¬ÔsQÏ √∑kFBVs[
xw¬Ô∫Ô^ ∂ku§oÚÕm ∂≈ºk ºkÆ√‚| ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√>Á™¬ ÔVıº√VD.

“{FÕº>[
{FÕº>[ / ®™ \˛wVº> / c≈¬Ô\_È ]BV™D / ∏[kV∫Ô_ ∂_È
√m∫Ô_ / ®™m TÁl[ *‚¶o_ / ˇμ©√¶¬ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™ / c™¬z
ÂÁ´ºBuÆD ÔVÈ∫Ô^ / ®™m ÿÔVΩ √≈¬˛≈m / ∂ΩkV™›m¬z ∂©√V_ ÷m
ƒkV_” 54
√∑kFBVs[ ƒkV_

ÂVº™ √V´] ®[ÔVÈ›][ Ôsflƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]M x[ ®©º√VmD º√VȺk


“ÂVº™
º√∑˛º≈[ ®[ ÔsÁ> ºƒV]t¬Ô ÂkÔsÁ> ÷Õ> sÁ> Ô·ÏWÈ∫ÔπKD
˛·ÏflEÿƒF•D / \ıˇÆD ªu≈Á¶©AÔÁ·/ ÿkΩÿB™› >ÔϬzD /
cȬÁÔÔπ_ ØıÔwu§ mπ›mπBVF› >πÏÔV‚|D >πÏ W≈›]KD >w_
ÔV‚|D” 55 .
ÔV‚|D

÷m ÷´V. *™V‚El[ ÿ√Út>D. ÂT™›mk›Á> c^kV∫zxÔ\VÔ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ


k≈‚EÁBºB sÁ>›>kÏÔ^ ®™©√‚¶ ®ø›m∂ˬz \›]l_ ÷ÚÕmD ÂD√Ô\V™
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ¬z´_Ô·VF ÷Ák Ôs›mkD tπ´› >w_ÔV‚Ω ŒπÏ˛[≈™.
®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √∫Ôπ©∏Á™© √u§ ƒJÔsB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶lKD, ÔVÈ
∂Ω©√Á¶lKD, x¬˛B√Ë ∂Ω©√Á¶lKD Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ÔË©AÁ´Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ
®ı› >¬Ô™kVzD.

÷ku§[ c^·¶¬ÔD \‚|D >tμ¬ ÔÈVflƒV´fl Ê´asÁ™© ∏´]


“÷ku§[
√o©√>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ƒJÔsB_Z]BVÔ© √VÏ›>V_, ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∏´V\Ï zøÁkflƒVÏÕ> º\ÁÈ\B\V>o[ ( Westernization )
ÿkπX| ÔVÈZ]BVÔ©√VÏ›>V_ ÷Ák kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∂–√k› >V¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ŒÚ

35
zÆ˛B k‚¶›]uz^ EÁ≈©√|›]BÁk.... ®ø›m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ tÔ x¬˛B √Ë,
∂Ák √V´]>Vƒ[ ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l[ º>¬Ô›Á>
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ” 56 .
cÁ¶›>m>V[ ®™ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ

1.2.2. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´A

÷>μ \´A ®[√>M[ÆD ÷B¬Ô \´A ®[√m ºkÆ √‚¶ Œ[º≈BVzD. ∂Õ>
kÁÔl_ \ˬÿÔVΩ \´A ®ø›m ÷>μ \´A ®[√ku§oÚÕmD kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô
\´A ®[√m ºkÆ√‚¶>V˛[≈m. ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÷>a_ >ta_ EÆÔÁ>l[ ƒV>Á™›
ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ \ˬÿÔVΩ•D, ÷ÀkVº≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™› ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ ®ø›m
÷>øD ∂Á\Õ>™ g™V_ kV™D √VΩ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ∂´El_ √VÏÁkl_
÷ÁÕº>VÏ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬Ô\VÔ s·∫˛Bm.

1970 á ÷[ ÷Æ]l_ Ôƒ¶>√≈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷>wVÔ› ÿ>V¶∫˛B º√Vm,


ì“1970
kV™D√VΩ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm. {Ï ∂´El_ E›>VÕ>
∂Ω©√Á¶•D ∂Á> ∂Á¶•D √VÁ> z§›> ÿ>π°D >™m ÷Ȭz z§›>
ÿ>VÁÈ ºÂV¬z› ÿ>π°D cÈÔ·VsB √VÏÁk•D Ì‚|©ÿ√VÆ©AD
Ì‚|flÿƒBKD \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB c≈°D ®]Ï©Á√ ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D g”Á\•D
>¬Ô ∑B s\σ™xD ƒ\´ƒ \u≈ º√V¬zD ¤™ÂVBÔ› >[Á\•D {Ï ÷Ȭ˛B
÷B¬Ô›][ √ıAÔ·VzD ÷Õ>©√ıAÔÁ·© ÿ√uÆ› ÿ>V¶∫Ô© √‚¶º>
÷B¬Ô\VzD” 57 .
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô\VzD

®™ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬ÔD ®[√>uÔV™ kÁ´BÁ≈lÁ™ x[Ák›m ∂>–¶[


kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›Á>© ÿ√VÚ›] √VÏ›m© z§©∏|kVÏ ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑. ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>
\´A ÿ√ÚD√VKD √V´]l[ g”Á\ÁB Á\B\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ÿ>[≈V_ kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô \´A √V´] √V´]>Vƒ[ ÷ÚkÏ >D >V¬Ô›Á>•D ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
>tμ \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEl_ √V´]>VƒÁ™› >sÏ›m Ôƒ¶>√≈ °D ÷Á¶X| WÔμ›]BÁk
®[≈V_ kV™D√VΩÔº·V ÷Á¶l‚¶ ∂Õ>¬ ÔıËÁB•D ÷Á›m©∏[
ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™Ï Ôƒ¶>√≈°D ∂>[ yÏ\V™Ô´\V™ ƒ¬]BVÔ s·∫˛B QV™¬ Ì›>–D
√V´]>VƒÁ™ º\È]Ô\VÔ \Æ>o›>™Ï.

36
>tμÂV‚Ω_ ÷Õ> ±u≈Vı| ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∏´V\Ï ∂_ÈV>VÏ º√V´V‚¶D
“>tμÂV‚Ω_
ÌÏÁ\©√‚|©º√V™m. ∏´V\Ï ÷B¬ÔD ®mkVÔ ÷Ú©∏–D ∂>uz ºk·V·Ï
\´A ƒVÏÕ> , >tμ ÔÈVflƒV´ \´A ƒVÏÕ> ÷B¬ÔD Œ[Æ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ›
º>V[§ºB yÚD ®[≈ WÁÈ ∞u√‚¶m. Am¬ÔsÁ> ∏´V\Ï ÷B¬Ô\VÔ
÷ÚÕ>mD, ∂>[ ®πÁ\Bu≈ º√V¬zD (®ø›m , ƒVÏÕ> ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È AˆBVÁ\
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>mD) ƒJÔfl ƒVÏ√u≈ º√V¬zD, ®ø›m¬z ®]´V™ Am¬ÔsÁ>
\´A Œ[Æ cÚkVÔ ºkıΩB ƒJÔ WÏ√Õ>›Á> ∂π›>™
∂π›>™” 58 ®[√Ï Ô. Ø´fl
ƒÕ]´[.

kÏ© º√V´V‚¶›m¶[ kϬԩ º√V´V‚¶›Á> ÷Á›>VÔ ºkıΩB


ì“kÏ©
k´ÈVuÆ WÏ©√Õ›][ sÁ·ºk kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô\VzD. >tμ \Æ \ÈÏflE
÷B¬Ô›][ ÷Ȭ˛B sÁ·flƒÈVÔ, ∂ÆkÁ¶BV™º>, ÷ÀsB¬ÔD
>tμflEÕ>Á™ \VϬEBfl EÕ>Á™•¶[ ÷´ı¶≈¬ ÔÈÕ>º√Vº> ÷ÀsB¬ÔD
º>V[§Bm; >tμ A›mÏ°¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ°D kV™D√VΩ
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>” 59 ®™ ∂´∫Ô´V∑ z§©∏|˛≈VÏ.
÷B¬ÔD º>V[§Bm z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>

]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô cÏ°D ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô cÏ°D Œ[Æ√‚¶][


√B™VÔºk kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§Bÿ>™ÈVD ÷Ú º√V¬zÔ·V™ ÷Ák kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]_ Œ[§™ ®[≈VKD c^”¬z^ x´ı√V|Ô”¶º™ºB ÷B∫˛™Ï. “÷]_
÷]_
÷Ú >M›> º√V¬zÔ^ ÷ÁÕ>™ Œ[Æ √V´]>Vƒ[ ka kÕ> ∏´V\Ï
®]Ï©∏B¬ÔD ƒVÏÕ>, >tμ√ı√V‚| \´A ƒVÏÕ> >twVEˆBÏ zø \uÿ≈V[Æ
ÔsÁ>l_ \VϬEBfl √VÏÁkÁB ko•Æ›mD ÷¶m ƒVˆfl EÕ>Á™BV·Ï
zø ÷Ák ÷´ı|D kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÷ÁÕ>VKD, g´D√ x>ºÈ
kÕº>•^·™” 60 ®[√Ï Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[.
ÔÚ›m x´ı√V|Ô^ ÷ÚÕm kÕº>•^·™

1968 ÷_ kƒÕ>›][ ÷Ω xw¬ÔD ®™©√‚¶ ¬ƒ_ √Vˆ ÷B¬ÔD


“1968
÷Õ]BVs_ º>V[≈ÈVluÆ. ∂>Á™ A]B ÷Õ]B ∂´EBo_ A]B
]ÁƒkaÔ”D, yBVF ÷ÀsB¬ÔD ÂVÿ¶∫zD sBV∏›m©√´sBm. ¨ÔVÏ
gÕ]´V, ºÔ´·V ®™ ÷D\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ A´‚E ∂ÁÈÔ^ TƒÈVl™ √È
gı|Ô^ ÷m c¬˛´\VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂´ƒV_ ∂¶¬˛ Œ|¬Ô©√‚¶m. \VϬEBD
z§›> A]B A]B Aˆ>_Ô”D ∞u√¶ÈVl™ ÷ÀkV≈VÔ “Ô¶_
Ô¶_ klÆ ÔȬ˛B

37
\V]ˆ
\V]ˆ” ÷Á¶B≈V> skV>∫Ô”D ∂–√k∫Ô”D ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™
ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™” 61 ÷›>ÁÔB
∏[™ËÔπºÈºB kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ º>Vu≈D cÚ©ÿ√u≈m. ì

kƒÕ>›][
“kƒÕ>›][ ÷Ωxw¬ÔD ®™ ÷Õ>©º√V¬z kÏˬԩ√‚¶m. >twÔ›]_
÷>[ ∂ÁÈ ®øÕ> ÔVÈfl Ûw_ kV™D√VΩÔÁ·© √V]›>m. Eu∏,
∂¬M©A›]´[, º\›>V, Ô∫ÁÔ g˛BkÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷©√Ωfl
ÿƒV_k>uÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ¬ƒÁÈ‚ ÷B¬Ô›][
xΩ•D” 62 ®™ ÷m
º>Vu≈¬Ô·D ®™› >twÔ›]_ ºÔVÁkÁB› >V[ z§©∏¶ xΩ•D
√u§B QVMl[ √]°D ÷>Á™ºB ko•Æ›> k_È>VzD. ÷ÁkBV°D
kV™D√VΩl[ c>B›]uz¬ ÔV´\V™ ƒJÔ©∏[™M ®[≈V_ ÷M ÷›m¶[ ÔsÁ>©
º√V¬zÔπ[ ∏[™ËlKD ÷m√u§¬ÔV ºkıΩ•^·m ∂ÀkVÆ
∂bÔ›>ÁÈ©√|ÁÔl_ AÈ™Vkm ∂¬ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ WÈsB

“ÂV_kÁÔ¬
ÂV_kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔ^ ®[√º> 1. >tμ©AÈÁ\ \´∏[
√V´D√ˆB \´A¬ÔsÁ>© º√V¬z 2. √V´] , √V´]>Vƒ[ ka©√‚¶ \Æ\ÈÏflE¬
ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z 3. ®ø›m Ôƒ>√¶≈ ÷>μÔ^ kVlÈVÔ ∞u√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>©
º√V¬zÔ^ 4. ÂV‚¶VÏ ÔÁÈ \´∏[ ka©√‚¶ ƒÕ>¬ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z
g˛BÁkºB” 63 . ÷Õ ÂV_kÁÔ© º√V¬zÔπ[ x´ËB¬Ô›]_ √V´] kalÈV™
g˛BÁkºB
kƒ™ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD, ®ø›m kalÈV™ Am¬ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD ys´\VF ÷B∫˛™.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >V¬z>K¬z ®]Ï sÁBVÔ© ∏≈z ÿƒBu√‚¶ kƒ™
ÔsÁ>©º√V¬zÔπKD ÷Ȭ˛B ÷ƒ∫Ôπ_ ∂uA> ÂsuE(Romantism)© º√V¬˛KD
Ák›º> kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô \´∏Á™ ÷™∫ÔV©Azkm ∞uAÁ¶B>VzD.

÷Õ> kÁÔl_ Eu∏, ∂©m_´z\V[. ~º´V| >tw[√[ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[


kƒ™ ÔsÁ>Ô”D z§©√‚¶>¬Ô™kVzD Eu∏•D , ~º´V| >tw[√–D kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]_ tÔ x¬˛B\V™ yϬÔ\V™ ƒ¬]Ô·VF› ]ÔμÕ>kÏÔ^ ∂©m_ ´z\V[
ÔsÁ>© √∫Ôπ©ÿ√[˛≈ kÁÔl_ kV™D√VΩ ÷>a_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈kÏ gkVÏ.

kV™D√VΩ x>_ ÷>μ 1971 ∂¬º¶V√ˆ_ ÿkπ kÕ>m. ∂|›m kÕ>


~´Vı|Ôπ_ ®‚Ω>μÔ^ ÿkπBVl™ √›m x>_ √][J[≈Vt>μ kÁ´ AsB´E[
ÿ√VÆ©∏KD √][ÔVD ÷>μ x>ÈVÔfl Eu∏ ÿ√VÆ©∏KD ÿkπBVl™ 1973 ÷_
÷Ú√›] J[≈Vkm ÷>ºw ÷Æ] ÷>wVzD x>_ ÷>a_ ‘Ì|Ô^ ]≈¬˛[≈™’ ®™

38
√VÁÈ WÈk–D x_ÁÈ, g>k–D ŒÚ ∏´Ô¶™›Á> ÿkπl‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï ÷ÚkÚº\
ÿkπX‚|© ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∞u§ÚÕ>™Ï ÷´ı¶Vkm ÷>ø¶[ ÔVk_ mÁ≈l[
>ÁÈX‚Ωuz©∏≈z x_ÁÈ g>k[ ÿkπºB§s‚¶VÏ.

Œ[Æ x>_ ®‚| xΩB kV™D√VΩ ÿkπkÕ> ÔVÈ›]_ >V[ ÷B¬ÔD


“Œ[Æ
®™{Ï ∂Á\©Á√ ∂kÏÔ^ cÚkV¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·Vs‚¶VKD ÷B¬Ô cϺkV|
ÿƒB_√‚¶VÏÔ^; ®‚¶Vkm ÷>ø¬z©∏≈z ∂Á\©A cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. g™V_
∂Á\©A ∂≈ºk ÿƒB_√¶s_ÁÈ. ∂>uz \V≈VÔ© ∏·° ∞u√‚¶m gÔ ÷B¬Ô
cϺkV| ÿƒB_√‚¶ ÔVÈD >V[ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ g¬Ô¬ ÔVÈD ÷kÏÔ^
>V[ ∂ƒ_ kV™D√VΩÔ^ ®‚| ÷>μÔ^ Û‚∑\ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ®[≈
g>V´›]_ ÿkπkÕ>™. ys´\V™ skV>∫Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ >V[
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÔsÁ> ®[ÆD >›mkD ®[ÆD >taȬ˛B© √V´D√ˆBD ®[ÆD
÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ WÁ≈B©º√ƒ©√‚¶™. kV™D√VΩÔ”¬z^ gu≈_ ]´ı¶ ÔVÈD
÷m >V[ x´ËB¬ÔD >V[ ÷Õ> gu≈K¬z› >M›mk TˆB›]uzD
ÔV´D” 64
ÔV´D

®™ x>_ ®‚| ÷>μÔπ[ >MflE≈©Á√ ®|›>Á´©√VÏ QVM. ®‚Ω>μÔ”¬z


∏≈z QVM ∂¬˛M© A›]´[ g˛BkÏÔÁ· ÿkπºBu§™Ï ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶kÏÔ”¶[
ÁÂ. ∑Õ>´D , ÷·xÚz g˛ºBVÚD ÷ÚÕ>™Ï. ÷>uz© ∏≈z Eu∏, AsB´∑, Ô∫ÁÔ
ÿÔVı¶V[, x.º\›>V g˛BkÏÔº·V| kV™D√VΩ ÿkπk´ÈVluÆ ÷Õ> sk´›Á>
√›]oÚÕm √][J[Æ xΩB ÂV[z
√›>Vkm ÷>μ x[–Á´ ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m. “√›]oÚÕm
÷>μÔ^ AsB´E[ ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ÿkπ kÕ>™. zÁ≈Õ> ∂·°¬ºÔ–D ŒÚ
zø xBuEBVÔ ÷Õ> ÷>μÔ^ ÿkπkÕ>™. √]™V[ÔVD ÷>aoÚÕm Eu∏
ÔsÁ> ÷>ø¬z© ÿ√VÆ©º√uƬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ zø √luE ®[√m ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_
÷_ÁÈ. kV™D√VΩ ®[√m >™¬z kÕm ºƒÚD ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ÔsÁ>
÷>wVluÆ ®[√Ï QVM
QVM” 65 .

1971 ÷_ 3, 1972 á ÷_ 4, 1973 ÷_ 3 ®™ ºÔVÁk \V–¶D√V|D


kV™D√VΩÔπ[ sÁÈlÈVÔ Ôs \¶_Ô^ ÿkπkÕ>™ á kV™D√VΩÔ^ Œ[≈VÔfl
ºƒÏÕm 9 \¶_Ô^ ÿkπB‚¶™Ï. 10 km \¶ooÚÕm Eu∏•D AsB´∑D >\m
ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ÷>μ ÿkπX‚Á¶ ∞u≈™Ï ®™ x>o_ ÿkπX‚|© ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∞u§ÚÕ> ∑.
∂´∫Ô´V∑ ∑‚|kº>V| ∑\VÏ nD√m ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÷Ú ±Æ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπkÕ>
39
ÿ>™°D, gl´D ÷>μÔ^ ÷Èkƒ\VÔºk ∂–©√©√‚¶™ ®[ÆD , Â[ÿÔVÁ¶Ô”D
ÔsQÏÔ^ √∫ºÔuzD ÔsÁ> kVE©A¬ Ì‚¶∫Ô”¬z¬ ˛Á¶›> ƒ[\™V› ÿ>VÁÔ•D
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷>μ ÿkπl¶© ÿ√u≈ÿ>[ÆD ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.

Eu∏ ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ∏[™Ï ÿkπBV™ 3kV™D√VΩfl E≈©∏>μÔ^


z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVzD.19 gt>μ \ÁÈBV·© AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ Ô¶D\M‚¶
´V\˛Úi[ E≈©∏>wVÔ°D 20ágt>μ cÈÔ›>tμ (n™kˆ 1981 ) 21 km ÷>μ
~w›m¬ ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>wVÔ°D (ΩƒD√Ï 1982) ÿkπBV˛™. √ˆ\VD ÷>a_
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏·suz©∏[ ±_ s\σ™©√z]l_ kV™D√VΩÔÁ· QVM
s\ÏE›]ÚÕ>VÏ.÷>uz ®]Ï sÁ™BVÔ s\σ™ º\>VsÔ^ ®™¬ z§©∏‚| º√V˛≈
º√V¬˛_ ®™› >ÁÈ©∏‚|© º√V˛≈ º√V¬˛ºÈºB kV™D√VΩ QVMÁBfl ƒVΩlÚÕ>m.

kV™D√VΩÔ^ Ìflƒo|D g´kV´¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ á >›mkD ÿ>ˆBV>kÏÔ^


“kV™D√VΩÔ^
®[Æ ∂kEBt_ÈV\ºÈ ∂·Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ ®_ÈVD ÿ>ˆÕ> ÷Õ> ∞ÔVD√´D
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ Á\ÿBVu§›>VÏÔ^ ∂_È s\σÔÏÔπ[ ∞·™›Á>›
>V∫˛ k·ÏÕ>kÏÔ^ ÿkÆD ºÔV≠ BV›]Á´¬ ÔV´ÏÔπ¶tÚÕm s|>ÁÈ
ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^ >›mkD ®[≈ ÿ√B´V_ zw©√kV]Ô^ >V¬zDº√Vm z‚¶¬z‚¶¬
zMÕm º√V˛≈ ºÔVÁwÔ^ ∂_È QVMÔ^ cÚ‚Ω sÁ·BV|˛≈
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô·_È” 66 .
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô·_È

÷¬zu≈flƒV‚Ω_ cıÁ\ ÷_ÁÈ. QVMl[ s\σ™ ºÂV¬z \VϬEB


ØÏk\V™ ∂–zxÁ≈l[ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™>VzD ®]Ï›>´©∏[ kV>∫ÔÁ· ®Õ>
kÁÔl_ ®]Ï ÿÔV^ ºkı|º\V ∂ÀkV≈[§ ∂›>´©Á√ \Á≈xÔ\VÔºk
>V\§BV\ºÈ WBVB©√|›]s¶¬ÌΩB √V∫˛ºÈºB QVMl[ *>V™ kV™D√VΩÔ^
zu≈flƒV‚| ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. ®[√>™VºÈºB ÷m kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô©∏·suz©∏[™VÈV™ >D∑B ƒVÏA WÁÈ©√V‚Á¶ WBVB©√|›> xÁ™Õ>
º√V¬ÔVÔºk ®fiE Wu˛≈m. c^·√ΩºB kV™D√VΩÔ^ *>V™ ÷›>ÁÔB Ìflƒ_
g´kV´D ®[≈ zu≈flƒV‚|¬ÔÁ· xÁ≈BVÔ ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D QVMl[ √V∫˛uÔV™
c>V´∫ÔÁ· •D ÷›m¶[ ÷∫ºÔ Œ›m ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
“®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Œº´ >·›]_ WÆ›]flƒ\©√|›]s¶ xΩBVm.
∂mº√VÈ BVÿ>V[Á≈•D ÷ÔμÕm s¶°D xΩBVm. ŒÀÿkV[ƬzD

40
ŒÚsÁÈ , \]©A , ÷Ú¬˛≈m ÷ku§_ Ôs›mk© ÿ√V§ ÷Ú¬Ô¬ Ì|D
ÿ√ÚD √z] ÷Ák ÿƒF] ÿƒV_oÔ^, AÔμ√VΩÔ^, Œ©√VˆÔ^, gºkƒ∫Ô^
÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂È∫ÔV´›º>V| g›]´›º>V|Ô›mD
Ô>ÆD,ÔıßÏs|D ÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √B[√V‚Á¶, º>ÁkÁB ÂVD
A≈¬ÔË›m s¶ xΩBVm. ÷kuÁ≈¬Ôˆ ∂_Èm WȬԈ \V]ˆ ®[Æ Ì§™V_,
÷kuÁ≈ ÂVD ÷ÔμÕm ÌÆk>VÔ© ÿ√VÚ^√|›]s¶ xΩBVm
xΩBVm” 67

®™ ÷ÀkVÆ ®Àk·° W>V™›m¶–D ÿ√VÆ©AÏ°¶–D kV™D√VΩÔ^ *>V™


Ìflƒ_ g´kV´D ®[≈ zu≈flƒV‚ΩÁ™ ®]Ï ÿÔV^˛[≈VÏ QVM. \VuÆ›>´©∏™Ï ̶
÷>Á™ \Æ>o¬Ô\V‚¶VÏÔ^®[√m >V[ QVMl[ ®]ÏÿÔV^”D gº´V¬˛B\V™
∂bzxÁ≈l[ >Mfl E≈©ÿ√™ÈVD. ÷>Á™ºB ºk≈VÚ ºÔV›]_ ∂b˛
s·¬zkm m.ÊMflƒVt ÔË©AÁ´•D ÷›m¶[ Œ[≈VÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·>¬Ôº>.
÷B¬Ô© ∏[™Ël_ cÚkVzD \™¬ÌÆ ÔsÁ>BVk]_ ÷›>ÁÔB Ìk_ ÿ>VM
÷[§BÁ\BV Œ[º≈ ®[ÆD, ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬z´_Ôπ_ ÷m >M›>ÿ>VÚ E≈©A©
√z] ®™°D ÷™∫Ôı| ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ m. ÊMflƒVt.

“√_ºkÆ
√_ºkÆ ƒJÔ á ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÿƒB_√¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛B Ûwo_
º√fl∑, ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ Ìk_ √ıAD, ®]ÏÔVÈD √u§B Ôu√Á™
®]Ï√VÏ©AÔ”D ÿ√Ú˛™. ÷©∏[™Ël_ ÔsÁ>©√Á¶©√VπÔπ¶xD
Ìk_√ıA ÷¶D ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ. ∂›º>V| ®]ÏÔVÈ Âuƒx>VBD √u§B
ÿÔV^ÁÔ© AÁ™°Ô”D cÚkVl™. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿÔV^ÁÔ© AÁ™° ÿƒFk>[
JÈD k´ ÷Ú©√m √u§B Ôu√Á™BV™ \˛μflE ∞u√|˛≈m. ÔsQ–¬zD
\¬Ô”¬zD ÷Ú¬˛≈ ºk‚ÁÔÔ^ √u§B sÚ©√ WÁ≈° ( wish fulfilment )
÷›ÁÔB ®ø›m¬Ô^ JÈD ˛Á¶¬˛≈m ƒJÔ¬ zÁ≈√V|Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD kÁ´
÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬z ®¬ÔVÈ›]KD ∞>Vkm ŒÚ kΩk›]_ ÿkπ©√‚º¶ yÚD.
z§©√VÔ ∂´EB_ ÿƒB_√V‚| sa©AÏ° ÔÈÕ> WÁÈl_ Ìk_ ÿ>VM
÷Ú¬zD”68 ®™ ÷>[ ºkÏ JÈ∫ÔÁ· ∂ÔμÕm ÷™D ÔV‚|kVÏ.
tzÕº> ÷Ú¬zD

®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ√ÚD√VKD c^xÔ›º>¶KD ∂¶¬˛ kVE›>KD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ


k≈‚E•D ÿÔVı¶™kVF ÷Ú¬Ô kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ƒJÔ ŒÚÁ\•D
c´¬Ô© º√∑>KD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ Tfl∑D ÿÔVı¶™kVF ®ø›]uz ºÂÏ ®]´VF
∂Á\k™kVl™. ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ\·™kVE©∏uºÔ cˆB™kVF ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬Ô

41
kV™D√VΩ¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ kw¬z© º√flºƒVÁƒ•¶–D ÂV‚¶VÏ kø¬z© √V¶u √V∫z¶–D
∂Á\Õm ºÔ‚¶K¬z x¬˛B› mkD ÿÔV|©√™kVF ∂Á\Õ>™. ∂´EB_ xw¬Ô∫ÔÁ·
xw∫zD º\Á¶› º>V´Ál[ Ìk_ √V∫zD Ì|>ÈVÔ kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D
ÿkπ©√¶ÈVluÆ. Œº´ ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ÿkπ©√‚¶ Ûwo_ ƒV´VDƒ›]_ >DtÁ¶ºB
x´ı√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ®ø›][ \´∏_ ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> Ôƒ¶>√≈°D kV™D√VΩÔ”D ŒÚkÏ \u≈
kÁ´ s\ÏE›m ÷B∫zk´Vl™Ï.

¿∫Ô^ k_o™∫Ô^ ∂_È/ ƒJÔ›][ k¬Ôˆ©AÔ^ / ÿƒVÕ>›][


“¿∫Ô^
∂ÕWB∫Ô^/ º>V©∏[ >M \´∫Ô^ ÂVD/ cÚk›>V_ Œ[º≈ º√V_ ®[≈VKD
/ c^·¶¬Ô›>V_ x´ËÔ^
x´ËÔ^”69 ®™¬ Ôƒ¶>√≈ zøÁk s\ÏE›>VÏ ∂¬˛M A›]´[.

Ôƒ¶>√≈s_ z§©√VÔ QV™¬ Ì›>[ >tμ cÏ°, º\Á¶›º>V´Á.


÷´ıÁ¶•º\ >\¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ ∂∫Ô> ÂÁ¶l_ √ÔΩ ÿƒFmkÕ>VÏ. ÷ku§[
kVlÈVÔ›]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD \uÆD √V´]>Vƒ[ ®]Ï©∏Á™ ∂kÏ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
ÿkπ©√|›m√k´V™VÏ ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ∂k´m √ˆE_ kVμ¬ÁÔ , ÔVÈ køkÁ\]
x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^ z§©∏¶› >¬Ô™kVl™ ÷ku§_ ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ k¬º´V¬],
( k¬˛´ c›]) ®–D k¶ÿ\Va c›]lÁ™ ∂kÏ ÁÔBVı|^· s>›][ E≈©√V_
∂kº´V| ÔÚ›mZ]BVÔ x´ı√¶ ºÂÏ˛[≈kÏÔ^ ̶ ∂kÏ ÿkπ©√|›]•^·
s>›]uÔVÔ ÷kuÁ≈©√V´V‚|D ∂·suz ∂Á\Õm^·™.

“ÿ√VmkVÔ
ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷¬ÔsQÏÔ^ (Ôƒ¶>√≈ zÚs™Ï) ÿƒF•^ BV©Á√, ∂Á>
ko•Æ›>D AÈkÏÔÁ· ∂kÏÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> ÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂ÀsB¬Ô›][
>ÁÈkÏÔÁ· ÂÁ¶ xÁ≈ÔÁ· s\ÏE©√>[ JÈD >\m √ÁwÁ\
\Æ©Á√¬ÔV‚|˛[≈™Ï. Ôƒ¶>√≈ ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÷Õ> c^·¶¬Ô›Á>
∂]Ô\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶kÏÔ^ QV™¬Ì›>[ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷m√u§ºB” 70
÷À°^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ ÔVÈVD ®™ ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ z§©∏|kmD ÷m√u§ºB

kV´›]_ Œ[§´ı| ÿkπRϬ̂¶D k´©√VϬzD \ËBVÏ¶Ï \VÁÈ mı|


ÔV´›]_ º√ƒ›m©√V¬˛flÛ| Ô_∏≈Õº>VÏ ÔVÈ›]_ ∏≈Õº>VÏ >DÁ\ ºÂ´›]_
Ôπ©Ø‚¶ ∂ÔÂV˚Æ ÿÂFBVu§_ √VÈVu§_ º√E©√VÏ›> y´›]_ ÿ>ˆÕÿ>|›>
ÂÁÔ›mˬz >twϬz ºkÿ≈[™ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı|D? √ˆE_ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®–D ÷>[
sÚ›> BV©AD ÁÂBVıΩ© º√VoBVÔºk ÁÔBV· QV™¬Ì›>–¬z kVF¬˛[≈m.
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ®¸. g_√Ï‚Ω[ √]sÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ ÔVıº√VD.

42
º√E©∏Áw¬zD á ÿÔ|¬zD \M>ˆ[ ºÔoflE›]´D ( Caricature )
쓺√E©∏Áw¬zD
∂>[ kΩk z›]uºÔu≈ ƒV´VDƒ¬ºÔV|Ô^ ( essential strores) ∂ø›>D,
ÿ>π°¶[ cÚkV˛≈m. ÷Õ>©√V›]´›][ zVD ƒ∫ÔÁ· ( Charaterstics )
kÏˬ˛≈ B>VÏ›>›]ºÈºB {Ï ∂√›>¬ zÆÔo_ ( absured reduction ) E¬˛
s|˛≈VÏ. ∂m>V[ ∂kÚÁ¶B JÏ›] á kw¬Ô\VÔ› ÿ>Bk∫ÔÁ·
\M>ÏÔÁ·© √V|˛≈ ʈBvV™ BV©A kΩkD >V[ sÚ›>D ∂wÔVÔ
kø¬˛¬ÿÔVıº¶V|˛≈m kˆ J[Æ ®ıÊÏ TÚ›>∫Ô^ x>ÈVkÁ> ∂|›m
AÁÔR] ´l_kıΩ ®øDØÏ ¿∫zD º√flƒV·Ï \™]_ ÁÔÿBVoÔ^ ºÔ‚zD,
ÔsÁ> ŒÚ z‚Ω ÂÁÔfl ∑Ák ÂV¶ÔD ®[Æ ∂ÚÁ\BVÔfl E›]ˆ©√VÏ
g_√Ï‚”71 ].x.Ô. º\Á¶©º√flÁƒ¬ ˛ı¶ÈΩ›m QV™¬ Ì›>[ ®ø]B ÔVÈkøÁ\]
g_√Ï‚
ÔsÁ> ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ tÔ°D AÔμ ÿ√u≈m.

>ÁÈkÏÔºe >tμÿ√Ú \¬Ôºe∫.... k¬ÿÔVD ÿ>VıI≈VD kV‚¶›]_ º√∑D


kVF©√F› / >VÕ>Á\¬z \˛μ˛[º≈[. ÷[≈F›y™D Ôı߈_ √E›ÿ>VFˆ_ /
\V¬Ôÿ·_ÈVD / ÔVÈ∫zD ÔV‚Elÿ™F¬ ÔVı˛[ º≈VD ÂVD kıV´© º√‚¶˛≈
ƒVÏ∏_ \VÿÈ”î ÷m √u§ á ÷]_ ÿkπ©√|D ®]Ï©A cÏ°Ô^ √u§›>Dt¶D
ºÔ^s ®ø©√©√‚¶ º√Vm ∂>uz© √]Èπ¬z xÔ\VÔ© A]Bÿ>VÚ sBV¬˛BV™›Á>•D
x[Ák›>VÏ QV™¬Ì›>[ ƒuƬ ÌÏÕm √VÏ›>V_ ÷™›][ ˇμ>‚| \¬Ô^
®øflE•ÆkÁ> ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>πkV¬zkÁ>© √VϬÔÈVD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÿÔVı|
]´Vs¶ ∂_Èm >tμ ÷™ ®]Ï©Afl ÿƒF˛º≈[ ®[Æ ÌÆkm ƒˆB_È ®[≈kÏ ƒ\Vπ¬Ô
xB[≈VKD ÔÁBVal[ ÔÁ¶E© √¬Ô›]_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ z§›m ∑¤V>V ®ø]B
kˆÔ^ 1991 ÷[ J[≈VD √]©∏KD ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ^·m.

ÿƒÕ>tμ ÂVÿ¶[–D º√V]MºÈ/ ÷[√›º>[ kÕm √V•m ÔV]MºÈ


“ÿƒÕ>tμ
®™¬zDt ÿÔV‚|kVÏ √V´]BVÏ ÿk∫zÚ] >Mu Ô\μÕm / T´D ÿƒF˛[≈
>tμ ®∫Ô^ JflƒVD ®™flƒ∫z xw¬zkVÏ √V´]>Vƒ[ ÷Ákl´ı|º\
>VFÂV|, >VFÿ\Va ®[˛[≈ ÷™ ÿ\Va©√u§[ ÷B_√V™ ÿkπ©√V|Ô^
>Vº\ g™V_ QV™¬Ì›>M[ Ôs¬z´ºÈV “®™¬zD
®™¬zD >tμ>V[ Jfl∑ /
g™V_ ∂Á>©∏≈Ï º\_s¶\V‚º¶[ ®™°D, ®_ÈVÿ\VaÔ”D Â[Æ /
“®_ÈVÿ\VaÔ”D
\[M¬Ô ºkı|D Âı√V / ∂]_ >tøD Œ[Æ ®™°D ¬ÔÈΩ¬˛[≈m.
÷Á>©√u§ ∂kˆ¶D ŒÚº√‚Ωl_ Ek>Vb ºÔ^s ®ø©∏B º√Vm
√]om” 72 .
QV™¬Ì›>M[ √]om
43
“Jfl∑
Jfl∑ ®[√m ÿkÆD ÔVuÁ≈ c^πø›m ÿkπl‚| s‚|
˝s›]Ú©√>_È; clÏkVμ>o[ ∂Ω©√Á¶ WÏ√Õ>∫Ô”¬z º\ÈVÔ {Ï g>V´
WÁÈ \M>M¶›]_ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷m √V]¬Ô©√‚¶V_ ∂k[ clÏ s¶°D
>B∫Ô\V‚¶V[. >tμ ∂©√Ω©√‚¶m ®[Æ EÈÏ ÿƒV_KD º√Vm, ∂>[*m
\u≈kÏÔ”¬zˆB cˆÁ\ÁB \Æ©√>VzD >tμ®©º√Vm ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD
ÿ√VmkV˛≈º>V ∂©º√Vm >V[ ∂m ÿ√Úÿ\VaBVzD. ∂>™V_ ŒÚ ∏ˆs™Ï
>tμ>∫Ô·º> ®[Æ ÿƒV_KD º√Vm ∂m ∂©√Ω ∂_È ®[Æ ÿƒV_ȺkıΩB
Ô‚¶VB\V˛≈m
Ô‚¶VB\V˛≈m”.

ºkÆ ÷>a_ ÷º> ºÔ^s *·°D ®ø©√©√‚¶ º√Vm ÷[ÿ™VÚ s>\VÔ°D


√]Èπ¬˛[≈VÏ.

ƒ\¸˛Ú>D √Ωflºƒ[ . . . . / s›kV[ kz©A¬z ®[ÿ™[™ /


쓃\¸˛Ú>D
º>ÁkºBV ∂Á>ÿB_ÈVD √Ωflºƒ[ ®_ÈV ÿ\VaÔ”D / ƒÕº>V≠\VÔ› >V[
÷ÚÕ>m / ∞u≈›>Vμ°Ô^ ŒıbD / ˛Á¶BVm ÷Õ> ƒÕº>V≠›> ÂV\
ÿÔ|›m¬Ô¬ ̶Vm ®[˛≈VÏ / ŒÚ √¬ÔD ÿƒDÿ\Va[– / ÿƒV[™VKD
E´\©√‚¶ / ÿ\VaBV ÷ÚÕ>m ÷Ȭ˛BD– kÚDº√Vm >tμ / ŒÚ x]´V>
ÿ\Va A]B s≠B∫Ô^ ∂mÈ ÿƒV_È xΩBVm / Am¬ÔsÁ> ∂Á>
®[˛≈VÏ” 73.
ÂT™©√|›]lÚ¬z ®[˛≈VÏ

∂k´m ŒÚ ÌuÁ≈ \ÆÌuÆ \Æ>o›m s|˛[≈m. √V´]>Vƒ[ >tμ*m


\u≈kÏÔ”¬z c^· cˆÁ\ÁB ®Õ> kˆl_ \Ƭ˛[≈VÏ >tμ ÿ√Vms_
Ák¬Ô©√¶V\_ BVÚ¬z \Ƭԩ√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m >ta_ A]B s≠B∫ÔÁ·fl ÿƒV_È
xΩBVÿ>[≈V_ ∂ÀsBÈVÁ\ ÔÚsl[ √Vu√‚¶>V ÁÔBV^√kÁ´© ÿ√VÆ›>>V
®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ®ø˛[≈ ºÔ^sÔ”¬z ∂kÏ √]_Ôπ_ cˆB sÁ¶ Â\¬z¬ ˛Á¶¬ÔVm
∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ k¬º´V¬]l_ ¬ÔÈΩ©√VÏ. s·¬ÔD ºÔ‚¶V_ sBV¬˛BV™∫Ô^
ºkÆ ºkÆ s>\VÔfl ƒ\Vπ©√VÏ. gÔ ÷ku§u ̶VÔ QV™¬ Ì›>M¶tÚÕm ]´Vs¶
÷B¬ÔD ∂m x[ Ák›> º√fl∑¬ÔÁÈ \uÆD ÿ\Va, ÷™ cÏ° *>V™ ÿkÆ©AÔ^
AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈™. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ ®]Ï\Á≈© º√V¬ºÔ ÷Ák ®™ÈVD.

÷[≈·° ̶ ®ø›>§s_ÈV> ∂[Á≈B WÁÈl_ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD


“÷[≈·°
x[MÁÈ©√|›]B º√fl∑¬ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D ̶ kV™D√VΩ \uÆD ÔsB´∫Ô

44
\´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ >zD ƒJÔ©√Ω WÁÈl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]Ô·VÔ
s·∫˛BkˆÔ^ ÿ√ÆD\·s_ √∫z ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD
s·∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD \≈Õm s¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·VÔ°D ̶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ s·∫˛™Ï
s·∫˛™Ï” 74 ®™
∂.\VϬ¸ ®|›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm. ÷∫ºÔ ÿ\VaÁB ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›m>_
®[˛≈ ∂Ï›>›]_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô©√∫Ôπ©A x¬˛B›mkD ÿ√Æk>V˛[≈m.

“Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩÁk¬ ÔkÏflEBV™>V¬˛©√´ÈkVÔ ∞uƬ ÿÔV^·
Ák›>m ∂§°^· \¬Ô”¬z º\Á¶loÚÕm √V|km º√V_ ŒÚkÁÔ¬ ÔVsB
∂È∫ÔV´ ÂÁ¶l_, ºÔ‚¶°¶[ AˆÕm ÿÔV^·°D E¬Ô°D ®ø]™VÏÔ^ ®™
√u§ºBBVzD” 75 .
®¸ á g_√Ï‚ z§©∏|kmD ÷m √u§ºBBVzD

AÁ™sBuÌÆÔ^ ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÌÆÔ^ á º√flºƒVÁƒ©√ıA √Ω\


cÚkÔ©√V∫zÔ^ ÷ku§[ ƒ∫Ôt©∏_ kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ~Ï©∏B_A t¬Ô™kVF
∂Á\BÈVl™. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´∏Á™ ~w›m ∂´EBu ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z¶[ Œ©∏‚|
kV™D√VΩ¬
ºÂV¬ÔÈVD. ∂ku§KD ÷›>ÁÔB¬ÔsÁ>¬ ÌÆÔ^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. “kV™D√VΩ¬
zøs™Ï Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ c^·¶¬Ô›Á>fl ƒx>VBfl ƒVÏAÁ¶B>VÔ \VuÆk>uz
x[ ~w›]ºÈ ∂›>ÁÔB xBuEÔ^ g´D∏›m s‚¶Á\
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>BVzD”76 ®™ ÿƒ. ºBVÔ´V¤V ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ.
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>BVzD

∏º´t^. ~w›]uzD >twÔ›]uzD √VÈ\VÔ g™kÏ ®ø›]_ z§©∏‚¶›>¬Ô


√∫Ôπ›> ∂kº´ ~w›Á>© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ x>uAm¬ÔsÁ>© √Á¶©√V·ÚD gkVÏ.
cÚkD c^·¶¬ÔD, √V|ÿ√VÚ^, ÂÁ¶ \´A›>V¬ÔD ®[Æ ÷ku§[ ®_ÈV
kÁÔÁ\BVKD ®ø›m \´AD, kV™D√VΩ \´AD >Dx^ \VÆ©√‚º¶ ÷B∫˛™ ÷Ák
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ª¶VÔ ÿkπ©√|\ √V∫˛uzfl EÈ c>V´∫ÔÁ·fl ∑‚¶ÈVD.

“kV™›Á>¬ˇ§ºB ÁkÔÁ≈Ô^ / √§›ÿ>|©º√VD / Â\m E≈ÔÁƒ©√V_ / QVÈ


´D√]ÚD / ÷\B©√≈ÁkÔ^ / ÂVD/ ®ˆ\ÁÈl[ c^\™D ÂVD / ∂¬˛M¬ ÔVu§MºÈ
÷>μsˆ¬zD ∂ÚDAÔ^ ÂVD/ ]¬zÔπ[ A>_kÏÔ^ º>ƒk´D √u≈kÏÔ^”.
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏´Ô¶™\VÔ xw∫˛B ~º´V| >tw[√M[ E≈©√V™ ÔsÁ> ÷m. ÷>[
ÿƒVu∏´ºBVÔ∫Ôπ[ ºƒÏ\V™xD, AÁ™sBuÌÆD, cÈÔ·VsB ºÂV¬zD,
Ìk_ÿ>VM•D ŒÚt›> ÷>[ E≈©A¬z¬ ÔV´\V˛[≈™.

45
“ÂV[ \ıË_ ºkº´VΩ / \VWÈ›]_ ÔV_√]›m / T∑D AB_ ÔVuÁ≈ / TøD
kÁ´¬zD W[ÿ≈]Ï©º√[ / W[ÿ≈]Ï›> xΩsM_ ÂV[ / WÈ›]_ søÕms‚¶V_ / ®[
Ô[ÿ≈]ϬzD Ô[ÆÁ¶B / Ô[ÿ≈]ϬzD” ®™›ÿ>V¶ÚD º\›>Vs[ xw¬Ô¬ÔsÁ>
÷>[ ®]ÿ´Vo ®ÀkVÆ s·∫˛uÆ ®™ QVM ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.

º\›>Vs[ ÷Õ> kˆÔÁ·¬ ºÔ‚¶ º√Vm \¬Ô^ gÏ©√ˆ›>VÏÔ^.


“º\›>Vs[
ÔsQÏÔ^ >\¬z^ ŒÚ º√´ÁÈÁB¬ Ôı¶VÏÔ^ \V–¶¬Ô¶o_ >VD
ƒ∫Ô\\VkÁ> cÏÕ>VÏÔ^ k´ÈVu§[ º√V´Vu≈_ ÷kÏÔ”¬z^ ]´ı¶m.
º\›>Vs[ JÈD ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÷Õ> gÏ©√ˆ©Á√ kV™D √VΩÔ^ √ÈÚD
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^” 77.

gÔ ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿƒV_o[ \Õ]´∫Ô·VÔ √V´]BVÏ √VΩB \Õ]´D º√VÈ


ºkı|\¶V ÿƒV_o[ ÷[√D ®[√m º√V_ ºÔ‚¶ \V›]´›]_ √u§©∏Ω›m¬
˛·ÏÕÿ>øD º√ÚÏkVÔ ∂ÁÈ ∂ÁÈBVÔ sBV∏›m© √´kÈVl™. ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_Ôπ[
ƒÕ>©√V∫z kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÂÁ¶l_ ƒ∫Ôt©√Á> ÷M¬ ÔVıº√VD. “m^π kÚ˛≈
ºkoÁ™ \VÏ∏M_ / #^ÿƒ•D ÂVBÔº™ >fiÁƒ¬z^· / ˆÔÁ·¬ z›]¬˛a¬˛≈ /
ºÔV√›]_ x[º™Æ á ∂¶ / ÿÔV[≈ ∏[ W[≈V|”î

÷m EÕm \´∏_ ƒÕ> EÕmD g]l[ >fiÁƒ \≈k[ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>


ˇwÿkı\Ël_ ®ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ skƒVB© ÿ√Ú∫zΩ\¬Ôπ[ ƒVÏ∏ÈV™ kfiE™\VÔ
®ˆÿÔV”s *#Ï˛[≈m. º\›>Vs[ ì∂´π©Øs[ ∂øÁÔ•Dî ÷›Á>ÁÔB
ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÂÁ¶lu E≈Õ> z§X‚|© √V¶ºÈ x]ÏÔ[MÔπ[ \\VÔV
∂kÈ›]Á™fl E›]ˆ¬zD kÁÔl_ ∂´π©ØÁk¬ z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶m.

“جÔπºÈ ÂV–ÿ\VÚ / ØkVF© ∏≈©ÿ√|›º>[/ ÿ√V[s´_Ô^ yı¶ÁȺB


/ ÿ√V[s´_Ô^ yı¶ÁȺB / Ø\VÁÈ gÔÁȺB” ®™ ∂Õ>V]©√V∫˛_ ∂ΩÔ^
*‚ÿ¶|›m›ÿ>V¶ÚD ÷B_A ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_ ÂÁ¶l[ ̺≈ ÷›>ÁÔB ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_
*>V™ ÂV‚¶D ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\m ºkÏÔÁ·› º>|D \º™V√Vk›][ sÁ·flƒºÈ
÷¬ÌÆÔ^ ~w›][ ∂´EBu ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ°D ÷B_√VÔ¬ ˛·ÏÕÿ>w¬
ÔVÈVD.

46
√V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √V´D√ˆB› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVF ∂|›>Ô‚¶›]uz© √VFflƒÈV˛©
√ˆt›>º> kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´A. ƒJÔ ¿]l[ z´_Ô·VF ®]ÿ´Vo›mD
ƒ\>Ï\›Á> ∂kVs Wu√º> ÷>[ ƒV´VDƒD gzD. ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ J¬ÌÆÔ^
z§›m º´Õ]´ º\VÔ[ ÂT™ ÷Õ] ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ ÷Õ]B ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ á \Æ©AD
®]Ï©AD ®–D gFsoÚÕm m.ÊMflƒVt ®|›mÁ´©√™ ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ô™kVD.

ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿkπ©√V‚ΩB_ ∏[ J[Æ ÌÆÔ^ ÷¶D ÿ√ÆD


“ƒJÔ
∂Ák : 1. \Æ©A ( issent ) 2. ®]Ï©A ( protest ) 3. ÊÏ]Ú›>D ( Reform) ....
\Æ©A ®[√m ®]Ï©A¬zˆB ŒÚ x[º>ÁkBVzD. \Æ©∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ,
ÊÏ]Ú›>›][ x[™>VÔ ÷¶D ÿ√Ækm ®]Ï©A, WÆk™ xÁ≈¬z ®]´VÔºk
÷Õ> ®]Ï©A ∂Á\•D ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ √u§B {ÏÁ\, º√V´V|D
xÁ™©A, >M›mk cÏ° cˆÁ\ kVμ°Ï° á g˛B ÂV[zº\ ®]Ï©∏[
®™ÈVD”78. ÷∫ºÔ. m.ÊMflƒVt ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ BV°D
∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÌÆÔ^ ®™ÈVD
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´∏[ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶Ô ª¶VΩ WuÔ¬ ÔVÈVD.

√V´],
“√V´], √V´]>VƒÁ™ s¶°D ƒ\>Ú\ \M> ºÂB›m¶[
tz]BVÔ©√VΩlÚ©√kÏÔ^ z§©∏‚¶›>¬Ô Am¬ÔsÁ>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔº· ÷Õ>
¤™ÂVBÔ›]_ kÏ¬Ô x´ı√V|Ô^ ys´©√‚¶mD xuº√V¬z ÷Ȭ˛B›Á>
k·Ï¬Ô z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ^ x[ kÕ>mD ÷>uzˆB
ƒx>VB©∏[™M kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz]¬z QVM ®ø]B x[–Á´ ÷Á>› ÿ>π°©√|›m˛≈m. kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬ÔD >tμ¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒ\>Ú\©√VÁ> kz›>m ®[Æ ÌÆkm
tÁÔB_È
tÁÔB_È” 79 ®[√Ï.

E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ \´∏[ ∂|›> √VFflƒÈVF kV™D√VΩÔ^


ƒ\>Ú\©√VÁ> kz›> √V∫˛Á™ ®|›mÁ´©√m ®ı›>¬Ôm. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][
÷Õ> kÁÔlÈV™ \uÿ≈VÚ ƒV>Á™ z§›m √VÈV ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kmD ÷›m¶[
\™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô>VzD. “ kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D >V[ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ ®[≈
>tw¬ÔsÔπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEÁB ÂVD ÔVı˛º≈VD. √´Õm©√‚¶ ÿ√Vm
WÁÈ©√VÏÁk ÿÔVı¶ ∂Ω¬ÔÚ›mÔ”D √´Õm©√‚¶ Aˆ>K¬z ÷B_√V™ ÿ√Vm
ºkı|D” 80.
ÿ\Va•D kV™D √VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ ƒV>Á™ ®[º≈ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D

47
®™fl∑‚|D √VÈV ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ >V\Á´, ÷>Áw ÿ>VÁÈ ºÂV¬z¶[ kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]uz¬Ô·\V¬˛B ].Ô. Ekƒ∫Ô´[ √∫˛Á™© √V´V‚|kVÏ º√flºƒVÁƒ¬ºÔu≈
ÿƒV_ÈV‚E, ŒoÂBD, ÿ>V¶Ï ∂Á\©A, √›] ∂|¬˛ k´_ ÷kuÁ≈ kV™D√VΩÔ^
ÁÔBVı¶ Û‚∑\›Á>•D E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.

1. “∂ÁkºBVÁ´
∂ÁkºBVÁ´ x[ WÆ›]¬ Ôs¬z´_ ®øflE•Á¶BkÏÔ·VÔ
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. 2. º√fl∑¬z ∞u≈√Ω ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ tz]©√|D ÿƒV_ÈV‚E•D,
3. º√flE[ ÷BuÁÔ¬z ∞u≈ ÷BuÁÔBV™ ŒoÂBxD EȈ¶D
ÔV©√|˛[≈™. º\KD 4. º√∑D cÁ´BV¶K¬zD º\Á¶© º√fl∑¬zD >¬Ô√Ω
ÿ>V¶Ï ∂Á\©Á√•D 5. √›] ∂|¬˛ k´ÁÈ•D ÷kÏÔ^ ÿÔVı|
kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^” 81 .
kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^

kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ®]Ï \Á≈›>[Á\Ô”D √V]©AÔ”D >V[ ÔsÁ> ºÂV¬˛_


ÿ>πs[Á\ >›mk ∂Ω©√Á¶l[Á\ ®™ ®]Ï\Á≈BVÔ¬ Ôˬ˛[≈kÏÔ·V_ ̶
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ gº´V¬˛B\V™ √V]©AÔÁ· \Æ>o¬Ô xΩBs_ÁÈ. ®[√m>V[
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô©√∫Ôπ©∏[ E≈©ÿ√™ÈVD ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ÷∫ºÔ ÔV›>¬Ôm Ô.
Ø´flƒÕ]´M[ ÔË©A¬Ô·VzD.

“1.
1. Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z© √´kÈV™ Ô·D ∞u√|›]Bm 2. Am¬ÔsÁ>l[
√V|ÿ√VÚÁ· sˆkV¬˛BmD ƒJÔflƒVÏA >Õ>mD 3. >tμ \ıËuºÔ cˆB
E›>VÕ> \´A ƒVÏÕ> \˛μ ºÂV¬ÁÔ ( optimism)-n ÷¶m ƒVˆ¬ÔÚ›m¬Ô”¬ºÔu√
\Vu§› >Õ>m 4. >tμ \´A ƒVÏÕ>ÿ>™ ÂVBÔ›>[Á\, ˛´VtB›>[Á\
ºÈVÔVB›>[Á\, >tμ›º>EB ®øflE ÷ku§uzfl ƒVÏ√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_
W[≈m. ÷ku§uÔVÔºk ÷kÏÔÁ· ŒÚ >M ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ∞uÔxΩ•D
∞uÔxΩ•D” 82 .

º\‚ΩÁ\ \º™V√Vk›m¶[ (elitist mentality) kV™D√VΩÔÁ·© º√V™V_ º√V˛≈


ÿ>™ ∂Á´ zÁ≈ \™›m¶[ ∂∫ˇÔˆ©√kÏ Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ “Ω.®¸.
Ω.®¸.
®oB‚ ŒÚ Ô‚|Á´l_ keats is also a poet ®[Æ ÿ>V¶∫zkm º√VÈ
kV™D√ΩÔ”D ÔsQÏÔº· ®[Æ ÿ´VD√°D ( reluctant ) gÔ ∞uÔ
®[√V´kÏ” 83 . º\‚ΩÁ\
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m ®[√V´kÏ \º™V√Vk›m¶[ ®]Ï\Á≈BVÔ
∂bÔ›>ÁÈ©√|˛≈ ÷›>ÁÔBkÏÔ·V_ ̶ \Æ>o¬Ô xΩBV> gº´V¬˛B\V™
√V]©AÔÁ· kV™D√VΩÔ^ WÔμ›] c^·™Ï.

48
“ÿ√VFÁ\loÚÕm
ÿ√VFÁ\loÚÕm ƒ›]B›]uzD ÷Ú‚ΩoÚÕm ÿkπflƒ›]uzD
\´›]oÚÕm W›]B›]uz\VÔ© A]B WÏ\V›]uÿÔ™© A≈©√‚¶>VF
∏´Ô¶™© √|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ®Õ>©A^πl_ EÁ>Õ>m?
Ì‚|≈°¶[ ÿƒB_√|k>[ kVlÈVÔV›>V[ >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B›Á>fl ƒÏkº>ƒ
÷Ȭ˛B›]uz cBÏ›>¬ÌΩB ∏[™ËÔÁ· cÚkV¬Ô xΩ•D ®[Æ
∂§s›>kÏÔ^ ∂>uÔV™ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ®Õ> ∂·° ª[§ W[≈™Ï?
÷›>ÁÔB ºÔ^sÔ^ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏·suz© ∏[ ®wÈVl™ ®©√Ω
kV™D√VΩÔ^ cÚkV™Ï ®>™V_ ∂kÏÔ^ cÁ¶Õm E>§™Ï ? ∂kÏÔ^
∏≈©∏[ ´ÔEBD cÏÕ>kÏÔ^ ŒÚ EȺ´–D ∂kˆÁ¶ºB ÷_ÁÈBV? ÷Õ]B
k´ÈVÆ ÷Õ]B™V_ ®ø>©√¶ ºkıΩBÁ>© º√V[º≈ kV™D√VΩÔ^ k´ÈVÆ
kV™D√VΩÔ·VºÈºB ®ø>©√¶ ºkı¶V\V? ÷©√Ω ∂kÏÔ^ ®ø]™V_
∂kÏÔπ[ zÁ≈ WÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ”¬ºÔ AÈ™VÔV>V ∂›>ÁÔB kV™D√VΩÔ^
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂kÏÔº· ®ø> ko•Æ›] ∏´√fiƒD ®[≈ ∞‚Ω_ ®ø]™VÏ
®ø]™VÏ” 84
].ºÔVsÕ>[, ÷>uz©√]ÈVÔ,

Â\¬z tÔ°D ∂¬ÔÁ≈BV™ ŒÚs™V ].ºÔVsÕ>M[


“Â\¬z ∞ÿ™[Æ
Ô‚|Á´ kΩs_ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈m.kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ∏·Õm EÁ>Õ>
ƒ›]B›][ \Ï\D ®[™ ®[Æ Ô‚|Á´ √ÁwB AıË_ Ô›]BVÔ© √VF˛≈m....
cıÁ\ÔÁ·© º√ƒ ºkıΩB >ÚD kÕm s‚¶m.kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂|›> \¶o_ ÿkπl|˛[º≈VD” 85 .
ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÿkπl|˛[º≈VD

®™ kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ √]Èπ›>º>V| ∂|›>\¶o_ kV™D√VΩ k´ÈVÆ


ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m ®™ ∂º> ÷>a_ ∂§s©AD ÿkπl‚¶m ∂>uÔ|›> ÷>a_ \‚|\_È
∂©A≈D ÿkπBV™gÆ ÷>μÔπKD ̶ ∂Õ> k´ÈVÆ g´D√\VÔs_ÁÈ. ÷>uÔV™
sÁ¶lÁ™ ÷ÚºkÆ >´©AÔ”¬z ª¶VÔ¬ ÔVxB_ºkVD. ÷ÀsÚ >´©AÔ”^
Œ[Æ kV™D√VΩ ∂_ÈV> s\σԈ¶tÚÕm \uÿ≈VÚ >´©A kV™D√VΩBVÔ°D s·∫˛
∂kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ®™› ÿ>Vz©√VÔ ÿkπl‚¶ QVMl¶tÚÕmD
ÿkπ©√‚¶™.

“g´D√
g´D√ x>ºÈ ÔÚ›m x´ı√V|Ô^ ÷ÚÕm kÕº>•^·™. √V´]>Vƒ[
\´A kakÕ> >twVEˆBÏÔ^; √ÁwB \´A kΩkD Aπ›m© º√VFAm¬ÔsÁ>¬z
kÕ>kÏÔ^ ÷kÏÔ^ ÿ√VmkV™ kÈm ƒVˆ¬zxD \VϬEB›
49
>›mk∫ÔÁ·¬Ôu√]_ ∂¬ÔÁ≈l[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ]´Vs¶ \´A ƒVÏÕ>
ƒV] ®]Ï©A º>FÕ> ÂV›]ÔD, >tμ©√uÆ, √‚Ω \[≈ ÔsB´∫Ô√VË
ÿƒV_ÈÈ∫ÔV´ ºÂÏ›]Ô^ ÷kuÁ≈ cÁ¶ºBVÏ. ÷¶m ƒVˆflƒVÏ∏™º´V
ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[√Á> s¶ x>[Á\BVÔfl EÕ>Á™BV·ÏÔ^ ∂m kÁ´ ÷ÚÕ>
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ƒVÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º√V>VÁ\ÁB cÏÕº> ÷ÀsB¬Ô›]_
√∫z ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷Õ> ÷Ú\´∏™Ï¬ÔV™ >›mk© º√V´V‚¶º\ ∏[™Ï 1975
∂·s_ kV™D √VΩÔ^ ÷B¬Ô›Á> sˆƒK¬z^·V¬˛Bm. ®[√VÏ
Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[” 86 î
Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[

kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ \VϬEB¬ ƒVÏ∏™Ï ®[≈ º√V]KD ∂kÏÔ”¬z^”D


\VϬEBD \uÆD ÔsÁ>Ô^ z§›> Aˆ>o_ \VÆ√V|Ô^ ª¶VΩ W[≈™. ÔsÁ>
÷B¬ÔD ®[˛≈ ®_ÁÈÁB› >VıΩ k·ÏflE ÿ√≈ºkı|ÿ\™fl EÈÏÔÚ]™Ï. \¬Ô^
s|>ÁÈÁB ºÂV¬˛ x[™º≈ ºkıΩB ÷B¬ÔD. ÔV>_ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿƒ_kV¬z ÿ√ÆD
ºÂV¬˛_ ∂>Á™fl Ê´a° ®™ ∂kÏÔ^ ÔÚ]™Ï. \V≈VÔ >›mk›Á> ÿÂÚ∫˛™V_
Ôs›>kD \Á≈Õ]|D ®[√>VÔ¬ ÷´ıÿ¶VÚkÏ ÔÚ]™Ï. gÔ ÷B¬Ô›]uz \VϬEBÏ
ƒVÏ∏ÚÕ> º√V]KD ∂>uz^”DkÈm ƒVˆ›>™xD ÷¶m ƒVˆ›>™xD ÂV·Á¶s_
ÔÚ›m x´ı√V| ®[≈ A^πloÚÕm ∏·° ®[˛≈ WÁȬz g‚√¶ ºÂÏÕm º√V™m
÷m √u§ kƒ©√¶¬Ì¶Vÿ>[ÆD kV™D√Ω ÷B¬Ô›]oÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶ QVM
s·¬zkÁ>¬ ÔVıº√VD.

“ÔÚ›m
ÔÚ›m ºkÆ√V|Ô^ ÂV·Á¶s_ x´ı√V|Ô·VF xu§© ∏≈z
ÿkΩ›>™ ÷Á¶l_ BVÏBVº´V AzÕ>™Ï. ®_ÈVD ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÂV·Á¶s_
>sÏ¬Ô xΩBV\_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ÷´ı¶VÔ©∏·Õ>m. ŒÚ √¬ÔD kÈm
ƒVˆÔ^ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √¬ÔD ÷¶mƒVˆÔ^ ÂV·Á¶s_ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B©
ÿ√Ú\[≈›]–^ ÔÈÕ>™Ï. ÷kÏÔ^ >V[ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ¬ ÔVÈ›][ º√Vm
÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ÿkπl‚¶™Ï” 87 .
÷Õ]BVºk ÷Õ]´V, ®[Æ ±_ ÿkπl‚¶™Ï
kV™D√VΩl[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ√VÆ©º√u§ÚÕ> ∂¬˛MA›]´[ ÷Á¶l_
ÿ√VÆ©º√u§ÚÕ> ~º´V|>tw[√[ √]°Ô^ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô› >¬ÔÁkBVzD.

“>VD
>VD ∞uƬÿÔVı¶ >›mkD >\m kVμs[ s\σ™\VÔ
\V§›>DÁ\ºB s\ÏE›> º√Vm >V∫˛¬ ÿÔV^· ÷BÈV>kÏÔ·Vl™Ï, >VD
∞uƬÿÔVı¶ E›>VÕ>D >DÁ\ º\KD ÷B¬ÔflƒVÏA^·kÏÔ·VÔ
50
\Vu§¬ÿÔVı| º√VkÁ> ∞uÔ ÷BÈV>kÏÔ·Vl™Ï. >VD ∞uƬ ÿÔVı¶
∂´EB_ ÔV´\VÔ ∂´E[ ∂¶¬zxÁ≈Ô^ ∂]Ôˆ›> WÁÈl_ >\m º√V¬ÁÔ
\Vu§¬ ÿÔV^· xΩ° ÿƒF>™Ï. ÷>uz ∞u√ºk Eu∏•D AsB´∑D ƒVÏÕ>
ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈D ÂV‚Á¶ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁȬz ÂÔÏ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>
ÛwK¬z g>´kVÔ ÷ÚÕ> WÁÈl_ kV™D√VΩÔπÁ¶ºB ∏ˆ° >sϬÔ
∂Á\Õ>m” 88
xΩBV>>VÔ ∂Á\Õ>m

®™ s·¬zD ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ (∂¬˛M A›]´[) ∂>[ ∏[ >VD QVM, ¤™ ∑Õ>´D,


÷·xÚz ŒÁ¶ ÿ√V.mÁ´B´ƒ[, x›m©ÿ√VÚÂ[, ÷Ȭ˛By√[ g˛ºBVÚ¶[
÷ÁÕm kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô ÿkπX¶VÔ ºk^sÁB ¶›]™>VÔ› ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈VÏ.
÷>[ ∏[ kV™D√VΩ, ºk^s ®™ kV™D√Ω ÷B¬ÔD ÷´ı¶VÔfl ÿƒBu√‚¶m.
xu∑‚ΩBkÏÔ”¶[ ºƒkuÿÔVΩºBV[, >tw[√[, ÷[zÈV© g˛ºBVÏ ºk^sl[
√¬ÔxD *´V, >tμ ÂV¶[ (Ô. ÷. ÿ√Ú\[≈›]™Ï) ÷ÚkÚD kV™D√VΩl[ √¬ÔxD
÷ÚÕ>>™V_ QVM•D ∂¬M•D kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©Á√
ÿkπl‚¶™Ï AsB´∑D >tμ ÂV¶–D ÷Õ]BVºk ÷Õ]BV , ÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ±ÁÈ
ÿkπl‚¶™Ï . ÷m √u§B ~º´V| >tw[√[ √]°ÔÁ·•D ÷M¬ ÔVıº√VD.

ì “®∫Ôπ_
®∫Ôπ_ √ÈÚ¬z ÷B¬Ô›m¶[ ºÂ´Ω› ÿ>V¶ÏA ˛Á¶BVm. √ˆ°
cı| ÔsÁ>© ÿ√VÚıÁ\l_ √V´], √V´]>VƒM[ ¿‚EBVÔ ®∫Ô^√Á¶©AÔ^
÷ÚÕ>™... ®\Ïÿ¤[L ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›m¬z ŒÚ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ
kÕ>m. EÈÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈÁB g>ˆ›>VÏÔ^. g™V_ ÂV[, ÷[zÈV© QVM,
∂¬˛M A›]´[ º√V[º≈VÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈÁB ®]Ï›º>VD, ®]Ï›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
®ø]º™VD ®™ºk ∂Á™kÚº\ sƒV´Á¬z©√¬Ô›]_ ÷ÚÕº>VD. EÈÁ´¬
ÔVk_ WÁÈB›m¬z ∂Áw›m sƒVˆ©√m º√V[≈ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^ ∞u√‚¶°¶[
º√V™VÏ” 89
kV™D√VΩÁBfl Eu∏ ÿ√V^·VflE¬z¬ ÿÔVı| º√V™VÏ

®™ ~º´V| >tw[√™ >D kV™D√VΩfl ƒVÏA \uÆD ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ ÔVÈ WÁÈ√V|Ô^


z§›m ŒÚ º√‚Ωl_ skˆ›m^·VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[ ÿÂÚ¬z>_Ô”¬z
ªº¶•D ∂kÚD ÷[zÈV©AD ƒuÆD ∏[ kV∫ÔVm \M>[, QVMl[ ºk^s,
÷·ºkπo[ ÔVÏ›] ºÔ.®D. ºkb ºÔV√VÈ[ sΩB_ x>ÈV™ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔπ_ ª[§
W[≈™Ï; ∂kÏ>D º√‚Ωl_ x[ Ák¬Ô©√‚¶m ®m°D s\ÏE©√mD ̶ ∂´EB_ >V[

51
®[˛≈ gw\V™ Aˆ>_ ∂kÏÔ”¬z kVF›]Ú©√>™VºÈºB ÷m ∂kÏÔ”¬zfl ƒV›]B
\V™>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m.

1.2.3.Á«¬Ì zÆD√V \´A

\´A¬ÔsÁ>, kƒ™ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ> ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD >tμ¬ÔsÁ>


k´ÈVu§_ Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z ∂|›>>VÔ°D ÂT™ ÔsÁ>¬z xÕÁ>B>VÔ°D ÷¶D
ÿ√Ækº> Á«¬Ì ®–D zÆD√V \´√VzD.

kV™D √VΩ¬z©∏≈z >ta_ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô\\VÔ ÷Ú©√m Á«¬Ì


“kV™D
>V[”90 ®™¬ z§©∏|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_´z\V[ ÷m ƒˆBV ®[≈ ºÔ^s
ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD >V[
~º´V| >tw[√M¶D ®ø©√©√‚¶ º√Vm ∂>uÔkÏ ∂π›> √]_

ÔsQÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿƒV[™m


“ÔsQÏ {´·° cıÁ\ºB g™V_
kV™D√VΩ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÷ÚÕ> ÿ\FlB_ >·D á Á«¬Ìsuz
>tÁw© ÿ√VÚ›> kÁ´l_ ÷_ÁÈ. Á«¬ÌÁk ŒÚ ÔÁÈ›>[Á\ t¬Ô
ÔsÁ> kΩk\VÔ á kΩk\VÔ¬ ̶ ÷_ÁÈá ŒÚ kÁÔÁ\BVÔ k·Ï›ÿ>|©√º>
>twÔ Á«¬ ̬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÿ√VÆ©√VÔ c^·m. kV™D√VΩ¬z
÷ÚÕ> ÔÚ›]B_ ∂Ω©√Á¶©√ˆ\VD áÔsÁ>l[ ƒx>VB ÷B¬Ô\VÔ›
º>Vu≈D ÿÔVı¶m . Á«¬Ìsuz ∂©√Ω ÷_ÁÈ. ∂m º>Ák•D ÷_ÁÈ á
Am¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz© ∏[á ∂>[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ°D á ÂT™ ÔsÁ>¬z
xÕ]B>VÔ°D Á«¬Ì ÷B¬ÔD c^·m ®[√º> ÿ√VÚ›>\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô
xΩ•D” 91 .
xΩ•D

®©√Ω kV™D√VΩÔ”¬ÿÔ[Æ \VϬEB›>›mkD ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ∂Á\Õ>º>V


∂©√ΩºB Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ> \´∏uzD ÿ¤[ ( Zen) >›mkD ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ∂Á\Õ>
Œ[Æ. ÿ¤[ >›mkD √u§B Aˆ>_ ÷_ÈV\_ J[≈V\Ωl_ ]Ú©√D ∂_Èm A]Ï
s|s›>_ ®™ tÁÔ ®πÁ\©√|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶ Aˆ>ÈV_ º√V¶©√|D s|ÔÁ>Ô^
®_ÈVD Á«¬ÌkVÔ ∞u√>uzˆB™kVÔV. ÂVk_, EÆÔÁ> º√VKD ÷Ȭ˛B
kÁÔÁ\Ô^ Â\¬z º\ÁȬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>™ÿk[≈V_, Á«¬Ì \‚|º\ ˇÁw¬
ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›> Œ[ÿ≈™ÈVD.

52
ì“cÚk›]_ ∑Ú¬
∑Ú¬’ / cÏ›mD xÁ≈l_ ‘∑ZÏ
cÚk›]_ ‘∑Ú¬ ∑ZÏ
∑ZÏ’ á √VÏÁkl_ ‘√πfl
√πfl
√πfl’
á ÂÁ¶l_ ‘Âfl
Âfl ®™” 92 . tÁÔ ®πÁ\©√|›] s|˛[≈VÏ
Âfl’ á ÷m >V[ Á«¬Ì ®™
÷´V. º\VÔ[. ÷m Á«¬Ì°¬z© º√Vm\V™ Aˆ>ÈVÔ ÷_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ∂>[ ∏≈©A©
√u§ *´V ÌÆkm ÷∫ºÔ Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

Á«¬Ì ¤©√VM_ ∏≈©ÿ√|›]ÚÕ>VKD ∂>[ºkÏ ∂>uz º\u˛_


“Á«¬Ì
c^· Ê™›]_ ª[§lÚÕ>m ÔV´D, Á«¬ÌÁk ÷Bu§B ¤©√VMB©
ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿ√·›>›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶BkÏÔ^ x¬˛B\VÔ ÿ¤[
*´V” 93 .
ÿ√·›>›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶Bm ®[√VÏ *´V

“n©√VM_
n©√VM_ º>V[§Bm Á«¬Ì ÿ¤[ A›>\>¬ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁefl
ƒVÏÕ>kÏÔ^ >V[ Á«¬Ì ®ø]™VÏÔ^. ∂>–Á¶B >›mk›Á> \‚|D >V[
Á«¬Ì∏´]√o›>m z§©∏‚¶ >›mk›]uÔVÔºk º>V[§ z§©∏‚¶
>›mk¬ÔsQÏÔ^ \‚|º\ √VΩB ŒÚ ÔsÁ> kΩkD. ÷m cÈ˛_ ºkÆ ®∫zD
®[√VÏ” 94 ∂©m_ ´z\V[. “ÿ√·›>
÷_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ ÿ√·›> \¶VÈB∫Ôπ_ J›>m≈sÔ^
÷Á·B m≈s¬z© √luE ∂π¬zxÔ\VÔ gƒVM[ s™V ŒÚkˆ ʶM[
\Æÿ\Va ŒÚkˆ kΩk\VÔ¬ ºÔVÿB[ ( Koan) ºƒÏÕ> ®[–D ŒÚÁÔ ŒÁƒ
kΩkº\”95
( The sound of one hand) ÷]oÚÕm ∏≈Õ> J[Æ kˆ¬ ÔsÁ> kΩkº\

®™ x[Ák©√VÏ >tμÂV¶[. ÷©√Ω s™V sÁ¶ \´∏_ sÁ·Õ>m ®[≈


º√V]KD >[™·s_ Á«¬Ìs_ A]Ϻ√V|D s|ÔÁ>¬ºÔV sÁ¶ ÿƒV_k>uºÔV
÷¶º\ ˛Á¶BVm.

Á«¬ÌÁk >ta[ s|ÔÁ> ®[≈ \´º√V| Œ©∏¶ºk xΩBVm ∂m


“Á«¬ÌÁk
xøkmD ºkÆ√‚¶m. c>V´\VÔ ÔsQ[ √VϬ˛[≈ ÔV‚El_ ∂k–Á¶B
>›mkD ∏´]√o¬zÿ\[≈V_ ∂Õ>¬ ÔV‚EÁB \‚|º\ >V[ ∂k[ ÿƒV_È
ºkı|º\ÿBVaB ∂>[ sÁ¶ÁBfl ÿƒV_Ȭ̶Vm Á«¬Ìs[ \´A sÁ¶
ÿƒV_k>_È ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 96 ∂©m_ ´z\V[. n©√VMKD Ê™VsKD ∞≈¬zÁ≈B
∂Á™kÚD ÿ¤[>›mkD AˆÕ>kÏÔ^ ®[√>™V_ Á«¬ÌÔsQ[ ÔV‚EÁB \‚|D
ÿƒV[™V_ º√VmD ∂kÏÔ^ >›mk›Á>© AˆÕm ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ®™ ∂kÏ s·¬zkVÏ.

53
ضÔ\V™ \Á≈ z§©AÔÁ·›>sÏ c^”Ϻk cıÁ\BV™ Á«¬Ì. \Á≈
ÿ√VÚº·V, A›]ƒVo›>™º\V Á«¬Ì gÔVm ®™ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÔsQÏ º¤D¸ ÿ«¬Ω[
Á«¬Ìs[ kal_ ÷ÚÕm ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ >tμÂV¶[. ÿ«¬ÿÔ‚ 10 s]ÔÁ·
x[Ák©√VÏ ∂]_ ÷Á>›>s´ ÷[ÿ™V[ÆD z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ‘∂mºk ¿’ ®[√>[
JÈD >[ Á«¬Ì°D >V–D ÷´ı¶≈ Œ[§ Wu≈ÁÈ© º√∑kV´kÏ ∂m ÿ¤[M[
÷MB ∂–√k∫Ôπ_ Œ[Æ\VzD. \VϬEBÏÔ^ EÈÏ kÕ> A]]_∂>[
c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô^ *m ∞u√‚¶ ®ˆflƒÈV_ Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩk›Á>ºB W´VÔˆ›>m º√VÈ
÷[zÈV©AD Á«¬ÌÁk ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô \Ƭ˛≈VÏ. ~w›]_ ÔVE g™Õ>–D ÷ÀkVº≈
\Æ>o›m s‚| ÂƬÿÔ[Æ Á>¬zD zÆD√V kΩkÿ\™ ‘ÂƬz’ ®[˛≈ ÿ√Bˆ_
>D z‚Ω¬ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· x[MÆ›m˛[≈™Ï. ÷[zÈV©º√V Á«¬ÌÁk ¤©√VMBÏ
∂_Èm ¤©√VMB ÿ\VaÁB Œ›> ÿ\VaBV©ÿ√™© ∏≈w cÏ˛[≈VÏ.

Am¬ÔsÁ> º√VȺk Á«¬Ì°D ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ›]_ ®]Ï©Á√fl ƒÕ]¬Ô ºÂˆ‚¶m.


ÿ¤[ >›mkD, kΩkD g˛B ÷´ıÁ¶•D ÷>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔfl ∑‚¶ÈVD. Á«¬Ì
º√V[≈ ®πB kΩkxD ÿƒ§kV™ ∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]ÁB•D ÿÔVı|
÷´ı¶Vl´D gı|Ô”¬z x[™º´ >ta_ ]Ú¬z≈^ √Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√u≈m.

>tw_ÈV\_ ∏≈ÿ\VaÔπ_ ]Ú¬z≈^


“>tw_ÈV\_ kΩk›Á>¬ ÁÔBV· xΩBVm
®[√m º√VÈ ¤©√V[ ∂_ÈV\_ ∏≈ÿ\VaÔπ_ Á«¬Ì kΩk›Á>•D
ÁÔBV· xΩBVm. ]Ú¬z≈^ ®[≈ ÿkı√V kΩkD >™m ŒÁƒ ∂Á\]BVKD
ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›>¬ÌΩBm; Á«¬Ì ®[≈ BV©A kΩkD ∂Dÿ\Va¬z
∂©√Ω©√‚¶>VÔ›>V[ ∂Á\•D. ÿƒV_KD c›]l_ Á«¬ÌÁk© ∏[√u≈ÈVD
>ta_ Á«¬Ì ®øm˛º≈[ ®[√m ∑›>©º√›>_ g∫˛È›]_ ]Ú¬z≈^
º√VÈ” 97 ,
ÿkı√V ®øm˛º≈[ ®[√m º√VÈ

\V≈VÔ Á«¬Ì ∏ÿ´fi∑ , g∫˛ÈD, È›y[ ¸√VMB , ˛º´¬Ô, ÿƒÏ\VMB,


∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô x>ÈV™ ÿ\VaÔπKD sBV∏›>m. ÷Õ]B ÿ\VaÔπ_ ∂Æ√mÔπ[
WÁ≈sKD ®ø√mÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]KD Á«¬Ì >ÁÈÔV‚ΩuÆ k∫Ô, ∂ƒVtB , ÷Õ]
, cÚm z¤´V›], \ÁÈBV·D, >tμ ÿ\Va ÷ÁkBVku§KD ∂§xÔ\VluÆ.

“cÈÔ©Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z
cÈÔ©Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z cÕm sÁƒ E¬ÔVºÔV ÔsÁ> ÷>μ ∂m ®¸´V
√°ı‚Ω[ ÿ√Ú ÂÔ´´l_ WÁÈBD Œ[§_ ®–D >ÁÈ©∏_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>ÁB

54
ÿkπl‚¶m (1913 ∞©´_ ) ág∫˛È›]_ ÷mºk x>ÈVkm Á«¬Ì ®™ÈVD.
cÈÔ·° sƒVÈ©√‚¶ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ_ √Ω\ ÷B¬ÔxD Œ[Æ á √Ω\¬
“cÈÔ·°
ºÔV‚√V‚Ω[ clÏ √Ω\D. √Ω\D Á«¬Ìs[ √ıA g>o[ √wD Á«¬Ì
√Ω\¬ÔV´ÏÔ”¬z sÁ> k∫˛ gluÆ ®™ Á«¬ÌsuzD √Ω\
>tμÂV¶[” 98
÷B¬Ô›]uz\V™ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD √u§ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ >tμÂV¶[

∑Ú∫Ôfl ÿƒV_o s·∫ÔÁk›>_ ®[√m ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vao_ tÔ cBÏÕ>


ÿ>VaÁÈ ko•Æ›]B √V´]BVº´ ∑º>ƒt›]´[ ÂVπ>a_ 18.10.1916 ÷_
¤©√VMB¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ ®ø]B Ô‚|Á´ kVlÈVÔ ÿ«V¬z ®–D ÿ√Bˆ_
>tø¬z Á«¬ÌÁk ∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ.

º\uz¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_ tz] ®ı›Á> ∂©√ΩºB


“º\uz¬ Tı
ºƒÏ¬ÁÔl_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD kw¬ÔD nº´V©∏B¬ÔsÁ>lºÈ ÷_ÁÈ.
¤©√VM_ ∂©√Ωl_ÁÈ ºkı¶V> ÿƒV_ Œ[Æ Ì¶fl ºƒÏ©√m ˛Á¶BVm.
¤©√VMB √VÁ≠l_ √]º™wÁƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÿ«V¬z ®[≈ √V‚| ŒÚ
>M¬ÔVsB\VÔ WuzD x©√›º>V´Áƒ•^· c›] (c¬>D) ®[√mD ∂∫Ù™º\
clÏ ºÂV ºÂV\zflE >\m ÔÚ›Á> s·¬zD ÿ√VÚ‚|fl EÈ ]Úi¶VÕ>∫Ô^
ÔV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ
ÔV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ”99 ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD √V´]BVÏ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô¬ Ôs´VË t¸Z¸ (Misslizette
wool worth reese) ÷∫˛‹i √VÁ≠l_ ®ø]lÚ¬zD ∂ΩÔ^ EÈkuÁ≈ ºÂVzflE
®|›m¬ÔV‚|˛≈Vÿ´™ t¸ZL[ \Áw¬z ª¶VÔ ÷Ú ÿ«V¬z© √V¶_ÔÁ·›
>twV¬˛›>ÚkVÏ.

√Úk \Áwl[ AÁwÿBVo ºÔ‚¨Ï / ÷∫ÿÔ[ ˛wfl ÿƒsÔº· á غ≠V[


“√Úk
ºBVvVº«V y©√‚ÿ¶ˆÕ>m; TøD \Ȉ[ á ∂Á\]ÿB[º™ á ÿ«VÌ¥
ÿ«VÌ¥” 100
g∫˛ºÈV á ÷Õ]B ®øÕÿ>[˛≈kÁÔl_ g∫˛È›]_ ®ø]B x>_ >tw´V™
ÔVsˆ©ØD√‚Ω™D E›>ÂV> ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë (ºÔ. ®¸. ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë 1892- 1952) x>_
√Á¶©A ÔV˛>©√¶z (Paper Boats - 1421) ∂>[ J[≈VD √]©∏_ (1930) ŒÚ kV¬˛B›]_
ŒÚ x[–Á´.

“Edges - trimmed float again my paperboats” ÷>Á™ ÷©√Ω•D ®ø>ÈVD


“Edges - trimmed xÁ™Ô^ ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ float again ÔV˛>©√¶z My paper boats
t>¬Ô s|˛º≈[ *ı|D”

55
÷ÀkVÆ x[–Á´ kƒ™›Á>¬ Á«¬ÌkVÔ kΩk\Vu§ Á«¬Ì ®ø]B x>_
>twÏ ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë ®™ ÂVD ÿÔ·´s¬ÔÈVD ®[˛≈VÏ >tμÂV¶[,√V´]BVˆ[ ÿ«V¬z
ºÔV·Vÿ≈™ \Æ>o›ms‚| ®™ºk Á«¬Ì¬ÔsÁ> ∂>[ cˆB kΩk›m¶º™ >ta_
\‚|\_È ÷Õ]B ÿ\VaÔπºÈºB x>[ x>_ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ E.\˺B ®™ÈVD
1968 ÷_ ÂÁ¶x>_ ÷>a_ ¤©√VMB¬ Á«¬Ì¬ÔÁ· ∂kÏ ∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ 1970
÷_ EÕ>Ï ®[≈ ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω √V_ T]l_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. Á«¬Ìsuzfl EÕ>Ï ®[Æ
ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω™Ï. ∂>uz¬z^·Ï ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^, EÕ>Ω ®–D >ta[ JkΩ BV©A
kΩk›Á>•D cÏ›mD kÁÔl_ ÂÁ¶ ÷>a_ E.\Ë•D, ®¸. Áky¸k´–D
Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ®ø]™Ï ®[≈ ].‹ÈVk]l[ ±_Ô^ Á«¬Ì ©√u§B™kVF
ÿkπBVl™. 1984 ÷_ x>_ >tμ Á«¬Ì ÿ>Vz©√VÔ ŒsB¬ÔsQÏ ∂x> √V´]l[
ì A^π©Ø¬Ô^î ÿkπBVluÆ ∂º> gıΩ[ ÷Æ]l_ ÂkD√Ï \V>›]ºÈºB
∂§°\]l[ A_o[ OMl_ √M›mπ•D 1985 ÷_ ~º´V| >tw[√M[
ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô”D ÿkπBVl™ 10.04.1988 ÷_ \ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX‚¶Ô ÿkπX¶VÔ¬
ÔıΩl_ ÷È∫ÁÔl_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ› >ta_ ÿkπkÚD Á«¬Ì kΩk¬ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz] ®™¬z§©∏‚| ∑. x´π>´M[ ‘ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD’ ÿkπBV˛uÆ.

“ÌÁ¶ÁBfl
ÌÁ¶ÁBfl ƒ\Õm ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^ / Ô™¬Ôfl ∑\Õm ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^ c^º·
º>ƒD”101. √>flºƒV≈VÔ ∂]oÚÕm ŒÚ Á«¬Ì \‚|D º>V‚¶› ÿ>VaÈV·Ï
÷Õ>› º>ƒD
∑\Õm ÿƒ_KD ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒ›Á>ºB #¬˛ Ák›m s|˛[≈VÏ x´π>´[ 1991 ÷_
∑¤V>Vs[ Á«¬Ì ŒÚ A]B ∂§xÔD ÿkπBVluÆ ìÔsÁ>l[
˝DÿÈ[¸Á«¬Ì ®[√VÏ. ÂBD√¶ ∑¤V>V ÷Õ]BV|º¶ l_ ®m Á«¬Ì ®[≈
ºÔ^s¬z ∑¤V>Vs[ √]_ ì “J[Æ kˆ / ÷´ı| ÔV‚E / ŒÚ sB©A”î ∂|›ÿ>VÚ
ºÔ^s ì ‘Á«¬Ì k·Ú\V’?î®™ ∂>uz k·´Vm J[≈Ω >V[ ∂·° k·ÏÕ>V_
Á«¬Ì gÔVm ®[√º> ∂k´π›> √]_ g™V_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷>Á™ ºkÆ
s>\VÔ ∂b˛ ÷›>ÁÔB ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÔ^s¬z sÁ¶Bπ¬˛[≈VÏ

ì “{‚∑˜
{‚∑˜ ÂD cÏÁk ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ÿkπ©√|›> xBKD º√Vm ∂>uz
®›>Á™ ∂ÁƒÔ^ º>Ák©√|D ®[√Á> x[ Ì‚ΩºB ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩBVm
®[ÆD ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQ–¬zD ŒÀÿkVÚ kÁÔ ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈ ÷Ú¬zD,
√ıA ÷Ú¬zD, ®™ºk kˆÔÁ·© √z©√m ∂k™m sÚ©√›]uz s¶©√¶
ºkı|D ®[ÆD ÌÆkVÏ. √Vº≠ˆ°D ̶ ÔsQ[ sÚDAD ÔsÁ>›>V¬ÔD

56
∂ÁƒÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔl_ ÷_ÁÈ ®[√V[ Á«¬Ìs_ Amfl ÿƒF ÿ§
( New Trend School) N˛ ºÔVº¶V >ÁÈÁ\l_ ¤©√VMB ÿ\Val_ xÔD
ÔV‚ΩB º√Vm 3,7,5 ®[˛≈ ∂Áƒ ∂Á\©A J[Æ kˆÔπ_ ∂]Ï°Ô^
∞u√‚¶™. Á«¬Ìs_ kˆ ®_ÁÈ•D \V§Bm 5,5,3,5 ®[Æ ∂Áƒ
∂Á\©A¬ÿÔVı¶ ÂV[zkˆ Á«¬Ì ∂ÚD∏Bm. ÷ÀkΩk \VÆ>o_
Á«¬Ìs_ c‚ ÿ√V]° Á\B∫ÔπKD \Vu≈D WÔμÕ>m ®™›
ÿ>π°Æ›mkVÏ
ÿ>π°Æ›mkVÏ” 102 .

kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›]uÿÔ™ kV™D√VΩ, ÷>μ ÿkπ kÕ>m º√VȺk


Á«¬ÌsuÿÔ™ Ô´Õ>Ω x>[ x>_ Á«¬Ì ÷>wVÔºk ÿkπkÕ>m.
AmÁkloÚÕm Ê–. >tμ\Ë ∂>Á™ ¶›]™VÏ >M›>taB¬ÔD ƒVÏÕ>
>tμ©ÿ√BÏ >V[ (Ô´Õm + ∂Ω) Ô´Õ>Ω ®[√>VzD. \Á≈Õm >V¬z>_ ®–D ÿ√VÚ^
ÿÔVı¶m. J[≈V\Ωl[ E≈©Á√ x[MÆ›] ∂Á\Õ>m ÷©ÿ√BÏ ∂|›m
kÕ>kVEloÚÕm x.xÚºÔi gEˆB© ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’ ÷>μ
ÿkπk´ÈVluÆ. ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´ ÔVÏ su√Á™BV·ÏÔπ[ ∂Á\©∏[
ÿ√VÆ©√V·´V™ (ƒ¬] ÔVϸ) Ôs x>_ ƒ¬]ºk_ Á«¬Ì ÔsQÚD gÏkÈÚD gkVÏ.
24, 25.02.1994 º>]Ôπ_ Á«¬Ì √Ë\Á™ (Haib work shop) Œ[§Á™ \mÁ´
ÔV\´V¤Ï √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ› >taBu AÈ›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ> Œ©∏Ȭ˛B›mÁ≈ ¶›]Bm 1995
gD gıΩ_ >fiƒV∆ˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ cÈÔ›>tμ \VÂV‚Ω_ Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>¬ÿÔ™ºk
>MºBŒÚ zø ∂\Ï° ∞u√|›] Ô‚|Á´Ô^ √Ω¬Ô© ÿ√u≈™ ÷Õ]B ∂·sÈV™
∂Á™›]Õ]B¬ ÔsQÏ \VÂV| 1973 ÷_ ÿƒ[Á™l_ ¶›>©ÿ√uÆ ÷Õº>V á á
g∫˛È¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^ √Ω¬Ô©√‚¶º√Vm ∂ku§_ Á«¬Ì kΩk *>V™
∂¬ÔÁ≈Ô^ AÈ©√‚¶™. ÷ÁkÿB_ÈVD Á«¬Ì z§›> x¬˛B WÔμ°Ô·VzD.

÷Õ]BVs_ Á«¬Ì kΩk›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›]B z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÂV_kÚD


g∫˛È›mÁ≈© º√V´VEˆBÏÔº· (1) ∏á ÈV_ (k∫Ôÿ\Va) 2. ¿È\Ë©A¬ÔV[
(∂ƒVtBÿ\Va) 3. sib ÂV´VB[ ÂDØ]ˆ (\ÁÈBV· ÿ\Va) 4. E.\Ë ®[˛≈
√wMflƒVt (>tμÿ\Va) ∏.ÈVo[ Á«¬Ì¬Ô”D (ͬπ Â] *m √¶z) sib
ÂV´VB[ ÂDØ]ˆl[ Á«¬Ì ¬Ô”D √Ω\› ÿ>V¶ÏÔV·Ôºk ÿkπ© º√VÕ>™ á
ÂDØ]ˆl[ ∂Õ] ®–D Á«¬Ìs_ ÿ>V¶Ï √Ω\∫Ôπ[ c>V´›]uz
∂ku§oÚÕm {ˆÚ √Ω\∫Ô^, “Ww_Ô^
Ww_Ô^ ªÏ˛[≈™ zπÏÔVuÆ TEBm / ÂV^

57
ÔÁ´ >‚ΩBm ŒÚ ÔÁ>l_ kÚD s|ÔÁ> º√VÈ / º\uz¬ ÔÁ´l_ ´›>\VF
ÂV–D ∂m
∂m” 103. Á«¬Ì¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ c^·ÏÕ> >›mkD ÿƒ[ ÿ√·›>D
∂mºk n©√VMB Á«¬Ì¬Ôπ[ JÈ>V´ ªuƬÔıÔ^ gzD. ÿ¤[ √u§B EÈ
√]°ÔÁ·¬ ÔVıº√VD.

ÿƒ[ ®[≈V_ √VÏÁk ∂_È √∫ºÔuA


“ÿƒ[
ÿ\FlB_ ∂_È g¶_, √V¶_ , ÿÔVı¶V‚¶D,
∂§>È[Æ Aˆ>_, >ϬÔ\[Æ ∂>ϬÔD,
ÿƒV_È[Æ ÿ\·™D; s·¬Ô\[Æ A]Ï;
kVFÿ\VaB[Æ c¶_ÿ\Va , xB_k>[Æ
÷B_km, ÔVÈ\[Æ >ÚD, √VÁ>B[Æ √BD, ƒ\B\[Æ kVμ¬ÁÔ;
ÔsÁ>B[Æ Á«¬Ì ÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩBVÔºk ÷B_km >V[ ÿƒ[
]BV™D ®–D k¶ÿ\Vafl ÿƒV_
√Voÿ\Val_ ‘flƒV[
flƒV[
flƒV[’ ®™°D
Ê™›]_ ƒV[ ( Chan ) ®™°D
ƒ©√VMB ÿ\Val_ ÿƒ[ ( Zen)
®™°D kw∫ÔÈVluÆ , \ÔVBV™ ÿ√·›>›][ c‚∏ˆkV˛B
ÿƒ[ ÿ√·›>D ÔVfiEloÚÕm
√_Èk ÷·k´ƒÏ º√V]>Ú\´V_
Ê™›]_ √´©√©√‚¶ ÿ>[√Ï
ÿ>[√Ï”
AÈ©√|›mkVÏ” 104 .
®™© ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï AˆÕmÏ°¶[ ÷>Á™© AÈ©√|›mkVÏ

ƒV[∏´V[L¸ºÔV sˆz¶V©√z]l_ kVμÕmkÚD AÔμÿ√u≈ ÿ¤[ ÔsÁ>¬


ÔÁÈQ´V™ ÿ√ıÔsQÏ º¤[ xÁ≈BV™ \¶VÈB √luEÔ·›]_ ÿ¤[ √l[≈kÏ.
∂kÚ¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[Æ AGNI kÁÈ›>·›]_ g∫˛È›]_ ÿkπBV™m. ∂]_
∂kÏ ÿ¤[–D ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈ•D √u§¬ z§©∏‚¶ EÈ z§©AÔÁ· ÷∫ºÔ ÔVıº√VD.

“®™¬z
®™¬z ÂVº™, >MÁ\l_, ]≈ÕmÿÔV^k>uÔV™ ŒÚ ∑B›Á>fl ÿƒm¬Ô,
®™¬ÔV™ÿ>VÚ kVμÁk, ∏≈Ú¬zfl ÿƒVÕ>\_ÈV> Œ[Á≈, º>Ω¬ÿÔV^·
®ø›º> ®™¬ÔV™ kaBVlÚÕ>m. ®[Á™© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ÿÈ·ˇÔ
÷Ú©∏oÚÕm ∂B_kVμ >[Á\ÿÔV^”D WÁȺB ®[Á™ ÿ¤[ \uÆD
ÔsÁ>ºÂV¬˛ ÿÔVı|fl ÿƒ[≈m. ÔsÁ> ®[Á™ ÿ¤[M¶D ∂Áw›mfl
58
ÿƒ[≈m. ÿ¤[ ®[Á™¬ ÔsÁ>l¶D ]Ú©∏› >Õ>m. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÿƒB_
kÁÔ•D á ÔsÁ> ÿ¤[ á ®[Á™ ®©º√VmD ∏§]_ ]Ú©∏› >Õ>kVÆ
÷ÚÕm^·m. ÷mkÁ´ ∂Ák ®[ kVμs[ kÈm ÷¶m ÔV_Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕm
kÕm^·™” 105 .
kÕm^·™

]Ú¬z≈^ Œ[§´ıÁ¶ Á«¬ÌkV¬˛ kVE›m¬ ÔV‚|kVÏ >tμÂV¶[.


ÔV.E.ÿk∫Ô¶ ´\Ël[ x[–Á´l_ Á«¬Ì g¬˛BÁ>© º√VÈ, ÷ÀkVº≈
n∫zƱÆ, zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ© √V¶_Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈•D Á«¬ÌkV¬˛¬ ÔVxΩ•D ®[√VÏ
÷Õ]´V √VÏ›>ƒV´]. Á«Ì¬ ÔsÁ>l_ kΩkº\ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ s·∫zD.
ÿ¤[WÁÈ©√u§ c´›>V[ xΩ•D. s·¬zkm TıºkÁÈ ®™› >V[ cÏÕ>Á>
ÂDº\V| √˛ÏÕm ÿÔV^kVÏ.

“∂m
∂m ∂mkV˛ ÷Ú¬zD WÁÈl_, cÏ›mkmD cÏkmD Œ[≈V˛,
g[*ÔD ®[º≈V ´ƒÁ™ ®[º≈V kÁ´BÆ›m¬Ì≈ ÷BÈV> ∂–√kº\ Á«¬Ì
®[≈ ÔsÁ>. ÷Á> Zen WÁÈ ®[Æ ÌÆkVÏÔ^. y¬z^ s´ÁÈ Ák›>V_
cı¶VzD yı|D ÷[√D ÷m. ÷m cÚkÔD ÷_ÁÈ, ckÁ\•D ÷_ÁÈ.
÷m ºkÆ ®>–¶–D ÷ÁÕ>§•D ÔÚ›m ÷_ÁÈ. ÷m c^”Ïs[ JÈD
∞u√|D sa©A› >ÚD. Ê™ÿ\Val_ ‘ Satori’ ®[√VÏÔ^. ‘÷©ÿ√Vøm
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÷∫ºÔ
÷mºk
÷mºk’ ®[≈ \™©√V∫z ∂Ω\™›]_ A≈©√‚| ∂¬Ô™º\ kΩkD ÿÔV^”D
Á«¬Ì” 106.
c¶[ WÔμ°á5;7;5 ®[≈ kÁÔl_ 17 ÊÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m Á«¬Ì

Á«¬Ìs[ ÷ȬÔ kÁ´BÁ≈ z§›mD, ∂>[ ºkÆJÈ\VÔ ÿ¤[º™


s·∫zkm z§›mD \VÈ[ x[Ák¬zD √]°D ÷kuƶ[ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm.

“Á«¬Ìs[
Á«¬Ìs[ ÷ȬÔD tÔ ®πm Á«¬Ì ®[√m 17 ( Syllables )
Œo¬z§©AÔ^ cÁ¶B E§B ÔsÁ> √[M´ı¶Vkm Œo¬ z§©∏uz© ∏≈z
÷Ú¬zD ÔÚ›]_ ŒÚ ]Ú©√D ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD. ÷Á>flƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ AˆÕm
ÿÔV^k>uÔVÔ ÷Õ> Œo¬ z§©AÔÁ· J[Æ kˆÔ·VÔ ∂Á\›m¬
ÿÔV^kmı|, ∂>Vkm ÔÚ›m› ]Ú©√D ºÂÚD 13 km Œo¬z§©∏oÚÕm
J[≈Vkm kˆ x>_ ÷´ı| kˆÔ”¬zD ƒD√Õ>D ÷_ÈV> ŒÚ A]Ï º√V_
∂Á\¬Ô©√|D. A]ÏÔÁ· s|s¬Ô xBÈVº> ®[≈ ÿ¤[ E›>VÕ>›][
>V¬Ô›]™V_ ºÂÏÕ> ∂Á\©A ÷m. ÷mºk Á«¬Ìs[ ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ°D

59
, ∂º> ƒ\B›]_ x´ı√V|Ô”¬z¬ ÔV´\V•D gluÆ. ÿ¤[ ÿ√·›>D
∏uÔVÈ›]_ Z[¤VF, º¤V‚º¶V ®™ ÷Ú ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆÕ>m ÷]_ º¤V‚º¶,
]BV™D JÈD sa©AÏ° ÿ√≈ c>°km ˆ[¤VF ºÔ^sÔ^, A]ÏÔ^
JÈD sa©AÏ° ÿ√≈ kaÔV‚|km ˆ[¤VF ∏ˆ° k·ÏflE ∂Á¶Õ> º√Vm
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ” 107
Á«¬Ì √´kÈVÔ© AÔμ ÿ√u≈m ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ

÷©√]°Ô^ ®_ÈVku§¬z ª¶VÔ°D {ÚıÁ\ AÈ©√¶¬ ÔVÈVD ÷ÁkBV°D


ÿ¤[M_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ Á«¬ÌsºÈV Á«¬Ìs_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÿ¤[MºÈV k‚¶©√VÁ>BVF
∑w[Æ ∑w[Æ k´¬ÔVÈVD ÷>Á™ cÏ›mxÔ\VÔºk ÷©√]°Ô^ BV°D ÷∫ºÔ
ŒÚ ºƒ´ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™. Á«¬Ìs_ ®Ák ®Ák >sϬԩ√‚¶VÔ ºkı|D
®™¬ÔVıº√VD. ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈl_ ®m ®m ÔsÁ>BVÔVm ®[˛≈ A^πloÚÕm
ÿ>V¶∫zkm s\σÔÏÔ”¬zD cˆB ÷B_√VÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶©√ ÿ>V[º≈.
J[ÆkˆÔπ_ ÷Ú¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>ÁB•D Á«¬ÌÁk•D ®ÀkVÆ ºkÆ√|›]¬
ÔVı√m ®[˛≈ s™V°¬z› >tw[√[ √]_ ÷mºk.

J[≈ΩÔπ_ ÷Ú¬zD Œ[Æ Am¬ÔsÁ> ∂_ÈV\KD ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD.


ì“J[≈ΩÔπ_
Á«¬Ì∂_ÈV\KD ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. c√º>ƒD ÷Ú¬˛≈>V ÿ>V∫z ƒÁ>BV™
ÿƒVuÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™kV º>ÁkBu≈ ÷Á©Afl ÿƒVuÔ^ sˆÕ> ºkuÆÁ\
cÚAÔ^ g´kV´D ÿƒF•D ÿƒVuºÔVÁkÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™kV? ÿƒVuÔ^
∂·s_ \‚|D >V[ ÿ√VÚ^, ŒuÁ≈© √ˆ\V›Á>Ô¶¬ÔV> º>F°. º>¬ÔD
÷Ú¬˛[≈™kV ÷©√ΩÿB_ÈVD ÷ÚÕ>V_,∂m J[≈Ωl_ ÷ÚÕ>V_
®™©√]Èπ©√VÏ” 108 .
Á«¬ÌkVÔVm ∞[, Am¬ÔsÁ> ̶ gÔV\_ º√VFs|D ®™©√]Èπ©√VÏ

Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>l_ >[ xÁ™©A ( ego )


“Á«¬Ì ∂≈ºk ˛Á¶BVm >[Á\
x[MÁÈ ®[§_ÈV\_ ( impersonal) gÔ ®ø>©√|km >V[ ∂>[ \´A
√VÏ›>ƒV´]” 109 Á«¬Ì g>V´∫
>Õ] ÿ\Va º√VoÚ¬zD ®[√VÏ ÷Õ]´V √VÏ›>ƒV´]
ÿÔV^”D Á\B©A^πBV™ >›mk©√V∫z ®›>ÁÔBm ®™°D, kΩkº\ ÿ√VÚ·V˛
WuzD ∂>[ Œ[§©∏Á™•D, ®[ÿ™[™kuÁ≈› >sÏ›>VÔ ºkı|ÿ\–D c^
s]ÔÁ·•D \‚|D ÷∫ºÔ Ôıº¶VD ÷M Á«¬Ì ®–D zÆD√V kΩs[
kÁÔÁ\ÔÁ·•D ∂>[ x[º™VΩ© ∏>V\Ô[Ô·V˛B ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ~º´V|
>tw[√[ z§›mD kÚD ÷B_Ôπ_ sˆkVÔ¬ ÔVıº√VD.

60
xΩ°Ô^

ÔsQÏ Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ º>EB ÷B¬Ôfl ƒVϺ√V|D, ÔsQÏ ~º´V|


>tw[√[ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô WÁÈ√V‚º¶V|D, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ôfl
ƒVϺ√V|D tz]•D >D √Á¶©AÔÁ·© √Á¶›m^·™Ï ®ø›m, kV™D√VΩ, zÆD√V
ÔVÈÔ‚¶ ÔsQÏÔ^ √u§•D ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ> \´A √u§•D ÷ÀkVFs_ sˆkVÔ
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ^ ®ø›m \´∏oÚÕm ºkÆ√‚| A]B ÿ√VÚÁ·•D, A]B


ºÂV¬ÁÔ•D ÿÔVı| >D √Á¶©AÔÁ·© √Á¶›m^·™Ï.

®ø›m ÔsÁ> \´∏oÚÕm \VÆ√‚¶º> kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´ÿ√[√m


Ì≈©√‚|^·m. kV™D√VΩ \´A ƒJÔ ¿]l[ ®]ÿ´VoBV™ ƒ\>Ï\›Á> ̧ Wu√m
÷>[ ƒV´DƒD gzD. \Æ©A, ®]Ï©A, ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®–D J[Æ ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ kV™D√VΩ
\´∏_ ÔV¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™.

AÁ™sB_, ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÌÆÔ^, º√flºƒVÁƒ©√ıA, √Ω\ cÚkÔ© √V∫z


÷kuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™ ®[√m
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™. kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ·V™ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D, ~º´V| >tw[√–D
A›]Ȭ˛B kÁÔBV™ Á«¬Ì ®[≈ zÆD√V \´Á√ >tø¬z ∂§xÔD ÿƒF>™Ï.

\´A¬ÔsÁ>, kƒ™ÔsÁ>, \´A ÔsÁ> ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§_


Am¬sÁ>¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈º> Á«¬Ì \´√VzD. Á«¬Ì \´∏uz ÿ¤[
>›mkº\ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ®[√Á> ∂§B xΩ˛≈m.

÷Õ]B ÿ\Val_ Á«¬Ì ®ø√mÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ >ÁÈÔV‚ΩuÆ. g∫˛ÈD,


¸√VMBD, ˛º´¬ÔD, È›y[, ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÿ\VaÔπKD Á«¬Ì ®[≈ ÔsÁ> kΩkD
÷¶Dÿ√≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛uÆ.

÷Õ]BVs_ x>o_ Á«¬Ì ®[≈ kΩk›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ E.\Ë.


Á«¬Ì g>V´∫ ÿÔV^”D Á\B©A^πBV™ >›mk©√V∫z ®›>ÁÔBm ®™°D,
Á«¬Ìs_ ®kuÁ≈ÿB_ÈVD >sÏ›>VÔ ºkı|D ®[–D c^ s]ÔÁ·•D
Á«¬Ìs[ kÁÔÔ^, c›]Ô^ √u§•D sˆkVÔ s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

61
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^

1. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|,


ºÔV‚√V| cÈÔ›
>twV´VFflE WÆk™D, ÿƒ[Á™, 1994, √.34.

2. ÿ>V.x.E.´zÂV>[, ∂¬º¶V√Ï A´‚E•D >tμ ÷Ȭ˛BxD, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ


A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 1980, √.10.

3. T.H. Dak, ‘Social Frame work of Social Justice and Equalitarian idealogy’
Social Justice and Equality in India, Ess Ess Publications, New Delhi,
1987, pp.41-43

4. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √. 34

5. º\Èm., √. 4.

6. \ˬÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[, \ˬÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[ ®ø›m¬Ô^, ÔÁBVa


ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 1984, √¬.294á295.

7. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD, \¬Ô^


ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 2001, √.46.

8. º\Èm., √.46.

9. zΩ ∂´∑ ÷>μ, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, 10.5.1925.

10. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V., ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V. EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>Vz] á1,


EÕ>Á™BV·Ï ÔwÔD, ]ÚflE´V©√^π, 1974, √. 356.

11. º\Èm., √.341.

12. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V., ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V. EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>Vz] á2,


EÕ>Á™BV·Ï ÔwÔD, ]ÚflE´V©√^π, 1974, √. 1005 á 1008.

13. zΩ ∂´∑ ÷>μ, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, 6.11.1948.

14. ºƒ.÷´VºƒÕ]´[, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD, Ø\Ë


√]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1985, √. 85.

62
15. ƒVt E>D√´D, >twÏ >ÁÈkÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ~.ÿk.´V. kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ,
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ∏´flƒV´ WÆk™ ÿkπX|, g≈VD √]©A, ÿƒ[Á™,
1971, √.14.

16. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD, √.44.

17. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ÷Õ]B› >›mk∫Ôπ[ ∂´EB_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_,


ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1998, √.30.

18. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD, √.44.

19. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √.33.

20. ºƒ.÷´Vº¤Õ]´[, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD


>V¬ÔD, √. 94.

21. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ÔDRMƒD s|>ÁÈl[ ÷ȬÔD, √ˆ\VD


ÿkπX|, ºÔVÁk, 1982, √¬.7á8.

22. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ˇÁw \VϬEBD, √ˆ\VD ÿkπX|, ºÔVÁk, 1990,


√.171.

23. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™,


2007, √. 374.

24. √VÈV, ÌÆ√|›>©√‚¶ cÈzD, >MÁ\ ÷Ȭ˛BxD, ÔVÕ>^, ÔVÏÌ]Ï ÷>μ,


gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï, \mÁ´, 1994, √.34.

25. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, J[≈VD cÈÔ© √]©√ÔD,


ºÔVÁk, 1991, √.152.

26. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,


ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆ 2009, √¬.82á83.

27. √VÈV, ÔVÕ>^, ÔVÏÌ]Ï ÷>μ, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï, 1994, √¬.33á34.

28. ®D.∞. O‡\V[, ]≈™VF°¬ Ô‚|Á


Ô‚|Á´´Ô^
Ô^,, ∂[™D ÿkπX|, EkÔ∫ÁÔ, 1985,
√¬.146á147.

63
29. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, √.84.

30. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, \VuÆ ÷>BD, ®ø›m© ∏´∑´D, ÿƒ[Á™, 1974, √.49.

31. >tμÂV¶[, ÷ƒ∫Ô^, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™, ∂¬ 2000, √¬.46á47.

32. ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>flEÕ>Á™Ô^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1990,


√¬.52á53.

33. √∑kFBV, Â|WE ÂVFÔ^


ÂVFÔ^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1992, √.27.

34. ÂV. kV™\V\ÁÈ, Am¬ÔsÁ> xuº√V¬zD ∏uº√V¬zD, \¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,


ÿƒ[Á™, 1974, √.28.

35. º\Èm., √¬.25á26.

36. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, ®ø›m ÷>μá62, ÿƒ[Á™, 1964.

37. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, √.84.

38. E∏fl ÿƒ_k[, ºÂÏÔV_ E.\Ë, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, º\ 2009,
√.84.

39. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √.152.

40. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, \VuÆ ÷>BD, √.29.

41. ÿ¤Ô[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ cÚkD, >V\Á´ ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ∏©.1969, √. 82.

42. ÿk∫Ô‚ ƒVtÂV>[, ÷©√Ω ŒÚ√BD, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, ]ÚflE, º\,
2009, √¬.25á26.

43. E∏flÿƒ_k[, ºÂÏÔV_ E.\Ë, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, √.84.

44. ÔV.ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ÷Ȭ˛B©√z], ]™\Ë, 17.10.1987.

45. ∂. \VϬ¸, \VϬEBxD ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ ∏[ ÂT™›mkxD, ÿ√V[M


ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 1991, √¬.47á48.

64
46. Ô.ÁƒÈVƒ√], ÷Ȭ˛BxD ]≈™VF°D, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
1981, √.147.

47. ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>flEÕ>Á™Ô^, √.52.

48. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, ªmk›]©A_, ¨ÔV¬ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™ 1993, √¬.135á136.

49. ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´D, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ∂Ô cÈÔfl E›]ˆ©AÔ^, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, ÷Ȭz Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1985, √.57.

50. Â.x›mflƒVt, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ Amÿ\Va ∂Á\©AÔ”D Am ∂Ï›>∫Ô”D,


Am¬ÔsÁ>•D Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √. 149.

51. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, x[–Á´, Am¬z´_, ®ø›m ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 1970.

52. ~º´V|>tw[√[, ÔsÁ>flEÕ>Á™Ô^, √.52.

53. ∑z\V´[, ®ø›mD ÔsÁ>•D, EÈ∏uÔVȬz§©AÔ^, ÔVÈfl∑k|


÷>μá119, ÂVÔϺÔVs_, ÂkD√Ï, 2009, √.34.

54. ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´D, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ∂Ô cÈÔfl E›]ˆ©AÔ^, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √.139.

55. º\Èm., √.141.

56. Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √¬.3á4.

57. ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √. 206.

58. Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √¬.4á5.

59. ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √. 205.

60. Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √.5.

61. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.128.


65
62. º\Èm., √.395.

63. º\Èm., √.339.

64. º\Èm., √.412á413.

65. º\Èm., √.412.

66. kV™D√VΩ ÷>μá17, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, ÿ√V^·VflE, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2009.

67. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 124, 125, 126.

68. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √. 42.

69. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √. 216.

70. º\Èm., √. 184.

71. ®¸.g_√Ï‚, ÿƒV_K¬z ∂©√V_ ÔVbD ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D
Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √¬.89á90.

72. Ek>Vb, ºÂÏÔV_ QV™Ì›>[, ÷MB c>BD ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ∏©´kˆ,


2006.

73. zkÁ·¬Ôı[, ºÂÏÔV_ ∑¤V>V, ÔVÈfl∑k| 119 gD ÷>μ,


ÂVÔϺÔVs_, ÂkD√Ï, 2009.

74. ∂.\VϬ¸, ÂT™>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Úº√V¬zÔ^, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛


cıÁ\ÔÁ·© º√∑ºkVD, ÔÚ©A ∏´]Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.63.

75. ®¸.g_√Ï‚, ®ø√mÔπ_ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛BD, 1982, √.89.

76. ÿƒ. ºBVÔ´VƒV, ~w›][ Am¬ÔsÁ> k·ÏflE ŒÚ ÔıºV‚¶D, kV™D√VΩ


÷>μá21, ~w›m ÔsÁ>flE≈©∏>μ, ÿ√V^·VflE, ΩƒD√Ï 1982.

77. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 400á401.

78. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬.11á12.

79. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003,

66
√.282.

80. √VÈV, ÔVÕ>^, ÔVÏÌ]Ï ÷>μ, gÔáÂk.1994.

81. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √. 268.

82. Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √.7.

83. º\Èm., √.13.

84. ].ºÔVsÕ>[, ∞ÿ™[Æ, ∏´√fiƒD, ÷>μá1, ºƒÈD, hÁÈ 79.

85. kV™D√VΩ, ÷>μ 17, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, ∂¬.79.

86. Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √. 56.

87. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.426.

88. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √.210.

89. y´VÂ], ºÂÏ ÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆ, 2005.

90. ÷MB Á«¬Ì, ÷>μá16, ~º´V| >tw[√[ √]_Ô^, kÕ>kVE, \VÏfl,


∞©´_, 2004, √ .5.

91. º\Èm., √¬. 5á6.

92. ÷´V. º\VÔ[, t[tM¬ÔsÁ>Ô^, ÷MB Á«¬Ì ÷>μ á17, …[, …ÁÈ
2004, √. 23.

93. *´V, Á«¬Ì ŒÚ zÆD√VÏÁk, ÔVÕ>^ ÷>μ, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï, 1999,


√.23.

94. ÿƒD\ÈÏ ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ÿƒ[Á™,


gÔ¸‚ 1995, √.29.

95. >tμÂV¶[ ºƒÈD, ¤©√VMB¬ ÔsÁ> ˛∫ÔáØá «¬Ì á ÿƒ[ˆR,

67
√VÏk] A¬≠V©, ºƒÈD, 2001, √.57.

96. ÿƒD\ÈÏ ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, √.29.

97. ÷Ȭ˛B©√VƒÁ≈ ÷>μ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ¤™kˆ, ∏©´kˆ, ºÔVÁk,


1993.

98. >tμÂV¶[ ºƒÈD, ¤©√VMB¬ ÔsÁ> ˛∫ÔáØá «¬Ì á ÿƒ[ˆR,


√¬.81á83.

99. º\Èm., √¬.100á103.

100. º\Èm., √¬.108á109.

101. ∑. x´π>´[, ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD, \ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX|, ÔıΩ, 1988, √.17.

102. ÷MBÁ«¬Ì ÷>μá17, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, √¬. 8á9.

103. >tμÂV¶[ ºƒÈD, ¤©√VMB¬ ÔsÁ> ˛∫ÔáØá «¬Ì á ÿƒ[ˆR,


√¬.95á98

104. ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,


ÿƒ[Á™, 2005.

105. ∂∏ÈVi.(ÿ\V.ÿ√), ÿ¤[–D ÔsÁ>¬ ÔÁÈ•D, º¤[ Nϸ ¨_|¶[ ŒÚ


ƒÕ]©A, ∂¬M kÁÈ>·©√]°.

106. ÷Õ]´V √VÏ›>ƒV´], Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>Ô^, ∂x>∑´∏ y√Vkπ\ÈÏ,


ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √. 74.

107. \VÈ[, ºÔVl_ \Ël_ #∫zD kı›m©ØflEÔ^, ÔÁBVa,


Á«¬Ìfl E≈©∏>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, \VÏfl 1991.

108. ÷MBÁ«¬Ì ÷>μ,14, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2003.

109. ÷Õ]´V√VÏ›>ƒV´], Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>Ô^, √.75.

68
÷B_á2

x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

2.1 \´∏[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”D kÁÔÁ\©√V|D

2.2 c^·¶¬ÔD \uÆD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ º>Ï°

2.3 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.3.1 *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

2.3.2 ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

2.3.3 kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

2.3.4 ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^


÷B_á2

x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

2.1 \´∏[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”D kÁÔÁ\©√V|D

\´Á√ ∂§Õm \´Á√ ®]ÏÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^, kV™D√VΩÔ^ ∂kÏÔ”^”D


z§©√VÔ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ·V™ Eu∏, ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ~º´V| >tw[√[
JkÚD gkÏ. \´A¬ÔsÁ> Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√>Á™ ÷™D∏ˆ¬zD ºkÆ√V|Ô^,
BV©A, √V|ÿ√VÚ^, AÈ©√|›mD √V∫z ®™ x›]≈›>VKD ÔV¬˛¶©√™ºk.
\´Á√ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı¶s>xD, ∂>Á™ ÷kÏÔ^ ®]ÏÿÔVı¶ s>xD ŒÚ
\VÆkm \´A.
kÁÔl_ ÷kÏÔ·m √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› yÏ\VM›> ÔV´ËBVzD. “\VÆkm
÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ \VuÆkm \´A
\´A”1 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ ˛. ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt.

xuº√V¬z, \M>V∏\V™D, >›mk∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôs›mk∫Ôº·V|


“xuº√V¬z,
÷´ı¶≈¬ ÔÈÕm ÷Ȭ˛B ∂´∫˛_..... \´Á√ ÂV∫Ô^ √ÁwB
>ÁÈxÁ≈l[ √ˆºƒV>Á™BVÔ© √VϬ˛[º≈VD. \´√§Õm \´ÿ√]ϬzD
º√V¬z c´V>kÏÔ^ ÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVu§[ ®Õ> ∂Dƒ›Á>•D
∏´Ô¶™D” 2
∂§BV>kÏÔ^ ®[√m kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ ÿÔV^ÁÔ© ∏´Ô¶™D
\´A ®[√m º>¬ÔD ∂[Æ;
®[√VÏ k_o¬Ôı[. \´A √u§ Eu∏ “\´A
÷Á¶B≈Vm {|D {Ï ÷B¬Ô›][ √z]. >[Á™›>Vº™ ∂a›m¬ÿÔVı|
º√V[≈m” 3 .
÷ÁÈ•D >πÚ\VF √ˆV\DÿÔV^”D sÁ>ÁB© º√V[≈m

kV™D√VΩÔ^ >tμ \ıË[ \´A ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^. ÷∫z ÷Ú¬˛≈


“kV™D√VΩÔ^
Ûw_, ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^. ∂Á>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
g´D∏›>m” 4 \´∏[
∏[A>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®_ºÈVˆ¶xD Ôk™D ÿ√≈ g´D∏›>m
kÁÔÔÁ·•D ∂Ák ®ÀkVÆ √B[√|›> ºkı|D ®[≈ s·¬Ô›Á>•D
z§©∏|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

\´∏_ W´Õ>´ \´A, ÔVÈ \´A ®™ ÷ÚkÁÔÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.


“\´∏_
W´Õ>´ \´A ®[≈V_ ‘∂
∂ ’á™V
á™V ®[≈V_ ÷©√Ω›>V[ ®ø> ºkı|D ®[Æ
>ta_ ÂVD cÚkV¬˛Ák›]Ú¬˛º≈VD. ∂Õ> kΩk›Á> \Vu≈ xΩBVm.
÷m>V[ W´Õ>´ \´A. ∂|›>m ÔVÈ\´A. ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_
70
√B[√|›mk>uÔVÔ¬ EÈkuÁ≈ cÚkV¬˛ ÷Ú©√VÏÔ^. ∂m ®_ÈV¬
ÔVÈ›]KD √B[√¶Vm c>V´›]uz >ÁÈk[ º>ˆ_ kÕ>V[
kÕ>V[” 5 ®[√Ï
∂©m_ ´z\V[.

∞º>V \´A ®[≈V_ √ÁwBm. Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ∂≈ºk, \´A›


ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ A›>DA]Bm ®[√>[Æ. ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÿ>V¶ÚD \´∏[
ÿ>V¶º´V‚¶›]_ A]BÁ> ºÂV¬Ô xÕÁ>Bm √ÁwBm. A]BmD ∂>uz©∏[ kÚD
A]BÁ> ºÂV¬Ô© √ÁwBm ®™› ÿ>V¶∫zD ŒÚ ∑wuE >V[ ÷m. \‚|t[§
\´Á√ ∂§Õ>V_>Vº™ \´Á√ *Ækÿ>[√m ̶ ƒV›]B©√|D. \´Á√› >[
kB\V¬˛ºB AmÁ\ ÿƒa¬ÔÈVzD. ®™ºk ∞u√mD \Æ©√mD \´∏[√Vu√‚¶
\´A ŒÚ ¿º´V‚¶D Œ[ÆD √È°\VÔ› >M›mD ºƒÏÕmD
∂Dƒ∫Ôº·. “\´A
˛Á·›mD kÚD ¿º´V‚¶D. \´A ŒÚ \V]ˆBV™m ∂_È ; Œº´ Ê´V™m
∂_È ; Œº´ ºkÔº\V Œº´ ]ÁƒºBV ÿÔVı¶m ∂_È ; \´A ∑TÔˆ©√m
\‚|D ∂_È ; ÔΩ™ cÁw©A¶[ ºkıΩ© ÿ√≈¬ÌΩBm \´A. ÷≈Õ>
ÔVÈ›][ √w∑ÔÁ· \‚|\_È, WÔμÔVÈ›][ Am∑ÔÁ·•D
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m ; kÚ∫ÔVÈ›][ Ô™°ÔÁ·•D ÔÚsºÈ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m
\´A. c^x´ı√V|Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m ; >V¬z>_Ô”¬z› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
g·Vkm, \´A cÁ¶B¬ÌΩBm; cÁ¶¬Ô¬ ÌΩBm; cÁ¶ÕmD EÁ>ÕmD
ÌΩBm” 6 ®[√Ï ].∑.¶´Vƒ[. “\´A
A]>VF cÚkVÔ¬ ÌΩBm \´A ®[≈V_ √ÁwÁ\
®[Æ ÿ√VÚ·_È ; ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÷Ȭ˛BxÁ≈Á\l[ ∂Á¶BV·D.
gÔºk \´AÔ^ √ÈkuÁ≈ ∂§BxΩ•D
∂§BxΩ•D” 7 ®™ \´∏[ ∂Á¶BV·›Á>
s·¬z˛≈VÏ m.ÊMflƒVt.

∂§QÏÔπ[ \´A *≈ÁÈ› >twk[ ÌÆkm ÷∫z ®ı›>¬Ôm.


º¤D¸ ¤VF¸ >[ xÕ]B \´Á√ \Æ©√mD \´A>V[ (∂>Vkm ∂m ŒÚ
“º¤D¸
kVƒÔfl ÿƒB_√V|) QV™¬Ì›>[, ÔD√[\´Á√ E≈©∏›m ®|©√mD \´A©
∏´¬ÁQ>V[. ∏´VF| >V[ ÿƒV_o ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ®Õ>©Am¬Ôı|∏Ω©AD
A]B>_È
A]B>_È” 8 . ÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>_Ô^ kVF¬Ô©ÿ√uÆ \´Á√ ∂§Õm \´Á√
®]Ï›>kÏÔ·VÔºk x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”D ]Ôμ˛[≈™Ï. ÷Õ> ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈ
∂kÏÔ^ Amkm AÁ™˛[≈kÏÔ·VÔ°D √ˆt¬˛[≈™Ï. ÷[ÿ™VÚ
x¬˛B\V™ ∂DƒD \´ÿ√[≈V_ ∂m BV©∏[ A≈WÁÈBV™ kΩkD√u§B
Œ[Æ\‚|Õ>V™V?
71
\´ÿ√[√m >tμ\´A, >tμ\´∏[ g] ∂≈D, ƒ\Bfi ƒV´V> \´A ®[ÿ≈VÚ
ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚E•D ÔV¬˛¶¬˛≈>_ÈkV. ÷>Á™fl >[\B\V¬˛BkÏÔ^ x©ÿ√Ú∫
ÔsQÏÔÁ· ∂Ô©√|›]B kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›]™Ï. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ·V™
Eu∏, >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ z§›m QVMl[ √]_ ∏[kÚ\VÆ
AÈÁ\ \´∏oÚÕm >DÁ\ ÿk‚Ω¬ÿÔV^˛≈ ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
∂Á\˛≈m. “AÈÁ\
>tμ\´∏oÚÕm÷kÏÔ^ >VıΩfl ÿƒ_Ès_ÁÈ. √V´]l[ kVˆ∑Ôÿ·™›
>DÁ\ ÷kÏÔ^ ÔÚmkm ÷>™V_>V[
÷>™V_>V[” 9.

ÿƒ_È©√V
“ÿƒ_È©√V x>oBkÏÔ·V_ ÷™D ÔVxΩBV> >tμ\´A
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ”¬z© √È A]B g¬Ô∫ÔÁ· sÁ·s›>m. \´A
®[√m ®mÁÔ, º\VÁ™, BV©A x>oB ŒÚ EÆ ÌÆÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm. k^”kϬz^”D ÷·∫ºÔV°¬z^”D ÷B∫˛B
>ta[ ∂≈ c≈ cÏ° \´Á√› >DÔVÈfl Ûwo_ \VϬEB ÿ§l[
JÈD kV™D√VΩÔ^ >\¬z^ sˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï
ÿÔVı¶™Ï” 10 ®[√Ï.
>tμ √V´D√ˆB \´√§Õm ÿkπkÕ> kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ z§›mD x©ÿ√ÚD
>tμ\ıË[ ƒV´xD, √V´D√ˆB \´∏[
ÔsQÏÔ^ z§›mD ÿÔ·EÔ[, “>tμ\ıË[
ºkÏÔ”\u≈ ÔÚ›mÈÔfl EÕ>Á™ÁB kΩk Z]BVÔ ∞uƬÿÔVı¶ >tμ
÷Ȭ˛B cÈÔD c^·¶¬Ô Z]BVÔ ¿ı¶ #´ s›]BVƒ›]_ >^πºB
Ák›]ÚÕ>m. ∂>™V_>V[ 17 ÷>μÔ^ \‚|º\ ÿkπkÕ> kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬ÔD ÿ√u≈ \¬Ô^ ÿƒ_kV¬ÁÔ 119 ÷>μÔ^ ÿkπkÕ> ®ø›>V_
ÿ√≈xΩBs_ÁÈ” 11 ®[√Ï.
ÿ√≈xΩBs_ÁÈ
].∑.¶´Vƒ[ ∂kÏÔ^ >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ[ ÿ√VmÁ\©√u§•D,
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ kΩkWÁÈ©√u§•D ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. “ƒ∫Ô
ƒ∫Ô
÷Ȭ˛BD, EÈDA, ]Ú¬z≈^, ÔD√´V\VBD ÷ÕÂV[zD
√È>ÁÈxÁ≈l™´VKD √È >´©∏™´VKD ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ ÔÚ›m
ºkÆ√VΩ[§© º√ˆÈ¬˛B∫Ô^ ®[Æ ∞uƬÿÔV^·©√|√Ák
÷ÕÂV[˛uzD ªΩÁwBVÔ ŒÚ ÿ√VmÁ\BV™ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ Á\B∫
ÿÔVı|^·m. ∂>Vkm ƒV] ƒ\Bfl ƒVÏ√u≈ ŒÚ ÿ√Vm \M>zÈ º\[Á\
( Secular and Universal Humanity) ∂>Á™ ∂ΩÿBVu§B >tμ÷™©
ÿ√ÚÁ\ ( Tamil Elkcs ) ®[√m Á\B\VÔ ∂_Èm ÿƒF] s|©√VÔ
( Message) ÷Ú¬˛≈m
÷Ú¬˛≈m” 12 ®[√Ï.
72
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ƒJÔ›]_ Ôıÿ¶|›> ƒ\>Ï\D ®[√Á>
\mÛ>™[ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ >\¬z^ ƒJÔD º>Ω
“kV™D√VΩ¬
÷Æ]l_ ƒ\>Ï\›]_ ÿkπ©√‚¶™Ï. ƒ\>Ï\D >V[ \M>M[ ∂Ω©√Á¶
∂≈\VÔ¬ Ôı¶™Ï. ƒ\›mkD ®[√m g] ∂≈D. ÷m ÷kÏÔ”¬z©
º√Vm\V™>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÷Õ> ∂≈›][ g”ÁÔÁB cÈÔ
∂·sKD >\¬z^”D Ôı¶™Ï
Ôı¶™Ï” 13 ®[√Ï. ÷ÀkV≈V™ >tμ \´∏[ g]
∂≈›Á> >™>V¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ·VÔºk x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ \´A z§›>
AˆÕmÏ°D ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. xÕÁ>B g] ∂≈›]Á™ºB √V´]
√V´]>Vƒ–¬z ª¶VÔ°D c^kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›>kÏÔ·VÔ ÿkπ©√|kº> ÷kÏÔπ[
\´√§Õm \´ÿ√]ϬzD √ΩBVÔ ÷kÏÔπ[ √Á¶©A¬Ô^ ªº¶ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m.
\´ÿ√[√m BV©A \´A \‚|\[Æ >ta[ c^·VÏÕ> g] ∂≈ \´ÿ√™¬
Ôıº¶VD. \´ÿ√[√m >tμ\´A \‚|Õ>V™V ®™ ∂|›> ºÔ^s ®ø˛[≈m.
>tø¬ÿÔ[Æ >Mfl E≈©√V™ \´A c^·m. ÷m >s´ ÷Õ]B ∂·s_ ŒÚ
ÿ√Vm\´A c^·m. ∂©A≈D cÈÔ·VsB \´ÿ√V[ÆD c^·m. x©ÿ√ÚD
ÔsQÏÔπ[ E≈©√DƒD ®[™ÿk[≈V_ ÷›>z xD\´AÔ”¬zD ªº¶
ª¶VΩ¬˛¶¬zD ∂kÏÔπ[ k_ÈÁ\ºB ®™ÈVD.

J[Æ \´AÔ^ √u§•D ∂kuÁ≈© Am¬ÔsQÏÔ^ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|


®ÀkVÆ c›]Ô·VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á> ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ s·¬ÔD
cÈÔ \´A, ÷Õ]B \´A, >tμ \´A g˛B J[ÆD >tμ
∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. “cÈÔ
÷Ȭ˛B© √Á¶©√VπÔπ[ cϺkV| ÔÈÕm WuzD ÔVȬ Ô‚¶D ÷m.
c≈° ka cÈÔ \´AD, ÂV|ka ÷Õ]B \´AD, ÿ\Va ka›>tμ \´AD
÷¬ÔVÈ© Am¬ÔsÁ>BV·ÏÔ”¬z¬ ÔVȬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ¬ ˛Á¶›m^·™.
÷>™V_ >tμ ÿ\Va¬z \‚|º\ cˆB kw¬z¬ z§X|Ôº· ∂[§, ∏≈
ÂV‚ΩuzD, ÷Õ]B ÂV‚ΩuzD cˆB kw¬z¬ z§X|ÔÁ·•D g”D
kVF©Á√© Am¬ÔsÁ>BV·Ï ÿ√uÆ^·™Ï
ÿ√uÆ^·™Ï” 14 ®[√Ï.

ÔsflEÔ´∫Ô^ ®[≈V_ ÔD√[, ÷·∫ºÔV, k^”k[ g˛B JkÚD>V[


®[√m √V´]l[ kV¬z. ∂Á> Eu∏ ®|›m¬ ÌÆkm ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. √V´]
>tμ ÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®©√Ω ∂Á¶BV·D Ôı¶VÏ ®[ÆD ÂVD ÔVı√m
∂kEBD. \Æ√Ω•D, \Æ√Ω•D ∂k™V_ √È WÁÈÔπ_ ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚¶©√‚¶

73
x©ÿ√ÚD Ôsfl EÔ´∫Ô^ ÔD√[, k^”k[, ÷·∫ºÔV g˛B JkÚD>V[.
√V´]l[ ÷Õ>› º>ÏsÁ™ ÷[ÆkÁ´ \Vu§•Á´©√VÏ BVÚt_ÁÈ.

EÈ©√]ÔV´D ÿƒF•^ ÂÁ¶BV_ cBÏÕ>m. ]Ú¬z≈^ cÆ]•D ∂wzD,


ÿ>π°D ÿÔVı¶ ÿ√VÚ·V_ E≈Õ>m. ÔD√[ √Á¶©º√V ÷Às´ıÁ¶•D
c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ®_ÁÈÿBV[§[Á\ÁB ºÂV¬˛©√≈Õm √VFÕ>m.
÷m>V[ √V´]l[ ÔÚ›m. >tμ› º>EB›m¬z ÷·∫ºÔVÁk•D, ÷Õ]B›m¬z¬
ÔD√Á™•D, cÈ˛B›m¬z k^”kÁ´•D ∂kÏ º>ÏÕÿ>|›]Ú¬Ô°D Ì|D.
÷´ı¶Vl´\Vı| ÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVu§_ \Æ º√fl∑¬z ÷¶t[§ ÷kÏÔº·
“÷´ı¶Vl´\Vı|
>Mfl EÔ´∫Ô^ ∏≈ √Á¶©AÔ^ ®_ÈVD z[ÆÔ^, ∂ÚsÔ^, A>ÏÔ^,
√^·›>V¬zÔ^>VD
√^·›>V¬zÔ^>VD” 15 ®[√Ï.

xD\´AÔÁ· c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>BV·Ï z§›> ∂©m_


´z\V[ √]°D ; x©ÿ√Úfi EÔ´∫ÔÁ· c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı¶ √V´]BVÏ z§›>
Eu∏l[ √]°D ; >tμ\´∏[ g]∂≈›Á> ∂Á¶BV·©√|›] WuzD ŒÚ
k´ÈVuÆ ƒ¬]BVÔ ~º´V| >tw[√[ z§›> ∏[kÚD √]°D ÷Õ> xD\´Afl
ƒ∫Ô\ ºÂV¬˛_ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.

ÂV. ∑©∏´\ËB[ ∂kÏÔ^ \´Á√ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >tμ \´∏uºÔu√


ÔsQÏ ~º´V|
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· >tw[√[ √Á¶›]Ú¬zD E≈©Á√ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “ÔsQÏ
>tw[√[ ∂kÏÔÁ·© ÿ√VmkVÔ© √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÏ
kakÕ>kÏ ®™ ÂVD ∑‚Ω™VKD, ∂kÁ´ º\u∑‚ΩB ÷´ı¶Vl´D gı|›
>twÔ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§[ ƒ\ÔVÈfl ÿƒ_ÿ§l[ k´ÈVuÆ›
>¶∫ÔπÿÈV[Á≈ ÷™∫ÔV‚Ω ∂Á¶BV·©√|›] WuzD k´ÈVuÆ©
√V›]´\VÔºk ÂVD ÔË¬Ô ºkı|D. √wÕ>tμ ÷Ȭ˛B© AÈÁ\ \uÆD
BV©∏B_ g”Á\ ®[√kuº≈V| ÔsÁ>•È˛_ ∂Ω√]›m, ÂT™ÔVÈfl
Ûwo[ º>ÁkÔ”¬ºÔu√© AmÁ\ÔÁ· c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> k´ÈVuÁ≈ x[ÿ™|›mfl ÿƒ_KD ŒÚ k´ÈVuÆ
\M>´VÔºk k´ÈVuÁ≈ ÷B¬˛ WuzD ƒ¬]BVÔºk ∂kÏ Ôˬԩ√¶
ºkıΩBk´V˛≈VÏ
ºkıΩBk´V˛≈VÏ” 16 .

cÈÔ \´ÿ√[˛≈ kÁÔl_ º\ÁÈ\´∏[ ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D (√V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶V


á ~º´V| >tw[√[, Am¬ÔsÁ>BV_ z§X| á ∂©m_ ´z\V[ xÁ™kÏ√‚¶
74
gFºk|) ˇÁw \´∏[ ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D (Á«¬Ì á ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Á«¬Ì,
ÿƒ[Z• o\Á´¬Ì á ~º´V| >tw[√[); ÷Õ]B \´∏[ ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D
(®D.∏.kV∑ º>k[ ÂVBVÏ á Èo>VD∏ÁÔ ∑Õ>Ϥ™D, {.®[.s.z‘©,
ƒflE>V™Õ>[, ÿ√ÚD√¶kD p>´[, ®D.∏.Tº´Õ]´z\VÏ x>oºBVÏ Eu∏)
\ÁÈBV· g¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D >twV¬ÔD ÿƒFmD, ∂§xÔ©√|›]•D, gF°
ÿƒFmD √Á¶›>π›>kÏÔ^ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ ÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>_Ô^
∂kÏÔ”¬z kVF›>Á\BVºÈºB ∂kÏÔ^ >D √Á¶©AÔ”¬z› ÿ>ˆ° ÿƒF>
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D s>s>\VF ºkÆ√¶ÈV˛[≈™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂kÏÔ^ >D
√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§xÁ≈ÔÁ· cÚkÁ\©√]KD ÷›>ÁÔB c^·VÏÕ> Aˆ>_Ôº·
ÔV´ËÔ·V˛[≈™.

2.2 c^·¶¬ÔD \uÆD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ º>Ï°

ÂT™›mk›Á> c^kV∫Ô› >ÁÈ©√‚¶ ÔVȬԂ¶›]_


sº>EBg]¬Ô›]uz ®]´V™ ∑º>EB ®øflE ®[√m ÷ÚºkÆ kÁÔl_
√ˆt›>m(1) >tμ *‚A kV>D (2) ÷Õm *‚A kV>D. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ®ø›m¬
zøs™ˆ_ E.\Ë \uÆD Â.∏flƒJÏ›] >s´ ∞Á™ºBVÚ¬z ª¶VÔ ÷Õm
*‚AkV> ºÂV¬zD ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ŒÀkVÁ\© º√V¬zº\ ª¶VΩ W[≈m.
Â.∏flƒJÏ›] E›>Ï \´A ƒVÏÕmD E.\Ë ÿƒ[\´A ƒVÏÕmD
s›]BVƒ©√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.

√z›>§°fl ƒÕÁ>l_ / ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD ÁÔl_


“√z›>§°fl
xuÆ©A^πÔÁ· / JϬÔ\VF Ák›m¬ÿÔVı|
xÁ·BΩ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.

EÈÏ ∑Ú]•¶[ / EÈÏ ƒ∫Ô ÷Ȭ˛B›m¶[


EÈÏ kÚVE´\›m¶[ / EÈÏ ÔD√Ú¶[
EÈÏ sfiQV™›m¶[ / EÈÏ \VϬ¸ ∞∫Ô_∑¶[

ºkÆ EÈÏ ®>–¶º™V / Œm∫˛ W[≈ EÈÏ


\™ ÷BK¬z ∂©√VÁÈ ∂ΩflƒVÏÕ> / \VϬԛº>V|
Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.

75
∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ / ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[
÷ÚÕ>m” 17 ®[˛≈VÏ.
Ô\V>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m

Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[ ÔsÁ> z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚ ÿÔV^ÁÔ, ∂_Èm >Ï\›m¶[


W[Æs‚¶kÏÔÁ·© º√∑˛[≈m. ÷∫z W[Æs|>_ ®[√>[ ÿ√VÚ^ ∂kÏÔ^
∂k´kÚD ∂kÏÔ^ ∂Á\©∏uz ∂©√V_ EÕ]¬Ô xΩBV\_ ∂kÏÔ^
EÕ>Á™¬z xuÆ©A^π Ák›ms‚¶Á>© º√∑˛[≈m. ∂>uz\V≈VÔ
∂Á\©AÔÁ·¬ Ô¶Õ> ÿk‚¶ ÿkπl_ WuzD ∂k´m EÕ>Á™ Ô\VkVÔ
÷Á¶W[Æ \Á¶\V§› ÿ>V¶Ïk>Á™© º√Efl ÿƒ_˛[≈m.

\´Á√ AˆÕmÿÔVı¶V_>V[ AmÁ\BV™ ÿƒF]ÔÁ·© √Á¶¬ÔxΩ•D


®™ E. \Ël[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “ T.S. ®oB‚Ω[
‘Traditional and Individual’ ®[≈ Ô‚|Á´ ®∫Ô”¬z© √V¶\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m.
∂]Ï¥‚¶kƒ\VÔ ∂]_ \´Á√ ¿ xø>VÔ ∂§Õm ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ¿ ®Á>
*≈ºkı|D ®[√m ÿ>ˆ•D. ¿ \´Á√› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·V>kÁ´ ¿
AmÁ\ÁB© √Á¶¬Ô xΩBVm. gÁÔBV_ ¿ √ÁwB s≠B∫ÔÁ·›
ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. E.\Ë √V]©∏_ÈV\_ ®ømk>VÔ WÁ™©√kÏ
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ∂_Èm >tw[√[ √V]©∏_ ®ø>ÈVD. √ÁwB
g‚Ô”¬z ÂVD ®_ºÈVÚº\ Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD. ƒ∫Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ”¬z,
Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ, EÈ©√]ÔV´D, √‚Ω™©√VÁk, ∂ÔÂV˚Æ, A≈ÂV˚Æ
®ø]BkÏÔ”¬z ÂVD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD. ∂ıÁ\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈
BVÚ¬zD Ô¶[√¶s_ÁÈ. g™V_ ÿ>V[Á\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈kÏÔ”¬z¬
Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD
Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD” 18 .

E.\Ël[ º√‚Ωl_ ∂k´m √]_ E.\Ë BVÏ BVÚ¬z ÂVD


Ô¶[√‚|^º·VD ®™ \´∏[ ¿‚E√u§© º√∑˛[≈m. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ>V¶ÏÁ√
÷ÀsÚkÏ >sÏ›> ®ø›m¬ zøs™Ï mıΩ›m s|˛[≈™Ï. º\ÁÈ \´∏[
\B¬Ô›]_ ˇÁw\´∏Á™› >sÏ›m s|˛[≈™Ï. ÷ÀkVÆ ®ø›]™V_
mı¶V¶©√‚¶ \´∏[ ÿ>V¶Ï ÷ÁwÁB kV™D√VΩÔº· *‚ÿ¶|¬˛[≈™Ï. ÷∫z
mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m ®[√m >tμ \´∏[ g] ∂≈D.

kV™D√VΩÔ^ >∫Ô·m Am¬ÔsÁ>l™V_ ƒJÔ›Á> \Vu§


∂Á\›>VÏÔ^ ®™ ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑s[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ ∞uAÁ¶B>VzD. “®ø›m
®ø›m
76
÷B¬Ô›]™ˆ[ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔBV·©√|D c^·¶¬ÔxD
kΩk∫Ô”D kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›]™ˆ[ Am¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔBV·©√|D
c^·¶¬ÔxD kΩk∫Ô”D ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈºB ºkÆ√‚|^·™.
x[Á™ºBVˆ[ >M\M>kV> ∂Ω©√Á¶¬z ®]´V™m ∏[Á™ºBVˆ[
ƒJÔkV>D x[Á™ºBVÏ º\u˛_ x>ÈVπ›mkD TμflE ∂Á¶˛≈
ÔVȬԂ¶›][ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∞u≈™Ï. kV™D√VΩÔ^
>VÌÏ √V´ÊÔ¬ ÔsQÏ ˜©´V[ g˛B ˇÁw ÂV‚|¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔÁÈ
÷Ȭ˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∞u≈™Ï. ®™ºk ®ø›m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
c^·¶¬Ô› >V¬Ô›>V_ kV™D√VΩÔ^ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]™Ï ®[Æ
®ıbk>uz ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. √V´]¬z©∏[ >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
∂Æ√‚¶ ƒJÔ cÏÁk *ı|D ÷Á›mfl ÿƒ[≈kÏÔ^
kV™D√VΩÔ^” 19 ®[√Ï.
kV™D√VΩÔ^

kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ º>Vu≈D z§›mD Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩk›Á> ∂m


>twÔD xøkmD √´©∏Bm z§›mD, ∂]_ √∫ºÔu√V·´VÔ°D ºÂƒƒ¬]BVÔ°D
s·∫˛B ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.

Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ~|√V| cÈÔ ∂·s_ ∂>–Á¶B √V]©A ®_ÈVD


“Am¬ÔsÁ>l[
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVıº¶ \´A¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ EÈÏ xuº√V¬ÔV·ÏÔ·VÔ
÷ÚÕ>VÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔ^ ºÔVÁkl_ >uÿƒBÈVÔ¬ ÌΩlÚ¬˛≈ kVF©A
∞u√‚¶m. AsB´∑, QVM, º\›>V, ∂¬˛MA›]´[, Eu∏, ÂV.ÔV\´Vƒ[,
>tw[√[, *´V, ÷[zÈV© ÷kÏÔ^ EÈ ÿÔV^ÁÔ xΩ°Ô^
®|›m¬ÿÔVı| ÷B¬Ô›Á> g´D∏›>VÏÔ^. ®™¬z› ÿ>ˆÕm >tμ
ÂV‚Ω_ ¶Õ> Œº´ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷B¬ÔD kV™D√VΩ>V[. ∂>[ ∏≈z>V[
Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m √´kÈVÔ >tμ ÂV‚|¬z ∂§xÔD g™m. ∂>[
÷Ȭ˛B› >´›]_ ®™¬z ÔÚ›mºkÆ√V| cı|. g™V_ Am¬ÔsÁ>
®[˛≈ kΩk›Á>› >tμÂV| xøkmD √´©∏Bm kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD>V[.
ÂV–D ∂∏•D ∂Õ> ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl ƒV´V\_ ÿkπloÚÕ>VKD ̶
®_ºÈVÚº\ >tÁw xÁ≈BVÔ© √Ω›>kÏÔ^. ÷>™V_ >tμ©
ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔ^, >tμ©√ıΩ>ÏÔ^, º√´VEBÏÔ^ ÷kÏÔπ[ ®]Ï©A

77
zÁ≈Õ>m. >V\Á´ º√V[≈ ÷>μÔ^ Am¬ÔsÁ> ∏uº√V¬ÔV™m ®[≈
g´D∏›>™” 20
>∫Ô^ WÁÈ√V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕm \V§ ∂kuÁ≈ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô g´D∏›>™
®[√Ï.

Ô. ÁÔÈVƒ√] Am¬ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§[ ÔVȬԂ¶∫ÔÁ· J[Æ √z]Ô·VÔ


kz¬˛[≈VÏ (1) \ˬÿÔVΩ¬ ÔVÈD 1930, 40Ôπ_ (2) ®ø›ms[ ÔVÈD
1950Ôπ_ (3) kV™D√VΩ¬ÔVÈD 1970-Ôπ_.

x>_Ô‚¶ ÔsQÏÔ^ kƒ™ ÔsÁ> ®[–D kΩk›]ºÈ ÿÂfiÁƒ©


“x>_Ô‚¶
√§ÿÔV|›m W[≈™º´B[§, A]B ÿ√VÚπºÈV ∂[§ ]‚¶k‚¶\V™
÷Ȭ˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔlºÈV ~|√V| ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï ∂_ÈÏ. ÷´ı¶VD
Ô‚¶›m¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E, ÿ>πs[Á\,
∂ÕWB©√¶_, º√Vo›>[Á\, >tμ \´A ∂§BVÁ\, Tı√Ô‚|,
ÿ√VÆ©AÏflEl[Á\, ƒx>VB sº´V>D, \‚|*§B >M\M> kV>D
x>oB™ tzÕ]ÚÕ>™. J[≈VD Ô‚¶›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_,
®]ÏÔVÈ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ, ÿÔV^ÁÔ› ÿ>π°, º>ƒ©√uÆ, ºÂÏÁ\,
>tμ\´AÏflE, ®πÁ\, ÿ√VÆ©AÏflE, ƒx>VB ºÂBD, Ì‚|≈°
c^·™” 21 ®[√Ï.
\º™V√VkD x>oB ÌÆÔ^ E≈©∏B_AÔ·VÔ c^·™

kV™D√VΩÔ·V_ ƒ™ÂVBÔ\V¬Ô©√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ x>_


∂Á¶BV·\VF ÷ÚÕ>m ∂>[ \>flƒVÏ√u≈ >[Á\BVzD. ®ø›m ∞uÔ™ºk
ÿƒF•^ ®[≈ ª¶Ô›]oÚÕ> ÔsÁ>ÁB cÁ´kaºB ÷B∫Ôfl ÿƒF]ÚÕ>m.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ∂Á> ƒJÔ ÷B¬Ô›][ clÏÂVΩBVÔ \Vu§™Ï. º\KD
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ƒJÔ ∂–√k›Á> c^·¶¬Ô\V¬˛B>[ JÈD
¤™ÂVBÔ©√|›mD ¶kΩ¬ÁÔ WÁ≈ÿkF]Bm ®[Æ ∂kÏ s·¬˛fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.

Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔπºÈ ŒÚ ÿ√ˆB \Vu≈›Á>© √VFflƒÈVÔ


WÔμ›]B>[ kVlÈVÔ AÈÁ\ \´∏uzD, º\‚|¬zΩ \º™V√Vk >M\M>
kV>›]uzD cˆ›>VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔsÁ> \´∏Á™ ÔVÈÔ]l_ >D ƒJÔ
c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô·V_ ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›]B kV™D√VΩÔπ[ √∫Ôπ©A z§›º>
º\u∑‚ΩB ÔV.Ek›>D∏l[ ÔË©AD Â\¬zÏ›m˛[≈™.

78
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ √V\´ \¬Ôπ[ ƒJÔ© ∏´flƒÁ™ÔÁ· ~|√V‚|¶[
>\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √Á¶›>™Ï ®™ ÿÔ·EÔ[ √]° ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. “√ıΩ>M[
√ıΩ>M[
ÿ\Val_ ÷ÚÕ> ÔsÁ>ÁB© √V\´M[ ÿ\Va¬z \Vu§™V[ √V´].
√V\´M[ ÿ\Val_ √]° ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÔsÁ>ÁB, √V\´º™ √]°
ÿƒF•D√Ω ƒJÔ›][ ˇμ sπDA kÁ´ ÔsÁ>ÁB ¤™ÂVBÔ©√|›]Bm
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ^ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B ®_ºÈVÚD
kVμs[ A]B kVƒ_Ô^ ]≈¬Ô ÂD∏¬ÁÔºBV| TÆÿÔVı|, g›\VÏ›>
®ø]™VÏÔ^” 22 ®[√Ï.
ƒJÔ ~|√V‚|¶[ ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏÔ^

ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \V§ k´ÈVl™.


‘kw¬ÿÔ™©√|km cBÏÕº>VÏ º\uº≈’ ®™©√‚¶ ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B ÔVÈ›]_
kz¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷ȬÔD ∂>uz x[√VB ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôı¶>uz ÷BD∏B
÷ȬÔ\VzD.. ÿ>V[Æÿ>V‚| ÷[≈·°D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷ÀkVº≈ ŒÚW´VÔˆ©∏[
∂´EB_ ÿ>V¶ÏÔÁ>BVÔºk ¿Ω¬˛[≈m. ∂Ω›>‚| \¬ÔÁ·› >\m ÷Ȭ˛B
g¬Ô∫Ôπ_ >sÏ›>º>V¶_ÈV\_ º\‚|¬zΩl™Ï. ÂV‚¶VÏ ÔÁÈÔÁ·•D
÷ÀkVFÿ\Va ÷Ȭ˛B \´Á√•D A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛ºB kÕ>™Ï. Áƒk, Ákk
ƒ\BkV]Ô^ E›>Ï √V¶_ÔÁ·© A≈¬ÔË›>Á\¬zD ÷mºk ÔV´\VzD.
kVFÿ\Va ÷Ȭ˛B∫ÔÁ· W´VÔˆ¬zD º√V¬z √ıΩ> \º™V√VkD \uÆD
º\‚|¬zΩ \º™V√Vk›]uzD ª¶VÔ s·∫˛› º>V[§Bm. ÂT™›mk
÷Ȭ˛BkV]Ô^ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ŒÀkVÁ\•¶[ √V´]>VƒÁ™•D, º√fl∑¬
ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D W´VÔˆ›>™Ï. ®ø›m\´∏™Ï ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ\·™
kVE©∏uzˆB™kVÔ ∂¶¬˛kVE¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï ®[≈V_ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsB´∫Ô xw¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ°D Ìk_ ÿ>VM•¶[ c´¬Ô© º√∑k™kVÔºk
s·∫˛™.

∂.\VϬ¸ kV™D√VΩ Ôs\´∏[ ∏[AÈ›Á>©√u§ ∏[kÚ\VÆ


÷[≈·°D ̶ ®ø›>§° ÷_ÈV> ∂[Á≈B WÁÈl_
s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “÷[≈·°D
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD x[MÁÈ©√|›]B º√fl∑¬ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D ̶
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD ÔsB´∫Ô \´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ gzD. ƒJÔ©
√ΩWÁÈl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]Ô·VÔ s·∫˛BkÏÔ^ ÿ√Ú\·s_ √∫z
ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD s·∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD

79
\≈Õms¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·VÔ°D ̶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ s·∫˛™Ï.
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD xuº√V¬z ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ \¬Ô^ ƒVÏA› >[Á\ÁB•D
Eu§>μÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> \´∏™Ï \¬Ô^ ]´π¶tÚÕm sÈ˛ W[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\›
>[Á\ÁB•D ÷Õ>© ∏[™ËloÚÕmD ÂVD √VϬÔ
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m” 23 ®[√Ï.

\V–¶D √V|D kV™D√VΩÔπ[ \M> ºÂB¬ ºÔV‚√Vº¶ √V‚|Á¶›


>ÁÈkÏÔ·VÔ º\[Á\ÔÁ·•D, Ô¶°·Á´•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ W[≈ xÕÁ>B
\´AÔÁ· ®_ÈVD Ô¶Õm √V‚¶Vπ\¬ÔÁ·•D, ∂Ω›>·, sπDAWÁÈ
\¬ÔÁ·•D ƒJÔ›][ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔÁ·•D, ∂¶¬zxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D, ÷[º™V´[™
∏≈kuÁ≈•D √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô¬ Ô·[ ∂Á\›>m. ÷m >tμ \´∏[ g] ∂≈›][
ÿ>V¶Ï¿‚EBVÔ°D, ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ka©√‚¶ ƒJÔ¿] ƒ\>Ï\ cÏ°ÔÁ·
\VϬEB ºÂV¬˛_ Am©∏›m¬ÿÔVı¶>[ ÿ√ÆDº√≈VÔ°D kV™D√VΩÔ”¬z
kVF›>ÿ>™ÈVD.

\M>Á™ ∂k[
>M ÂVBÔ ∂ΩÔ·VÏ \V–¶D √u§ z§©∏|ÁÔl_, “\M>Á™
÷B_∏Á™, ∂k[ g¬Ô›]Á™á k´ÈVÆ, ÷Ȭ˛BD, ÔÁÈ g˛Bku§[
Á\B¬ÔÚ›>VÔ¬ ÿÔV^”D ÿ\FlBKD, ÔıºV‚¶xD N•\MƒD
(\V–¶D) ®™©ÿ√ÆD
®™©ÿ√ÆD” 24 ®[√Ï. ∂ΩÔ·Vˆ[ ÔÚ›Á> Œ‚Ω ÔV.Ek›>D∏
\VϬEBfl EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ \V–¶D ®[√m ®[™ ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “\VϬÊBfl
\VϬÊBfl
EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ \V–¶D ®[√m \M>–¬zˆB ÿÔ·´k›Á>, >[
kVμ¬ÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ› >Vº™ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬zD ]≈–Á¶B ∂k™m
gu≈ÁÈ, ∂Õ> gu≈ÁÈ ∂k–¬z kw∫Ô°D, k·Ï¬Ô°D ºkıΩB
∂≈, Â[ÿ™§© ÿ√Æ\V™∫ÔÁ·© √u§B§>KD ∂ku§[ ÿ>Vau√V‚Á¶
s>Õm ÌÆ>K\VzD
ÌÆ>K\VzD” 25 .

\V–¶D √V|D kV™D√VΩÔ·VºÈºB Am¬ÔsÁ> √´kÈVÔ


x[ÿ™|¬Ô©√‚¶m. \‚|\_ÈV\_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·
sˆkV¬˛BmD ∂>uÔV™ ƒJÔ c^·¶¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∞u√|›]BmD kV™D√VΩÔ^
kw∫˛B ÿÔVÁ¶ºB ∂kÏÔ·m ÔV›]´\V™ √∫Ôπ©A √u§ Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´M[
ÔË©A ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm.

80
kV™D√VΩÔπ[
“kV™D√VΩÔπ[ gº´V¬˛B\V™ √V]©AÔ·VÔ©
∏[kÚk™kuÁ≈fl ÿƒV_ÈÈVD (1) Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z© √´kÈV™ Ô·D
∞u√|›]Bm (2) Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· sˆkV¬˛BmD ƒJÔfl
ƒVÏA >Õ>mD (3) >tμ\ıËu cˆB E›>VÕ> \´A ƒVÏÕ> \˛μºÂV¬ÁÔ
÷¶mƒVˆ¬ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”¬ºÔu√ \Vu§› >Õ>m (4) >tμ\´A ƒVÏÕ>
¤™ÂVBÔ› >[Á\, >tμ› º>EB ®øflE ÷ku§uzfl ƒVÏ√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_
W[≈m. ÷ku§uÔVÔºk ÷kÏÔÁ· ŒÚ >M ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ∞uÔxΩ•D.
÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿ√Vm ÷B_AÔ·VÔ› >[™D∏¬ÁÔ t¬Ô
ÿkπ©√V|, ƒV]\> \Æ©A, \M>V∏\V™D, ƒ\ÔVÈfl E¬Ô_ÔÁ·•D
ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·•D ÿkπ©√|›m>_, ∂Á™›mÈÔ© √VÏÁk,
k´ÈVuƙϺkV| kVμs_ ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚¶_ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ∞uƬ
ÿÔVı¶™Ï
ÿÔVı¶™Ï” 26 .

√V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›> EÈ ºÔ^sÔÁ· ®]ÏÿÔVı| Am¬ÔsÁ>l[


√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ sˆkÁ¶B¬ Ô·™VBÁ\Õ> ∂[Á≈B ÔVȬԂ¶fl ƒJÔfl ÛwÁÈ›
∞[, ŒÚ ÔsQ[ z§©∏‚¶ {Ï
]Ú.∑.¶´Vƒ[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. “∞[,
∂_Èm ŒÚ kÁÔBV™ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬˛[≈V[? ∞[
÷[ÿ™VÚ √Á¶©√Vπ¬z ∂m ÔıË_ √¶s_ÁÈ? >V[ ƒVÏÕ>
kVa¶∫Ô^, ƒJÔ¬ zø¬Ô^ x>oBku§[ ∂–√k∫Ô^, ∞[ ŒÚ
ÔsQM¶D ∂_Èm ŒÚ EÈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D √V]©AÔÁ· ∞u√|›m˛[≈™,
∂_Èm ∂kÏÔπ[ ®ø›m¬Ôπ_ c^”ÁwÕm
Ôs©ÿ√VÚ·V˛[≈™?
Ôs©ÿ√VÚ·V˛[≈™?” 27. ÷›>ÁÔB ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶Ô^ xÕÁ>B
√]°Ô”¬z ª¶VÔºk ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ŒÚ√Á¶©√Vπl[ cuƺÂV¬Ôo_
®Ák ®Ák ∂kÁ™© √V]¬˛[≈™ºkV ∂Ák ∂ÁkºB ∂k–¬ÔV™
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô·VÔ ∂k™V_ ÿ>ˆ° ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈™. ŒÚ √Á¶©√Vπl[
ÿ\FlB_ ∂bzxÁ≈•D ∂k[ƒVÏÕ]Ú¬zD EÕ>Á™©√^π•D (School of
thought) ∂>uºÔu√ c^·¶¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·•D
yÏ\VM©√™kV˛[≈™.

1916 gD gıΩºÈºB ƒV]B ®]Ï©AÏs[ JÈ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^


º>V[§s‚¶™. A]B ÿ>VaoB›>V_ cÚkV™ º√´·sÈV™ ÿ>VaÈVπ kϬÔD

81
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ ºÔV‚√V‚|¶[ >Mflƒ¬]BVÔ cÈÿÔ∫˛KD k·´› ÿ>V¶∫˛
1917á÷_ ´iBVs_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ g‚EÁB ∞u√|›]Bm. g∫˛ºÈBÏ
kÚÁÔ•¶[ ÷Õ]BV°¬z kÕ> x¬˛B\V™ ƒ¬] ÿ>VaoB x>ÈVπ›mk\VzD.
ÿkπÂV‚|› >BVˆ©AÔ”¬ÔV™ su√Á™fl ƒÕÁ>BVÔ°D, JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^
ÿÔV^··° ÷¶\VÔ°D ÷Õ]BV nº´V©∏B x>ÈVπÔ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV˛Bm.
√ÁwB WÈ\VMB cu√›]xÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> ÿ>Va_Ô^ x¬˛B›mkD ÷wÕm
E>Æı| º√Vl™. ÷>™V_ √ÁwB cu√›]xÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> ƒJÔ c≈°Ô”D (˛´V\fl
ƒJÔD, ƒV], Ì‚|¬z|D√D ƒVÏÕ>Ák) sˆƒ_ ÿ√≈ÈVl™ ®™ ÷Ú√>VD
±u≈VıΩ[ >ÁÈkVƒ_ g™ ƒJÔ© ∏[™ËÁB s·¬˛fl ÿƒ_kVÏ
m.ÊMflƒVt. x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[, ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›m ∂§B›
>ÁÈ©√|xÔ\VÔºk ÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ© ∏[™ËlÁ™•D, ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔ
kΩk∫ÔÁ·•D √u§ s·∫˛¬ÿÔV^· ºkıΩ•^·m. ÷›m¶[ ®]Ï©A¬ z´ÈVÔ
ÿkπ¬˛·D∏B ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ z´_ \uÆD Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B_Az§›mD
AˆÕmÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩ•^·m.

ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ ÿkπ©√V‚Á¶› m.ÊMflƒVt s·¬zkm ÷∫z


Œ‚| ÿ\V›>\VÔ© √VÏ›>V_ ƒVyB Œ|¬zxÁ≈,
Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “Œ‚|
ƒVyB \]©AÔ^, ºÔVl_ √ı√V| ƒVÏÕ> \]©AÔ^, ÿ√ıbˆÁ\,
\>ÿk§, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´fl ∑´ı¶_ g˛B™ºk ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔ
kΩk∫Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™ ®™ÈVD. ÷ku§uz ®]´VÔ¬ z´_ ÿÔV|©√º> ƒJÔ
¿]¬ÔV™ ÿkπ©√V| ®™ÈVD
®™ÈVD” 28.

ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬z´o[ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ \uÆD ∂ku§[ ÿkπ©√V‚Ω[


÷B_AÔ^ z§›m ÷Õ]B ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√|km z§›> ÷Õ]
÷Ȭ˛B›]_ \Æ©AD ®]Ï©AD √u§B º´Õ]´º\VÔM[ \]©¨‚Á¶© √B[√|›]
÷Ú©√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ·¬ Ôı¶§B xu√|˛[≈VÏ
ÊMflƒVt.

>uÔVÈfl ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬z´o[ ÂV[z ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ (1)


“>uÔVÈfl
∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ (Scientific Conciousness) (2) ƒJÔ› >›mk© (Social
Philosophy) √VÏÁk (3) kϬԩº√V´V‚¶D (Class Struggle) (4) ∂´EB_
√VÏÁk (Political Vision). ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÿkπ©√V‚ΩB_∏_ J[Æ

82
ÌÆÔ^ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD (1) \Æ©A (2) ®]Ï©A (3) ÊÏ]Ú›>D Am¬ÔsÁ>
®[√]_ A]B ®[√m z§›mD ÂT™D ®[√m z§›mD c^·VÏÕ>
ƒV´VDƒ›Á>© AÈ©√|›mD √]°Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈•D ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´
\™∫ÿÔV^”ºkVD ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 29 .

Am¬ÔsÁ>
“Am¬ÔsÁ> z§›> ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ ∂kÏÔπ[ s·¬Ô›Á>¬
ÔVıº√VD. ÷´ı¶Vkm •›>›]uz© ∏[º>V[§B Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
A]B™ >uÔVÈ {ÏÁ\•¶[ ÌΩB cÏkø›>xD
A]B™” 30 ®™ ∂´∫Ô ´V∑°D, “>uÔVÈ
Am¬ÔsÁ>” 31.
gμÁ\•D Œ›]Áƒ©AD ÿ√u≈ ÿ\VaºB Am¬ÔsÁ>

Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z ÂT™D ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ √B[√|›>ÈVD ®™


√V.g™Õ>z\VÏ z§©∏|km Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm. ∏ÿ´fi∑ ∂§ÿkVπ
“∏ÿ´fi∑
÷B¬Ô¬ ÔVÈD x>_ ÷flÿƒV_ ∂>[ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√VÚπ_
√B[√|›>©√‚| kÚ˛[≈m. ÔVÈVk]BV˛© º√V™kuƬz ∂_Èm
\´A¬z ®]´V™ ¶›Á>, Ûw_, \™WÁÈ ®[√™kuÁ≈¬ z§¬Ô ÂT™D
√B[√|˛[≈m” 32. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô
( modern)) ®[≈ ÿƒV_ √B[√|˛[≈m
x¬˛B›mkD z§›m© º√∑D Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ÷>Á™ ko•Æ›] ®|›mÁ´¬zD
kÁÔÁ\©√V|D ÷∫z EÕ]¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.

“ >tμ¬ÔsÁ> ÿ√Ú\·° ÂT™›mk›]uz ®]´V™m. ÔV´D


ÂT™›mk ÔsÁ> kΩk›]uz x>[Á\ >Ú˛≈m ; >tμ¬ÔsÁ>
®©º√Vmº\ kΩkfl ºƒV>Á™ÔÁ·© ÿ√Ú\·° Œ©A¬ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÷[ÆkÁ´ c^·¶¬Ô›]uz \‚|º\
x¬˛B›mkD >Úk>VÔ ÷ÚÕmkÚ˛≈m. gÔºk >tμ¬ÔsÁ>ÁB
®]ÏÂT™›m¬ ÔsÁ> (Anti Modernist Poetry) ®[Æ>V[ ÿƒV_ÈxΩ•D ”33.

kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÔsÁ> \´∏[ c^·¶¬Ô x¬˛B›mk›Á>© AˆÕmÿÔV^·


÷¬ÔË©A A]B kVl_ÔÁ·› ]≈©√>V˛[≈m. ÷›>z Aˆ>_Ô”¶[
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ √´©A z§›> √VÈVs[ √]° z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.

A]B kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ Ô·∫Ô^, ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \VÆ>_Ô^,


“A]B
\V§kÚD \M> c≈°Ô^, √ı√V‚|fl E¬Ô_Ô^, A]B ƒJÔ
∂∫ˇÔV´∫Ô^, EM\V¬Ô”D, √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”D ∞u√|›> WÁ™¬zD

83
¤™´fiƒÔ¬ ÔÈVflƒV´D, ÂÁ¶xÁ≈ ∂´EB_ g˛Bku§oÚÕm ÷[Á≈B
kVμ¬ÁÔ ∏≈©ÿ√|¬˛≈m. ÷ku§[ sÁ·kVÔ°D, ÷[Á≈B
WÔμ˛≈m” 34 ®[√Ï.
÷Ȭ˛B©√Á¶©A WÔμ˛≈m

Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ƒJÔ›]_ ÷Ú¬Ô¬ÌΩB kÆÁ\,


ÿ√ıbˆÁ\ x>ÈV™kuƬz› yÏ° ÔVbk>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m ®™ ÷´V.ÂV´VB[
ÔÚ›m ®ı›>¬Ôm. “ \´√VÏÕ> ÷Ȭ˛B©√V| ÿ√VÚ^ÔπoÚÕm
\VÆ√‚|¬ ÔVÈ›][ º>Ák¬ºÔu√© A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|
s·∫˛™ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^. ƒ\ÔVÈ© ∏´flEÁ™Ô·V™ ÔV>_, kÆÁ\,
ºkÁÈkVF©A, k´>‚ƒÁ, sÁÈkVE cBÏ°, ª]B cBÏ°, ÷w©A,
∞\Vu≈D, s´¬], Êu≈D, ÷BÈVÁ\, ∂§BVÁ\, \˛μflE, Ô¶›>_,
ÔÈ©√¶D, ÷ÈfiƒD, ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÆ©∏[Á\, ∂´EB_, ƒV], ÿ√ıbˆÁ\
x>ÈV™kuÁ≈¬ ÁÔl_ ®|›m¬ÿÔVı| >\¬ºÔ cˆB
cÏflEºkÔ›m¶[ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷B∫˛™ ” 35.

>twÔ›]_ \‚|\_ÈV\_ ~w› >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ_ ÿ§lKD ÷kuÁ≈


c´ÈVD. \ÔV ÔsÁB x[Ák›m x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[kÚD
x.ÿ√V[™D√È›][ ÔÚ›m ÷›m¶[ Œ›mºÂV¬Ô› >¬Ôm.

“ t[™_, x˛_, ÿ>[≈_ √u§ ®ømkm>V[ ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ŒÚ


ÔVÈ›]B k·ˆ·D √Úk©º√V¬˛[ ƒkVÈVÔ°D, \ÔVÔs Wu˛≈VÏ.
∂>™V_>V[ ∂kÏ, ÷[™Ák>V[ ÔsÿBø> ∞u≈ ÿ√VÚÿ·[Æ
ÿƒV[™kuÁ≈ ¿Ï ]Ú©∏fl ÿƒV_ÈVyÏ; ºƒVÁÈ, Ô¶_, t[™_, x˛_,
ÿ>[≈oÁ™ \≈°∫Ô^ *Õ]Ú¬zD ÷[™_, cÁw©A, ∞μÁ\, cBÏ°
®[√™kuÁ≈© √V|∫Ô^ ®[ÆD, gÁ¶ cºkV| ∂¶∫ÔVm ÂD º>Ák
TΩÚÕ>V_ \‚|D sΩBVm ÂD kVμ° ®[ÆD √V|D \«V Ôs
ƒV\VMBÏÔπ[ >´∫ÔÁ· ®_ÈVD c>§› >^π¬ÿÔVı| º\ÿÈwºk
xBuE ÿƒF˛≈VÏ ” 36 . ®™ºk √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬ÔV √fiƒD? cuƺÂV¬Ô,
cuƺÂV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ºBV kVF¬zD ÂÁ\©√V]¬˛≈
WÔμ°Ô^ \™¬˛¶∫˛_ ºƒÔ´\V˛¬ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ √Á¶©AÔ·VÔ cÚ\VÆD.

ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔkΩk∫Ô”¬z ®]´V™ ƒJÔ¿]¬z´ÈVÔ, >uÔVÈ


{ÏÁ\•¶–D \´√§Õm \´ÿ√]ϬzD kÁÔlKD ÿkπ©√‚¶Ák ®[˛≈
84
kÁÔlºÈºB x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô^
∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈™. ∂k´kˆ[ cuƺÂV¬ÔK¬zD, c‚˛´˛©∏uzD ∞u√
∂k´kˆ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D s>s>\VF¬ ÔV¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™. AmÁ\l[
∂º\VÔ sÁ·flƒ_Ô·VÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_, x[Á™© √ÁwÁ\l[
*‚|ÚkV¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ°D, xÕÁ>B ÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]Ôπ[ ª¶V‚¶\V™ ªΩÁw©
∏´]Ô·VÔ°D ̶ ÂDt_ √]Õm *^kVE©√Á>› #ıΩ Wu˛[≈™.

2.3. Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^


2.3.1 *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ®[√m √ÁwB ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·© A]>VÔ cÚkÔD ÿƒFkm


gzD. Eu∏l[ ƒÏ©√BVÔD, \mÁ´ T´[, {.ƒzÕ>ÈV, ∂ÔoÁÔ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^
º√V[≈ ÔsÁ>Ô^ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ gzD.

ÿ>V¶¬ÔD ®[≈kÏ ÔsÁ>ÁB› ÿ>V¶∫zÁÔlºÈºB \V–¶›


ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ ÷ÚÕº> Eu∏ ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈VÏ. ÷Á≈k[ √Á¶©∏_ >V[ ®›>Á™
®›>Á™ \M>ÏÔ^ ®[≈VKD s›]BVƒ\VF ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ xÔ∫Ô^ ®–D
nB©√V‚Ω_ ÿ>V¶∫˛

“∂[Á≈¬z ŒÚÂV^/ g´D∏›m Ák›>Vº™ g>VD ∂k–¬z / ∞kV^


ÿÔV|›> ÷MB g©∏π_ / ÷›>Á™ sÁ>Ô·V?” ®™ ssoB› ÿ>V[\\V™
sȬԩ√‚¶ ÔMloÚÕº> g´D∏¬zD ∂k´m ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ ÔsÁ>Ô·V_
>V[ ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ®™ ÂDÁ\ \ÁȬÔÁk¬˛[≈VÏ.

∂|›> √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ‘ÂV[’. ∂Õ> gk©√V|ÿ√VÚÁ·ºB ∂kÏ


‘ÂV™≈’ © √VΩ¬Ôπ¬˛[≈VÏ.

“®™¬ÿÔVÚ ÿÔVΩ•D ®™¬ÿÔVÚ √Á¶•D


÷Á≈k[ >´s_ÁÈ
\™¬Ô¶_ ∂ÁÈl_ ƒ™›]´^ Â|s_
\Á≈kVF¬ ˛¶ ®[≈V[
ÂVu√m ºÔVΩ Ww_Ô^ Â|s_
¶¬zD ŒÚWw_ ÂV[”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.25á26).

85
®[≈kÏ ∂¶¬˛ kVE¬˛[≈VÏ. ÁÔ∫ÔÏB\VϬÔD ®™©√|D gk∫Ô¶Õ>
∂[AkaBV™ ÿ>[ÔÁÈ Ákk \´∏_ kÕ>kÏ Eu∏.

“∂|¬˛B √›][ ∂>‚¶_ Œo¬ÿÔ[


gkD √ËBVm” ®[≈kÏ

ÔsÁ> ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_ g´VKD ®[Á™ ∂\‚¶ ŒıVº> ®–D


EkkV¬˛Bˆ[ E›>Ï \´∏[ z´KD, ÂV\VϬzD zΩ ∂_ºÈVD Â\Á™ ∂fiºƒVD
®–D Áƒk\´∏[ ∂©√Ï z´KD ∂>uz ª¶VÔ ªΩÁw© ∏´]Ô·VÔ (Inter
textuality) Œo¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫˛ s|˛[≈™.

√_∏´]›mkD z§›> Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.


ŒÚ
“ŒÚ A›>Ô›Á> kVE©√m ®[√º> ®›>Á™ºBV >[Á\ÔÁ·
\™›]uÿÔVı| ∂Á>©∏≈ A›>Ô∫Ôº·V| Œ›mD c≈μÕmD
√VÏ©√>V˛≈m. ÷Á>›>V[ ÂT™ s\σÔÏÔ^ √_∏´]›mkD
®[˛≈VÏÔ^
®[˛≈VÏÔ^” 37.

kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔÁÈÁB© √VÏ›m ∂Á\˛≈m ®[º≈ ŒÚkV>›]uÔVÔ


Ák›m¬ÿÔV^ºkVD. ∂©√ΩBV™V_ ÔÁÈ ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m?
÷>uz©√]_, ÔÁÈ, ÔÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕº> º>V[Æ˛≈m ®[√m>V[. ∏[
ÂT™›mkD ÷Á>›>V[ z§©√V[ z§©√V[Ô”¬ºÔ ÷‚|flÿƒ_˛[≈™
®[Æ ÿƒV_K˛[≈m. x[A √_∏´]›mkD ®[Æ z§©∏¶©√‚¶mD
÷m>V[. ÔsÁ>, kVμ¬ÁÔ ∂–√k›]oÚÕm ®ø>©√|km ∂_È á
®ø>©√|˛[≈m” 38.
\V≈VÔ, xÕ]B ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕº> ÷[Á≈B ÔsÁ> ®ø>©√|˛[≈m

ƒ\B\´AÔÁ· \‚|\_È. ÷Ȭ˛B \´AÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBV”k]KD Eu∏


k_ÈÁ\ t¬ÔkÏ. Eu∏l[ √Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB x[MÆ›] ÷Ȭ˛B
\´AÔÁ· *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFm ŒÚ \VuÆ©√]°¬Ô·\VÔ ∂mz§›m
WÔμ›>©√|D ÷´V. ∂≈ºkÕ>[ \]©¨‚ΩÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ Œ›mºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVu§_ BV©AD √V|ÿ√VÚ”D ÔVÈÕº>VÆD \Vu≈D


ÿ√uÆ^·™. Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ÷ÚkÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.
ºkÁÈl[Á\, ÈfiƒD, Ô¶›>_, sÁÈkVE, ÔÈ©√¶D ®™ ¿”D ƒ\ÔVÈfl ƒJÔ

86
WÔμ°ÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬zkm ŒÚWÁÈ. √ıÆ ÿ>V‚| ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ_
\´√VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕmkÚD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ √Ω\∫Ôπ_ AÁ´ºBVΩ©º√V™ √z]Ô”¬z
\V≈VÔ \VuÆ©√]°ÔÁ· x[Ák©√m, \uÿ≈VÚ WÁÈ, Eu∏l[ √Mx›>D
®–D ÔsÁ> ÷´ı¶Vkm kÁÔ©√V‚| ÿ√VÚ”¬zˆB>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m.

k‚¶¬ Ô]Ï\Á≈B/ k·ÏWÈ° º>V[§|x[ ÷‚¶∂Ω Ô_o_ /


“k‚¶¬
®|›> ∂Ω x^π_ √‚¶ÿ>™fl ÿƒV_KD / √VwV™ ÔV‚ΩÁ¶ºB ®‚Ω ÂÁ¶
¶¬zD / ÷kϺÂV¬ÔD ®[º™ºkV.... (√Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ>)

÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ”D, ÔÚ›m ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]•D, √ıÁ¶B


÷Ȭ˛B \´Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| kVϬԩ√‚¶ º√V]KD ∂>[
cÚkV¬Ô›]_ √ıÁ¶B ÷Ȭ˛B \´A¬zˆB ÔsAÁ™ ÷B_A ∞uAD, ÔÚ›>Á\°
÷B_A› >ÔÏ©AD ŒÚ∫ºÔ WÔμÕm^· √V∫˛Á™ ∂≈ºkÕ>[
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

>ÁÈsl[ ÔV>_ cÏ° Am\‚ÔÈ ¿Ï¬ÔE° º√V[Æ (ÿ>V_.


“>ÁÈsl[
1064) ∂Á\>_ºkı|D. ÿ√VÚ^kl[ ∏ˆÕ> >ÁÈk[ *”DÂV^ kÁ´
>ÁÈs ÷_È›]_ gu§ ÷Ú›>_ºkı|D ®[√™ √ıÁ¶B ÷Ȭ˛B¬
ÔÚ›>Á\°¬ Ô‚¶Á\©A \´AÔ^, ÷D\´AÔÁ·© √Mx›>› >ÁÈs
>ÔϬ˛[≈V^ ; >ÔÏ©√>VÔ© √Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√Æ˛[≈V^. ®Õ> ŒÚ \´∏[
gwxD ∂ÔÈxD xu§KD >ÔϬԩ ÿ√uÆ s|k]_ÁÈ. \´∏[
\Vu≈›>¬Ô ÌÆÔ·VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©ÿ√Æ√Ák>V[ \Vu≈›]uz c^·V¬Ô©
ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. ÷Á>©√Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ> cÚkV¬Ô© ∏[AÈD
ÿ>πkV¬z˛[≈m
ÿ>πkV¬z˛[≈m” 39.

√Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ> cÚkV¬Ô›]_ ÔV©ÿ√ÆD \´A ∞uA >ÔÏ©A ®–D


x´ıWÁÈlÁ™ ∂¬ÔsÁ>¬ÔV ÷Ȭ˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBVÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_,
\´√§Õm \´ÿ√]ϬzD kV™D√VΩ \´∏[ ÷Ȭ˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBVÔ°D,
∂ÀsB¬Ô›]uÔV™ ÷Ȭ˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ®[™ºkV ∂mºk Eu∏¬z\V™
÷Ȭ˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ®™°D ÷™DÔı| E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[ \´∏B_ √VÏÁk √w∫ÔÁ>ÔÁ· ∞uƬÿÔVı|


“Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[
∂Á>© Ams>\VÔ© √B[√|›]Bm. ÷[Á≈B Am¬ÔsÁ>© √VkVÏÔ^

87
√Ȉ¶D ÷Õ>© √w\´A¬ ÔÁ>©√V∫z ÔV©√|˛≈m. ∂]KD ∂´EB_
ÿ√VÚÁ·©√V¶ kÚDº√Vm ÷kÏÔπ¶D ÷Õ]B© √w∫ÔÁ>¬ Ô·fiEBD
{ΩkÚ˛≈m. ÷m¬z¬ ÔV´D ƒ\Bfl ƒVÏ√u≈ ÷Õ]B›][ *m^·
~|√V¶VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. \ıË[ \VıÁ√ cÏÕm ®ø˛≈º√Vm
ŒÚsˆÕ> k´ÈVuÆ© √VÏÁk >∫Ô”¬z› º>Ák ®[≈ ®ıxD
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD” 40 ®[√Ï.

ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·•D z§X|ÔÁ·•D ÔsQÏÔ^ >∫Ô·m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_


®ÀkVÆ √B[√|›] ∂Á>© Am¬ÔÚ›>VÔ \Vu§BÁ\›>™Ï ®™ ÿ√.∑√V∑
÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ω_ √wD ÿ√ÚD
ƒÕ]´º√VL[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm. “÷Õ]B
A´V∫Ôπ[ ∏[™Ë•D ƒ\B kVμ¬ÁÔxÁ≈•D ÷´ı¶≈¬ ÔÈÕm
WÈ°D º√V¬z \¬Ô^ ÷Á¶ºB ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ÷©º√V¬ÁÔ cÏÕ>
ÔsQÏÔ^ ∂[Æ x>_ ÷[ÆkÁ´ A´V¬ ÔÚ›>V˛B ÿ>V[\›Á>¬
z§X|Ô·VÔ© √B[√|›]•^·™Ï. ÷kuÁ≈¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ >VD
ÿƒV_ÈkÕ> ÔÚ›m¬ºÔu√ ƒ\ÔVÈ kVμÁk© ∏´]√o¬Ô› ÿ>V[\¬
z§X|ÔÁ·› º>ÁkBV™ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ \Vu§•D Am©ÿ√VÚ^ Ôu∏›mD,
\]©∏w¬Ôfl ÿƒFmD √B[√|›]•^·™Ï
√B[√|›]•^·™Ï” 41 ®[√Ï.

>ÕÁ>¬z ∂k^ / ŒÚ √Õ>Bfl ƒ´¬z / ÔVxÔ–¬z ∂k^ / ÷´k_


√V¬z / Ôk–¬ºÔV / ∂k^ BÕ]´ cÆ©A....
(Eu∏, ÷´V\M[ √VÏÁkl_ ∂ÔoÁÔ)

gV]¬Ô›>V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ√ıVÔ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÔV©√|˛[≈V^.


A≈ ∂wÔV_ ÷Õ]´™V_ kfiE¬Ô©√‚¶V^, ÿÔ·>\ xMk´V_ Ô_ÈVÔ ƒV√D
ÿ√u≈V^ ®[≈ ÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ω[ √ÁwB A´V∫ÔÁ· ƒ\B kVμ¬ÁÔ xÁ≈ÁB•D
÷´ı¶´¬ ÔÈÕm ÿ>V[\¬ z§X|Ô·VÔ© √B[√|›]•^·VÏ. ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·
÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ÁÔBV”k]_ tzÕ> ~|√V|D, k_ÈÁ\•D t¬ÔkÏ Eu∏. •∫
®[–D c·sB_ ∂§QÏ \M> ™ko \M>[ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ®©º√VmD
÷ÚÕmkÚD JÈ cÚ¬Ô^ √u§ ®|›m¬ÔV‚Ω•^·Á>© ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚Ω JÈ
cÚ¬Ô^ √u§ x[Ák©√m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm.

√ÁwB ÔÁ>Ôπ_ c^· Ô>V©√V›]´∫ÔÁ· Ák›m A]B z§X¶VÔ°D,


g∫˛È›]_ c^·
√Ω\\VÔ°D \VuÆkÁ> Eu∏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “g∫˛È›]_

88
( Arche type)) ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ JÈ cÚ ∂_Èm g]cÚ ®[Æ z§¬ÔÈVD.
ÿ>V[\∫Ôπ_ EÈ JÈ cÚ¬Ô·VÔ ∂Á\Õms|˛[≈™. ∂¿]
÷Áw¬Ô©√‚¶k[ ®[≈V_ ∞ÔÁÈk[, ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[≈V_ ÔÏ[, ÔuA
®[≈V_ ÊÁ>, x[ºÔV√D ®[≈V_ mÏkVƒÏ, ¿] ºÔ‚zD ÿ√ıÁ\ ®[≈V_
Ôı˛ ®™fl EÈ ÿ>V[\∫Ô^ ÔVÈ©√w¬Ô›>V_ JÈ cÚ¬Ô·VÔ
cBÏÕms|˛[≈™. ÷Õ] ÿ\Val_ Á\]o ƒ´ız©>V, ÿ¤Fƒ∫ÔÏ,
∏´ƒV› x>oB ÔsQÏÔ^ ∞´V·\V™ ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·¬ z§X¶VÔ°D
ÁÔBVı|^·™Ï” 42 .
√Ω\\VÔ°D ÁÔBVı|^·™Ï

÷Õ>kÁÔlÈV™ ∂k´m ~|√V‚Á¶•D, º\È]Ô©Aˆ>ÁÈ•D


Â\¬zÏ›>© º√Vm\V™ g>V´\VzD ÷m. ÷ÀkV≈V™ ÿ>V[\
*‚|ÚkV¬Ô\V™ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ Eu∏l[ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô
√∫Ôπ©√VÔ ‘ƒÏ©√BVÔD’, ‘\mÁ´T´[’, ‘∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^’,
‘∏´VBflE›>D’, ‘{ ƒzÕ>ÈV’ x>oB ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·
÷ÀkÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ ÷™∫ÔVÈVD.BVÚ\u≈m ∂©√Vμÿkπ, ∞z˛[≈ ÿ>VÚ
ÔVÈD ®™› ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÷_ÁÈ! ∂Õ>¬ ÔVÈΩÔ^, ÷´V\™_È.. ÿkÆD >s©A! ®™
xΩ˛[≈m. Eu∏l[ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^! gV]¬Ô›>V_
Ô™›]Æ˛B g¶kˆ™V_ Ô_ÈVFfl ƒÁ\Õ> ÷[Á≈B ∂ÔoÁÔÔ^ ÿ√≈
ŒıV> s|>ÁÈÁB© º√E Wu˛[≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>.

“AmÂV^ sΩB_ ØÁƒ© ÿ√Vø>Vfl∑ \m´VAˆ T´[ ka√V‚|¬ºÔVΩ


kÕº>[. xu≈›m \Áw¿ˆ_ /xflÛ|D ÌwV˛› >Á´ÿ\øzD Ôπ\ı />™¬z^
x™˛uÆ ∂–√s›m› >MÿÂÚ©∏_ ŒuÁ≈© ÿ√Vø]_ ŒÚÔD ÂV[....
ÿkÕ]ÚÕ>V_? ®™¬ÔÕ>© / ÿ√VDt WÁ™° k´©ÿ√VÚt ∂øms‚º¶[”. ( √.130
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^)

÷m√u§ ÔsÁ>©√Ω\D z§›> Ô‚|Á´ Œ[§M_ Eu∏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ


Eu∏l[ \mÁ´T´[ ÔsÁ>l_ >tμÂV‚|¬ ˛´VtB
º√∑˛[≈VÏ. “Eu∏l[
\´∏_ kÕ> \mÁ´T´[ ka√V| √Ω\\V¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ka√V‚|¬ÔVÔ
\mÁ´ T´[EÁÈ Ôπ\ıV_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m. \mÁ´T´[
ÿ√VDÁ\ÁB ÿÂÚ©∏_ ∑‚|¬ √¬zk©√|›>VÁ\BV_ \ÁwBV_
ÔÁ´Õmº√V˛≈m. ∂–√kfl Û‚Ω_ √ø¬ÔV> √Á¶©AÔ”¬z ºÂÚD Ô]ÁB

89
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶ \mÁ´T´[ √Ω\\V¬Ô© √‚ΩÚ©√m ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ E≈©A
E≈©A” 43
®[˛≈VÏ. Eu∏l[ \mÁ´T´[ ÔsÁ> QVM \uÆD \.\mÛ>™[ kVE©AÔπ_
ÿkÀºkÆ Aˆ>K¶[ ÿkπ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. ∂Á> ∏[kÚD QVMl[
s·¬Ô›]oÚÕm c´ÈVD.

QV™A´›][ / ÂVuƒÕ]Ôπ_ .... xflƒÕ]Ôπ_ / ∂´¬zÔπ_ ....


∂D√È∫Ôπ_ / kVF©√Õ>_Ô^ / gl´D gl´D / k·ÏÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.75)

QV™A´›][
“QV™A´›][ ÔıÔ^ ]≈¬z\V, ¸º´¬
‘¸º´¬ È>V
È>V’ Eˆ›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^, ‘\mÁ´
\mÁ´ T´[
T´[’ g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô
∂´EBÁÈ s\σ™D ÿƒF•D ÔsÁ>Ô^. \VϬEBD >™¬z^ ÷¶D
ÿ√u≈>[ sÁ·ºk ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^” ®|›mÁ´›>_ ∂_Èm
skˆ›>ÁȺB ÿ√Ú\·s_ ÿƒFm ÂÁ¶º√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
EÈ, ]œÏ ®™ ŒÚ √VFflƒ_ JÈD ∂ÔD A≈›Á> clÏkV∫˛B ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ
\V§ s|˛[≈™. EKÁk›>kºBV˛ (Œπ©√≈Ák) ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ÷>uz
Â_È ƒV[Æ. ∂ÔoÁÔ √u§B >™m ÷´ı¶Vkm ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>l_
(∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^) ∂ÔoÁÔÁB© √VÁ≈BVF©
√Ω\©√|›m˛≈VÏ. Eu∏l[ ºƒV>Á™¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷m°D Œ[Æ A≈D
∂Ô›]™Ï ÔÁ´•D ÔsÁ>, EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ º\KD gμÕm ÿƒ[Æ
÷ÁƒBVF© ÿ√V∫zD. ∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>V‚|, yıΩ
√´kƒD” 44 ®[≈ cÏÁk ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ˛·Æ˛[≈™.
\M>–¬z^ √´kƒD

\m´ ÿÂÚ©AÔπ[ ÔÚD√VÁ≈ xΩs[ ∏[ ®]Ï˛[≈


s|>ÁȬÔVF ∞∫˛ WuzD Ôu√VÁ≈ AmWÁ™s_ (8) √w∫Ô™s_ (1)
AÁ>Õms‚¶ >Ú›]_ (Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á119) ®™¬z§©∏|D
QVM. >MJ∫˛_, mÁ g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÷ÀkÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ ∂¶¬˛
A≈©ÿ√VÚ^ kÚÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD, ÿ\[º\KD √VFflƒ_
ÿ√uÆ ÷Áƒ¬z^, g[\ ÷BK¬z^ ÷ÁÕms¶ ºkı|D, ÔsÁ>
÷B¬Ô›][ k´ÈVÆ ÷mÿk[≈V_, Eu∏ ÷Àk´ÈVu§_ ÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ ®™
÷™D ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.

90
\mÛ>™[ √VÏÁklºÈV \mÁ´ T´[ ∂Ô Œπ›º>‚¶\VÔ©
kVμsB_ ∂–√k∫Ô^ \M>–¬z› º>Ák. ÿkuÆ
AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. “kVμsB_
∂–√k∫Ô·V_ g´kV´∫Ô·V_ √BM_ÁÈ. ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı| ÿÂfiE_ Ô™_ ®wºkı|D. Ôu√Á™l_ kVw
xΩBVm. ∂–√k∫Ô^ ®[≈ Û| \M>–¬z› º>Ák. ∂–√k∫Ô^
ÔÚ›m” 45.
kaºB >V[ ∂Ô Œπ ]´”D ®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m

Eu∏l[ ƒÏ©√BVÔD ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô›]uz gÔfl E≈Õ>


c>V´\VÔ› ]Ôw› ÌΩB>VzD. º>ƒ›][ ÂVƒÔV´fl ƒ¬]Ô·V™ ƒÏ©√∫ÔÁ·
∂a›ÿ>Va¬zD ºk^sÁB¬ z§X¶V¬˛B ∂ØÏk\V™ ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô¬
ÔsÁ>ºB ƒÏ©√BVÔD ∂>[ Ôs›mkD √u§ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ∂|›>
÷Bo_ s·¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÔVÈVD.

ŒÚ ÔsQ[ >[ √Á¶©∏_ cÚk›Á>•D, c^·¶¬Ô›Á>•D ®ÀkVÆ


√Á¶¬Ô ºkı|D ®[≈ E.\Ël[ ÔÚ›m \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “cÚkD
cÚkD
ÔsÁ>l[ A≈\VzD, c^·¶¬ÔD ÔsÁ>l[ ∂Ô\VzD. cÚk›]uz¬
Ô‚|¬ºÔV©Á√› >Úkm BV©A. c^·¶¬Ô›]uz¬ Ô‚|¬ºÔV©Á√› >Úkm
÷ƬÔD. ÔsÁ>l[ A≈\V˛B cÚk›]_ s¶ ∂Ô\V˛B c^·¶¬Ô›]_
>V[ Ô‚|¬ºÔV©A (∂wzD) x¬˛B\V™m. c^·¶¬Ô›][ ÷B_º√ √Ω\D
®[–D ∂wz>V[; cÚk›][ ÷B_A, ÿ>VÁ¶ ®[–D ∂wz ®[Æ
ÿƒV_È ºkıΩB º>Ákl_ÁÈ
º>Ákl_ÁÈ” 46.

Eu∏l[ Ô´∫Ôπ_ ÌwV∫Ô_ ®–D√V| ÿ√VÚ^ s>s>\VÔ© √‚Á¶


y‚¶©√‚| t[–˛[≈m. ÷™DAˆBVfl Eu√ÿ\V[Á≈ ÷¶kÈ\V•D, º\_ ˇwV•D,
zƬzÿÂ|¬ÔV•D, ∂ÚzD ÿ>VÁÈ°\V•D ÔV›>ÁÈ©√‚| ∂ÁÈÕm \VFÕm
∂K›>™ ÔıÔ^. ∂m√u§ ∂|¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÿƒ_˛[≈V[. ÔVÈ ®_ÁÈÁB¬
Ô¶Õ> ÔV›]Ú©A, ÷›>Á™ ÿ\ÚÁÔ ÷Áw›ms‚¶º>V ®™ •Ô∫ÔÁ·› >ˆE›>
ÌwV∫Ô_o[ ∂w˛_ ÿƒV¬˛¬ ˛¶¬ÁÔl_,

ÔıVΩ© º√Áw¬z^ EÁ≈©√‚¶ ÿ>™› >ıßÚ¬z^ ˛¶Õ>


“ÔıVΩ©
ÌwV∫Ô_ . . . . . . . ÿƒ_ ÿ>VÁȺ√EÿB™ / c^·∫ÁÔ zÆzƬÔ
ŒÚÿ\·™ sD\K¶[/ søÕ> Ô_ s™sBm. ∑BD ÷wÕm / kΩkfl
EÁ≈©√‚¶ ®[Á™ s|s©√VBV?
s|s©√VBV?”(E.Ô.√., √¬.148á149)
91
BV©A¬Ô‚ΩoÚÕm Am¬ÔsÁ> ºÔVˆWuzD s|>ÁÈBV? kΩkº\
x>[Á\BV™ c^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ ºÔV‚Á¶s|D \º™V√Vk›]oÚÕm
s|>ÁÈBV? ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ÂDx[ ºÔ^sÔÁ· ®ø©AD ÌwV∫Ô_ \Æ>ÁÈBVÔ
E.\Ë ko•Æ›mkm º√V[º≈ c^·¶¬Ô›][ ∂w˛BÁÈ
ko•Æ›m˛[≈>VÔ°D ®ı› º>V[Æ˛[≈m. gÔ ÷ÀkV≈VÔ •Ô∫ÔÁ·›
>ˆE›> ÌwV∫Ô_ ®[√m ÔsÁ> \´A z§›> z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬Ô
÷¶\π¬˛[≈m.

√w\´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ‚Ôº· Eu∏l[ ÁÔkı *‚ÚkV¬ÔD ÿ√u≈


√Ω\∫Ô·VÔ°D z§X|Ô·VÔ°D kVÏ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√‚| ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
c^·¶¬Ô ÷B_AÔÁ·•D ko•Æ›>ÈV˛[≈™. Eu∏l[ xD\´A (>tμ,
÷Õ]B, cÈÔ\´AÔ^) ƒVÏAˆ>_Ô·VKD ∂kÏ>D xDÿ\Va. ÷Ȭ˛B© √l_°
\uÆD >twV¬Ô© √∫Ôπ©AÔ·VKD ∂kÚ¬zfl ƒV›]B©√¶ÈVl™. ÷mz§›>
∏[kÚD QVMl[ √]° ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´ ®ı›>¬Ôm.

x[™D s∑kVt›´[ ÁÔ\§©A / ∏[™Ï miBÕ>´V¤[ ÔV>_\≈©A¬z


ŒÚ x[º™V‚¶ Œ›]ÁÔBΩ ŒÚk[, ºk>›Á>¬ ÔV>ÈV¬˛™V[ ÷[ÿ™VÚk[
ÔV>ÁÈ ºk>Á™BV¬zkV[ (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á210).

÷Õ]B \´∏™Ï >tμ\´Á√ ÷Á›m© √ÈÏ Ôı¶™Ï. Eu∏¬z^


“÷Õ]B
÷›>ÁÔB Œ[§©A>V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. Eu∏ >V[ sˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶ \´A
®[√>–^ ÷Õ]BV ®π>VÔ ÷¶Dÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂ÔoÁÔ, ´V\[,
s¸kVt›]´Ï, Ôı[, ƒzÕ>ÁÈ x>oB ÷]ÔVƒ© √V›]´∫Ô^ JÈD
Eu∏ >™¬ÿÔ™ √VÏÁkÁB© √Á¶›>π¬˛≈VÏ. Ô∫ÁÔ•D ÔVsˆ•D
∂kÚ¬z^ Œº´ ∂·s_ cÏkÁÈÔÁ· ®ø©A˛[≈™. «ˆ›mkVÏ
∂kÏ c^·›]_ ®[ÆD {Ï ∂uA>\VÔ ÷¶Dÿ√u§Ú¬˛≈m.
sºkÔV™Õ>Á´•D, √V´]ÁB•D Œº´ kˆÁƒl_ WÆ›m˛≈VÏ
WÆ›m˛≈VÏ” 47 .

∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D ÷›>ÁÔB ÷B_AÔ^ ∂k´m zÚÂV>Ï √V´] kVlÈVÔ


Eu∏¬z kVF›> ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®™ÈVD.

\‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷›>ÁÔB √V|ÿ√VÚ^ *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ®[√>Á™ s|>ÁÈ©


º√V´V‚¶¬ ÔVÈÔ‚¶ ÷Õ]B¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”º¶ Eu∏ºB ÷™D ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.

92
÷·∫ zwÕÁ>l[ ÷[ÿ™Vo› >VÁ´l_ ®∫Ô^ º>k˛ \VÏA
>πϬzº\ mÚDA˛[≈ ÷Ú‚√> \ΩlKD ∑´Õm ÿ√V∫˛|Dº>[ ∑Ák© √VÿÈVπ
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á108)

√ÁwB
“√ÁwB ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·© A]B ºÂV¬˛_ z§X|Ô·VÔ°D
cÚkÔ∫Ô·VÔ°D AÁ™˛≈ º√V¬zD, s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶¬ÔVȬ
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D k·ÏÕ>m. √VfiƒVo¬z^ √V´>›>VÁB ÷™DÔı¶
√V´]BVˆ[ √VfiƒVoƒ√>D, ÔVπl[ *m ÔV_Ák›m gΩ ∂kÁ™
\Ï›>™D ÿƒF> ÔıM[ ∏fi∑¬ÔVo_ ÔVÕ] >ˆƒ™D Ôı¶
k^·›º>Vπ[ ÔV\Øt•Á¶ ∏fi∑¬ÔV_ á ÔDƒÁ™© A≈DÔı¶ º\VÔ™¬
ÔıÁ™, º\VÔ[>V¸ Ô´DƒÕ› ÔVÕ]BVÔ°D, EÁ≈l_ ∏≈Õ>
ÔıÁ™fl EÁ≈l_ ∏≈Õ> º>ƒ√¬]BVÔ°D \¬Ô[ÈV_ ƒmϺk]
cÚkV¬˛B z§X| g˛BkuÁ≈© √ÁwB ÿ>V[\DáA]B z§X| g¬ÔD
®[≈ ºÔV‚√V‚|¬z ®|›m¬ÔV‚|Ô·VÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD
z§©∏¶ÈVD” 48 ®[√Ï. ÷›>ÁÔB
Aˆ>_ kVF¬Ô©ÿ√u≈ Eu∏BV_ ÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
E≈©A≈¬ ÁÔBV·©√‚ΩÚ©√ÿ>[√m c^·VÏÕ> ÷B_º√BVzD?

2.3. Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.3.2 ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ z´o_ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ ÂV[ÿÔ™ s·¬Ô©ÿ√u≈™.


∂kuÆ^ >ÁÈBVBm ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ (Scientific Conciouness) BVzD.
÷›>ÁÔB ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\l™V_ ∂kÚ¬z¬ ÁÔÌΩB √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
E≈©√V™ÁkBVzD. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ Eu∏l[ ‘ÛˆBWw_’ ÿ>Vz©∏Á™ ∂§sB_
∂§QÏ √.Ô.ÿ√V[–ƒVt•D, Œ©∏B_ º\Á> ÔV.ÿƒ_È©√–D, \VϬÊB s\σÔÏ
QVM•D ÿ√ˆmD º√Vu§•^·™Ï. Eu∏l[ ‘{Á¶l[ Ô™°’, ‘ÔVÈD’, ‘s≈Vo
kV_‚ƒ›]´D’, ‘ÌwV∫Ô_’, ‘ÂVF¬zÁ¶’, ‘Â|∫zDWÈD’, ‘\M>D’ x>oB
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÔVV\u
º√V™ ÛˆB[ \M>D ˛.∏.2006 x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂§sBu AÁ™ÔÁ>Ô·VÔ
(Science of Fictions) kVE¬Ô°D ÷¶\π¬Ô¬ ÌΩB™kV•^·™.

93
∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· Eu∏ >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ®ÀkVÆ
ÁÔBVı|^·VÏ ®[≈ QVMl[ √]Ák¬ ÔVıº√VD. sB¬Ô›>¬Ô
“sB¬Ô›>¬Ô
xÁ≈l_ ∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·› >ta_ ÿÔVı|kÕ>kÏ Eu∏.
WÈVs_ \M>[ ÔV_Ák›> ÿƒF]ÁB ∂uA> cϺkV| √V|˛≈VÏ.
\M>[ kÁ´lÈV™ clÏÔπ[ √ˆV\›Á>•D ∂>uz xu√‚¶
ÛˆBMoÚÕm cÈÔD cÚkV˛B √ˆV\›Á>•D ÿÔVı¶ gu≈_ tz
ÔsÁ>ÁBfl Eu∏ √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ÛˆBMoÚÕm E>§ ÿÂÚ©A¬ºÔV·D,
cÈÔD ®™›]´”˛≈ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ›]_ ®›>Á™ ÿ√ˆB ®ˆ\ÁÈÔ^,
®Àk·° ÿ√ˆB \Áw ÷Ω xw¬Ô∫Ô^, gu≈_ tzÕ> ŒÚ ÔsQ´V_
\‚|º\ ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ√ÚD ÔV‚EÔÁ·¬ ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÿÔVı|k´xΩ•D
ÿÔVı|k´xΩ•D” 49
®[√Ï.

Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D ∂§sB_ ÿƒF]Ô”D


W´D√ ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ^·™. ‘ÔVÈD’ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ Eu∏ ÛˆBM_ ÷ÚÕm
søÕ> ci ÷≈ºÔ Øt ®[≈ ÿƒF]ÁB s·¬z˛≈VÏ. ÛˆBfl ÿƒDº√V›m /
ci ÷≈ÿÔV[Á≈© ØtÿB™ c]Ï›>m / ®∫Ô”¬z› ÿ>ˆ•D
ÿ>ˆ•D.
(ÔVÈD, E.Ô.√., √á142)

ÿƒÀkVF ˛´Ô›]_ zΩºB≈ÈVD ®[√m ÂVD ∂§Õ> Œ[Æ. g™V_


Eu∏ºBV ®[–Á¶B √´D√Á´ «VokV_ ‚ƒ›]´›]ºÈºB ∂|›> ±u≈VıΩ_
zΩºBÆkVÏÔ^ ®™ ŒÚ ±u≈Vı| Ô¶Õm ¶¬Ô¬ÌΩB ÿƒBÁÈ ŒÚ sfiQVM
kV™›m› #mkº™ / ƒV>V´
º√VÈ g´VFÕm ÌÆkm sB¬Ô›>¬Ô Œ[Æ. “kV™›m›
kÚ≠›]_ c™¬z / k´ºkuA© √›]´D kVE›>π›>V[ / ®™m zÚÂV>[
√V´] ∂‚ƒB gıΩ_ / kVμ›m¬Ô^ ̧ cÁ™ kaB–©∏ Ák¬˛º≈[.
∂|›> ±u≈VıΩ_ ¿ / ∂ΩÿB|›m kÚDº√Vm c[xÔ›]Á´ÁB sȬ˛
/xÔ\[ Ì≈ c[ á √VÁ>¬ºÔ kÕms|D , ®[ √´D√Á´ ÔsÁ>Ôº·V|D,
ÔÚsÔº·V|D
ÔÚsÔº·V|D”.. (E.Ô.√., √¬.146, 147))

ÌwV∫Ô_ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ ÌwV∫Ô_ Œ[Æ º√∑k>VÔ°D,


®ˆÂ‚ƒ›]´›][ ºÔV√º\ kV™›Á>¬ ˛a›m¬ÿÔVı| >ı߈_ søÕ>º>V
®ˆÂ‚ƒ›]´D Œ[§[ / ÿÂÚ©A¬
®™ ÌwV∫Ô_ÁȺB s™°˛≈VÏ Eu∏. “®ˆÂ‚ƒ›]´D
ºÔV√D ´›> s·V≈VF/ kV™›Á> ÂV´VF¬ ˛a¬Ô› >ı߈_
ÂøssøÕm/∂™uE™D >ËÕ>º>V? ®[˛≈VÏ. (E.Ô.√. √.14)
94
Â|∫zD WÈD ÔsÁ>l_ WÈÂ|¬ÔD, Ô¶_ºÔV^, clˆ™© √[Á\©
√_KlˆB k·D (Bio-Diversity) g˛B™°D √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô·VÔ¬
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ®[™ \VBD ÷m / Ô¶_ WÈ\V˛≈m. WÈD ¿^˛≈m
Ô¶ÈVÔ / E∫ÔkV_ z´∫zÔ”D / ÔD¨´ BVÁ™Ô”D / m^π›]ˆ•D /
clˆ™© √[Á\l[ √ˆºƒV>Á™¬ ̶D. (E.Ô.√.√¬á148, 160)

∂b g•>∫Ô^ JÈD cÈÁÔ ∂fl∑Æ›mD ∞ÔV]√›]B∫ÔÁ·


s\ÏflE¬ÁÔl_ ÔV˛>©Ao ®[≈VÏ \Vºƒm∫ á ∂kuÁ≈ºB ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬
sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D / sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D /
ÔV·V™VÔ x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ Eu∏. “sˆ˛≈m
´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔV·Vı
ÔV·Vı” ®™© √¶D∏Ω›m; ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ. (E.Ô.√. √á157)

ÂVF¬zÁ¶© √u§B Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>¬z© √VÈVs[ s\σ™D ÷∫z


Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. ∂]ÔV´D Øt©√ÕÁ> WwÈΩ›mfl ƒVÔfl
“∂]ÔV´D
ÿƒFms|D g√›Á> ∂>[ ∂fl∑Æ›>_ ÿ>VMºBV| WÔμÔVÈ
sÁ™flÿƒVuÔπ_ Eu∏ kÏˬ˛≈VÏ
kÏˬ˛≈VÏ” 50.

sfiQV™D ∂a°©√VÁ>¬z \M>Á™ ÷‚|fl ÿƒ_˛≈m ®™ Eu∏ >™m


ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x[Ák©√>VÔ ÷´V.ÂV´VB[ ÔÚ›m Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
\VM¶ ´›>¬ Ô¶_Ôπ[ º\ºÈ ƒVs[ >ÁÈsˆºÔVÈ \z¶D ®[√™
“\VM¶
º√V[≈ m[√xÁ≈¬zD √Ω\∫ÔÁ· tz]•D √B[√|›] ∂b g•>
g√›Á> sˆ›mÁ´¬˛≈VÏ. sB©At¬Ô sfiQV™ cÈ˛_ \M> ÷™D
TVÔ ∂akÁ> s|s¬Ô sÚDA˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂>™V_, sfiQV™›Á>,
∂a°©√VÁ>¬z ÷‚|flÿƒ_KD J¶ÏÔÁ· ®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ. N‚ÈÚD
xºƒVoM•D ÷M•D ÿ√ÚԬ̶Vm ®™ WÁ™¬zD Eu∏, ∂b•›>¬
ÔÚsÔπ[ º\_ / s´_√]›]Ú¬zD JϬÔÏÔ·V_ Øt / xø©Aø]¬
ÔV¶V˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á> ®|›m¬ÌÆ˛≈VÏ
®|›m¬ÌÆ˛≈VÏ” 51.

∂b g•>›>V_ ∞u√|D \V–¶fl EÁ>Ák cÈÔ·VsB \V–¶


“∂b
ºÂV¬˛_ º√VÏ ÿk§BÏÔ”¬z {Ï ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ z´ÈVÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>
∂Á\Õm^·m. ÷]_ ÔsQÏ Eu∏ ∂§sBo[ z§¬ºÔV^
EÁ>˛[≈º√Vm ∞u√|D \V–¶ ∂a°ÔÁ· ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚Ω•^·VÏ ” 52.
®[√VÏ ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑.

95
‘{Á¶l[ Ô™°’ ®a_tz \M>M[ g]¬ÔÚ©Á√BVF ÷BuÁÔ
kÁ™Õ> ÔV| á √_ÔÁÈ ∂k–¬z© √lu§¬ÿÔV|›> √V¶ƒVÁÈ á ∂k[ ¿flƒKD
√VFflƒKD √l[≈§Õ>m k™A›ˆÂ]Ôπ[ º>Vπ_>V[. J∫˛_ kÁ·›m›
>V°D kV™´∫Ôπ¶tÚÕm s_s›Á>ÁB•D, \ÁÈflEÈÕ]Ôπ¶tÚÕm
ÿƒ°› ÿ>VaÁÈ•D ÔuƬÿÔVı¶ ÔÁ>ÔÁ·fl E›>ˆ¬˛≈VÏ.

ÔV|ÿÔV[Æ / ÂV¶V¬˛Bk[ / ÷[Æ ÷BÕ]´ ÂVÔZÔ ÿˆƒo_ /


“ÔV|ÿÔV[Æ
>[Á™ \≈Õ>V[ \M>[ ®[–D / >[ ÂV\xD ÿÔ‚¶V[ √È´V\™VÔ¬
/ ÔÈ©Á√ ∏Ω¬Ô ºkıΩBk[ k´VÔ\VÔ ºkÏÔÁ·© / ∏≈Vı¶›
ÿ>V¶∫˛™V[ ÷´V\™VF© / Øt ÿk∫ÔV™∫Ô^ ÔV¬Ô©∏≈Õ>k[ /
√´∑´V\™VF› ºÔV¶ˆ ∞Õ]™V[ / √´∑´V\[ / g˛s‚¶>V_
ÿ√u≈>VÁBºB / ÿk‚¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛™V[ ºƒVÁÈk™∫Ôπ[ / ∏^Á·
÷©º√Vm √VÁÈk™∫Ôπ[/ >ÕÁ>BVF \V§™V[
\V§™V[”. (E.Ô.√. √¬.51, 52)

®™› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm {|˛[≈m {Á¶l[ Ô™°, √¬] ÷Ȭ˛B, ÔD√´V\VB


kˆÔ”D, √´∑´V\[ ÿ>V[\xD ÔV|Ô^ ÷BuÁÔl[ √Á¶©A / √VÁÈk™∫Ô^
\M>M[ √Á¶©A ®–D ÷[zÈV© ÔsÁ>Ôº·V|D Eu∏ Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ.
÷Õ> ∂ˆBÔsÁ>BV_ ÔV™ÔD \M>Ϭz kw∫˛B ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D ÿƒFÂ[§
ÿÔV[≈ \V–¶Ï >D ÔV¶a©A¬ ºÔ|ÔÁ·•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô·VF ∂|¬˛›
ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. ÷m ∂k´m ÛaB_ ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ÁB© AÈ©√|›m˛[≈m.

ÔV‚| k™∫Ô^ / kÁÔ ÿ>VÁÔl[§› º>V‚¶D √lÏ WÈD /


“ÔV‚|
g¬Ô©√|k>V_ / ∂ÚsÔπ[ √V‚| / ∂¶∫˛© º√VluÆ , Â]Ôπ[ ¶™D
/ ÷·D∏^Á· kV>D º√V_ / x¶∫˛© º√VluÆ
º√VluÆ” (E.Ô.√. √.53)

÷BuÁÔÁB ∂§sB_ ∂a¬˛≈m ®[≈ Eu∏l[ ÔÚ›Á> QVM•D


\Vÿ√ÚD ÔV|Ôº·V| \M>–¬z ∞u√‚¶ c≈Ák, ÷D\Vÿ√ÚD
∞u˛≈VÏ. “\Vÿ√ÚD
ÔV|Ô^ \M>–¬z^ º>VuÆs›> \VıAÔÁ· Eu∏, {Á¶l[ Ô™°
®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ kΩ¬˛≈VÏ. \Vÿ√ÚD ∂Ús ÂD ÔVÈfl Ûwo_ ®ÀkVÆ
zÆ˛©º√VF, ÔuÔ”¬z ÷Á¶l_ >s›m© AÈD√fl ÿƒF˛≈m ®[Æ ∂kÏ
ÔsÁ> ÿƒV_KD ÿ√Vøm, ÷BuÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ ∂§sB_ k·ÏflE ∂a¬˛≈m
®[√Á> ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ
ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ” 53 ®[√Ï.

96
2.3. Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.3.3 kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

ÂV‚|©A≈ \M>ÏÔÁ· ‘mDÁ√© Ø \M>ÏÔ^’ ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂k´m


EuG´V™ guÆ©ÿ√V^·VflEl[ gaBVuÁ≈\‚|\_È \ıË[
Á\Õ>ÏÔ·V™ √V›]´kVÏ©AÔ^, \ı\™∫Ô\øD kVfiÁƒt¬Ô ÿÔV∫z› >ta[
k‚¶V´kw¬z, WÈkÁ´sB_ ºÔVÈ∫Ô^, ÂV‚¶VÏ√V¶_Ô^, ÿƒVÈkÁ¶Ô^ ®[Æ
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Ôs›mk›º>V| gk©√|›m˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], ÷ÀkVÆ kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ ÌÆÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛B kÁÔl_ x[™›]
∞Ï ∏Ω›> x[º™VΩBVÔ √w\ȺB º√ƒ©√|˛[≈VÏ. ∂k´m ƒ™∫Ôπ[
ÔÁ>>V[ ÷Õ> kÁÔlÈV™ x>_±_ gzD. ∂Õ> kÁÔlÈV™ ∂|›>
√VFflƒºÈ Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] BVzD. ÷>[ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ∂Dƒ∫Ô^
kVFÿ\Va \´∏Á™ Am¬ÔsÁ> k·Ï©∏_ A™´Á\©√m. ÔsÁ>ÁB
ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›mkm, ƒV>V´ ƒ´Vƒˆ \M>ÏÔÁ·¬ zflE›]´∫Ô·VÔ© √]°
ÿƒFkm. ÷Ák ®_ÈVku§uzD º\ÈVÔ x¬˛B\V™ Œ[Æ ®[™ÿk[≈V_
‘Ôu≈ÿ>_ÈVD ®uº≈ ÷kϬz ÂVD ®™ ÂDÁ\¬ ÔÚ›>aB Ák¬zD’ ∂·suz
ÂÁ\ \ÁÈ¬Ô Ák›m sB©∏_ gμ›mD ∂©√ΩBVÔ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D (So called)
√V\´ÏÔπ[ √V´D√ˆB ∂§°fl ÿƒ_k›Á> *‚ÿ¶|©√ÿ>[√º>. ®ø>©√Ω¬Ô›
ÿ>ˆÕ>kÏÔº· ∂§kVπÔ^ ®–D ÔÚ›>Á\° (Concept) ®[√m ŒÚ kÁÔl_
ÔVÈMB \º™V√VkD. ÂD J>VÁ>BÏÔ^ BVkÚD x‚¶V^Ô·V ®[™? ÷›>ÁÔB
\º™V√Vk›][ ®]ˆBVÔºk J>VÁ>Bˆ[ ∂§°fl ÿƒV›Á> *‚ÿ¶|¬zD
gk©√]kV¬Ôº\ ‘ƒ™∫Ôπ[ ÔÁ>’, ‘ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]’ º√VKD ±_Ôπ[
E≈©√V™ ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™ÈVD.

ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ÔsÁ>l_ kVFÿ\Va


>tμÂV‚Ω[ kVFÿ\Va©
\´A E≈©√VÔ¬ Ì≈©√‚ΩÚ©√Á>© √]° ÿƒFm^·VÏ. “>tμÂV‚Ω[
√V´D√ˆBD (Oral Tradition), ÷Õ>© Am¬ÔsÁ>ºBV| ÷Á¬Ô©√|˛≈
xÁ≈Á\l[ E≈©Á√ ŒÚ˛´V\›m Â] tÔ k[Á\BVÔ
®|›m¬ÔV‚|˛≈m. ‘ {|D k´ÈVÆ ’ , ÿÔV|D√Vs ƒVÔVº·V Âø°D √ÚkD
g˛B™ku§_ ÷Õ>´ƒkV>D ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛≈m ” 54. guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[

97
gaBVÆ>V[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®M_ ∂>[ Â]JÈD ®[√m \uº≈mt_ÁÈ
\V–¶D √VΩWuzD Eu∏l[ \™©√|ÁÔ>VMMÕ> Â]JȺ\.

“÷m ®[ BxÁ™ ÷m Ô∫ÁÔ, ÷m ®[ ÔVsˆ, c©√VÆ ÷>–^


ƒ∫Ôt¬zD √VÈVÆ∫̶... s≈D∏ÂÔÏ›m∫Ô√›]Á´¬z ÷m >∫ÁÔBVF
÷Ú¬zº\V” ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ®Õ> kÁÔlKD Â]¿Ï© √∫ˇ‚|fl E¬Ô_ ®wV\_
Â]ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD ÷Á›m ∂ÁÔÁ·› >ÔÏ›m gÆÔÁ·©
√V¶Ák¬˛[≈VÏ.

÷m ®[ c]´›][ c©A / ÷m ®[ >VF©√V_ √Ω¬ÔV>


“÷m
÷]ÔVƒ∫Ô”D / ®ø] xΩ¬ÔV> ƒˆ›]´∫Ô”D / ÷>[ ÔÁ´l_ ®[
¿È´›>D / ®[ g]¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿ>V©A^¬ÿÔVΩ ∂Õ]\fl ƒVƒ™›][ /
∞‚|fl∑kΩ ÂV–D ckV˛ / *–D ckVzD ÷Õ> Â]¬z / ÂV–D
ckVºk[
ckVºk[”. ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ÿÔVı¶VΩ› ]Á·¬˛[≈VÏ. >[ \ıË[
Á\Õ>ÏÔÁ· ÂD Ôıx[ √V›]´ kVÏ©AÔ·V¬˛© √Á¶›>π¬˛[≈VÏ. ÿ>uz
k·° ∂©√VÚ (√V‚Á¶BV); ®ø√m kB]KD J›>kÁ´¬ Ôı¶V_, >ÁÈzMÕm
WÈD ÌÆD ∂]ƒBD g™ ∂D\V ®™ kV∫z.... (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √.71).

ºÂE©A¬z ®|›> ÿ¤[\D / ºÂE©A ... ºÂE©A.... AÚƒÁ™©


“ºÂE©A¬z
º√VȺk / √ıÁB›Á>•D zwÕÁ>Ô^ º√VȺk / ®ÚÁ\ÔÁ·•D
c≈°ÔÁ·© º√VȺk / ∂¬ÔD√¬Ô›Á>•D ªÁ´ºB #¬zD , ∂©√Vs[
ºÔV√›Á> ŒuÁ≈© √VÏÁkBV_ / ÿƒm¬˛ ªÁ\BV¬zkV^
ªÁ\BV¬zkV^”(ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], √.29,30). ÷m>V[ Eu∏ ÔV‚|D ∂D\V ®[˛≈ ∂]ƒBD. ÷ÀkVº≈
\≈¬ÔxΩBV> ÷[ÿ™VÚ zflE›]´D ÿ>uzk·°© √V‚Á¶BV

∂∫Ô´V¬z© º√V¶V>/ \VÏ∏[ ∂ÔÈ›]_ ®ø]lÚÕ>m /


“∂∫Ô´V¬z©
ÔV|ÿk‚Ω WÈÕ]Ú›]B x[º™VÏÔπ[ cÁw©A ∞Ï∏Ω›m WÈ›]_ /
®ø]Bm >s´ ∞ÿ¶ø]¬ Ôu≈]_ÁÈ / g™VKD s_o•D ÔD√–D ÂVs_
ƒ|z| sÁ·BV|kVÏÔ^
sÁ·BV|kVÏÔ^”.. ºkD√D جÔÁ·© º√V_ \·\·ÿk[Æ c]ÚD
√V‚Á¶BVs[ ∂–√k¬ Ô·fiEB›]oÚÕm ÿƒVÈkÁ¶Ô^. \V©∏^Á·¬
Ô°ı¶Ú¬z J¬z sÁ¶¬˛≈ÿ>[≈V_ ÔÁ> ∏≈¬˛≈m ®[Æ ∂Ï›>D. √V¶D
AÔ‚|˛[≈ √V\´ ∂§° ˝sÔÁ·©√V| ÿ√VÚ^ g¬˛Bº> √V¶D ÿƒV[™kÏÔ^

98
ÔıbÈ AÁÔ s|>ÁȬ ÔuƬ ÿÔV|¬˛≈ \ÁÈB©√ ƒVt. º\a©√V_ AÔ‚Ωs|D
ŒuÁ≈ ∞Ï; \V≈[, ÈV¶∫Ô‚|D >∫Ô©√ gƒVˆ ÷kÏÔ^ kˆÁƒl_ ÷Æ]BVÔ Eu∏
∂§xÔ©√|›mkm guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[ ƒoD ∂oBV™ ƒ©Á√kVF©
√wMB©√Á™ ∂k–¬z› ÿ>Va_ ®[™ºkV ∂Dt, g‚|¬Ô_ ÿÔV›mkm>V[.
g™V_ ∂k™m \uÿ≈VÚ xÔD >V[ A^πB_ (Ornithalogy) ∂§°. (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], √.29, 30).

{FÕ> ºkÁ·l_ / √≈Ák x‚Á¶ ºƒÔˆ©√V[ ®Õ>¬ÔV‚Ω_ ®Õ>


“{FÕ>
\´›]_ / ®Õ>©√VÁ≈©∏·s_ ®[™ √≈Ák x‚Á¶l|D / ∂k–¬z
∂›m√Ω >s‚|©A≈V› ÿ>ˆ•\V? ®[Æ ºÔ‚¶V[ ŒÚ>´D ÿ\·™\VF
c>| ∏m¬˛Bº√Vm ∞·™©√VÏÁkBV_ ˇ§s‚|› >Á´l_ √|›>kV¬˛_
/ ÿÔV‚Á¶fl ÿƒΩ©A>ˆ_ / z§√VÏ›m¬ Ô_ÿȧÕ>V[ ÿƒV_oÁk›>Vu
º√V_ √≈Õ>™. ŒÚ º¤VΩ› >s‚|© A≈V¬Ô^
A≈V¬Ô^” 70. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]l[
‘√V¶_ ÿ√u≈ ¸>È∫Ô^’ z§›mD, √V›]´∫Ô^ z§›m\V™ ].∑.¶´V¤[
√]°Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô™ (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √. ).

W›B Ô_BVËÁB› ÿ>ˆ•\V c∫Ô”¬z? / ÿk^Á·•D Ek©A\VF¬ ,


ÿÔV^Á· ÂV^kV¶V> / Ø ∂m / ®∫Ô^ ªÏ ∂¬ÔV / ∂∫ÔD\V ∂©√Ω.... (ŒÚ
˛´V\›m Â], √.80).

¨Ω©AÁÔ
“¨Ω©AÁÔ ªmD \ÁÈB©√ ƒVt, º\a©√V_ \V≈[,
ƒVtBVÏ©√VÏ©√V[, ÿk^Á·flƒVtBVÏ, ÈV¶DÔ‚|D >∫Ô©√ gƒVˆ,
ƒˆ›]´ AÚ≠[ ƒ©Á√kVF© √wMB©√[, √›mkB]ºÈºB ÿ√ˆB
´V∫˛¬ÔVˆBVlÚÕ> E[™¬ ÔıV^, \VÆÔı ]ÚJÏ›]
EkÁÈ©√∑kVlÚÕ> k^πBV›>V^, Á\™Ï ´VEB©√[, Â|¬ÔV‚|©
ÿ√ˆBƒVt, W›B Ô_BVËBVF WÁ™°› yu≈ÈV˛© º√V™ ∂∫ÔD\V,
÷›>Á™ º√ÚD t[™_ ˇuƬԷVF kÕm º√V˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ A´V
\M>ÏÔ·_È ƒ´Vƒˆ ... ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ˇºw. ÷kÏÔ”¬z¬ ÔsÁ> \z¶D
Û‚Ω, WÁ™°fl ED\Vƒ™›]_ ∞u§ Ák›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏
Eu∏” 55 ®[√Ï.

ÔÁ·›m©º√V™ √‚|©ØflE / {Fÿk|©√m º√V_ / ÔVÈD √VÏ›> ÔıÔÁ·


/ ÔÁ·©√V_ JΩ› ]≈›>VÏ / Â|¬ÔV‚|© ÿ√ˆBƒVt / º√V™ A´‚EºBV|, ®ø√›º>ø
xΩ›ms‚¶m (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √.76).
99
mDÁ√©Ø
“mDÁ√©Ø \M>ÏÔ^, ∂Õ]\´∫Ô^, ∂¶ÏÕm ∑u§B
ÂVuA>ÏÔ^, Â]¿Ï z]›m› >VoB \ÁÈ©√VÁ≈Ô^, ÷·D √Úk›m›
º>VwÏÔ^, √V¶_ÿ√u≈ ∂w˛Ô^, ÷ku§_ ŒÚ ˛´V\›][ clÏ©A
ÔsÁ>fl E›]´\VF \Vu≈D ÿ√Æ˛≈m
ÿ√Æ˛≈m” 56 ®[√VÏ √VÈV.

s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ ÷Õ]B ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÿ>V[\


*‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V∫˛_ ÿ>V[\∫Ô^, ÷]ÔVƒ∫Ô^ \uÆD ÔVsB∫Ôπ[
√V›]´∫ÔÁ·© √V| ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛Bm ŒÚA≈tÚ¬Ô ÷ÀkV≈VÔ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]
JÈD ƒ´Vƒˆ ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ˇwV™ ƒV\V[B \¬ÔÁ·•D >D √V‚|Á¶›
>ÁÈkÏÔ·V¬˛ kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ k·\V™ ÿÔVÁ¶ÁB•D kw∫z˛[≈VÏ.
÷ÀkV≈V™ √Á¶©AÔ^ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÚD
>.√w\Èl[ √]Ák¬ ÔVÈVD. “÷ÀkV≈V™
º√Vº> ∂Õ> ∂Õ> k‚¶V´ \¬Ô^ ÿ√VmkV™ ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B∫ÔÁ·›
>∫Ô”Á¶B™kVÔ cÏkVÏÔ^. >∫Ô”Á¶B™kVÔ c´©√¶V>
®m°D >[Á™•D ÔV©√Vu§¬ÿÔV^·Vm >[\¬ÔÁ·•D ÔV©√Vu≈Vm.
÷Õ> QV™ ÿk^·© ÿ√Ú¬ÁÔ¬ ÔsQº´ z§©∏|D ‘ÔÚ›>ıßÏ
ÔÚ›>ıßÏ
ÔÚ›>ıßÏ’
(\Áwl_ \Áwÿ√Fm kÚkm) ‘ÿƒÕ>ıß
ÿƒÕ>ıß ´VÔ¬ (˛Á·Â]© √z]Ôπ_
ÿƒÕ>ıß’´VÔ¬
\Áw ÿ√Fm kÚkm) ÿÔVı| kÕm^·m ÷Õ>¬ ˛´V\›m Â]
Â]” 57 ®[√Ï.
>.√w\ÈF ÿk^·D ... ÿ√Úÿk^·D / gu§[ ÿ√ÚJfl∑ / ÔÚÕ>ıË•D
ÿƒÕ>ıË•D / ÔÈÕm kÚmº√VF / ªÚ¬z^ g´kV´D / ÿk^·D .....
ÿ√Úÿk^·D / ∂¶∫ÿÔVıËBV / \D\VMBVz© º√Vzm´V / ÿk^·D / ®[Æ
g”¬ÔV^ º√fl∑! (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √¬.45, 48).

÷Õ> kÁÔl_ x[™›] ∞Ï ∏ˆ›> x[º™VΩBV™ √w\ÁȺB Eu∏Ôπ[


˛´V\›m W]l[ E≈©∏Á™ ÷ÀkVÆ √]° ÿƒFm^·m ÔkM¬Ô› >¬Ôm. k‚¶V´
kw¬˛Á™© AÁ™ÔÁ>Ôπ_ k·\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·k_È ƒJÔ {ÏÁ\ t¬Ô
÷[ÿ™VÚ ƒÔ √Á¶©√VπlBV™ √V. ÿ¤B©∏´ÔVƒ›][ √]°D ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´
®ı›>¬Ôm.

‘∞Ú WıV ºƒVÆ WıÆD’ / ‘AπBΩlºÈ W¬ÔVº>ºkD√Ω s‚|


sÈÔVº>’/ ‘Ô¶©√VÁ≈ xø∫˛fl ÿƒˆflƒk–D cı| / ÔD\∫Ìμ s¬˛fl
ÿƒ›>k–D cı|’ (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √.16)

100
ƒJÔ›>·›]uz
“ƒJÔ›>·›]uz xu≈VÔºk A]B sƒBD Am\Vu≈D
kÕms‚¶VKD ÿ\Va ∂©√ΩB_È. ∂>–Á¶B ˝k[ ÷[–D \¬Ôπ[
c≈°Ôπ_ º√fl∑ ÿ\Val_ >∫˛•^·m. A]B clÏ ∞u§ cÈkflÿƒFm
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m \¬Ô^ ƒJÔ›>·›m¬z© A]>VÔ kÕ]Ú¬˛≈ sƒB∫ÔÁ·
∂Ï›>© √V]©AÔÁ·© √Á¶©√V¬Ô\VÔ kw∫z˛≈º√Vm, \¬Ô”Á¶B
ÿ\ValoÚÕm, kVFÿ\Va \´∏oÚÕm ®|›m© Az›mkm
∂kEB\V˛≈m. √Á¶©√VπÔπ[ EÕ>Á™¬z^πoÚÕm \‚|D
∏≈©√>_È ÿƒV_ÈV¬ÔD. ∞uÔ™ºk kVμÕm EÕ]›m ºƒÔˆ›m
Ák›m^· ∂§°fl ºƒt©∏oÚÕm ®|›>V^km. \¬Ôπ[ kVFÿ\Val_
k·\V™ ÿƒVuÔ·fiEB∫Ô^ c^·™. ÷Õ> kÁÔ g¬Ô∫ÔÁ·fl
∑TÔˆ›m, A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› ÿ>V¶ÈVD. A]Bÿ>VÚ \´Á√¬
ÿÔVı|k´ÈVD. ÔsQÏ Eu∏l[ ˛´V\›m Â] ÷ku§¬zfl ÿƒøÁ\BV™
c>V´D
c>V´D” 58.

k‚¶V´kw¬z ®ø›ÿ>[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ÷Õ]B ∂·sºÈºB x[º™VΩ ®™


ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´›][ ÂVk_ÔÁ· z§©∏|kVÏÔ^. ÷ÀkVº≈ ÿÔV∫z›>tμ
kw¬˛[ Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z x[º™VΩBVÔfl Eu∏ºB ]Ôμ˛[≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ÂV‚¶VÏ
kw¬ÔVÿ≈[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ˛´VtB© √]°Ô”¬z© ∂©√V_ ÂÔσVÏ ÂV‚¶VÏ √]°
®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm. Eu∏l[ Ìo¬ÔVˆ, ŒÚ
Ìo¬ÔVˆÁB© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬zD º√Vº> ∂kπ[ ÿƒ[Á™fl ÿƒÕ>tÁw•D
ÂB\VÔ© √]° ÿƒFm^·VÏ.

÷Áw›> ÔÆ©∏_ zÁw›> º\M /ÿÈfl∑t Eu≈V^ Ìo á ∂k^ /


“÷Áw›>
cÁw¬zD Ô´›Á>© √u§|D ÔVÁ· / cıÁ\l_ AıËB ƒVo! /
>[™V ™›>™ >V· ÈB›]_ / ƒVF›m¬ Ôø›Á> ÿk‚Ω á ∂k^ /÷[™V
È√Vt ¿‚|© º√flE_ / ÷Ȭ˛BÂBD ÿƒV‚|D
ÿƒV‚|D” (E.Ô.√. √¬.41, 42).

∂k^ xbxb›]|D ÿ>D\V∫˛Áƒ¬z x›>tμ xÕ]sˆ¬zD.


√V´]l[ Am©º√V¬˛Á™ ∂ΩÿBVu§ºB ÂV[ ®ø> g´D∏›º>[ ®[˛≈VÏ.
A]>VÔ¬ ˛·ÏÕ> ®øflE ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷Ȭ˛B›mÁ≈lKD E≈©√VÔ¬
“A]>VÔ¬
ÔsÁ>lKD \Vu≈∫Ôπ[ AB_TflƒVÔ ∂ÁÈ√VFÕ>m. ÿ\Val[
÷ƬÔD ÿ²μÕm º√fl∑ ÿ\Va¬z ÿÂÚ¬Ô\V™ ÂÁ¶l[ cÚkV¬ÔD

101
ÔsÁ>l_ ∞u√‚¶ \Vu≈∫Ôπ_ x¬˛B\V™m. ÌΩBkÁ´ º√∑km
º√VȺk ®ømkm>V[ c›>\D ®[√m ®[–Á¶B Ô‚E ®[≈
Am©º√V¬˛Á™› >ta_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›>VÏ √V´]BVÏ
√V´]BVÏ” 59 ®[√Ï.

EÕ>Vÿ\ E>≈Vÿ\ / k·›m™º™ A^·Vº´ / E›>V›m› >ıËlºÈ /


º√V≈ºB A^·º´V (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √á95)

Eu∏•D ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]JÈD ÷Õ>kÁÔlKD >[ √V´] kalºÈºB


ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >¶D√]›>VÏ.

2.3. Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.3.4 ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

ºÔVl_ ÔÈVflƒV´D º>k>VE \´Á√ cu√›] ÿƒF>m. WÈ© ∏´A›mkD


∂›º>k>VE \´Á√› >¬ÔÁk›>m. ÿ√ˆBVÚD, JkVŸÏ ´V\VtÏ>›m
∂DÁ\BVÚD ∂>Á™ ®]Ï›m© º√V´VΩ™Ï. ∂DxÁ≈ *>V™ >Á¶flƒ‚¶›]uz
kaƒÁ\›>™Ï ®[√m k´ÈVu§[ ŒÚÔıË á sÁÈ\ÔπÏ cu√›] ®[√m
∂>uÔ©√VKD ŒaÕ>√V¶Vl_ÁÈ. ÷›>ÁÔB s√flƒV´›]uÔV™ Â]JÈ∫ÔÁ·©
√V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬z˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.

∂D\V ÂÁÔÔÁ· su≈V^ / ∂©A≈D ÔVFÔ§ su≈V^ / >ÁÈl_


“∂D\V
∑\Õm s≈z su≈V^ ∏≈z / ÔuÁ√ su≈V^ / ®∫Ô”¬z¬ ÔV_klÆ
W´D∏Bm
W´D∏Bm”(ÿ\·™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^, √á41). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ kÆÁ\ºB s√flƒV´›]uz
º>VuÆkVBVkm √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√‚|^·m. \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>l_ W´V>´kV™
ÁÔDÿ√ı WÁÈÁ\ s>ÁkÁB s√flƒV´›]uz ÷‚|flÿƒ_km
√V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√|˛[≈m.

∂m ƒÕÁ> / ∂kº·V \∫ÔÈD ÷wÕ> \∫ÁÔ ƒÕÁ> / kV´D ŒÚ


“∂m
xÁ≈ Ì|D ∂k”¬z / ºÂ´D ®©º√Vm \VÆD
\VÆD”(Œπ©√≈Ák, √á41).
®_ÈVD /
sÁÈ\Ôπ[ Ô_ÈÁ≈ kVƒÔ∫ÔÁ·fl Eu∏ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ. “®_ÈVD
÷©º√Vm xΩÕm º√VFs‚¶™ ÷Mº\ÈVkm / ∂kÁ·¬ ÿÔVfiƒD
#∫Ôs|∫Ô^
#∫Ôs|∫Ô^”.. (ƒÏ©√BVÔD, √á69)

102
Eu∏l[ ÷Õ>kˆÔÁ· kVE¬ÁÔl_ º\›>V, ÷[zÈV© ÷Úkˆ[
ÔsÁ>Ô”D ̶ WÁ™suz kÚ˛[≈™. ÷∫z>V[ ∂k^ √D kV∫ÔV\_
√^π ÿÔV^˛[≈V^ ®[˛≈ Z]l_ x.º\›>Vs[ √]°D gV]¬Ô \º™V
√Vk›m¶º™ ÿkπ©√‚|^·m. ∞ÿ™M_ s√flƒVˆl[ Ô_ÈÁ≈ÁB¬ ̶
gË[ √VÏÁklºÈºB ÔV xB_km ÷m. ÷>uz \V≈VÔ Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>ÁB© º√VȺk ÷[zÈV© ÔsÁ>•D ÔıËB\VÔ
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m. \´D Œ[Æ >V[ ÷kÁ·¬ Ô√[ mËl™V_
ÿÔ·´k©√|›]Bm ®™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ> zK∫Ô¬ zK∫Ôfl Eˆ¬zD
ŒÚsÁÈ\Ôπ[ Eˆ©∏Á™ºB √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛Bm.

÷[Æ\VÁÈ 5 \ˬz / ∂™VÁ> s|] ]≈©AswV / ]≈©√V·Ï :


“÷[Æ\VÁÈ
\VıAtz EºÂÔÈ>V / zK∫Ô¬ zK∫Ôfl Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^”
(ƒÏ©√BVÔD, √.69). ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\·™›]_ ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÷>Á™› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›]uz ®]´V™ s\σ™¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
Œ[≈VÔ© √VϬ˛≈VÏ QVM ®[≈ º√V]KD \VıAtz ®[√m ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô
∂Á\flƒÏÔÁ· \‚|\V ∑‚Ω Wu˛[≈m ®[≈ ÷´V. ÂV´VB[ √]°D
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.

∂´EB_ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√uÆ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ·VÔ kÚ√kÏÔ^ ƒJÔ


“∂´EB_
∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· xΩ°¬z¬ ÿÔVı|k´ºkı|D. g™V_ ∂ÀkVÆ g‚E¬z
kÚ√kÏÔº· ƒJÔfl ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ· cu√›] ÿƒFk>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔ
∂Á\Õ>VÏÔ^. √Ô_ ®_ÈVD EºÂÔÈ>V°¶[ ÷Ú¬zD ∂Á\flƒÏ
ÿƒF˛≈VÏ” 60.
\VÁÈl_ ∂™VÁ> s|]› E≈©A swV ÿƒF˛≈VÏ

EºÂÔÈ>V¬Ôπ[ Eˆ©A¬ÔπoÚÕmD, Eu∏l[ ÿ\·™›]oÚÕmD


∂™VÁ> s|]Ô”¬z \‚|\_È Ek©As·¬z s|]Ô”¬zD \Á≈xÔ\V™
ˆ¥JÈD g™kÏÔ^ ÷›>ÁÔB \VıAtz g™kÏÔº· ®[√Á> ÂB©√¶
s·¬z˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· \‚|\_ÈV\_ √_ºkÆ ƒJÔ©
º√V´V‚¶∫ÔÁ·•D √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬z˛[≈™ Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^. ƒJÔ¿]¬
Ôs¬z´o[ ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·V™ ƒJÔ› >›mk∫Ô”D ∂´EB_ √VÏÁk•D
ª¶VΩ Wu√™ºk Eu∏l[ ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>Ô^. ÷ku§_ EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD
®–D ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ> √È´VKD z§©∏¶©√|D E≈Õ> ÔsÁ>BVzD.

103
ªˆ_ ]ÚswV kÚ˛≈m / \Vˆ غkV|Ô^ ®ˆ˛≈m / mÁ¶©√D ÿ√V∫z
®ø˛≈m / { / EÈÕ]Ô^ ±_kÁÈ ˛a˛≈m / ÿƒV©√™Aˆl_ / ÿkπflƒ∫Ô·V?/
(´V‚ƒ> EÈÕ], √á68). \VϬEB √VÏÁkÁB c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD ÔsÁ>ÁB Eu∏ √Á¶›>VÏ ®[≈ QVMl[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl Eu∏ s\σ™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “]´Vs¶
\VϬEB© √VÏÁkÁB, ÿ\_È ÿ\_È c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD, ƒÏ©√BVÔD, ´V‚ƒ>EÈÕ] º√V[≈ s|ÔÁ>Ô^, Eu∏l[
\VϬEBD ƒVÏÕ> gºkƒ¬ z´ÁÈ tÔfl ƒˆBVÔ ÿkπ©√|›]™. ¬ƒÁÈ‚
÷B¬Ô›][ ]ÁƒkaÁB EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ÔsÁ> ∑‚|˛≈m
∑‚|˛≈m” 61 ®[√Ï.

kV™D / ÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> sΩBuÿ√Vøm / ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ~‚Ω \´fl


Eu√º\[ / kVF¬ÔVo_ Jμ˛¬ ˛¶Õ>m .... ºƒˆ¬ zΩ_Ôπ[ ÌÁ´Ô^ *m
ÿÂÚ©A›º>s WÏkV¬ Ì›m WÔμ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^ (EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD,
√.93). cÁ¶Á\ kϬԛ][ ÿÔVΩB ∂¶¬zxÁ≈¬z› yÏkVÔ©
“cÁ¶Á\
A´‚EÁB¬ÔsQÏ x[Ák¬˛≈VÏ. >Vμ›>©√‚¶ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB ÿkΩ¬zD
A´‚EBV_ cÁ¶Á\ kϬÔD >ÔÚD, ∂¶¬zxÁ≈Ô”D ∂©º√Vm\VÆD
®[√m ÔsQˆ[ ÔÚ›m, cÁ¶Á\ kϬԛ][ >ÔÏÁkºB EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD”62 ®[Æ ÔsQÏ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√VΩBVzD

ÿƒ_kV¬z cÁ¶BkÏÔπ[ ∂as™V_ ÷À°ÈÔD ∞u≈D ÿ√ÆD ®[√º>


Eu∏l[ ÔÚ›m ®™ ƒ.gÆxÔD ÌÆkm ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. “E[™VM[
E[™VM[
º√V´V‚¶º\ ∂Ω›>· \¬Ôπ[ ®]ÏÔVÈ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚¶¬
ÌΩB>VF ∂Á\˛≈m. ∂Ω›>· \¬ÔÁ·© Am cÈ˛uz ∂Áw›mfl
ÿƒ_√k™VÔ°D E[™V[ ÿƒB_√|˛≈V[. WÔμÔVÈ›][ zÁ≈ÔÁ·¬
ÔÁ·Õms‚| ®]ÏÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_KD ÷›>ÁÔB kϬÔD
º√V´V‚¶›Á>ºB ºƒV≠oƒ ®>VÏ›> kV]Ô^ k´ºku≈™Ï Eu∏•D,
∂>Á™ k´ºku˛≈VÏ
k´ºku˛≈VÏ” 63 ®[√Ï.

#´›]_ / Ø™VflE \ÁÈl[ ∂ΩkV´›]_ / ∑ÚπBVu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ / cflE¬


ÛˆBÁ™ c^kV∫˛ sø∫zD / ÔV™Ô›][ ÷>B›]_ AÁ>B / ŒÚ EÆ zD√_
E[™V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ / {Ω¬ ÿÔVıÿΩÚÕ>m (EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD, √.93).

104
∂ıV, ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ˝kV, ∂©m_ ÔÈVD, √V´] ®™ ∂´EB_, ∂§sB_
>ÁÈkÏÔ^ ®_ºÈVÚD Eu∏l[ √V‚|Á¶› >ÁÈkÏÔ·V˛[≈™Ï. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ŒÚ
ƒÔV©>D ∂_È ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ∂kÏ ƒVÔ©>D ∂_È ƒVÔ©>∫Ôπ[ ƒV>Á™›
ÿ>Vz©A ®[Æ ÿ√ˆBVÁ´ º\[Á\√|›m˛≈VÏ. ~º´V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕm ®øÕ>© AB_
Œ[Æ ÔVÈVÔVÈ\VÔ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB \ıΩ¬ ˛¶Õ> J¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔÁ·•D, ƒV],
\>D ®[≈ ƒÚzÔÁ·•D ƒVD√o‚¶VÏ.

ÔVsB ªu§[ ÔıÔ^ ]≈Õ>m ÔVfiEl_ xu≈›]ºÈ / >Vs søÕ>m


√flÁƒB©√[ \ÁÈfl ƒÕ>™› º>V^ÔπºÈ / ÌΩ› >kμÕ>m / ~º´V‚|¬ ºÔV\Ô[
/ ÿÔV^ÁÔ\Ω>ËºÈ / ºÔVÈ›>tμÂ] / {Ω¬ ÔÈÕ>m / ºÔVΩ\™∫ÔπºÈ ®™›
ÿ>VıΩ_ WÁ≈°Ô^ Ôı¶ \V\Ë ∂ıVÁk¬ ÿÔVı¶VΩ› ]Á·¬˛[≈VÏ.
«D∏ WÁ™°Ô^, Ô[MBVz\ˆ, ºÔV‚Á¶ ®™› ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ Eu∏l[ √V¶_
ÿ√u≈ ¸>È∫Ô^ Ô[MBVz\ˆ•¶[ ∞MÕ>› >kÿ\™ s™Vflƒ´D
ÿ>V|¬˛[≈VÏ.

x]ÏÔ[MÔπ[ / m¬Ô›]uz / ŒÚ z§X¶V? ∂_Èm s|>ÁÈ©


“x]ÏÔ[MÔπ[
ÿ√ıÔ^ º√V_/ skVÔkVƒÁÈ / ∂Á¶›m© º√V‚ΩÚ¬˛≈VBV? ÔÚ¿o /
ƒx›]´∫Ô”¬z / ∂]º>kÁ>BV ¿? ÔVÈD \Æ>o›> / W´Õ>´›m¬z
\M>[Ák›> / Ôu√Á™ ∂Á¶BV·\V ¿?
¿?” (E.Ô.√., √¬.251á252). ÔVÈD
ÔVÈ\VF ®∫ÔÁ·fl / Eˆ›>√ΩºB ÔΩ›m kÕ> / ]Ú‚| ´VzÔ^ ºƒmÔ^ / ÷kuÁ≈
/ cÚ‚Ω cÚ‚Ω© / A´‚Ω© A´‚Ω / ÂƬ˛ ÂƬ˛› / mı| mı¶V¬˛ , ®§Õ>m
∂_ȺkV / ÷Õ> Ák´kV^ (A[™ÁÔ Ø¬zD ØÁ™Ô^, √.256).

Ô[MBVz\ˆÁB x[MÆ›] ŒÚ √V|ÿ√VÚπºÈºB √È ªΩÁwÔÁ·©


∏[M› ÿ>V|¬˛[≈VÏ. x>_kˆl_ x]ÏÔ[Mfl E¬Ô_; ∂|›>kˆl_ ys´©
ÿ√ıËÁÈkV> ºÂV¬z ; (Rodicafeminist) ÿ>V¶ÚD kˆl_ ÿ>V[\D √]° ;
÷ku§uz ®_ÈVD ∂©√VÈV™ {Ï g[*Ô¬ ºÔ^s ®[Æ ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m Eu∏l[
√Vÿƒ°. ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ Ôı¶ ∂›>Á™
ƒV´VDƒ∫ÔÁ·•D c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ∏[xÔ\VÔ ª¶VΩ¬˛¶¬ÔÈV˛[≈™. Eu∏l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
∂ΩÁk©AD ∂kÏ ÿÔVı¶VΩ WuzD zÚÂV>´V™ √V´]l[ ∂Ωfl∑k‚ΩºÈºB
¨|ÂÁ¶ º√V|k>VÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú©√m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©√Dƒ\VzD.

105
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.4.1 ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶VÔ© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

√´Õm√‚¶ √V\´\¬Ôπ[ ÿ√Vm©A›]ÁB› >D ƒÕÁ>› º>Ák¬z ∞u√›


>ÔkÁ\¬zD k_ÈÁ\ ÿ√u≈Ák ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô·VzD. ∂m \‚|\_ÈV\_
ƒJÔ ÷Ú©Á√ g‚EBV·Ï ºÂV¬˛_ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬zD \Á≈xÔ¬ ÔÚ›mÚkV¬Ô©
ÿ√V§ ∂Á\kVÔ°D ∂Ák ÿƒBu√¶¬ÌΩB™ºk. ÷›>ÁÔB √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ,
kVÿ™Vo, ]Á´©√¶D, ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E g˛B ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ_ √ËAˆB
ºÂÏ˛[≈kÏÔπ_ ƒJÔ cÏ° t¬ÔkÏÔ”¬z ∂m ƒkVÈV™ √˺BBVzD.
ƒ\´ƒ∫Ô^ AˆÕmÿÔV^·V\_ ∂∫z >D ÷Ú©Á√› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ÿÔV^km
ƒV›]B\u≈º>. ®™ºk ƒJÔ cÏ°t¬ÔkÏÔ·V™ º√V]KD ÷›>z
ª¶Ô∫ÔÁ·© √B[√|›] ÿkz\¬Ô”¬z g¬ÔØÏk\VÔ© √∫Ôπ¬Ô {´·ºk
÷BKD. >\m ª¶Ô ∂–√k∫Ô^ z§›> >tw[√[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.

“]Á´©√¶›]_ ®ø]›>V[ gÔºkı|D ®[≈ y´V> ºk‚ÁÔ ®™¬˛_ÁÈ.


g™V_ ÂV[ º√V˛≈º√V¬˛_ ]Á´©√¶›]uz ŒÚ x›>D >´°D, ∂m ÿÔV|›>V_
ŒÚ x›>D ÿ√≈°D ÷©º√VmD ̶ ®™¬z› >Á¶l_ÁÈ. kƒÕ>›][
ŒÚkV™s_ ®[–D √¶›]uz ®[ Âı√ÏÔ^ ºkıΩ¬ÿÔVı¶>V_ ÔÁ>,
kƒ™D ®ø]º™[. ∂>[ mÁ ÷B¬z´VÔ°D √ËBVu§º™[. ]≈Á\
kVFÕ> ∂Ïh™V ®[√k´V_ ÷B¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂©√¶D ÷È∫ÁÔl_ ÿku§Ô´\VÔ
{ΩBm.

÷B¬zÂÏ ºÔ.√VÈflƒÕ>Ï ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ ®[≈ >DxÁ¶B


√¶›]uÔVÔ ŒÚ √V¶_ ®ø]›>´ xΩ•\V? ®[Æ ºÔ‚¶VÏ. º>Ï>ÁÈ ∂∫Ô>D ÿƒFm
ÂV[ ®ø]B ‘ÁÔlºÈ ÔV∑ kVlÈ º>VÁƒ z›]º™ x›]Á´ ÿÔV|›>V∫Ô
E_ÈÁ≈...’ ®[≈ √V¶_ \¬Ôπ[ ÿ√ÚD k´ºkuÁ√© ÿ√u§ÚÕ>º√V]KD,
kVÿ™Vo•D ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚ElKD ∂´EB_ ÷Ú©√>VÔfl ÿƒV_o› >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.

‘∞wVkm \M>[’ √¶›Á> ÷B¬˛B «ˆÔ´[ >D √¶›]uz¬ Ô¤_ (Gazal)


√VËl_ ŒÚ √V‚| ºkı|ÿ\[Æ ºÔ‚| ®[M¶D kÕ>VÏ. ®ø]¬ÿÔV|›º>[.

106
“®ıu≈
®ıu≈ ÷Áƒ©√V¶_ÔÁ·› ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E, kVÿ™Vo
g˛BkuƬz ÂV[ ®ø]•^º·[. ÷Áƒº\Á> ®D.∏.ÊMkVƒ[
÷ÁƒBÁ\›> ÷Ú√m¬z º\u√‚¶ ®[–Á¶B √V¶_Ô^ ®™¬z tzÕ>
\™WÁ≈Ák› >Úk™. ÔV´D, ®[√V¶o_ \V›]´\_ÈV\_ ∂kÚÁ¶B
÷Áƒ ∂Á\©∏KD ŒÚ ƒJÔ ∂¬ÔÁ≈ cı|. ÷[–D ̶ kVÿ™Vol_
√V¶Ô´VÔ ∂§xÔ\VÔ sÚDA˛≈kÏÔ^ ÷[M[ ™VÚÁ¶B √V¶_ÔÁ·›
º>Ï°¬ÔVÔ© √V¶ÈVD ®[Æ ÿ>ˆs›]Ú¬zD √‚ΩBo_ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[
cı|” 64 . ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ √u§B
ÿ√BÏÔº·V| ®[ ÿ√BÚD cı|
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ >tw[√[ √VÏÁkÔ^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁk. √V´>›
>Vl¶D ∂kÏ s™°˛≈ √V∫˛_ ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ÷m.

®ømºÔV_
“®ømºÔV_ ÿ>FkD / ®ø›mD ÿ>FkD ®[≈kº· /
kV´©√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ Œ[Á≈ kV∫˛©√VÏ / √¬Ô© √|¬ÁÔÔπ_ \_ÈVÕm
˛¶Õm / s≠ x›>∫ÔÁ· sBV√V´D ÿƒF•D ÷Õ> ®ø›m¬ÔÁ·BV ¿
ÿ>FkD ®[˛≈VF?
®[˛≈VF?” (kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºÔ‚¶k´D, √.116). √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§
÷ÀkVÆ ºÔ^s ®ø©AD >tw[√[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈ˛[ *>V™ >\m
Ô|fiE™›Á> ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>lKD ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.

√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ ∂KkÈÔ∫Ô^ / √¬ÔD ÿƒ[ÆkÕº>[.... / kÚD


“√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ
kal_ á ®[ kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ· suÆs‚|› m©√V¬˛ kV∫˛º™[ / ÂVÁ·
√B[√|›> ®ıD ®[≈m 1950á¬z©
®[≈m” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.22). “1950á¬z©
∏≈z kËÔ\B\V™ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔfl Ûwo[ su√Á™© º√V‚ΩBV_ \fiƒ^
÷>aB_ º√V¬z© ÿ√Ú˛B ÿ>[˛≈VÏ
ÿ>[˛≈VÏ” 65 k_o¬Ôı[.

A]Bº>VÏ cÈÔD ÿƒFºkVD á ÿÔ‚¶ / º√Vˆ|D cÈÁÔ ºkÿ´V|D


ƒVF©º√VD ®™ √V´]>Vƒ[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈÁÔ© √u§ g¬ÔØÏk\VÔ¬ Ô™°Ô^
Ôı¶VÏ. ∂>uz \V≈VÔ k[xÁ≈ skˆ©A ®™©√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈÔD
kËÔ©º√V‚Ωl_ Ê´aÕm º√VÔÈVluÆ ®[≈ g.∂Õ>VË ´V∑s[ ÔÚ›m
÷∫z ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m.

∂]ÏflER‚|D >ÁÈ©AÔ^, º√VoBV™ √¶∫ÔÁ· tz]BVÔ›


“∂]ÏflER‚|D
>Ú>_, AÁ™B©√‚¶ √_mÁ≈fl ÿƒF]Ô^, º\Dº√V¬ÔVÔ g™V_
sÆsÆ©√VÔ ®øm>_, √VKÏÁk› #ı|D ÿƒF]ÔÁ·•D
107
√¶∫ÔÁ·•D ÿkπl|>_, √VoB_ k[xÁ≈, ∏≈kÁÔ k[xÁ≈ÔÁ·
÷>aBÈV·Ï” 66.
skˆ›>_ x>oB™ \fiƒ^ ÷>aBu ÌÆÔ·VzD ®[√Ï ÷>aBÈV·Ï
÷›>ÁÔB \fiƒ^ ÷>aB© º√V¬˛Á™© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛fl ƒV|˛[≈™
>tw[√M[ √È ÔsÁ>Ô^.

÷Õ]´[ c¶o_ / gl´D ÔıÔ^ / kÕ> ÔV´D / ÷Õ>¬ ÔVÈ


“÷Õ]´[
\fiƒ^ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ / kw∫zD ÿƒF]
ÿƒF]” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √á137).
√›]ˆ¬ÁÔl_ \fiƒ^ / k·Ï¬ÔV\_ √V›]Ô·VD E›]´ k´DAÔπ_ /
“√›]ˆ¬ÁÔl_
ÿƒa¬Ô Ák¬zD ºÔVÁk √VÏ›yMB› >ÁÈÔ^
ºÔVÁk” (sΩB_ sømÔ^, √á84). “√VÏ›yMB›
/ \fiƒ^ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”¬z
√›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”¬z” (˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √á74).

QV™D / k·Ï¬zD √V›]Ô^ á ÷[Æ g√VƒD / gÁ¶Bsμ¬zD /


“QV™D
∂D√È∫Ô^
∂D√È∫Ô^” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.59). ÿ√V∫Ô_ \ÈÚ¬ÔVÔ© ÿ√VFÁB©
º√‚Ω ÔVı˛[≈VÏ. ŒÚ WÚ√Ï ƒ›]B sƒV´Á ÔsÁ>l_, “ÿ√VFÁB WÚ√Ï
ŒÚkÏ / º√‚Ω Ôı¶VÏ. >V∫Ô^ >k≈Vm / √Ω¬zD √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ ®m?”.

√Ω©√m kw¬Ôt_ÁÈ / √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”¬zfl ÿƒF] / kw∫zkm


“√Ω©√m
kw¬ÔD
kw¬ÔD” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √á55). √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ ª¶Ô›][
ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ· \‚|\_ÈV\_ ]Á´›mÁ≈l[ \VB¬ ÔkÏflE kÁÈÔÁ·•D
ÔÁÈÔ^ á
]Á´˛a›m ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™ ∂kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^. “ÔÁÈÔ^
\¬Ôπ¶D ÔV∑√§¬Ô¬ ºÔV¶D√V¬ÔD ÿÔV|¬zD / zº·V´V√VÏD
zº·V´V√VÏD” (ªÏ
Ô™°›º>V‚¶D / Ô√VÈ›m^ k·Ï¬zD >ÁÈÔ^ /
∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √á88). “Ô™°›º>V‚¶D
EM\V°¬z
EM\V°¬z” (˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √á74).

÷Áƒ©√V¶_ ®ømk]oÚÕmD ̶ ]Á´©√V¶_ ®ømkm ºkÆ√‚¶ Œ[º≈,


]Á´©√V¶_ ®ømkm √u§B ºÔ^s Œ[Á≈ ®]ÏÿÔV^· ºÂÏÁÔl_ ∂Dt ÿÔV›>
Eu∏ ®>uz? ®™¬ºÔ‚¶VÏ. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ÷BÕ]´ Ô]BVF ÔÁ>flÛwK¬zD
ÿ\‚|¬z¬ Ô‚|©√‚|D ®ø> ºÂÏ˛≈ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ z§›m ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©A¬Ô^ ®–D
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒVuÔÁ·› / ][–D ÿ\‚|¬z
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. “ÿƒVuÔÁ·›
gº´V¬˛B›][ / ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>©√E k´V>V? \Ú›mkˆ[ /
ÔÚsÔ·VºÈºB ÔVB\V? ∏D ®|©√>uz© / ÿ√BÏ ∏´ƒk\V?
∏´ƒk\V?”
(ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶•D, √¬.37,38).

108
“ÔD√º™ / ÷[Æ kÕ>V_ / ÂD∏™V_ ÂDA∫Ô^ .... / ÷ÁƒBÁ\©√V·Ú¬z
ºk‚Ω mÁk›m© º√V‚|© / √V‚ÿ¶ø> kVF©A¬ ºÔ‚¶V[ ºƒ¬˛wVÚD / ]Ú›>¬Ô›
º>kÚD √V‚| ®KDAÔ^ √¶√¶[– ÿÂVÆ∫Ô / gϺ\VMB© ÿ√‚Ω¬z^
k^”kÏ / ÂΩÔ´VF› º>V[ÆkVÏ. k^”kÏ ´EÔÏ
]Ë©√VÏÔ^”. “k^”kÏ
\[≈∫Ô^ ºƒV¶V©A‚ΩÔ^ cÁ¶¬zD √V¶_
cÁ¶¬zD” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.88, 89).“√V¶_
kˆÔπ[ ÷´‚Á¶ ∂Ï›>›Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶°¶[ {Áƒ¬ºÔ /
∂D\©√‚¶mº√VÈ ∂ÚkÚ©A
∂ÚkÚ©A” (√Mÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.76, 77).

÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ ‘ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©A¬Ô^’ √u§ \‚|\_ÈV\_


‘Ô™°›ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ’BV™ ]Á´l[ \VB¬ÔkÏflE ∂´EBÁÈ•D Ê´a©√Á>•D
√VoB_ Ê´aÁk•D √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷B_√VÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD ∂∫Ô>© √V∫ºÔV|, >tw[√M[ ‘√¶D√VÏ¬Ô kÕ>
Ô¶°^’, ‘AmÁ\©∏›>M[ Ô¶°”D ÔÕ>ƒVt© ∏^Á·•D’, ÔÁ>l[ ∂∫Ô>¬
ÔÁÈÁB Â\¬z WÁ™∆‚Ω s|˛[≈™.

√V¶K¬z^ √m∫˛lÚ¬zD ÷´‚Á¶ ∂Ï›>∫ÔÁ·fl ƒV›>V[


“√V¶K¬z^
s·¬Ô›]_ ºÔ‚Ô› >ÁÈ©√‚¶ Ô¶°”¬z ∂§° OÁ´>^πBm. Ô¶°”D
{Ï ®oBV˛¬ Ô>VÂVB˛l[ z‚Á¶© √VkVÁ¶¬z^ OÁwÕm ŒπÕm
ÿÔVı¶V[. Ô¶°^ xÔ›]_ ƒV›>V[ *Áƒ xÁ·¬˛[≈m. ÷ÚkϬzD
÷Á¶ºB ∑kϬԛ]_ Ô¶°π¶D ƒV›>V–D ÷∫z ƒV›>VM¶D Ô¶°”\VÔ
Œ©√Õ>xD ∏≈¬˛[≈m. \¬¶k_ ÷_ÈV\_ ÷Á>¬ÿÔVı¶V|km ®©√Ω?
®™ ‚A© √VkÁ™ºBV| ƒV›>V[ Ô´∫ÔÁ· ÷ÆÔ© √u§™V[ ÷Á≈k[
>tw[√[” 67.
®™ ∂∫Ô>¬ ÔÁÈl[ EÔ´∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>V|˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[

ÔD√ÂV¶–D, ºƒ¬˛wVÚD, ]Ú›>¬Ô›º>kÚD, ]Úk^”kÚD


\‚|\_ÈV\_ g™V™©√‚¶ gı¶kº™Ì¶ ]Á´©√¶ cÈ˛_ ∂º>VÔ] g˛s¶
ºÂÚD ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· ∂∫Ô>D ÷ÁwºBV¶© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛ s|˛[≈VÏ.
>tw[√[ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚El_ ÿƒF] kVE©√V·´VÔ°D, WÔμ°
kÚÁ™BV·´VÔ°D s·∫˛B ∂–√k›]_ ∏≈Õ> ÷[ÿ™VÚ ∂∫Ô>¬
ÔsÁ> >´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^.

“ÿƒF] kVE©√V·Ï >´› >k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^.... √V‚Ω ÷Ú\_ /


∂©√ΩºB ÷Ú¬˛≈m ; \V›]Á´ ˛Á¶¬ÔV>>V_ / >V›>V #¬ÔD ÷wÕ>VÏ. \V\V
109
ÔVB›]uz¬ / ÔπDA ˛Á¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ. T‚|¬Ô¬ÁÔ© / º√V‚| xΩ¬ÔV>>V_
Á√B[ ÁÔÔπ_ √]B¬ ÔV›]ÚÕ>™ Ek©A¬ ºÔV|Ô^. ∂D\Vs[ /
ÂÁÔ¬ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ ∂©√Vs[ g›]´›Á>¬ ˛·©∏Bm. z|D√ WÁÈ
ÔkÁȬ˛¶D.... (®[ T‚| ®]º´ ŒÚ ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.100, 101). g™ º√V]KD
kw¬ÔDº√V_ Œo•D Œπ•D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. ®Õ>© √V]©AD ÷_ÁÈÿB™ ®\m
WÚ√Ï ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈VÏ” ®™fl ÿƒF] kVE©√V·Ï WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>VÔ WÁ≈ÿkFm˛≈m
÷¬ÔsÁ>.

Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ¬
“Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ¬ ÌÆk>V™V_ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E© ÿ√‚ΩÔ^
ÂDT|Ô”¬z^ ÷‚|kÚD \VB cÈ˛[ \B¬Ô›]_ Â\m WR kVμ°
∂Ï›> \uÆ© º√VF s|kÁ> ÿÂfiE_ gË ∂Ω©√mº√VÈ cÁ≈©√VÔ
ÔsÁ>” 68 ÷m ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
cÏ›mD ÔsÁ>
>´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^ ®–D ÿÂ|∫ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E›
“>´›>k§B
]Á´©√V¶_ WÔμflE z|D√ Â_K≈Ákfl EÁ>¬zD s>D ÂB\VÔ
skˆ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Œo•D Œπ•D ®[√m ÿƒ[Á™› ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E
WÁÈBD Œπ√´©AD ]Á´©√V¶_ WÔμflEBVzD. ÷Õ> ∂Á´\Ë ºÂ´›]_
z|D√ c≈ºk z[§©º√VkÁ>fl ÿƒF] √Ω¬zD √‚¶§°^· >tw[√[
ÿƒF] º√V[≈ c›]BV_ cÏ›]•^·VÏ ®™ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_kVÏ
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD” 69 .

ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ kVlÈVÔ© √´kÈVÔ ∂§xÔD


ÿ√u≈kÏ ®[˛≈ kÁÔlÈV™ ∂k´m ∂–√k© √]°Ô^ ÷∫z s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÔsB´∫zÔπKD, kVÿ™Vo WÔμflEÔπKD Ô_˛,


“ÿ√ÚD√VKD
g™Õ>sÔ¶[, zx>D x>ÈV™ ÿkzƒ™ ÷>μÔπKº\ >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™. tÔflEÈ ºkÆ Eu§>μÔπ_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™
÷¶Dÿ√u≈™” 70
®™ ®|›m¬ÔV‚|kVÏ ∂.\VϬ¸.

‘ÿƒ[ÿ¶¬¸ ÿ>VaÈÔ¬ Ô‚¶¶›]≈©A swV’Ák¬ ̶ √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ


ÿkπl|\·suz› >tw[√M[ ∏´√ÈD ∂kÁ´ WÏ©√Õ]›>m ®[≈ º√V]KD
÷ku§uz ª¶VÔ°D ∂k´ÈV_ ÷B[≈kÁ´ ƒJÔ ∂Ï©√Ë©√V™ zƬˇ|ÔÁ·
∂kÏ WÔμ›> xB[≈VÏ. ∂ku§uz ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ {´·suºÔ

110
÷¶\π¬zD ®[√]™VºÈºB ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ √¶›]uÔVÔ ∂kÏ
®ø]B √V¶_ (ÁÔlºÈ ÔV∑ kVlºÈ º>VÁƒ) ∂´EBÁÈ© º√∑k>VÔ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ_
>Á¶ ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈m. ÷ÀkVº≈ ‘∂¤Ïÿ√F¤V[ ÿÂÚ©A ∂ºƒVÔfl
ƒ¬Ô´›Á>•D sƒVˆ¬zD’ ®™› º>EB ÷™ cˆÁ\ÁB© º√EB ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>
xw¬Ô›>V_ ‘]™\ÈÏ’, ‘m¬·¬ ∞|Ô^’ ÷¬ÔsÁ> kˆÔÁ· ÿkπl‚|
∂kϺ\_ º>ƒ›mº´VÔ¬ zu≈fiƒV‚Ω™. ∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´D ∂kÁ´ sƒVˆ›>>V_
∂kÏ ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E ÿƒF]kVE©√V·Ï √ËloÚÕm ¿¬Ô©√¶°D ºÂÏÕ>m. ∂kÏ
ƒJÔ cÏsuÔVÔ ∂kÏ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºÂÏÕ> sÁÈ ®[º≈ ÷>Á™¬ z§©∏¶
ºkı|D.

2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.4.2 Ô_s›mÁ≈ g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊϺÔ|Ô^

g‚E›mÁ≈ ƒVÏ WÚkVÔfl ÊϺÔ|Ô^ ∂Àk›mÁ≈ÔπKD \oÕm


˛¶©√>Á™ Ô_s, ∂KkÈÔD x>oB mÁ≈Ô”¬z cˆB √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ JÈD
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ∂ÕWB g‚EBV·ÏÔ^ >D g‚E ÷BÕ]´›]uz› º>ÁkBV™
z\V¸>V¬ÔÁ· cu√›] ÿƒF•D ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s› ]‚¶›Á>
∂\ÈV¬Ô©√|›]™Ï. ∂›>ÁÔB Ô_s xÁ≈ÁB›>V[ ‘º√Ω¬Ô_s’ ®™©√VΩ
W[≈VÏ. √V´]•D, ‘º√Vo¬Ô_s >BVˆ›> ÿ√VFDÁ\ \z¶∫Ô^’ ®™›
ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[. Ô_s ®[√m ÷[Æ ∂§°¬ÔVÔ ®[§_ÈV\_
\]©ÿ√ıÔ”¬ÔVÔ suÔ©√|˛≈m. ŒÚk[ Ô_sÁB sBV√V´ c›]BVÔ©
√B[√|›m˛≈V[ ®™¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ƒV|˛≈VÏ.

º>Ï°ÔÁ·s¶ ÷Õ>› /º>ƒ›]_ k[xÁ≈fl ƒD√kD / ®m°D


“º>Ï°ÔÁ·s¶
˛Á¶BVm. Ô_s / \]©ÿ√ıÔ”¬ÔVÔ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ¬ /
Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛≈m. √Á¶©A ∂§Ák á ÿkÆD / √Ω©√§kVÔ©
√ÈT™©√|›mD / Ô_s. ÿÔV^Á·BΩ¬zD zº√´ÏÔ”¬z¬
ÌoBV‚ÔÁ·› >BVˆ¬˛≈m. ∂´ƒV∫ÔD ®[–D / ∂kÏÔ·m
ƒm´∫Ô©√ÈÁÔ¬z / ÿk‚|¬ÔVFÔÁ· sWºBVÔD ÿƒF˛≈m.
º>Ï°Ô”¬z© ∏≈z / º√Vo¬Ô_s >BVˆ›> ÷©ÿ√VFÁ\ \z¶∫Ô^ /
>ÁÈÁB© √§ÿÔV|›>kÏÔ”¬zfl / Û‚¶©√|˛[≈™
Û‚¶©√|˛[≈™” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›>
ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √¬.31, 37).
111
º>Ï°Ô^
º>Ï°ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVˆ_ÈV› >V¬z>_ ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. “º>Ï°Ô^
®[–D / ÿÔVˆ_ÈV› >V¬z>oÚÕm \VkÁ´¬ ÔV©º√VD /
√^πÔπoÚÕmD √V¶±_ÔπoÚÕmD / Ô_sÁB / *‚º√VD. ÷Á·B
>ÁÈxÁ≈l[ / ÷>B›Á>¬ ˛´ÔˬzD /÷Ú‚Ω[ ÿ√B´V Ô_s? ÷Õ>©
/ º√Ω¬ Ô_s¬zD ®›>Á™ º√V‚Ω
º√V‚Ω” (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √¬.84,85)

‘sÁȺ√V‚|kV∫ÔkV xΩ•D’ ®™¬ Ô_sÁB ko•Æ›]™VÏ


√V´]>Vƒ[. g™V_ Ô_s k·VÔ›]_ OÁwBºk º√Ω¬Ô_s¬zD ®›>Á™ º√V‚Ω
Ô_ŸˆÔπ_ ÷ÁÈ\Á≈ ÔVBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>
®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. >tw[√[. “Ô_ŸˆÔπ_
∂‚t≠[ √kÛK¬zfl ∑BW]¬Ô_ŸˆÔÁ·© ÿ√Ú\·s_ mk∫Ô ∂´∑
∂–\]›>mD ∂>uzfl ƒJÔ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ˛Á¶›ms‚¶m
˛Á¶›ms‚¶m” 71 .

g∫˛È ÷Õ] g]¬ÔD Ô_s›mÁ≈l_ ª|Ú°k>[ kVlÈVÔ


ÂσˆÔ”D ºkV>B© √^πÔ”D º\ÁÈ\B\V>K¬zD ÷Õ]© >ÁÈ©∏uzD
ÿƒVÕ> ÂV‚ΩºÈºB / E[™©∏fi∑ÔÁ· ∂ÕWB\M>´VF /
kaºÔVo™. “ÿƒVÕ>
ºkÔÁk›ÿ>|¬Ô cÁÈÁk¬zD / ÿÔVÁȬ̶∫Ô”¬ºÔ ˛´V\∫ÔπKD
˛´V¬˛
˛´V¬˛” (ÂVD ÷Ú¬zD ÂV|, √.27). ºkV>BV / √^πÔ”¬z© / √ΩÔ^Ô‚Ω /
xΩ›>VluÆ (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √.122). ‘®_ºÈVÏ ÔıÔÁ·•D ]≈¬zD
Ô_s›ÿ>VaÈVπÔ^’ ®™› >[Á™© ∏´Ô¶™©√|›]¬ÿÔVı¶ Ô_sBV·´V™
>tw[√M[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ √u§B E. ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
®ı›>¬Ôm.

>D
“>D ÔoºBVÁƒ ªÁ´fl∑u§kÕm EÈ ∂–√k∫ÔÁ·¬
ÌÆD√V∫˛_ >tw[√[ ®ø]B ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ> Œ[§_, {Áƒ
√^π¬z© º√VFkÕm ÁÔÁB c>§Bº√Vm ¶VΩ, \DtÔ^
cÚıº¶VΩB>VÔ°D, c≈∫zDº√Vm Á« Á« ®[Æ ∂´u§B>VÔ°D
g∫˛È, ÷Õ] g]¬Ô›Á>fl ∑‚|˛≈VÏ. g∫˛Èº\VÔD >tμ
\¬ÔπÁ¶ºB √´s \wÁÈBÏ Ô_s•D, g∫˛È \B\V˛ kÚkÁ>¬Ôı|
√V´D ∑\©√kÏÔ^ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ zxÆ˛≈VÏ. >tμ¬ Ô_sÁB TÁ,
\_oÁÔ ®™°D g∫˛È¬ Ô_sÁB¬ ˛>VÏ, zº´V‚¶M∑ ®™°D
cÚk˛›m, g∫˛È› ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ˛´V\∫ÔπKD ∂©º√V¬z© √´°km
Ôı| kÚÕm˛≈VÏ
kÚÕm˛≈VÏ” 72.

112
‘ÔÁÈ\Ô^’ √u§B >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©√]°Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫Ì≈›
>¬Ô™. ÷´skÏ\V √¶›]_ \‚|D A[™ÁÔ›ms‚| / ®_ºÈVÏ
“÷´skÏ\V
÷>B∫ÔπKD ∂øÁÔÁB W´©A√kº· c™¬z› ÿ>ˆ•\V.. / Ô_s
s√›]_ >DÁ\ ÷wÕ>kϬz© / √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD >ÚD / WkV´º\
√‚¶∫Ô^
√‚¶∫Ô^” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆÕ> ÿÂÚ©∏[ \flƒD, √.33).

ÿk^Á·› >V\Á´loÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈ ºkı|D ∂kÁ·!


“ÿk^Á·›
∂Õ>fl/ƒÈÁk W≈D ƒ\V>V™ W≈\_ÈkV? ÷a°Ôº·V| / ®>uzfl
ƒ\V>V™D? √Ω©Á√ / √B™u≈>V¬Ôs‚¶
ƒ\V>V™D?” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.183). “√Ω©Á√
√‚¶›m¬z^ / √|›m kVo√[ ŒÚk[ >™¬z›>Vº™ /
yÁk›m¬ÿÔVı¶V[ Ôˆ›mÔ^ / ÔÁÈ\Ô^ ÔıÔπ_ cÆ›]Bm.....
cÆ›]Bm.....”..
(ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.127).

÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ÔÁÈ\Ô^ *m Ôı¶™¬ ÔÁÔ^ ÿ>V|›>kÏ


÷>uÿÔ_ÈVD \Vu≈VÔ ‘ÔÁÈ\Ô^ ÁÔÔπ_ \ıÿk‚ΩÁB•D’, ‘BVaM¶›]_
kVÁ·•D’ ÿÔV|›ms|˛[≈VÏ. ÿk^Á·› >V\Á´ÁB› / ÿ>V‚¶k[ ÁÔÁBfl /
ƒ‚ÿ¶™ sȬ˛¬ ÿÔVı¶V^ ; Œº´ ∂ø¬z. ∂|¬˛ Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ> / ∏^Á·Ô^
√^π© √V¶±_Ôπ[ / ÿÂu§l_ sØ]© ØflÁƒ, ƒÕ>™© ÿ√V‚Á¶› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm /
√BD ÿƒF> ∂k^ √VÏÁkÁB ŒÚ / Ô›>ˆ¬ºÔV_ mıΩ¬Ô© √¬Ô›]_ ˛¶Õ> /
\ıÿk‚Ω º\_ √VÏÁk √]Õ>m. \ÆÿÂVΩ / ]ÚÕ> \Æ›]ÚÕ> ÔV‚Ω_ /
º\‚Á¶¬ ÔÁ´¬zD \ıÿk‚ΩºBV| / ÔÁÈ\Ô^
ÔÁÈ\Ô^” (˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √.101)

A›>Ô© ∏´VËÔ·V™ ÔuÆfl ÿƒV_oÔπ[ ÔÁ>Ô^ xΩÕ>™®™


∑>Õ]´¬ÔVuÁ≈ ∑kVE¬Ô Ák¬zD ÔD¨´\V™ Ô_s¬z¬ Ô‚ΩB∫ ÌÆ˛[≈VÏ
EÕ>Á™ sÕÁ>› yÏ›m¬ Ô‚|D ÷kÏÔπ[ / Ek©A
>tw[√[. “EÕ>Á™
x¬ºÔV E˛flÁƒ ÷Mº\_ /kz©√Á≈•^º· ÂÁ¶ÿ√≈V ÿ>[º√VD /
√Ω©√m ®[√m Ô_sl_ √V]ºB/ ∏´ºBV˛©√]_ >V[ *] W´DAD / ƒˆ
®[√Á>fl ƒVÏÕm Wu√mD / >kÆ ®[√Á>› >ıΩ›m Œa©√mD / ∂§s[
k·ÏflE¬z ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô^ / ƒJÔ \Vu≈›Á>© ƒV›]B©√|›mD /
Ô_s¬Ì¶º\ / A´‚E©√Á¶l[ √VƒÁ≈ gzD ÷Mº\_>V[ / ÔÁÈ\Ô^
swV ®[≈V_ / g•>ØÁ¤ ®[√m ∂Ï›>\VzD
∂Ï›>\VzD” (y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™,
√¬.16, 18)

113
∂≈flÊu≈t¬Ô >tw[√[ Ô_s›mÁ≈ \‚|t[§ WÚkVÔ xÁ≈Á\fl
ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·¬ z§›m ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈ›m¶[ Ek©AÂV¶V›>™D, Èfiƒ ªw_
√u§•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBVı| ‘Ôı߈_ k·ÚD ÔV˛> WÏkVÔD’
ÔsÁ>l[ JÈD ∂ÚÁ\BVÔ x[Ák›m^·VÏ.
Ek©A ÂV¶Vs[ / xΩfl∑¬z c^º· ∂]ÔVˆÔ^ / g>VB›Á>•D
“Ek©A
\¬Ô^ / yÏÁk•D º>|˛[≈™Ï. ∂Á™›m cÈÔ ÿ\VaÔπKD
gu≈_t¬Ôm / E√Vˆ∑ \´›m©º√V™ / s´_ÔÁ· ÷m\‚|º\ /
÷B¬ÔxΩ•D. ÷m ÿ√V[™VF/ÿ√VÚ·VF ÿ√ıVF© / ∏≈kVF ÿ\Va
ÿ√BϬԩ√|D º√Vm ∂ÔoÁÔ¬ ºÔV©A¬Ô·V_ clˆ›mΩ©A /
g´D√\VzD
g´D√\VzD”.. (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √¬.39, 41)
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
ÔsQÏ >aw[√[ ∂kÏÔ^ ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÆ©A^· ŒÚ
®ı›>¬Ôm. “ÔsQÏ
Ô_sBV·Ï ®[≈ WÁÈlKD ∂≈flEÕ>Á™BV·Ï ®[≈ kÁÔlKD >\m
ƒ\ÔVÈfl ƒJÔ›][ zÁ≈√V|Ô^ √ÈkuÁ≈•D ¿¬zkm ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ©
√ÈÔVÈD EÕ]›m kÕ]Ú©√VÏ ®[√m cF›mÁ´¬Ô¬ ÌΩB>VzD. kV¬zfl
Ê‚|Ô”¬z {Ï ∂Ï›>D k´ºkı|ÿ\[ÆD, Ek©AÂV¶V ®[≈ ÔV˛>¬
ÔøÁ> WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ Ôwu§s¶ ºkı|ÿ\[ÆD ∂kÏs|¬zD ∂Á≈
Ìk_Ô^ º\u√Ω EÕ>Á™l[ ÿkπ©√V|Ôº· ®[√m ÿkπ©√Á¶
ÿkπ©√Á¶” 73 .
÷›>z √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· x[Ák›m ∂kÏ x[Ák¬zD ÷[–D {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>Ô”D
÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™.
ÁÔkƒD / #¬ÔD ÷_ÁÈBV ÔkÁÈÁB s| Â\m / ∂KkÈÔ¬
“ÁÔkƒD
ºÔV©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVfiƒD / ∏aÕm ÿÔV^ ŒÚ / •Ôc≈¬ÔD c™¬zfl
ÿƒVÕ>D ˇμ›>‚|, Â|›>‚| ª]B cBÏ° /
ÿƒVÕ>D” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.86). “ˇμ›>‚|,
ºÔ‚¶V_ . . . ∂´∑¬ / ÔÚ∆Ȭ Ô>s[ ƒÕmÔÁ·¬ ºÔV©AÔ·V_
∂Á¶©√VÏÔ^ á º\_\‚¶ ∂]ÔVˆÔ^ >\¬ÿÔ[≈V_ / ÔÚ∆È›]oÚÕm
>DT‚|¬z¬ ÔV_kVF ∂Á\©√VÏÔ^
∂Á\©√VÏÔ^” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD). ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ Ô_s›mÁ≈ \uÆD g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·
∂D√È©√|›mkº>V| ∂kuÁ≈fl ÊÏ]Ú›>D kaxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D x[Ák¬Ô›
>k≈s_ÁÈ.

114
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.4.3 ÔVÕ]BxD, \VϬEBxD

÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ©º√V´V‚¶›]_ ∂˛DÁƒÁBºB >D√Á¶¬ÔÈ™VÔ ∞Õ]


cÈÔ›][ Œ‚| ÿ\V›>¬ Ôk™›Á> ~Ï›>kÏ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ]. ÷Õ]BVs[
º>ƒ›>ÕÁ>BVÔ ÷[≈·°D ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|˛[≈VÏ. ‘\VϬEBD c¶_ ÔVÕ]BD
clÏ’ ®™¬ z§©∏‚¶VÏ ]Ú.s.Ô_BV∑Õ>´™VÏ.

ÔVÕ]B›Á>¬ ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬˛ \VϬEB›Á>› >øs¬


ÿÔV^”k™kVÔ› >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ƒ‚¶D
“ƒ‚¶D
Œø∫ÁÔ ®_ÈVD ƒuÆD *≈V> / ƒV°Ô^ . . . . ÷Õ]B ∂´EB_ ƒVƒ™›Á>
÷a°√|›>V> / ∏∫Ô^ . . . .c©∏B c¶o[ / ®_ÈV ÷¶›]KD ÿ>ˆkm
/ º>ƒ©√uÆ ∂kÏÔπ[ / ∂Õ]\ JflÁƒ ∂Áƒº√V‚¶√Ω / ÔÁ´*m ÷[–D
ÔVÕ]BD / ∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m! ÔÁ¶kVl_ / ∂˛DÁƒ ka˛≈m!
ka˛≈m!” (ªÏ ∑u§
kÕ> {Áƒ, √.100).

>tw[√M[ ÔVÕ]B¬ ÔÚ›Á> E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD ∏[kÚ\VÆ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.


º\uƒV] WÈ°Á¶Á\BV·ˆ[ ƒV], kz©A \™©√V[Á\ÁB skˆ¬zD
“º\uƒV]
ÔsÁ>ÿBV[§_ ÷kÏ>V[ / √¤Á™© A´‚E / sº™V√Vºk
ÔV_ÂÁ¶BVÔºk kÕm / Øt>V™D ®[≈°¶[ √ıÁBV‚Ô”¬z© /
√‚¶V¬ ÿÔV|›>kÏ ®[Æ skˆ¬˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
WÈ°Á¶Á\BV·ˆÁ¶ºB ÔVÕ] ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ô·V_ \Vu≈t_ÁÈ ®[√Á>
÷ÀkVÆ z§©∏|˛≈VÏ. ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ºBV ∞\Vu≈∫Ô^,
∞¬Ô∫Ô”¶[ ∂´E[ ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· ÂD∏ ƒ‚¶D Œø∫ÁÔfl ƒuÆD *≈V\_,
÷Õ]B ƒVƒ™›Á> ∂a°√|›>V\_ ÿƒ›m©º√V™ ∞ÁwÔπ[
∏∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôı| ÔÁ¶kVl_ ∂˛DÁƒ kaB, ÔVÕ]BD
∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷m°D ÔVÕ]BD ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁ·›
cÏ›m˛≈m” 74.
yϬÔs_ÁÈ ®[√Á> cÏ›m˛≈m

ÔÁ¶B–¬zD ÔÁ¶›º>u≈›Á> ∂Á¶•D ka•D ∂≈kaBV_ \‚|D


∂Á¶B ko•Æ›mD ÔVÕ]BD E¬Ô_ÔÁ·› yÏ¬Ô ÷BÈVÿ>™ s\ÏE¬˛[≈VÏ.

115
∞ÿ™M_ g•>√VËBV™ ®]ˆÔ^ x[º™ √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ \¬ÔÁ·
W´V•>√VËBVÔ WuÔ ∂_ÈkV kuAÆ›m˛[≈m ®[≈ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>.

{ÂVF¬z c√º>ƒD / \V–¬zfl ƒ\V>V™D.... ÷Õ> / ƒÔkVμ°


“{ÂVF¬z
ƒˆ©√‚| kÚ\V? kÏ¬Ô ƒ\´ƒD / ∂Ï›>\u≈m. ƒ›]BxD ÿ√VF•D /
ÁÔzK¬˛¬ ÿÔV^· / ®©º√VmD ÷BÈVm ÔVÕyBD ÿku§ ÔV›>Vº™
ÔVk_ WÁÈB∫Ô^ / kw¬z \[≈∫Ô^ ®©º√VmD ÷∫ºÔ
WÁ≈Õ]Ú¬˛[≈™. √ÈV›ÔV´D ®[√m / √È›][ ∂§z§ \‚|\_È.... /
∂¿]ÔÁ· x§BΩ¬zD / ∂≈›][ sa©√V|D gzD
gzD”(y°Ô^
ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™, √¬. 110á111) ®™ ∂≈›]uz \‚|t[§ \≈›]uzD ∂‡º> mÁ
®–D k^”k ÿ§l_ ÔVÕ]B›Á> ®]ÏÿÔV^˛[≈ √V∫z Ôk™∫Ì≈›>¬Ôm.

“A≈›]ºÈ ÔVÕ]BDº√E ∂Ô›]ºÈ ∂]oÚÕm \VÆ√|ºkVÏ √u§B


ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È c^·™. ÔVÕ]l¶D / º>Vu≈ ÿ√VFDÁ\ k‚Ω•D x>K\VF á
∂kÏ / kVˆ∑Ôπ¶D ÿku§ÁB / kÛo›ms‚¶m ®[˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.
÷>Á™ÿBV›>º> ‘ÔVÕ]Ôı¶ ÷´V\´VÎB›]_ BVÚ¬zD ∂Á¶BV·D ÿ>ˆBV>
ÌM cı|’ ®–D ÔsÁ> (º>VË kÚ˛≈m ; ÔV¬]√kM_ ka√V|, ÔVÕ] ƒ\V],
´VÎ ÔV‚Ω_ ]BV™D, ∂˛DƒV ®–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ÷>μ ÿkπX| ®_ÈVD ÿƒF•D
ÔVÕ]B kV]Ôº· √VEƒ›>™\V™ k[xÁ≈ÁB ∞ÁwÔ^ *m Ô‚¶sμ›m
s|kÁ>¬ ÔV‚|˛≈m ∂k´m ÔsÁ>” (º>VËkÚ˛≈m).

ÔVÕ] ±ÈÔ›m^ / ºÂ©>‹[ zı|Ô^ WÁ≈B© º√V‚¶>V_ /


“ÔVÕ]
ÿÔV^”©ØflEÔ^ ]BV˛Ô^ gl™ ®–D mb¬z¬ ÔsÁ>l[ >ÁÈ©º√
ÔVÕ]BD ®[√m>V[. ÔVÕ]B›Á>¬ ÔV¬Ôºk ̶ ÷DÁƒ
º>Ák©√|kÁ> x´ı ∑ÁkºBV| cÏ›m˛≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>
÷¬ÔsÁ>” 75 ®™
º>VËkÚ˛≈m ±_JÈD ÔVÕ]B›Á>© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛B >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÷™DÔı| ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ E. ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.

ƒ‚¶D / >∫Ô ∏¸Ô‚|ÔÁ·fl ƒ‚Á¶© Á√l_ ]Ë›m¬ ÿÔV^”D


“ƒ‚¶D
nÕm ‚ƒ›]´ s|]Ôπ_ ∂B_ÂV‚|› #>ÏÔÁ· \m©A‚Ω¬z
c^πÚÕ> ÂÔ´D cÁ¶›m¬ÿÔVı| ÿkπºB kÕm k´ºkuzD.
ÔVÕ]B©∏ˆBVË / √ˆ\VÆD Œ©√Õ>∫Ôπ_ / √V´>\V>V ÔuÁ√› ÿ>V‚|¬
ÁÔÿBø›m© º√V|D
º√V|D” (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √.138).
116
÷¬ÔsÁ>lKD x´ı∑ÁkºBV| ‘ÔVÕ]B© ∏ˆBVË’ ®™¬ ÁÔBVı|
ÿ√VÚ‚ ÿƒ§ºkV| AÈ©√|›mkVÏ >tw[√[. ÿ√VFÁB WÚ√Ï ŒÚkÏ ÿ√V∫Ô_
\ÈÚ¬ÔVÔ© º√‚Ω ÔVı√>VÔ >tw[√[ ÿ>V¶ÚD ÔsÁ>BV™ ƒ›]B©
Œº´ŒÚ / \ÔV›m\VÁk
√ˆ\V›]_ ....... “\ÔV›m\V √u§?” “Œº´ŒÚ
cÚkV¬˛B>[ JÈD / ƒ›]BD >™m / ƒ¬]l[Á\¬z› >Õ> /
kV¬zJÈD
kV¬zJÈD” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √.86).

÷]_ x´ıÂÁÔBVÿ>[≈V_ º√‚ΩBπ›m ‘ÿ√VF’ºB ®[≈ º√V]KD


ÿ√VFl[ √]_ ÿ√VFBV™ √]o_ÁÈ ®[√m>V[. ÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§© º√ƒ
>tw[√[ ÔVÕ]B›Á>› >MÂ√Ï ƒVÏÕ> s]
kÚÁÔl_ Â.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, “>tw[√[
sȬÔVÔ¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ ; ƒJÔ ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÁÔ¬ÿÔV^· xΩBV>m ®™
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ” 76.
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ

®™ ®|›mÁ´©√m ∞uAÁ¶B Œ[º≈BVzD. ÔVÕ]BD ®[√m ŒÚ


Ô™°\B\V™ c[™> È‚EBD >V[ ®[≈ º√V]KD ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ÔVˆB ƒV›]BD
∂u≈>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈ÿ>[√m >V[ \™D Ôƒ¬zD ƒ›]B\VF¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD
∂ˆƒ™D ®[√m / ∂´EB_ kw¬z √Á≈B[ ®[√º> /
cıÁ\. “∂ˆƒ™D
√ıÁBVÏ kw¬z ƒV] ∂Ô´V]¬z / ∂ı_ ÔVÕ] ∂ÚπB
ÿÔVÁ¶>V[ / ∂ˆƒ™D ®[√m \ÔV›\V¬Ôπ[ / xÈVD ØEB ÿ\Val_
kÆÁ\̶ / ÷Á≈kM[ ∏´ƒV>\VÔÈVD
∏´ƒV>\VÔÈVD” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD, √.12).

ÔVÕ]BD >Vμ›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô”¬z \VuÆ© ÿ√BÁ´fl Û‚|º\ ∂_ÈV\_


∂kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \VuÆkVμÁk ∞u√|›> k_ÈÁ\ ∂u≈ÿ>™ s\ÏE¬˛[≈VÏ
>tw[√[. ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈›>V_ ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ yÏÕm º√Vz\V ®[™ ®[√>VÔ ...
‘´VÎÔV‚’ ÔVÕ]¬z / ‘ƒVÕ]k™D’ ºÂÚ°¬z / ÷Õ]BV ÷Õ]BÚ¬z ®[√m ∂k´m
®^·_ ÔsÁ>. ´VÎÔV‚ ®[√mD ƒVÕ]k™D ®[√mD ∂k´kÏ ƒ\V]l[
ÿ√BÏÔ^. ÷Õ]B \¬Ô”¬z ÷Õ]BVºk ƒ\V] Ô‚|˛[≈ ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·
´›]™fl ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ© ÿ√V‚Ω_ ∂Á≈Õ>Vuº√VÈ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. g‚|©√V_
kVÏ›> / ∂¬˛M¬ zı¶›]_ / ∂˛DÁƒ AÁ>˛≈m. kV™D√VΩÔπ[ AÔμÿ√u≈
Â\m E≈ÔÁƒ©∏_ / QVÈ
∏´Ô¶™¬ ÔsÁ> >tw[√™V_ kw∫Ô©√‚¶º> “Â\m
´D√]ÚD ÷\B©√≈Ák Ô^ ÂVD / ®ˆ\ÁÈl[ c^\™D ÂVD / ∂¬˛M¬

117
ÔVu§MºÈ ÷>μsˆ¬zD ∂ÚDAÔ^ ÂVD ]¬zÔπ[ A>_kÏÔ^ / º>ƒ
k´D√u≈kÏÔ^
k´D√u≈kÏÔ^” (º>VË kÚ˛≈m, √.34).

√V´]>VƒM[ √V´D√ˆB›]_ √ˆt›>kÏ >tw[√[ ®[ÆD \¬Ôπ[


√¬Ôº\ W[≈m >V[ √V´]>VƒM[ ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ> \´A. ‘\M>Á™ \≈Õms‚|
÷MÿBV[Æ /
÷Ȭ˛B\V’? ®[√m >tw[√[ ®ø©AD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ºÔ^s. “÷MÿBV[Æ
ÿƒV_ºkVD ÷Ȭ˛BD ÷_ÈV\_ / \M>[ ÷ÚÕ]Ú¬˛≈V[ / \M>[
÷_ÈV\_ / ÷Ȭ˛BD ÷ÚÕ>º> ÷_ÁÈ. ÷MÿBV[Æ / ºÔ‚º√VD Â]su≈
ÔVE_ √¶ÔV? \M>Á™ / \≈Õms‚| ÷Ȭ˛B\V?
÷Ȭ˛B\V?” (®[ T‚| ®]º´ ŒÚ
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √.727). ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB x[MÆ›] ŒÚºÔ^sÁB ®ø©∏
s\ÏE¬˛[≈VÏ Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD.

\M>V∏\V™›Á>
“\M>V∏\V™›Á> x[MÆ›> ÷Ȭ˛B›Á>¬ ̶©
√oÿÔV|¬˛≈VÏ. >tw[√M[ \M>V∏\V™›][ ºkÔ›Á>©
AˆÕmÿÔV^· xΩ˛≈m. g™V_ ∂kÚÁ¶B \M>V∏\V™D ŒÚ \>
ÿk§º√VÈ \V§ ŒÚ ÿ√VFÁBfl ÿƒV_È Ák›]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂[A^·
>tw[√[ ∂kÏÔº·! ÷Ȭ˛BD ÷_ÈV\_ \M>[ k´ÈVu§_
÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ. ∂©ÿ√Vøm ÷ÚÕ>>uz© ÿ√BÏ sÈ∫z ®[√>VzD
®[√>VzD” 77.

÷Ȭ˛B› >º√Vk™›]uzD OÁwB¬ ̶Vm ∏´flEÁ™Ôπ[ ÿk©√D.


kÁ>√|D \V–¶Ï¬z kVμkπ¬Ô ÷Ȭ˛BD ®[™ ∂´ƒV∫Ô›][ WkV´›
]‚¶\V? ®[˛≈ ºÂV¬˛_ ÂT™ c›]Ôπ_ \™D √§ÿÔV|›m \¬Ô^ E¬Ô_ÔÁ·©
A≈¬ÔË›> ÔÁÈÔÁȬÔVºk zøs™Ï¬z© √]_ ÌÆxÔ\V™ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ
®ø>©√‚¶ Â]su≈ ÔVE_√¶ºÔV? ÔıÁsuÆfl E›]´\V ®[˛≈ Z]l_
®ø©√©√‚¶ ºÔ^s ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[ ÛwÁ\Ák© ÿ√VÚ›]© √VÏ›>V_>V[
\M>Á™ \≈Õms‚| ÷Ȭ˛B\V ®–D ∂k´m \VϬEB¬ ºÔ^sl[
ÿ√VÚ·VwD AÈ©√|D.

÷›>ÁÔB >tw[√M[ ƒJÔ cÏsuz JÈs›>VÔ s·∫˛BkÏ


÷∫ºÔ / ÷Ȭ˛B›m¬z ®™flEÈÏ EÕ]›>™Ï
√V´]>Vƒº™! ®[√>™VºÈºB, “÷∫ºÔ
\>›]uz ®™flEÈÏ EÕ]›>™Ï ¿ ŒÚk[ >V[ \¬Ô”¬z ®™fl
EÕ]›>VF
EÕ]›>VF” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.50).

118
®[≈kÏ ÔsÁ> º√Eflÿƒ_kmD ÷m√u§ºB. ÷>Á™ºB ÁÔÈVƒ√]l[
kV™D√VΩÔπ_ ŒÚk´VÔ ∂ıÁ\l_
ÔË©AD ÷∫ºÔ cÏ›>k_Èm. “kV™D√VΩÔπ_
>tw[√[ ®\¬z› º>Vu≈\π›>VKD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B_Á√›
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^k>uz© √V´]>VƒM¶D ÂVD º√VÔ ºkı|D.
Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ°D k´ÈVuÆ Z]BVÔ°D √VϬzt¶›m© √V´]>Vƒ–Á¶B
ƒJÔ¬ Ôs\´∏ºÈ Â\m ÔsQÏ Â¶Õm kÕ]Ú¬˛[≈VÏ ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 78.

Ô.ÁÔÈVƒ√] kϬԩ√VÏÁk•¶–D cÏ°¶–D ÌΩB \VBºÔVÀ¸˛l[


∂Áƒ¬ÔxΩBV> >[™D∏¬ÁÔfl ƒVBÁÈ› >tw[√M¶D ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.

\ÁÈÔÁ·©
“\ÁÈÔÁ·© A´‚|D \M> gu≈ÁÈ \VϬ∑¬z^”D
\VºkVo¬z^”D ÔVı˛≈VÏ >tw[√[. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[ ∂]ƒB∫Ô^
Ôı| >tw[√[ >[Á™ ÷wÕm s¶s_ÁÈ. cÈÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m›
>[Á™ ∂wz√|›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk› >tw[√[
ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬z˛[≈VÏ, Aø]Ô”D ∏´·B∫Ô·VzD ®[˛≈VÏ.
EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ƒ\>Ï\D ®[ >ˆƒ™D ®[˛≈VÏ
AsB´∑
AsB´∑. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›]uz^”D ÔÚkVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈ ƒ\>Ï\D
®[≈ cÏÁk \VϬEB›][ kaºB Am©∏›m¬ÿÔV^”>_
>tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\FlBÈVÔ¬ÔV xΩ˛≈m
xΩ˛≈m” 79 ®™ kV™D√VΩÔ^
kˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶ ƒ\›mkD ®–D g]∂≈D >tw[√–¬z ª¶VÔ ∂k´m
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\FlBÈVÔ› mÈ∫zkm ®™ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ \.\mÛ>™[.

÷mz§›> ºÔVÁk QVMl[ √VÏÁk•D ÷›m¶[ Ôk™∫ Ì≈›>¬Ôº>.


®Õ> ŒÚ \VϬEBÁ™¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ƒ\>Ï\ cÏs[*m √V´]>Vƒ[
“®Õ>
ÿÔVı¶ ºÂƒD gw\V™m \uÆD cÆ]BV™m. >tw[√M¶›]KD
ƒ\>Ï\ cÏ° ®[ÆD zÁ≈s_ÈV\oÚÕ>m
zÁ≈s_ÈV\oÚÕ>m” 80. ssoBfl ÿƒVuÔÁ·ºB
®]ˆÁ¶BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVı| ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬z¬ Ô‚ΩB∫ ÌÆ˛[≈VÏ.

>‚Ω™V_ ]≈¬Ô ºkı¶VD / ºÔ‚¶V_ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı¶VD /


“>‚Ω™V_
>‚|kmD ºÔ‚√mD √ÁwB ∞u√V| / ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ >V[ A]B ∞u√V|
∞u√V|”
ŒÚÁÔl_ ÿÔVΩ / \ÆÁÔl_ m©√V¬˛
(]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.56). “ŒÚÁÔl_
ªÏkÈ›]_ ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ>” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.56).

119
{Ï ∂ΩÁB / x>ÈVπ›mk xΩº\_ Ák›m / {Ï ∂ΩÁB /
“{Ï
WÈ©∏´A›mk ÿÂfiE_ ª[§ {Ï ∂ΩÁB / ∂]ÔV´ kϬԛ][ xÔ›]_
÷‚| ... / JkΩBV_ xÁ≈Á\ ÿƒFB ®ø˛≈m
®ø˛≈m” (y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™,
√.73) >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^. >tw[√[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ÷[–D √[xÔ\VÔ©
√´Õm√‚¶ÁkBVzD. ÷∫ºÔ ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >M›>[Á\ E≈¬Ô ∂k´m
c^·VÏÕ> ºÂV¬ÁÔ© AÈ©√|›mxÔ\VÔ¬ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \‚|º\
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

2.5 ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

2.5.1 ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD ∂≈flÊu≈D

ÔsÁ>l[ √B[√Vÿ¶[√m ∂>[ ∂w˛B_ ÷[√D \‚|º\B[Æ. ∂m


÷[ÿ™V[Á≈•D ºkıΩ Wu˛[≈m. ÷>Á™ºB ÔsÁ>l[ ƒx>VBfl
ÿƒBu√V¶V™ ÷[§BÁ\BV Œ[≈VÔ ko•Æ›mkVÏ Ω.®¸.®oB‚.

“ÔsÁ>BV™m,
ÔsÁ>BV™m, ÔsÁ> ÷[√›m¶[ ∂Á>•D Ô¶Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ
\VÆ>ÁÈ•D Â\¬z› >´ºkı|D ®[√Á>©√u§ ÂVD ∂Á™kÚD AˆÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>VÔ WÁ™¬˛º≈[. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| sÁe°ÔÁe
cı|√ıV> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôºe ÷_ÁÈÿB™ ®π>VÔfl
ÿƒV_os¶ÈVD” 81 . ‘ƒD√kVt •ºÔ •ºÔ’ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ˇÁ>l[
ÿƒV_os¶ÈVD
\ÔVkV¬˛B›]uz ª¶VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔVbD xÁ≈l_ ÷ÚÕº>
∂k´m ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>l[ ∂≈D AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m.

“x´ıÔπ[
x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∏´√fiƒD ÷B∫zD.
∞º>–D Œ[ÆtzÕ>V_ yÁ\ cı¶VzD. ÷©√Ω ∞º>–D Œ[Æ
tzÕ>V_ tzkÁ> ∂¶¬˛fl ƒ\[ ÿƒF•D xÁ≈ ÷BuÁÔlºÈºB
∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD >Ï\D zÁÈÕm ∂>Ï\D
∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈º>V, ∂©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD ÂV[ ®[Á™© ∏≈©∏›m¬
ÿÔV^˛º≈[ ®[Æ ˇÁ> ÌÆD kV¬˛B›][ ÿ√VÚ^ ÷m>V[
÷m>V[” (ÿÂÚ©Á√
∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √.12). x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈ ∂›m *ÆÁÔl_
WÔμÕº>ÆD ∂k>V´› º>Vu≈\VÔºk ÔsÁ>ÁB•D x[MÆ›m˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[.

120
÷´V\VB© √w∫ÔÁ>ÁB ªΩÁwBV¬˛ ÷´V\Ï ∂k>V´›][
ºÂV¬Ô›Á>© AÈ©√|›mk>VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

“c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ ÊÁ>Ô^ / √§º√V™Á>¬ ̶ ∂§Bs_ÁÈBV ¿∫Ô^ /
∂k>V´ ºÂV¬Ôº\ \≈Õm s‚¶>V c∫Ô”¬z? º√V´V¶ ºkıΩB
ÔsflºƒÁ™ºB...... ®©º√Vm ¶¬zD / ÷´Vk ƒD«V´D? ®[Á≈¬z
¶¬zD / ÷È∫ÔV>Ô™D
÷È∫ÔV>Ô™D” (∑‚|s´_, √.86).

ÔsÁ> ®ÀkVÆ g•>\V˛≈m ®[√Á> ∂©m_ ´z\V[ x[Ák©√Á>


÷∫ºÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑. “®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD Â[Á\ ÂoÕm
yÁ\ ÿƒa¬˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ> ∂k>V´D ÿÔV^˛≈m.
®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÿÔe´kÏÔ^ ∂Ë]´^˛≈VÏÔºeV ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ>
ÔVıœ√\V˛≈m. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÊÁ>Ô^ EÁ≈©√|˛≈VÏÔºeV ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
ÔsÁ> √Á¶ÿB|›mfl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD √VfiƒVoÔ^ m˛_
cˆB©√|˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ> gÁ¶ kw∫z˛[≈m.
®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ºÔVkÈÏÔ^ ÿÔVÁÈÿƒFB©√|˛≈VÏÔºeV ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
ÔsÁ> ÔıË_ Ô™uÿ√V§ºBV| kw¬ÔV¶fl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
∑´∏BV˛≈m” 82 .
√E¬z´_ ®ø˛≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ> ∂x> ∑´∏BV˛≈m

®[ A´‚El[ W≈D √flÁƒ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ ®ø]•^eÁ>¬ z§©∏‚|


ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿÔV|Á\ÁB ®]ϬzD {Ï g•>\VÔfl ÿƒBu√¶ ºkı|D ®™
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ko•Æ›m˛[≈VÏ ®[Æ ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>ÁB >[ ±o_
®|›>V”˛≈VÏ ∑√V∑. “c^ºe
c^ºe ÿÔVÕ>π›m¬ zx§ xÔ| cÁ¶›mfl E>§B
/ ®[ ºÔV¶V¬˛M ®[>kD ÔÁȬԩ√‚¶º√Vm ]≈Õ> / ®[ ÿÂu§¬Ôı
ÂV[ ÔȬԩ√‚¶ º√Vm m©∏B gÈÔVÈD / ®[Á\l[ ∏´eBD
∂E∫Ô∫ÔÁe, ∂¬˛´\∫ÔÁe, ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe, ºÂV¬˛ ¿ı¶ ®[ ∑‚|
s´_
s´_” (∑‚|s´_, √.3).

>VF\Ω ∂§BV¬ z‚ΩÔeVF zwŸ]©∏[ ÿ>V¶ÚD zwÕÁ>ÔeVF


÷Á´BVzD ∞\VÕ> s‚Ω_ÔeVÔ \¬Ôπ[ º√Á>Á\ ∂©m_ ´z\VM[
ÿÔVΩ\´D, ka¶©√kÏÔ^, kBm k´V>kϬz \‚|D, √VÁÈk™›m© ∏´t|Ô^,
ÿ√VD\ÈV‚¶D Be Indian ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.

121
÷Õ]BÏÔπ[ WÁÈÁB ∂©√‚¶\VÔ √¶D ∏Ω›mÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ‘Be Indian Buy
Indian’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[ JÈD. √VÁÈk™›m© ∏´t|Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_

“k´Vº>
k´Vº> ®[Æ / ÁÔBÁƒ¬˛≈m / kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^ جÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ /
÷ÚÕmD / º>[ÂVΩ ÿ\VF¬zD kı|Ô^ / ˛ÁeÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ ÷ÚÕmD /
Ì|Ô‚¶ kÚD √≈ÁkÔ^ ÔD√∫Ô”¬z ∂Á¶ / \M>ÏÔ”¬z WÏkVD
sE›]´\V™ º>ƒD
º>ƒD” (∑‚|s´_, √¬.13, 16) ÿÔVΩ\´D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>
EÈ©√]ÔV´›]_ \mÁ´ ÔVı¶›]_ k´¬ÌΩB kˆÔÁ· Â\¬z
WÁ™°©√|›m˛≈m ÿÔVΩ\´D º√∑k>VÔ ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. “÷Õ]B´VÔ
÷Õ]B´VÔ
÷Ú∫Ô^ / ∞\VπÔeVÔ ÷Ú∫Ô^ ®∫Ô^ ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ / ®ˆÕm
÷Ú∫Ô^”.. (∑‚|s´_, √.60) “ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú∫Ô^ ŒÀÿkVÚ ƒ\V]•D / º\Á¶BV˛
s|˛≈m ŒÀÿkVÚ º\Á¶•D ƒ\V]BV˛s|˛≈m
ƒ\V]BV˛s|˛≈m” . (∑‚|s´_, √.76)
“kaÔV‚Ω
kaÔV‚Ω \´∫Ô^/ Ô™©A¬z s≈ÔV˛s‚¶™ / zwŸ]l[ ∏[º™
zwÕÁ>Ô^”.. (∑‚|s´_, √.84) “c[ÔlÆÔ^
zwÕÁ>Ô^ c[ÔlÆÔ^ / ÿ√VDÁ\Ôπ¶D E¬Ô
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô^ c[Á™ / g‚|˛[≈™ g|˛≈VF ¿ ÿƒF> ÿ√VDÁ\Ô”¬z
/ ¿ºB √B©√|˛≈VF ¿ ÿƒF> ÿ√VDÁ\Ôπ[x[ / ¿ºB søÕm
k∫z˛≈VF”.. (∑‚|s´_, √¬.92, 93) “t‚¶VF
k∫z˛≈VF t‚¶VF ÿÔV|©√kÁ™ÿB_ÈVD /
ÂDAD, º√Á>© ∏^ÁeºB! / c[Á™© ∏Ω›>Á¶¬zD ºÔVË© Á√¬zD /
∞Á¬zD / c™¬z s›]BVƒD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. ¿ ®©º√Vm / kB∑¬z
k´©º√V˛≈VF?
k´©º√V˛≈VF?” (∑‚|s´_, √.138).

Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”D s›Á> ∂©m_


´z\V–¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈ. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬z ®]´V™ ∂≈flÊu≈¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
‘∑‚|s´_’ g˛[≈m. \™ÿkπl_ ÔVV\_ º√V™kÏÔ^ ‘∏›>M[’
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ ∂Ô[≈m ÔV>ºÈ BVm\VÔ ‘t[ tMÔeV_ ŒÚ ÔΩ>xD’,
ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\BVÔ ‘´ÔEB©Ø°D’ Ô¤_ (gbazal) ÿ>Vz]ÔeV˛[≈™. \ÕÁ>
\º™V√Vk\V™ º√Á>Á\ÁB© º√∑D ∂©m_´z\VM[ ÔVÈkø ÔsÁ>
√V´]l[ √VÏÁkl[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EºB.

“c[
c[ x©√V‚¶[ / ∂ËÕ>m ®[√>uÔVÔ sÈ∫zÔÁe ∂˲≈VF
c[√V‚¶[ zΩ›>m / ®[√>uÔVÔ ÂfiÁƒ¬ zΩ¬˛≈VF
zΩ¬˛≈VF” (∑‚|s´_, √.99).

122
x[º™≈V\_ º>∫˛©∏[™Á¶kVzD ÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬˛Á™ ∂[º≈
ƒVΩ™VÏ √V´] ®™ #´[ z§©∏|km Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “√V‚¶[
√V‚¶[ ÿk‚ΩB
˛Æ ckÏ©A ¿´V˛s‚¶V_, ∂Á> JΩs‚|© A]B ˛uÁ≈
ÿk‚¶ÿkı|D. √V‚¶M[ *>V™ \]©Á√¬ Ì‚¶ c©A¿Á´¬ zΩ¬Ô
xΩBVm” 83 .
xΩBVm

ÿ>V[Á\BkVD ®–D ®Ák•D Â[≈VÔV ®–D ÂD√wD √V¶KD ‘A´V


t›ºBk ƒVm ƒÏkD’ (√ÁwÁ\BV™m ®[√>™VºÈºB ®_ÈVxD E≈Õ>™
g˛s¶V) ®–D ÔVπ>VE[ \ÔVkV¬˛BxD ÷>Á™ ko•Æ›> k_È™ºk. ƒ‚¶D
Œø∫z ¿] WÏkVÔD ®[√>[ º√´V_ ÷∫z ÂÔÏ›>©√|D ∂´EB_ ÔVF
ÂÔÏ›>_ÔÁe ∂D√È©√|›mD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe ∂k´m √VÚ¬z^ºe Â_ÈÂV|,
zu≈kVπÔ^, zΩÔV´ÏÔ^, ÔV¬˛flƒ‚Á¶ x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.

“∂kÏÔÁefl
∂kÏÔÁefl EÁ≈l_ ƒÕ]›º>[ ŒÀÿkVÚk´VÔfl ÿƒV[™VÏÔ^
..... ÂV[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ gEˆB[ >ÁÈB∫Ô›]_ cıÁ\ÁB ®ø]º™[,
ÂV‚Ω[ ¸]´›>[Á\ÁBÔ zÁÈ›>>VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|kÕm s‚¶VÏÔ^....
ÂV[ ÿkπºB kÕº>[ / ƒ‚¶D Œø∫z© ∏´flEÁ™ ®m°D / ÷_ÈV\_
ÂV| ∂Á\]BVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
÷ÚÕ>m” (∑‚|s´_, √¬.12, 14). ÷m EÁ≈kVEÔÁe© º√‚Ω
ÔVı√>VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶m. ŒÚ ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ˆ¶D ∂kÏ \Á™s
ºÔ‚√>VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|D ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶ ÔsÁ>l_,

c∫Ô^ *m √ΩÕ> ÔÁ≈ÔÁe / ®©√Ω¬ Ôø°TÏÔ^ / kıV[


z§Ôe_ÈkV ∂Ák? A[ g≈ÈVD k| \VÆ\V? ÔÁ≈Ô^ ÿk”›>V_ º√VÔÈVD
kıV[ z§ º√Vz\V? ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ÏÔπ[ ÔÁ≈Ô^ ÷›>ÁÔB
kıV[ z§Ô^ ®[˛≈VÏ, ∞[? “g|Ô”¬z›>V[
g|Ô”¬z›>V[ / c∫ÔÁe¬
ÔVkÈVÔ Ák›>VÏÔ^ / g™V_ / {ÂVFÔ”¬Ô_ÈkV ¿∫Ô^ /
√uÔeV˛s‚œÏÔ^ ............. J‚Á¶©ØflEÔÁe / Â∑¬˛s|D c∫Ô^ ÁÔ
/ ´›>¬ ÔV‚º¶ˆÔ^ ®[≈V_ zD∏|˛≈º>
zD∏|˛≈º>”. (∑‚|s´_, √¬. 39, 42)

®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©∏ mB´∫Ô”¬z© √∫ÔVπBVÔ› >BVÏ. g™V_


ÔÁ≈Ô”¬z© √∫ÔVπ g¬˛s¶VyÏÔ^ ®™ \Æ>o¬˛[≈VÏ

123
ÔV¬˛flƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ˆ[ \Á™s. zu≈kVπÔ^ ÔsÁ>l_ ƒ‚¶›][ ∂Ô´V]
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^em.

“ƒ‚¶D
ƒ‚¶D ÿƒV[™m : ÔV©√m √B∫Ô´kV>D ........... ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe
∂D√È©√|›mkm ÂV‚Ω[ √VmÔV©A¬z g√›m, ÿÔV‚|km k[xÁ≈
k[xÁ≈”
(∑‚|s´_, √.19). g™V_ B>VÏ›>D ®[™ÿkM_ Ô[™t‚¶ Ô^kÁ´ s‚|s‚|
ÔΩ›m› m´›]B ÂVFÔ^ *mD, ƒ]ÔV´ÏÔÁe s‚|s‚| ƒ]ÔÁe ∂D√È©√|›]B
y√∫Ô^ *mD, Ì‚Á¶¬ zÁÈ¬Ô xBKD z≈kÏÔÁe s‚|s‚| º>Ωfl ºƒÔˆ›>
º>ìÔ^ *mº\ √VF˛[≈™ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ BV°D. “c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶º\ / º√VÁ>l_
\B∫˛fl ƒV¬ÔÁ¶l_ / søÕm ˛¶¬˛≈º> / \msȬz ®[Æ º√ƒ /
ÿk‚Ôt_ÁÈBV c∫Ô”¬z
c∫Ô”¬z” (∑‚|s´_, √¬. 96, 97).

zΩ©√kÏÔÁe› >ıΩ¬zD ƒ‚¶›>V_ Ô^efl ƒV´VB sBV√VˆÔÁe›


>ıΩ¬Ô xΩBV> \B¬Ô º√VÁ>ÁB¬ ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬z˛[≈VÏ. c^ÂV‚|
WÚkVÔ›]_ \‚|\_È ÿkπÂV‚| skÔV´∫ÔπKD ÷›>ÁÔB ÷´‚Á¶
ºk¶∫ÔÁe ~wfl E¬ÔK¬z ª¶VÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. “º>k
º>k ºk¶D º√V‚¶
ƒV›>V[Ô^ ºk>D {m˛[≈™ / ÷º>V / ´›>©√uÔÁe \Á≈›> {ÂVFÔ^
¿Á´¬ ÔȬ˛B √aÁB / g|Ôπ[ *m ∑\›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™”
(∑‚|s´_, √.19). ∂´∑› >´©Á√ \‚|\_È ÿƒVÕ>fl ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^ m[√›]_ ƒV>_
Ôı|D EÕÁ> ÷´∫ÔV> \¬Ôπ[ \Õ> A›]ÁB•D, ∂ΩÁ\›>™›Á>•D ´›>D
ÿkÀºkÆ W≈D ®™ tÔ°D O‚√\VÔfl E›]ˆ¬˛[≈VÏ.

2.5.2 √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D

A›>Ï cflƒˆ›> ÔÁ¶E kVÏ›Á> “∂©º√V yº√V √k (¿ºB c™¬z se¬ÔVÔ


÷Ú) ÷Õ> A›>ˆ[ ÷Æ] kVÏ›Á>ÁB sˆkVÔ se¬z˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
ƒ›]B ∂–√kD >VD√›]B c≈° º√VÈ ∂>Á™fl ÿƒV_o¬ÔV‚¶xΩBV>, ÿƒVÕ>
∂–√k›>VºÈºB c´ ÷BKD ; ∂ΩÁ\¬z kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷_ÁÈ. ÂVD
ƒD√V]¬zD ƒD√V›]BD. gÔºk ƒ›]BxD ÂD kVμ¬ÁÔ•D ∂Á\B ºkı|D.
>BÁk ÂV¶V\_ ÷ÚÕm ÿƒVÕ> se¬ÁÔ ∞Õ] ÷Ú›>ºÈ. se¬˛[ >BÁk•D
m≈©√ÿ>M_ ÂVxD se¬ÔV˛¶_ ºkı|D. Â\¬zÂVº\ se¬ÔV˛ s‚¶V_
∂>uz©A≈D ®Õ> ÷ÚÁe¬ Ôı|D ÂVD ®>uÔVÔ ∂fiƒ© º√V˛º≈VD
®[ÿ≈_ÈVD A›>ˆ[ ÔÁ¶E kVÏ›Á>ÁB x[ÿ™|¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[”.
124
÷mºk ÷›>z ∑B›][ º>¶ºÈ ∂k´m gÈV√Á™l[ g>V´ ∑Ú]BVÔ
∂Á\Õ]B_˛[≈m. “¿
¿ c[Á™ c[™V_ ∂È∫Ôˆ / ÿ√V[™V_
∂È∫Ôˆ¬ÔVº> / ∞ÿ™[≈V_ / ÿ√V[Á™s¶ \M>M[ ∑BD /
\]©AÁ¶Bm
\]©AÁ¶Bm” (gÈV√Á™, √.25). ∂k´m cÁ´Ô_o_ ÿ√V[M–D
\VuƬzÁ≈BV\˛Á\•D \]©AD cÁ¶B>VÔ ∑Bº\ ∑¶Ïk>V˛[≈m.
“kVμ¬ÁÔÿB_ÈVD
kVμ¬ÁÔÿB_ÈVD √uÆ ®ø]Bkº™ / c[ √∫z¬z ŒÚ k´kVkm /
Ák›ms‚|© º√V! / c[ ƒVs_ ƒVD√ÁÈ ∂_È / ÿÂÚ©Á√ s‚|fl ÿƒ_
ÿƒ_”
(gÈV√Á™, √¬.30, 33) ®[≈kÏ √uÆ c≈°©√]ºk‚Ω_ ∂k´kÏ ®flƒ›>V_
ÔV©√¶ ∞mkVÔ ∞º>–D s‚|©º√VÔ ko•Æ›m˛[≈VÏ.

“®∫ºÔ
®∫ºÔ ∂wzD ∑>Õ]´xD cıº¶V ∂∫ºÔ>V[ / \V–¶D
ÿÔVı¶V|˛[≈m” , “k´©∏KD
]ÚswV¬ ÿÔVı¶V|˛[≈m k´©∏KD xÁe¬˛≈m / A_ / ºkolKD
\ÈÏ˛≈m / ÂD ºÔV|Ôπ_ \‚|D / ÔVB∫Ô^
ÔVB∫Ô^” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.54,57).
∑>Õ]´º\ \V–¶› ]ÚswV ®™°D, ÂVD ˛a›> ºÔV|ÔeVKD ÂDÁ\¬ ˛a›>
ºÔV|ÔeVKD ÂVº\ ƒıÁ¶l‚| \Ω˛º≈VD ®™°D ÷È‚∑\¬ºÔV|Ôπ[
÷È‚ƒ∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

“÷∫ºÔ
÷∫ºÔ / ¿ ¿BVÔ ÷Ú©√Á> BVÚD sÚDAk]_ÁÈ ¿ BVÏ
\V]ˆBVkm >V[ ÷ÚÕ>VÔ ºkı|D ƒJÔ›]uz› º>Ák / ÿ¤´V¬¸
∏´]Ô^”(gÈV√Á™, √.5) “c[Á™
∏´]Ô^ c[Á™ ¿ºB ®ø]¬ ÿÔV^ ÷_ÁÈÿB[≈V_ /
¿ ∏≈´V_ ®ø>©√‚|s|kVF ......... c[Á™ ¿ºB>V[ / ∏´ƒs¬Ô
ºkı|D” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.137, 138) “¿Á´©º√V_
ºkı|D ¿Á´©º√V_ / >V\Á´ ÷ÁȬz¬
ˇºw•D º\ºÈ•D / ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VF ÷Ú ¿Á´© º√V_ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
®øm˛≈k™VF ÷Ú / c[ º\_ BVÚD ®ø>xΩBV>√Ω ÷Ú ¿Á´©º√V_ /
®∫ºÔ ∑u§ ∂ÁÈÕ>VKD c[ JÈ ƒx›]´›Á> / ∂Á¶kÁ>ºB
z§¬ºÔVeVF¬ ÿÔV^kVBVÔ
ÿÔV^kVBVÔ” (gÈV√Á™, √.148).

kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[√>Á™ºB \M>[ >[Á™› >Vº™ ∏´ƒs¬Ô xBKD


xBuEBVÔ¬ ÔVbD ∂©m_´z\V[ ÿ√BÁ´¬ ̶ ÿ√uº≈VÏ ÷‚¶ kıV[
z§ÿB™fl ∑‚Ω ∂k´kÏ ÿ√BÚD >[MoÚÕº> c]¬Ô ºkı|ÿ\™
∑B©∏´ƒk›Á>ºB ∑‚|˛[≈VÏ. ¿ˆ[ ¿ÏÁ\BVKD ∑B›Á>ºB
ko•Æ›m˛[≈VÏ.

125
“c[
c[ >VÔº\ / c[ ºkÏÔ”¬z kaÔV‚|D / ......... º>¶ºÈ c[
ºkÏÔ^” (gÈV√Á™, √.106) “c[
ºkÏÔ^ c[ xÔkˆ / c[ xÔ›]_ ÷_ÁÈ c[
\™›]_>V[ / ÷Ú¬˛≈m
÷Ú¬˛≈m” (gÈV√Á™, √.124). >™¬zD kV™›m¬z\V™
º√V‚Ωl_ A[™ÁÔÁB•D, ÔıßÁ´•D, sBÏÁkÁB•D, ºÔV√›Á>•D,
ÔV>ÁÈ•D, ®ı∫ÔÁe•D, ®ø›Á>•D, º√flÁƒ•D, ÔsÁ>ÁB•D,
c≈¬Ô›Á>•D, nB›Á>•D, ÿ√ÚJflÁƒ•D ∂kÏ ®|›m Ák›> º√Vÿ>_ÈVD
kV™D xÁ≈ºB ÁkÔÁ≈ÁB•D, \ÁwÁB•D, ‚ƒ›]´∫ÔÁe•D, ÿklÁÈ•D,
º\Ô∫ÔÁe•D, t[™ÁÈ•D, ÷ΩÁB•D, kV™s_ÁÈ•D, ÷ÚÁe•D,
˛´Ô∫ÔÁe•D, ABÁÈD ®|›m Ák›m ®]ÏÿÔVı¶>VD kV™D.

“÷Æ]l_
÷Æ]l_ ÂV[ / Am©Am ÷È‚EB∫ÔÁe ºÂV¬˛ ¶¬zD / ®[
√V>∫ÔÁe ®|›m Ák›º>[. kV™D º>Vu≈m
º>Vu≈m” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.17, 18).
“÷m
÷m º√fl∑¬ ÔsÁ>¬z Â_È ƒV[Æ. ÷Õ> cÁ´BV¶o_ ®_ÈVku§uzD
√]_ÿƒV[™ kV™D, ƒV]¬Ô°D ºƒV]¬Ô°D ÿ>ˆÕ> \M>M[
÷È‚EB∫Ô”¬z x[™V_ º>V_s ∂Á¶km \VM¶›][ \Ô›mk›]uz¬
ÿku§BVzD” 84 .
˛Á¶›> ÿku§BVzD

®™ ®|›mÁ´¬zD ÿ√. ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√VE[ √VÏÁk•D ÷›m¶[


®ı›>zD. >™¬z^ ®]ÚD A]Ú\V™ ÷Ú mÚk∫ÔeVF ÷ÚkÏ
÷Ú©√>VÔ°D; ∂kÏÔπ_ cıÁ\l[ Œπ©√¬Ô›Á> ª|Ú°D ºÂÏÔπ_
´EÔ™V™ √V¶Ô[ ŒÚkÿ™[ÆD; ÷Úı¶ √¬Ô›][ \Ï\ \ÈÏÔÁe xÔ´k_È
®]ˆÔπ[ c√VvÔ™V™ ∏›>[ \uÿ≈VÚk[ ®™°D x[ Ák›m^eVÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[. ∂Õ> √V¶ÔM[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁeºB ∑B›][ º>¶ÈVÔ¬ Ôıº¶VD. ®]Ï
mÚk\V™ ∏›>M[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[ ®]ÏÿÔV^ºkVD.

“c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ / ∑B›Á> ºÂV¬˛© A≈©√|∫Ô^ ... ¿∫Ô^ / ∂∫ºÔ>V[
÷Ú¬˛[SÏÔ^. ÷Á> ∂§km>V[ / √BD .... c∫Ô^ √VÁ> / c∫Ô^
√B›>V_ cı¶VÔ‚|D
cı¶VÔ‚|D”(∏›>[, √¬.44, 45). ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ∂kÏ Â]l[
√VÁ>ÁB© º√VKD √≈Ákl[ √VÁ>ÁB© º√VKD ∑k¶u≈>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô‚|D
®™°D ∂Á¶k>uÔ_È ∂a©√>uz›>V[ √BD ®™°D ∏›>M[
®]ÏxÔ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. Â]l[ √VÁ> >Vº™ gÆ. Â] √ÁwB ÿ>[≈VKD

126
ÿk^eD A]>_ÈkV. ºÂuÁ≈B Â]•D ÷[Á≈B Â]•D ÷Õ>kÁÔl_
ºkƺkÆ>Vº™. Amÿk^eD xÕÁ>B Â]¿Á´ \VuÆkm>Vº™.

“Œº´
Œº´ gu§_ ¿∫Ô^ / ÷ÚxÁ≈ ÷≈∫Ô xΩBVm / ®_ÈVD {Ω¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™ / ®m°D cÁ≈Õm Wu√]_ÁÈ
Wu√]_ÁÈ” (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ,
√¬.62, 63). ˛º´¬Ô ÿ\FfiQVM ÿ«´V¬o¶¸L[ A]ϬÔsÁ>ºB ÷m.
÷>Á™ x[Ák›m ∂©m_ ´z\V[ se¬z˛[≈VÏ.

“gÆ
gÆ ®[√m ÷¶\_È; ¿Ï ÂVD ºÂuƬ zπ›> º√Vm ÷ÚÕ> ¿Ï
ºkÆ ÷[Æ zπ›> º√Vm ÷ÚÕ> ¿Ï ºkÆ ºÂuƬ zπ›> ¿Ï
º√VFs‚¶m. ÷[Æ zπ›> ¿Ï A]>VÔ kÕ> ¿Ï. guÆ¿Á´› º>¬˛ ∂]_
ÂVD zπ©√>VÔ Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^ºkVD. ∂©º√VmD ŒÚ \Vu≈D
WÔμÕ]Ú¬ÔÈVD. ¿Ï ∂º> ¿´VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ºÂuƬ zπ›>
ÂV\_È ÷[Æ zπ¬zD ÂVD
ÂVD” (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, √¬.62, 63).

\VÆ>_ Œ[º≈ \V≈V>m ®[√m >Vº™ \V≈V> s] ®[˛≈ Z]l_


ÿ«´V¬o¶L[ A]ϬÔsÁ>l[ x´ı sÁeBV‚Á¶ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√Vm©A›]¬z \V≈VÔ©√‚¶kÏ›>™\VÔ© º√∑˛[≈kÏÔÁe•D ∞º>V Œ[§[*m
∂]Ô ~|√V| ÿÔVıΩÚ©√kÏÔÁe•D ƒ´VƒˆBV™kÏÔ^ >D √VÏÁkl_
Á√›]¬ÔV´[ gÔ›>Vº™ √VϬ˛[≈VÏÔ^. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÿÂπ° ∑a°
¿¬z©º√V¬z ®[√>[ º√´V_ ÷´‚Á¶ ºk¶D º√V|˛≈kÏ √VÏÁkl_
√‚¶kÏ›>™\VÔ© º√E ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ ÷B∫z√kÏÔ^ ∏›m¬zπÔeVÔºk
ÿ>[√|kVÏÔ^. ŒÚ Ô_ÿȧB©√|D ∏›>Á™ x[Ák›m ÷À°ıÁ\ÁB
∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

“∂kÏÔ^
∂kÏÔ^ ∞[ c[*m / Ô_ÿȧ˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[º≈[. ÂV[
∂kÏÔ”Á¶B / ∂Õ>´∫Ô›][ ÔıVΩ ∂>™V_>V[ ®[Á™ /
cÁ¶¬Ô© √VϬ˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[≈V[ / ∞[ ®[º≈[. / ∂kÏÔ^
ÿkπ©√|k>uz© / √B©√|˛≈VÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔ^ / ºk¶∫Ôπ_ /
kE¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ∂m ∂kÏÔ”¬z / kƒ]BVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ºk¶D ÔÁÈÕ>V_ /
º\Á¶ º√VFs|D ÂV[ ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B / ∂D√ÈD ÔkM! / ∂D√ÈD / ®[
º\Á¶B_È / ¶™D. ∂>™V_>V[ ®[Á™© ∏›>[ ®[˛≈VÏÔ^
®[≈V[
®[≈V[” (∏›>[, √¬.10, 11). BVÏ √VÏÁkl_ BVÏ ∏›>[? ®[√m >V[ ÷∫ºÔ
127
sÁ¶ÔV ºkıΩB s™V. ÷>Á™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÔV›]KD ÿv[ √VÏÁk¬z
ª¶VÔ© º√Efl ÿƒ_kVÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. “ÂVD
ÂVD BVº´V EÈÁ´ \™ ºÂVBVπÔ^
®[˛º≈VD. g™V_ sÚ©A ÿkÆ©A c^ek[ ŒÀÿkVÚk–D
\™ºÂVBVπ>V[. ∂©√Ω©√VÏ›>V_ ®_ºÈVÚº\ \™ ºÂVBVπÔ^>VD.
s]sȬzÔ^ ∂kÏÔ^ ∂ˆ>VÔºk ÷Ú¬zD. ÷m ∂_Èm ∂m. ∞>Vkm
Œ[Á≈› º>ÏÕÿ>| ®[Æ \™D ÿƒV_KD / ÷m \™›][ sBV] ®[˛≈VÏ
ºvVv[
ºvVv[” (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.133á134).

2.5.3 zwÕÁ>Á\•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D

zwÕÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ Ô_s á zwÕÁ>© √V¶_Ô^ ®[√™ ŒÚkÁÔ. ÷Ák


zwÕÁ>Ô”¬ÔVÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|k™. zwÕÁ>ÔÁefl E›]ˆ¬zD ®ø›m¬Ô^
∂kÏÔÁe©√u§ ®ø>©√|k™. g™V_ ÷Ák ÷´ıΩoÚÕmD ºkÆ√‚¶ Œ[º≈
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÂVD ÔuƬ ÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩB Ô_s x>_kÁÔ¬z
∂w.k^πB©√V, zw.Ô]º´ƒ[ x>ÈV™kÏÔπ[ √V¶_Ô^, kVı|\V\V ÔÁ>Ô^;
∂|›> kÁÔ¬z √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √V¶_Ô^, kVÿ™Vo ∂ıV Ô‚|Á´Ô^
x>ÈV™Ák ®|›m¬ÔV‚|Ô^.

J[≈Vkm kÁÔ>V[ zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÔuƬ ÿÔV^km. ÷Õ>


kÁÔl_ AmÁ\©∏›>[, kı>Vƒ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^; QVM, ∏º´t^ Ô‚|Á´Ô^;
º>kº>k[, º>k>flƒ[, ∂©m_´z\V[, ∏º´D, ´º\i, xzÕ> ÂVÔ´V¤[,
sibA´D ƒ´k[ ÔsÁ>Ô^; ºkK.ƒ´k[, xÚÔØ√] ÂV¶Ô∫Ô^
x>oBÁk ∂¶∫zD. ÷ÀkÁÔlÈV™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬ ÔVıº√VD.
EkÔVEl_ BVÚÁ¶B ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔºkV y¬zflEÔeV˛s‚¶ E≈VÏÔπ[
∂kÈ›Á> x[Ák›m “ kÚ¶Õ>k≈V\_ / zwÕÁ>Ô^ ]™›Á>¬
ÿÔVı¶V|˛≈kÏÔºe / ]™∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı¶V|kÁ> s‚|¬ /
zwÕÁ>ÔÁe ®©º√Vm / ÿÔVı¶V¶© º√V˛SÏÔ^
º√V˛SÏÔ^” (∑‚|s´_, √.90).

zwÕÁ>•D ÿ>FkxD ÿÔVı¶V|t¶›]_ >V[ ®[√VÏÔºe


∂>[ÿ√VÚ^ ∂ÚÁ\ ÿ>ˆÕ>kÏÔeV_ \‚|º\ ∂Ák ÿ√ÚÁ\•¶[
ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|D ®[√º>.

128
“ÂD
ÂD zwÕÁ>© √Úk›][ / ÷w°¬ÔVÔ ∂øºkVD Â\¬z^ºe ¶Õ>
/ ∂Õ> \´›]uÔVÔ ∂øºkVD / ∂§°¬ÔM cı¶>V_ ÂVD ÷wÕms‚¶
/ ∂Õ> ÿƒVϬԛ]uÔVÔ ∂øºkVD. / ∏^ÁeÔºe ÿ>FTÔ› y√∫Ôºe
c∫Ôπ¶tÚ¬zD ŒπÁB¬ / ÔuƬ ÿÔV^eV\_ c∫Ô”¬z ®∫Ô^
÷ÚÁe¬ / ÔuƬ ÿÔV|¬˛º≈VD / ®∫ÔÁe \[M›m s|∫Ô^
zwÕÁ>Ôºe / c∫Ô^ s´_ÔÁe / ÂV∫Ô^ ∏Ω›m¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈VD /
®∫ÔÁe c∫Ô^ º>kº>ƒ›]uz ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_K∫Ô^
ÿƒ_K∫Ô^” (gÈV√Á™,
√¬.19, 22) ®[Æ ∏^ÁeÔ^ ]Úx[ ∂øm \[≈V|˛[≈VÏ. zwÕÁ>© √ÚkD
>V[ ÂVD ÷wÕ> ÿƒVϬÔD. ∂m ÷_ÈVÁ\ÔÁe© √VkÁ™BV_ ÷‚| W´©AD
∂§Ák© A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛¬ Ôu√Á™l[ AÁ™Ák ∂´kÁ¬zD zwÕÁ>Ôπ[
s´_ √u≈V\_ sıbÈÁÔ ∂Á¶BV xΩBVÿ>[√m ssoB kV¬z.
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\]Ú^ÔÁeºB ®™
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔ xÁ™˛[≈VÏ ÔsQÏ.

“A›>Ô∫Ôºe
A›>Ô∫Ôºe / ƒ\Ï›>VlÚ∫Ô^ zwÕÁ>ÔÁe¬ / ˛a›m
s¶VyÏÔ^....... zwÕÁ>Ôºe / √V¶© A›>Ô∫ÔeVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^ / ∂kÏÔ^
ÁÔl_ ∞[ ÔV˛>¬ z©Á√ÔÁe› / >Ú˛SÏÔ^
>Ú˛SÏÔ^” (∏›>[, √.80) ®™¬
ºÔ‚˛≈V[ ∂©m_´z\VM[ ∏›>[. ÂD √VÏÁkl_ ∏^ÁeÔºe A›>Ô∫ÔÁe¬
˛a©√kÏÔ^. g™V_ ∏›>[ √VÏÁklºÈV A›>Ô∫Ôºe ∏^ÁeÔÁe¬
˛a©√Ák.

“ÂDxÁ¶B
ÂDxÁ¶B ∏´flEÁ™ √^πl_ ÔuzD zwÕÁ>ÔºeV \Vkº™V
∏´flEÁ™” 85
∂_È; \V≈VÔ gEˆBÚD ÿ√uº≈VÚD >V[ x¬˛B\V™ ∏´flEÁ™
®[√VÏ º¤. ˛ÚiJÏ›]. ÂVD ∏^ÁeÔ”¬z¬ Ôu∏¬zD x>_ c√º>ƒº\
º¶V[‚¶V¬ ®[√m>Vº™. ∂m\‚|\V º√EB>uÔVÔºk ∏´D√Ω, ®KDA x§•D
∂esuz. A›>Ô∫Ôºe ∂kÏÔ^ º>VπKD c^e›]KD ∑Á\BVzD ∂esuz.
Ô_s¬Ì¶º\ EÁ≈flƒVÁÈBVÔ, s|xÁ≈ÁBºB ∏^ÁeÔ”¬z s|>ÁÈBVÔ
Â\¬z› >ı¶Á™BVÔ ®[√m>Vº™ ÂV‚| ¶©A. ÷>Á™›>V[ º¤.˛Úi
JÏ›]l[ √VÏÁk•D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.

“\Áw¬z©
\Áw¬z© / √^π¬Ì¶›]_ Œm∫˛º™[ / ®[ / sÁ>Ô^
ÔÚ˛s‚¶™
ÔÚ˛s‚¶™” (´ÔEBØ, √.130).>VD \Áw¬z© √^π¬Ì¶›]_ Œm∫˛Bº√Vm ̶

129
\ÁwÁB \‚|º\ √VÏ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>>VÔ¬ z§©∏|kVÏ ˛.´V¤ ÂV´VB[.
Ô_s keVÔ›][ ®_ÁȬz ∂©√VÈVÔºk ÷Ú¬˛[≈m cıÁ\BV™ Ô_s.
∑B\V™ √Á¶©√Vu≈ÁÈ \VkM¶D #ıΩ keϬzD ƒV›]BD Ô_s¬
̶›]ºÈ ÷_ÈV\u º√V™>V_ >V[ ®[ sÁ>Ô^ ÔÚ˛s‚¶™ ®[√>[ JÈD
cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ. zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÂVD √lÈ ºkıΩB √¬Ô›Á>•D ÂD
Ô_s xÁ≈l[ *>V™ s\σ™›Á>•D ÷ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬z˛[≈™
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.

“ÿ√ı
√ı ÷È‚EBD ∂_È / kaÔV‚Ω\´D √ÈÏ / ∂>[ ∂ΩlºÈºB
kE¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫˛ s|˛≈VÏÔ^
s|˛≈VÏÔ^” (´ÔEB©Ø, √.130)

ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ ÷™D ÔVı√kÏÔ^ ÿku§ ÿ√Æ˛[≈VÏÔ^.


∂ΩlºÈºB kE¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈kÏÔ^ ÿ√ıkafl ºƒ´_ ®–D k^”kÏ
kV¬˛[√Ω >DÁ\ ÷w¬˛[≈VÏÔ^. ∂k^ gÔÏs›][ / ∂ΩÁ\BV˛
∂kÁeºB / ∑u§fl ∑wKD √ˆ>V√Ô´\V™ / ˛´Ô∫Ô^ ÂVD ÂVD / ÔVV\u
º√VkmD ∂kπ¶º\; ÂDÁ\¬ Ôıÿ¶|©√mD ∂kπ¶º\ gı ÿ>VÁÈÕm
º√VÔ°D, >[Á™ *‚ÿ¶|¬Ô°D ÿ√ıº ÔV´Ø>\VzD ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô›Á>•D
º√∑˛[≈VÏ.

“∂kπ¶D
∂kπ¶D º>Vu√>V_ / ÂVD >©A˛º≈VD
>©A˛º≈VD” (∏›>[, √¬.66, 67)
÷›>ÁÔB º>V_sBV_ >©∏›>_ ®[√m c^e√ΩºB ÿku§ ÿ√Ækm>V[.
÷>Á™› ]Ú¬z≈Áe•D {º≠VÁk•D x[ Ák›m ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï
®|›mÁ´©√>[ kVlÈVÔ› ÿ>πkVÔ c´ÈVD. “A≈kVμs_
A≈kVμs_ º>V_s
mÁÈB[™VÏ ÔıbD ÿÔVeKD ∂ÔkVμs_ ª¶ou º>Vu≈kÏ
ÿk[≈VÏ ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD k^”kD ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D. ƒV_∏≈z¬ Ô‚¶Áe
®[√mD ̶o_ ÿku§ ®[√mD ÷ÁkºB >VD. {º≠V ÿƒV[™Á>
ÂVM∫ºÔ WÁ™∆‚|˛º≈[ ÿ√ıÔ”¶[ skV]¬Ôºk xu√¶VyÏÔ^.
Ô]º\V‚ƒD” 86 .
∂∫ºÔ ƒ´VÔ]>V[ Ô]º\V‚ƒD

®™ºk ŒÚkÁÔl_ ÷m º>V_sÁBºB ÿku§BVÔ \Á¶\Vu§¬ ÿÔV^e


k_È ÔÁȺB ®™ÈVD. “®©√Ω•D
®©√Ω•D ∂k^ / ®ˆÕ>VÔ ºkı|D. ∂k^
kw¬zÔπ_ / ÿÂÚ©A¬z ÿkÀºkÆ √V›]´D. ÷È∫ÁÔl_ ŒÚxÁ≈ /
∂k”¬ÔVÔ kV>VΩ© √VÏ›m / \mÁ´l_ ŒÚxÁ≈ ¿]√]BV™m. g™V_
130
/ ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ / zu≈kVπ¬ ÌıΩºÈºB Wu˛≈m / ƒV‚E ÿƒV_È \‚|D
ŒÚxÁ≈ ̶ / kÕ>]_ÁÈ ƒV‚EBVÔ ÷ÚÕmD
÷ÚÕmD”. (∑‚|s´_, √¬.9, 10)

®™ ÷´V\VB, EÈ©√]ÔV´ kw¬zÔÁe ®_ÈVD ªΩÁwBV¬˛


ÿÂÚ©A¬z^ ∂k^, ∂k”¬z^ ÿÂÚ©A ®™ ÷[≈_È ºÂu≈_È ∂k^ ®ˆÕm
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈V^ ®™ ƒ]l[ ƒ]ÔÁe √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬˛ ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
∏[–Õ ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>l_. “∂ΩÂV^
∂ΩÂV^ ÿ>V‚| / c[Á™
®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©AÔπoÚÕm / s∑k‘√ÿ\|›m ®øÕm Wu˛≈VF ¿ .... ®∫Ô^
ÿku§Ô”¬z© ∏[™V_ / ¿ ÷ÚÕ>VF c[ º>V_s¬z© ∏[™V_ / ÂVD
÷ÚÕº>VD... ÷º>V! c[ x[™V_ zu≈ cÏflE•¶[ >ÁÈzMÕm
Wu˛º≈VD / c[ ÿ√ıÁ\ ®[≈ ÿ>FTÔ ÿÂÚ©∏_ ®∫ÔÁe©
√ˆ∑›>©√|›mkVBVÔ
√ˆ∑›>©√|›mkVBVÔ” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.7, 10).

®™ zu≈ cÏkV_ >ÁÈ >Vμ›] Œ‚| ÿ\V›> gı zÈ›][


∏´]W]BVF› >Vº\ W[Æ Œ©A>_ kV¬zJÈxD kw∫z˛[≈VÏ. ÷m√u§B
∑√VE[ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ ®ı› >¬Ôm. “ÿ√ıÁ\¬z
ÿ√ıÁ\¬z x[™V_ gıÁ\
zu≈kVπ¬ ÌıΩ_ ÿ√ıΩÁ\©√|›]B º√V¬ÁÔ {Ï Œ©A>_
kV¬zJÈ\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_ √]° ÿƒFm^eVÏ. gıÁ\, ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB¬
ÿÔV|Á\©√|›]BÁ> cÏÕm >DÁ\© √ˆ∑›>©√|›> ºkı|˛≈
÷Àºkı|>o_ ÿ√ıbˆÁ\ºB ÔsÁ>l[ g>V´ ∑Ú]BVÔ Œo›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m” 87 .
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m

÷©√ΩÿB_ÈVD ÿ√ıΩÁ\¬z ®]´VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ º√EW[≈VKD


÷[Á≈B ÿ√ıËBkV]Ôπ[ cˆÁ\¬z´ÁÈ ∂k´V_ ∞uƬÿÔV^e
÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ÿ\_o™D k_o™\VzD xBuEl_ sÔV´\V˛s‚¶>VÔ¬
zu≈fiƒV‚¶°D ÿƒF˛[≈VÏ. “√ˆ>V√\V™
√ˆ>V√\V™ √≈ÁkºB / x[A E≈z
Ô›]ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶VF / ÷©º√Vº>V Ìıÿ¶[Æ WÁ™›m¬ Ì‚Á¶ºB m≈Õm
s‚¶VºB / ®∫Ô^ ÷Ú‚|Ôπ[ ∑¶º´ / EDMÁB•D EÁ≈ÿB[Æ WÁ™›m
s‚¶VºB
s‚¶VºB”. (∑‚|s´_, √.81)

º\ÁÈ ÂV‚Ω[ ∑>Õ]´© √VK≈°¬z ®]´VÔ ∂kÏ ÛÁeÁB \ƬzD


ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ^ ®™¬ z§©∏|km ƒˆ>V[. g™V_ cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®ø©Ak>Á™ºB
z|D√ kVμsKD ÿ√VmkVμsKD ̶ ∂kÏ ºÔ^s¬z c^eV¬˛s|˛[≈VÏ.
131
“ÔV‚|¬z©
ÔV‚|¬z© º√VF Ô|Õ>kD ÿƒF>VKD ¿∫ÔV> ∂ÔÕÁ> z|D√
kVμ¬ÁÔl_ ¿∫˛s|˛≈m. z|D√ kVμ¬ÁÔl_ gbD >[
∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ÷w¬˛≈V[. ÿ√ıbD>[ ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ÷w¬˛≈V^.
∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ÷w¬Ô \Æ©√kÏÔeV_, cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®ø©A√kÏÔeV_>V[
z|D√›]_ ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ cÚkV˛[≈™. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔMB\ƬzD ÔVFÔ^
ÛÁeÁB \ƬzD ÿƒ∫Ô_ Ô‚¶¶›]uz gÔVm
gÔVm” cˆÁ\ xw¬Ôt‚|fl ÿƒ[≈
ªÏkÈ›Á>© √VÏ›mfl Eˆ¬zD ∏›>M[ √VÏÁkl_

“y√fl∑¶Ï
y√fl∑¶Ï / EDMÁB¬ Ìıÿ¶[Æ cÁ¶›ms‚¶V_ / ÔVu§_
∂ÁÕm º√VzD ..... ÔV>o_ EÁ≈©√|km / ∑>Õ]´›Á> s¶fl
∑Ô\V™>_ÈkV? / ∂[A¬z¬ Ô‚|©√|km cˆÁ\ÁB s¶ /
c[™>\V™>_ÈkV? Â]ÔÁe ¿∫Ô^ / √VÏ›>]_ÁÈBV? / ∂Ák
∑>Õ]´\VÔ› >V[ {|˛[≈™ / g™V_ >∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™¬ / ÔÁ´ÔÁe› /
>V∫Ôºe cı¶V¬˛¬ ÿÔV^˛[≈™. √≈Ák¬zfl E≈z xÁe©√º> /
x‚Á¶fl EÁ≈¬z^>V[
EÁ≈¬z^>V[”. (∏›>[, √¬.86, 87)

Ô‚|©√V‚Á¶ ko•Æ›>¬ ÔÁ´ÔÁefl ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|km ƒˆºB. ∂kÏ


ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ √]KD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>lºÈºB ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m ®ÀkVÆ
Â]Ôºe >\¬ÔV™ ÔÁ´ÔÁe >V∫Ôºe ∞u√|›]¬ÿÔV^˛[≈™ºkV ∂ÀkVº≈
z|D√kVμsKD ÿ√Vm kVμsKD cˆÁ\¬z´ÿÈø©AD √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ >´©∏™Ï
>∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ®_ÁÈÔÁe› >Vº\ kÁ´BÆ›m¬ÿÔV^e ºkı|º\ ∂_ÈV\_
∂>Á™› yÏ\VM¬Ô \u≈kÏÔ”¬z ∞m ∂ÚÔÁ>? ÿ√ıË[ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
gV kÁ´BÆ©√m? cˆÁ\ xw¬Ôt|√kÏ ∑>Õ]´›Á> cˆÁ\ √§©√k´V
WÏl©√m. ∑>Õ]´D ®[™ ÿÔV|›m© ÿ√Æk>V? ∂k´kÏ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
∂k´kº´ kÁ´BÆ©√m >Vº™ gÔfl ƒˆBV™>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ÷BKD ®–D \VuÆ›
>´©AÔÁe \Æ>o¬Ô ÷BÈVm.

“∑>Õ]´D
∑>Õ]´D ∂∫ºÔ / ∑kVƒ\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ∏≈Ï>´ kV∫zD /
∏flÁƒBV_ ÷´Vm
÷´Vm” (ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D, √.65) ®[≈kÏ Ô™V¬ÔVbD Œ©∏ÈV>
ƒx>VB›]_ ºkı|\V™V_ ŒÚkÁ´ ŒÚkÏ AˆÕmÿÔV^kmD s‚|¬
ÿÔV|›>K\VÔ ∂[A¬ Ô‚|©√V| c[™>\VÔ kVF¬ÔÈVD. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
g]¬ÔD ¿Ω¬˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®øÕº> yÚD.

132
“ÌÕ>o_
ÌÕ>o_ ÷Ú‚| / xÔ›]_ ÛˆB[ ÿ√ıÔºe / c∫ÔeV_>V[
®\¬z ÷´°D √ÔKD ÷>μÔπ_ ∂x>D / saÔπ_ Âfi∑ ÿ√ıÔºe /
c∫ÔeV_ >V[ ®\¬z kVμ°D \´xD
\´xD” (ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D, √.81).
ÿ√ıÔeV_>V[ ÷´°D √ÔKD kVμ°D \´xD ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB gıÁ\ ∂bzD s>›]ºÈºB ∂Ák ∂Ák
∂ÀkVÆ kVF¬˛[≈™.

√V| ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ª¶VÔ ∂kÏ>D ÿkπ©√V|Ô^ x´ı√V|ÔeVÔ›


º>Vu≈\π¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô c›]BVÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_
∂kÏ>D Aˆ>o[ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õm^·™.

xΩ°Ô^

\´A ®[√m A]BÁ> ºÂV¬Ô© √ÁwBÿ>™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ŒÚ Ûw_


ÿ>V¶ÏflEºB. \´Á√B§Õº> \´Á√ *§BVÔ ºkı|D. ÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>ºÈV|
\´Á√ ÿƒøÁ\BV™ xÁ≈l_ c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı| >\m √V|ÿ√VÚÁ·fl E≈Õ>
AmÔsÁ>Ô·V¬˛•^·™Ï.

Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD, ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\,


kVFÿ\Va \´A, ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶D ®[≈ kÁÔ©√V‚Ωuz^ ∂¶¬ÔÈVD. ssoBD,
E›>Ï \´A, Áƒk\´A, Ákk \´A g˛B \´AÔÁ· >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFm^·VÏ Eu∏.

√ÁwB k´ÈVuƬ ÔÁ>ÔÁ·•D *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ


Eu∏. ƒÏ©√BVÔD, \mÁ´T´[, ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^, ∏´VBE›>D,
{ ƒzÕ>ÈV ®[≈ ÔsÁ>Ô^ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚπ_ ∂Á\•D √V∫z
Ì≈©√‚|^·™.

ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ z´o[ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ôπ_ >ÁÈBVBm ∂§sB_


{ÏÁ\BVzD. ∂kÏ>D ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ ÁÔÌΩB √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
s>Õº>V>>¬Ô™kVzD. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ÛˆBWw_, {Á¶l[ Ô™°, ÔVÈD,
«VokV_ ‚ƒ›]´D, ÌwV∫Ô_, Â|∫zWÈD, \M>D x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVÔ c^·™.

133
Â|∫zD WÈD ÔsÁ>l_ WÈÂ|¬ÔD, Ô¶_ºÔV^, clˆ™© √[Á\©
√_KlˆBk·D g˛BÁk Ì≈©√‚|^·™.

∂b g•>∫ÔÁ· ´V‚ƒ> ÂVFzÁ¶BVÔ x[ Ák¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏.

kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ ÌÆÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛B x>_±_ √w\ÈFl[


ƒ™∫Ôπ[ ÔÁ>, ∂|›>m Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]. ÷>[JÈD ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD
ˇwV™ ƒV\V[B \¬ÔÁ·•D, >D √V‚|Á¶› >ÁÈkÏÔ·V¬˛, \¬Ôπ[ kVFÿ\Va
\´∏[ k·\V™ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kw∫˛•^·VÏ.

Eu∏ ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·•D, ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶∫ÔÁ·•D EÔ´∫Ô^


ÿ√VΩBVzD, ƒÏ©√BVÔD, ´V‚ƒ> EÈÕ] x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈD \VϬEBD
ƒVÏÕ> ∂≈flÊu≈›][ ka ÿkπ©√|›]•^·VÏ.

~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶ÔD,


Ô_s›mÁ≈, g‚E›mÁ≈ ÊϺÔ|Ô^, ÔVÕ]BxD \VϬEBxD ®™
kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚|^·™.

√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈ˛_ ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ· \‚|\_ÈV\_ ]Á´›mÁ≈l[ \VB¬


ÔkÏflE kÁÈÔÁ·•D ]Á´ ˛a›m ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
ÔD√–D, ]Úk^”kÚD \‚|\_È gı¶kº™ ̶ ]Á´cÈ˛uz kÕ>V_
∂kÏÔ^ √V| ∂º>VÔ]>V[ ®[≈ ∂kÈ›Á> ∂∫Ô>fl ∑ÁkºBV|
√V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.

÷[Á≈B Ô_sÁB ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB


Ô_sÁB© º√Ω¬Ô_s ®[≈VÏ √V´]. >tw[√º™V º√Vo¬Ô_s >BVˆ›>
ÿ√VFÁ\ \z¶∫Ô^ ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈VÏ.

Ô_s \uÆD g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ· ∂D√È©√|›mkº>V| ∂kuÁ≈fl


ÊÏ]Ú›mD kaxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D x[Ák¬˛≈VÏ. ÔVÕ]B›Á> ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬˛
\VϬEB›Á>› >øs¬ ÿÔV^”k™kVÔ› >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ∂Á\Õm^·™.

134
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD
∂≈flÊu≈D, √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D, zwÕÁ>•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D ®™ x›>ÁÈ©AÔπ_
kÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.

x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈ ∂›m*ÆÁÔl_ WÔμÕº>ÆD ∂k>V´›


º>Vu≈\VÔºk ÔsÁ>•D x[MÆ›m˛≈VÏ ∂kÏ.

Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· s>s>\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”km ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z ÁÔkÕ>


ÔÁÈ. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∑‚|s´_ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V˛[≈™.

zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\m ÷ÚÁ·ºB ∂kÏÔπ¶tÚÕm


ÂVD ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔºkı|D ®[Æ ko•Æ›m˛≈VÏ.

gı ÿ>VÁÈÕm º√VÔ°D, >[Á™ *‚ÿ¶|¬Ô°D ÿ√ıº


ÔV´Ø>\V˛≈V^ ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô›Á>•D º√∑˛≈VÏ.

135
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^

1) kV™D√VΩÔπ[ \V–¶ ˇ>D


E.ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt, ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^, ‘kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ˇ>D’,,
ºk^s ÿkπX|, ºÔVÁk, 1973, √.1.

2) √Á¶©√V”Á\’,, >VB≈D, ]ÚflE, 2000, √.70.


k_o¬Ôı[, ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\
√Á¶©√V”Á\

3) kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ
Eu∏, ‘kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ’,, ÿ√V^·VflE, ¤™kˆ 1981.

4) ÿƒD\ÈÏ E≈©∏>μ
∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘ÿƒD\ÈÏ E≈©∏>μ’,, \mÁ´, gÔ¸‚ 95.

5) ÷Ȭ˛B©√VƒÁ≈’,, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™.∏©´kˆ 1993.


∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘÷Ȭ˛B©√VƒÁ≈
÷Ȭ˛B©√VƒÁ≈

6) ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va
].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va’,, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √¬.13á14.

7) ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|


m.ÊMflƒVt, ‘÷Ú√][ ºÔV‚√V|’, √.41.

8) √Á¶©AD, √Á¶©√Vπ•D
>twk[, ‘√Á¶©AD, √Á¶©√Vπ•D’,, ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1989,
√.20.

9) QVM, ºÔVÁk, ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>


>tμ¬ÔsÁ>’, QVMÔ‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]-3,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
√¬.394, 424.

10) º\Èm.,

11) Am¬ÔsÁ> k·ÏflE•D kV‚¶xD


ÿÔ·EÔ[, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ> kV‚¶xD’, ÿƒD\ÈÏ, \mÁ´,
gÔ¸‚á95.

12) >ta[ ∂Á¶BV·D


].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ‘>ta[ ∂Á¶BV·D’, ÿk^πT] ÿkπX|, \mÁ´,
1999, √¬.21á23.

13) >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^


\.\mÛ>™[, ‘>tμ© EÕ>Á™Ô^’,,
ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003, √.210.

14) Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|


∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|’,, ∂[™D √]©√ÔD,
>fiƒV∆Ï, 2006, √¬.68á69.

136
15) √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
Eu∏, ‘√Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D’, Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸, 2001,
√¬.25á26.

16) ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[


ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ‘]≈™VF°
ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,, 2005, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, √.342.

17) ªmk›]©A_
].∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, ‘ªmk›]©A_
ªmk›]©A_’ ¨ÔV¬ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
1993, √.313.

18) clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ,


÷>μ ºÂÏÔV_, E. \Ë, ]ÚflE, º\á2009.

19) >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°


∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, ‘>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ]≈™VF°’,, √¬.238á239.

20) A]BÔVuÆ’,, \mÁ´, ¤™.2008.


∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘A]BÔVuÆ
A]BÔVuÆ

21) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ©√ı√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,


ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √¬. 39á40.

22) Am¬ÔsÁ> k·ÏflE•D kV‚¶xD


ÿÔ·EÔ[, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ> kV‚¶xD’, ÿƒD\ÈÏ gÔ.95,
\mÁ´.

23) ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD


∂.\VϬ¸, ‘∂]ÔV´›Á> º√∑ºkVD’,, √.64.

24) \VuÆ©√ı√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D


÷´V.ÂV´VB[, ‘\VuÆ©√ı√V|D ÔsÁ>Ô”D’,
√.65.

25) º\Èm, √.65.

26) Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D, ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,


Am¬ÔsÁ>•D, Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D
‘Am¬ÔsÁ>•D, Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D’, √.7.

27) ÔsÁ>l[ÿ\Va’,, √¬.120á121.


].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ‘ÔsÁ>l[ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>l[ÿ\Va

28) ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|


m.ÊMflƒVt, ‘÷Ú√][ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|’,, √¬.
9á11.

29) º\Èm., √¬.9á11.

137
30) >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°
∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, ‘>tμ© ]≈™VF°’,, √.148.

31) ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|


m.ÊMflƒVt, ‘÷Ú√][ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|’, √.41.

32) c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD


√V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆá2009,

33) ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD ∂Á\©AD


Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD’, EÕ>™V
ÿkπl|, ]ÚflE, 1998, √.101.

34) Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ Am©√VÏÁk


√VÈV, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ> Am©√VÏÁk’, ∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ 1981, √.20.

35) \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D


÷´V.ÂV´VB[, ‘\VuÆ© ÔsÁ>Ô”D’,,
√.39.

36) B>VÏ›>xD g›\VÏ›>xD


x.ÿ√V[™D√ÈD, ‘B>VÏ›>xD g›\VÏ›>xD’, ~w ÿkπl|,
∞©´_ 1991, √.28.

37) ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD ∂Á\©AD


Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD’,, √¬.96á100.

38) º\Èm, √¬.96á100.

39) ÷´V.∂≈ºkÕ>[, √Mx›>¬ÔsÁ>, ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\


√Á¶©√V”Á\’, √¬.169á170.
√Á¶©√V”Á\

40) E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], ‘ÔsÁ> Am∑D’, Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^,


ÔsÁ> \´AD Am∑D
ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003, √.309.

41) ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>
ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ‘®m Am¬ÔsÁ>’, ÔV√VoÔV √]©√ÔD, ]ÚflE,
1998, √¬.57á58.

42) Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, ‘Eu∏ Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^


√B∫Ô^’,
Ôs>V ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, √¬.13á14.

43) º\Èm,.

44) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √.451.

45) \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^,


√.138.

138
46) E.\Ë, ÂÁ¶ ÷>μ, ÷Á©A, BV©∏B_, ÿƒ[Á™, 1969.

47) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √.453.

48) Eu∏, √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D, √. 155.

49) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √.454.

50) √VÈV, Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ, ˛Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸, \mÁ´, 1993,


√.17.

51) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ©√ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,


√¬.69á70.

52) ÿ√. ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √¬.132á133.

53) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>, QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]-III, √.454.

54) ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek>D∏, x[–Á´, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], Ôs>V ÿkπX|,


ÿƒ[Á™, 2004.

55) ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, Â]l_ kÕ> ÔsÁ>, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √¬. iv-v

56) √VÈV, A]B WÈsB_ ÔsÁ>Ô^, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √¬. viii, ix

57) √w\ÈF, ∂ıÁ\l_ √Ω›º>[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, Ωƒ.


2000, √.37.

58) √.ÿƒB©∏´ÔVƒD, ÔsÁ> ÷[ÿ™VÚ kÁÔ, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™,


h[, hÁÈ á 2000, √.15.

59) Eu∏, √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D


√VÏÁk•D, √.152.

60) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,


√.95.

61) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>, QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 450á451.

62) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,


√.73.
139
63) º\Èm, √.73.

64) ºÔV. >Vº\V>´[, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ºÂÏÔV_, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ


÷>μ,
ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2000.

65) k_o¬Ôı[, \¬Ô^ ÔÈVƒV´›Á> \ıV¬zD ƒ¬]Ô^,


WRÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 1985, √.27.

66) g.∏.∂Õº>VË´V∑, ÷>aB_ {Ï ∂§xÔD, gº´V¬BD √]©√ÔD,


]ÚflE, 1986, √.130.

67) E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, ÔVÕ] √]©√ÔD,


>fiƒV∆Ï, 2000, √.160.

68) ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[


ÔsÁ>Ô^, √.127.

69) E. ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √¬. 114á115.

70) ∂. \VϬ¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÔÁ·© º√∑ºkVD,


√¬.65á66.

71) >tw[√[, Ô_s ®[™ sÁÈ?, ]™\Ë \VkÏ \ÈÏ, ÿƒ[Á™,


º\á1996, ÿƒ[Á™, √.12.

72) E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.95.

73) ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[


ÔsÁ>Ô^, √.82.

74) E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.171.

75) º\Èm, √.172.

76) º\Èm, √.173.

77) Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, x[–Á´, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, ØDAÔVÏ


√]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.15.

140
78) Ô.ÁÔÈVƒ√], x[–Á´, º>VËkÚ˛≈m, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1993.

79) \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÿ\FlBu


EÕ>Á™Ô”D, √¬. 151á210.

80) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √. 519.

81) Ω.®¸.®oB‚, ÔsÁ>l[ ƒx>VBflÿƒBu√V|, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™,


∂¬.1997.

82) ÿ√. ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.23.

83) ÿ√.#´[, √V´] >tμ kƒ™›]´‚|, ºÂ≠™_ A¬ Ω´¸‚, Am]_o,


1912, √.179.

84) ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, ∂Ô´D,


>fiƒV∆Ï, 2003, √.72.

85) ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>[, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V


√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2005, √.25.

86) º\Èm, √.28.

87) ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´ º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √¬. 126á127.

141
÷B_á3

x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^

3.1 ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿ§xÁ≈Ô^

3.2 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿ§

3.3 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿ§

3.4 ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿ§


÷B_á3

x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§Ô^

3.1 ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿ§xÁ≈Ô^

®m ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ÷Ȭ˛B gF° ®[ÆD ÿ>V¶Ïkÿ>V[º≈ ®mÔsÁ> ®™


÷™DÔV©Azx[ ®mÔsÁ> gÔVm ®[√º> ∂›>z Aˆ>K¬ÔV™ x>_
∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú©√>Á™¬ ÔsÁ>lB_ gFkV·Ï √ÈÚD
x[Ák›m^e™Ï. AÁ™ÔÁ> gFsuzD ÔsÁ> gFsuz\V™
ºkÆ√V‚ΩoÚÕmD ÷>Á™ c´ÈVD.

¸œ√[ ‹ÔV¬ AÔμÿ√u≈ g∫˛È ®ø›>VeÏ ÿ«e|Á´‚?


“¸œ√[
®[√>V™ ±_ kˆÁƒ Œ[Á≈ ∂kÏ ®ø]•^eVÏ. ∂ku§[ √z]ÔeVk™.

1. ÿ«e| Á´‚ ® ÂVk_


2. ÿ«e| Á´‚ º\VÏ ÂVk_¸
3. ÿ«e | Á´‚ N¸¶VˆÔ_ ÂVk_¸
4. ÿ«e | Á´‚ º\VÏ N¸¶VˆÔ_ ÂVk_¸
5. ÿ«e|Á´‚ ≠VÏ‚ ¸º¶VZ¸
6. ÿ«e|Á´‚ º\VÏ ≠VÏ‚ ¸º¶VZ¸
÷©√Ω› >ÁÈ©AÔ^ ÿÔV|›m ®ø] kÚ√kÏ ÔsÁ> z§›m›
>ÁÈ©A› >ÚDº√Vm,
7. ÿ«eÂV‚ |Á´‚ ® ÿ√VB‚ˆ
8. ÿ«e ÂV‚ |Á´‚ º\VÏ ÿ√VB‚Z¸ ®[Æ Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ®ø]
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ”1 ®[√Ï \.Â.´V\ƒVt.
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ

“Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ∂È∫ÔV´› ]≈Á\B_È.
∂m°D ÔsÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D ®[√m ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ x>[Á\fl
E≈©√VzD. tÁÔ cÚ¬ÔD, tÁÔ ∂È∫ÔV´D, ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ]≈Á\
g˛B ÌÆÔ^ ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ÿ\Va√VkD ÿ√Æ\V™V_ ∂m
Ôs›mk kK°D Ôs›mk ∂wz\u≈>VÔºk ÷Ú¬zD. E≈Õ>
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™DÔV ÷›>ÁÔB ÷B_AÔÁe ∂§Õm ÿÔV^”D
143
xÁ≈º>Ák” 2 ®[√Ï m. ÊMflƒVt.
]≈™VF° xÁ≈º>Ák

kV‚ ÷¸ ÂV‚ ÿ√VB‚ˆ ®[≈ ÔVÏ_ vV∏º´Vs[ sˆkV™ Ô‚|Á´ÁB ®m


ÔsÁ> ∂_È ®™› >ta_ º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ kw∫˛•^eVÏ. “ÔsÁ>¬z
ÔsÁ>¬z
{Ï ®]ÏWÁÈ ÷Ú¬zÿ\[≈V_, ∂m >›mkD ÔsÁ> ®[√m ∂–√k›Á>
ÔÚ›]B_” 3.
cÚkV¬zkm. >›mkD ®[√m >[ ÔÚ›]B_

xÕÁ>B ÷Bo_ Ì≈©√‚¶Ák BV°D ÔÚ›]B_, c^e¶¬ÔD, √V|ÿ√VÚ^


®™ BV°D ÔsÁ>¬ÔV™ ÔflƒV© ÿ√VÚ^Ôºe. ÷›>ÁÔB ÔflƒV© ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬
ÿÔVı| ÔsÁ> ®ÀkVÆ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈m ®[˛≈ ÁÔ√VÔº\ ÔsÁ>l[
Ôs›mk\V˛[≈m. ®m ÔsÁ> ∂_È ®™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √Á¶©√Vπ•D ∑‚Ωfl
ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ.

“c√\V™∫ÔºeV|
c√\V™∫ÔºeV| c√º\BxD ÔsQ[ cÏÁk
ÔsÁ>B_È” 4.
ÿkπ©√|›>s_ÁÈÿB[≈V_ ∂m ÔsÁ>B_È “cıÁ\ºBV|
cıÁ\ºBV|
c≈°Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^eV> ®m°D √Á¶©A gk]_ÁÈ, ÔsQM[ √Á¶©A
cıÁ\ÁB› >s´ ºkÆ ®Á>•D ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ” 5
ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ ®[√Ï
\V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[. “ ÷ÁƒÁB¬ ÔsÁ>ºBV| ºƒÏ›m¬ ÿÔV^km º√VÈ
√ÈkuÁ≈ ÷Á›m ∂wz√|›>ÈVD. ∂ÁkÔÿe_ÈVD ÔsÁ>¬z
∂_È” 6.
÷[§BÁ\BV>Ák ∂_È

√Ω\sBo[ ÿ√B´V¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒF>kÚD, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[


∏>V\Ô–\V˛B ®¸´V√°ı‚ √Ω\sBÈVeÏÔÁe ŒÚ∫˛Á›>kÚD gkVÏ.
∂kÏ kz›> EÈ √Ω\sB_ s]xÁ≈Ôπ_ ∂kÏ sȬÔfl ÿƒV_o s]›>kuÁ≈
>tw[√[ ®|›mÁ´¬˛≈VÏ.

“1.
1. tÁÔfl ÿƒVuÔÁe ¿¬zÔ; √B[ ∞mD >´V> ∂Á¶ ÿ\VaÔÁe›
>sÏ›m s|Ô. 2. Û‚∑\›Á> ÂV¶uÔ. 3.∂È∫ÔV´D ºkı¶VD. Â_È
∂È∫ÔV´D ®[–D 4.{Áƒ¬ÔVÔ ÔsÁ>© ÿ√VÚÁe› mı¶V¶
ºkı¶VD. 5. ÿƒ[Æ {FÕm ŒÀÿkVÚ kˆÁB•D WuÔfl ÿƒFms‚|
ºkı¶VD” 7. ]≈™VFs[ E≈©A©√ıA BVm?
\ÆkˆÁB ®ø©√› ÿ>V¶∫Ô ºkı¶VD
∂>[ kKkV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶ BVm? ®©º√Vm ]≈™VF° g´VFflEl[ ÌÆÔÁe•D

144
∂Ô©√|›]B Œ[≈VÔ \VÆ˛[≈m ®[√Á> m.ÊMflƒVt ∏[kÚ\VÆ
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.

“]≈™VF°
]≈™VF° ®[√m, E≈Õ>, kKkV™ Ôs›mk›Á> ∂Á¶BVeD
ÔVbD ∂§kVÔ ÷Ú©√m. ∂>[ E≈©A©√ıAÔπ_ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVzD.
÷>[ ∂|›> WÁÈÔπºÈºB ∂>[ ƒJÔ, cesB_, \uÆD ÔÚ›]B_
ÂsuEÔ^ √u§B Aˆ>_Ô^ ºkı|D. ÷Às´ı¶VD WÁÈl_ ]≈™VF°
®[√m g´VFflE ®[√>[ ÌÆÔÁe c^e¶¬˛fl ÿƒ_KD. ®m Â_È
ÔsÁ> ∂_Èm ®m ÔsÁ> ∂_È ®[√Á>¬ Ô¬˛ÿÈ|›m¬
ÿÔV^eV\_ ÿƒFB©√|D ]≈™VFs[ sˆ°Ô^ ∂Ω©√Á¶ º√V¶©√¶V>
º√V[≈Ák” 8 gzD ®[√Ï.
Ô‚|\V™∫Ô^ º√V[≈Ák

‘ÔÁÈ ÔÁȬÔVÔºk’, ‘ÔÁÈ ƒx>VB›]uÔVÔºk’ ®[˛≈ xw¬Ô∫Ôπ[


÷BÕ]´\B\V™ Aˆ>ÈVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ ÷ÚºkÆ º√V¬zÔ”¬zD ∂©√VÈVÔ
c^eVÏÕ> Aˆ>K¶[ ∂bÔ› >ÁÈ©√|kº> ƒˆBV™>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô xΩ•D.
÷>Á™ kV™D√VΩÔÁe© º√∑ xÔ\VÔ x[ Ák¬Ô©√|D ÷[ÿ™VÚ √VÏÁk•D
÷∫ºÔ Œ©A ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôº>.

“∑ıVDAD
∑ıVDAD \KD cBÏÿk©√WÁÈl_ ÷ÁÕm ÔıVΩ
gkÁ>©º√VÈ √Á¶©√Vu≈o[ mΩ©∏_ ÔÚ›mD ÔÁÈ•D ÷ÁÕm
ÔsÁ> gkÁ> ÷kÏÔ^ sÚDA˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷m ÷kÏÔπ[ ÷È‚EBD.
ÔÚ›]uÔV™ ÔÚs ÔÁÈÿB™ ÷BÕ]´sB_ ÷kÏÔ^ º√∑km ÷_ÁÈ.
ÔÁȺB ®_ÈVD ®[≈ #BkV>xD ÷kÏÔ”Ôz c¶[√VΩ_ÁÈ. ƒˆBV™
>›mk›Á>› º>ÏÕmÿÔVı¶ ÔÁÈQº™, ƒˆBV™ ÔÁÈQ™VÔ°D ÷Ú¬Ô
∂§Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^” 9 ®[√Ï QVM.
xΩ•D ®[Æ ÷kÏÔ^ ∂§Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^

√Á¶©∏B¬Ô›Á> se∫˛¬ ÿÔV^e cÚkD c^e¶¬ÔD ®–D


√Vz√V|Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ ∂bzD √VÏÁk º√Vm\V™>VÔ ÷_ÁÈ. ∂Á\©∏Bo[
ÿkπflƒ›]_ ÷›>ÁÔB √Vz√V|Ô^ tÁÔ ®πÁ\©√|›>©√‚¶™kVF
A≈ÿ\Vm¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.

“√Á¶©A
√Á¶©A ®[√m ƒJÔ WÈk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ°D
∂Á\•D. >s´, ÔsÁ>l[ c^e¶¬ÔD (∂_) kΩkD ®[Æ √z©√>[
145
JÈD, √Á¶©∏B¬Ô›Á> se¬ÔxΩBVm. ÷>uz \V≈VÔ, ÔsÁ>l[
A≈¬Ô‚¶Á\©A, ∂Ô¬Ô‚¶Á\©A ®[Æ √VÏ©√>[ JÈD
se¬ÔxΩ•D”10 ®™°D ∂kÏ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.
÷Ȭ˛B©√Á¶©Á√fl E≈©√VÔ se¬ÔxΩ•D

“ŒÀÿkVÚ
ŒÀÿkVÚ √Á¶©∏KD ƒJÔ kVμ¬ÁÔ› >Ôk_Ô^
÷¶Dÿ√u§Ú¬zD; k´ÈVuÆ› >Ôk_Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD. Ûw_ kÚÁ™
cesB_ >Ôk_Ô”D ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ÷Ák >M›>MBVÔ ∂_Èm ÔË>¬
Ì‚¶ÈVÔ ÷Ȭ˛B\VÔ ŒÚ √Á¶©Á√ \Vu§s¶Vm. ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD
÷Ȭ˛B›][ ÔflƒV© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^. ÷Ák ÷Ȭ˛B›]≈™VFsuÔV™
ÿ√VÚ‚ÔeVÔ°D gÔVm. º\u√Ω >Ôk_Ô^ ÿƒVuÔ^ ®ÀkVÆ, ®>™V_
÷Ȭ˛B› >[Á\ÁB© ÿ√Æ˛[≈™ ®[√Á>© √lKkº> ÷Ȭ˛B›
]≈™VFs[√Ë. ®™ºk ÷Ȭ˛B›mkº\ ]≈™VFs[ √l_ ÿ√VÚ^.
gzD” 11 ®[√VÏ Â.x›m
÷Ȭ˛B›mkD ®[√m ÷Ȭ˛B xøÁ\•D gzD
º\VÔ[.

zwÕÁ>Á\l[ ∂§BVÁ\loÚÕmD, √VkÁ™Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD


sÁeBV‚|¬Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD; ÿ√VDÁ\Ô”¶[ ∂Ák WÔμmD cÁ´BV¶o_
÷ÚÕmD, sB¬Ô› ÿ>ˆÕ> \™›]_ ÷ÚÕmD ºÔ^sÔπ_ ÷ÚÕmD
Ôs›mk›Á> ÷™D ÔVÈVD.

“Ôs›mk›][
Ôs›mk›][ kVE©∏_ Œø∫˛[Á\ Œø∫ÔVzD. Œø∫z
Œø∫˛[Á\BVzD. zwÕÁ>Ô^ sÁeBV‚Ω_ ÷Õ> ∂w˛B_ O‚√D
Ôs›mkD ÿ√uÆ› ]Ôμ˛≈m. ÔÁÈ©√>[ JÈD A]B cÚk›Á>
cÚkV¬zkm, ÔÁÈÕm ÔÈÕm ˛¶¬zD ∂Úk›]oÚÕm cÚk›Á>
cı¶V¬zkm ÷Às´ıΩKº\ Ôs›mkD >mDA˛≈m. \Á≈Õm^e
cÚk›Á> ÿkπ¬ÿÔVÚD √Á¶©Afl ÿƒBo_ zwÕÁ>Ô^ Ôs›mk
÷[√D ÔVı˛[≈™Ï. cÁ´BV¶oBD ®[≈ ÷Ȭ˛B g¬ÔxÁ≈ z§›mfl
EÈ ∂§QÏÔ^ ÌÆ˛[≈™Ï. ÷ÁkÿkÆD AÁ™°Ô^ ∂_È;
B>VÏ›>›]KD ÷Ák WÔμ˛[≈™. sÁeBV‚|© ÿ√VÚ^ÔºeV|
cÁ´BV|˛[≈™” 12 ®[√Ï QVM.
zwÕÁ>Ô^ cÁ´BV|˛[≈™

“zwÕÁ>
zwÕÁ> sÁeBV‚|¬ÔÁe Ák›m ÿ√ˆB kˆÔ^ Ák›m^e

146
ºÔV‚√V|” 13 ®[√Ï
E›]´∫ÔÁe¬ ºÔoÿƒFB ºkı|D. ÷m ȬÔVM¬ ºÔV‚√V|
x›mº\VÔ[. “®_ÈVs>
®_ÈVs> WB]ÔÁe•D >ÔÏ›mWuzD ƒ¬] \M>M¶›]_
cı|. º>EB, ÷™, \> kVμ°Ô”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶ zwÕÁ>Á\•¶[ \™D
sa©A© ÿ√ÆD Ôº\ ∂m. ÷[ÿ™Vv[¸ ®[˛º≈Vº\ \™©√]°Ôπ[
c>sÁB c>§s‚| sa¬zD zwÕÁ>Á\ ∂Á>¬ z§©∏|˛º≈[.
ÔsQ[ ∂©º√Vm ∂§Õº>V ∂§BV\ºÈV ÷ÕWÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Õm
s|˛≈V[. ∂ÀkÁÔ¬ Ô∫ÔπºÈºB kVμs[ ®_ÁÈl[Á\,
AÈ©√|˛[≈m” 14 ®™ ∏º´t^ ªÆkÁ>
ÿƒV_K¬z ÷∫ÔV> Ø´D AÈ©√|˛[≈m
ÿ√V]ÿku√[ >™m ±o_ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.

cuÆ ºÂV¬ÔKD, c^kV∫˛¬ ˛´˛›mfl ÿƒˆ›m¬ ÿÔV^kmº\ ÔuƬ


ÿÔV^”D ʈBkaxÁ≈ÔeVzD. cuƺÂV¬Ôo_ ˛Á¶¬zD √V| ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe
s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_ E›]ˆ¬Ô xÁ™kº> Ôs›mk›]uÔV™ ªuƬ Ôı
gzD. c^kV∫˛BÁ> ∂©√ΩºB ∂_ÈV\_ \Æ√Á¶©Afl ÿƒF•D \Á¶\Vu≈º\
√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿ§xÁ≈BVzD.

“ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsÁ>•º\ ØtÁB ºkÿ≈VÚ ]Áƒ ºkÔ›]oÚÕm Ôs>ˆE›>


ŒÚ √]kVzD. gD ÔsÁ> ®[√m >ˆƒ™\VzD”. “÷Õ>¬
÷Õ>¬ ÔVb>_ ÷ÚºkÆ
WÁÈÔπ_ WÔμ˛≈m. Œ[Æ ®[ƒVÏÕ> / ®™¬Ôπ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD ∂_È
ÂV[ º>Ω¬ ÿÔVı|s‚¶ ÷Õ> kVμs™V_ ®™¬z kVF©√m ∏§ÿ>V[Æ
÷Õ> Øtl[ xÔ|ÔπoÚÕm ∏´√fiƒ›][ sˆ°ÔVbD ®[ x[º™VÏ
ÔVı xBuEÁB ∂|›> ÔıËBVÔ ÷ÚÕm ÿ>V¶Ïkm. ÷Õ> ÷ÚºkÆ
ÔVb>_Ô”D kVF¬Ô© ÿ√Æk>uz zwÕÁ>Á\ \™WÁÈ
∂kEB\V˛[≈m. . . . . . . . ..”

®_ºÈVÚ¬z^”D c^ÿeˆ•D ÷Õ> sa©A ®[–D ÿÂÚ©A


∂Õ>Õ> \M>ÏÔeV_ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô©√|˛≈ º√Vm ∂m √Á¶©√Vu≈ÈVÔ°D
\ÈÏ˛[≈m” 15 .
÷[™ ∏≈kVÔ°D \ÈÏ˛[≈m

“c›]Ô^ A]™©√|›>_ ®[≈ ]‚¶›Á> ∂\_√|›m˛[≈™.


A]™©√|›mD xÁ≈Ôºe c›]Ô^”. “ A]™©√|›>_ ®[√m ÿkÆD
÷Ȭ˛B›]‚¶D ∂_È. ∂m cÈÁÔ ÷[ÿ™VÚ s>\VÔ© √VÏ©√m; √VϬԛ

147
#ı|km. ∞uÔ™ºk c^e cÈÔD √u§B √VÏÁkl_ ∂]Ú©] ÿÔVı|
ºkÿ≈VÚ s>\VÔ cÈÁÔ \™›]_ Ô‚¶Á\©√m A]B cÈÔ ºÂV¬˛uÔV™
º>¶_ ÷m. A]>VÔ cÚkÁ\›>_ ®[√]_ √ÁwBÁ> cÚ¬zÁÈ›>_
∂¶∫zD” 16 .
®[√mD ∂¶∫zD

“ÔsQ[ cıÁ\BVÔºk cÈÁÔ•D ∂]K^e ŒÀÿkV[Á≈•D


s›]BVƒ\VÔ© √VϬ˛≈V[”. “∂k–Á¶B
∂k–Á¶B ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬z© √VÏÁkJÈD
∂k[ √VÏ©√m Ôu√Á™ÁB ∂_È \u≈kÏÔ^ √VÏ¬Ô \≈Õ>Á> ∂k[
√VϬ˛≈V[” 17 . “ÔÚ›][
√VϬ˛≈V[ ÔÚ›][ ÿkπ©√V¶VÔ ºkÆ ®Á>ºBV ∂k[ ÿƒV_È
xB_˛≈V[. ∂Õ> ºkÆ ®mºkV >V[ ÔsQ[√VÏÁk. ÷Õ>©
®[˛º≈VD” 18 .
√VÏÁkÁB› >V[ ÔsÁ> ∂DƒD ®[˛º≈VD

“®toΩ¬Ô[¸ cıÁ\ÁBfl ÿƒV_ g™V_ ƒˆ›mfl ÿƒV_ (Tell the


truth but tell it slant) ®[Æ ÿƒV_KkVÏ. g™V_ kVƒÔ[ ÷Õ> ƒˆ›mfl
ÿƒV_KD >e›]uz k´Vs‚¶V_ ∂m ÿkÆD kVÏ›Á>¬ Ì‚¶\VÔºk ∂k–¬z›
ÿ>[√|˛≈m”. “xø
xø cıÁ\ Œπl_ Ôı zÚ¶V˛© º√VFs|D.
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ\e™›]uzD ÷¶D cı|. ÿƒV_ÈV\_ EÈkuÁ≈ s¶
ºkı|D” 19 .
ºkı|D

ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\e™D ‘÷kºÔƒ[’ ®™©√|D. kVÏ›Á>Ô”¬z ÷Á¶l_


ÿ>V¬˛ WuzD kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe kVƒÔ[ Ôı¶Á¶k>uÔVÔ s‚|Ák¬Ôºkı|D.
gÏk¬ºÔVeV≈VÔ ∂Á™›Á>•D >Vº™ ÿƒV_o¶ ºkı|D ®™ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
]Ë›m Ák›ms¶¬Ì¶Vm. ÿƒV_o[ \Õ]´xD ÔsÁ> ÿƒV_ {FÕ>
ÿ\e™xD ÔsÁ> ®[√VÏ Â.∏flƒJÏ›]. ÷ÁÈ\Á≈ÔVBVÔ Ø¶Ô\VÔºk ÔsÁ>
ÁÔBVe©√¶ºkı|D. √V\´ kw¬˛_ ƒVÁ¶ º√ƒ≈m ®[√VÏÔ^. ®∫Ô z›] ®∫Ô
kV∫z> ®[√Ï. ÷ÁkBV°º\ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿ§xÁ≈Ôπ_ >sϬԩ√¶ºkıΩB
\uÆD ÔkM¬Ô©√¶ ºkıΩB ∂Dƒ∫ÔeVzD. ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÔsÁ> ®[√m
÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔÁÈ•¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVıº¶ ÿ>V¶´ÈV™m. ∂m ÷Áƒ¬ÔÁÈ,
Ô‚¶¶¬ÔÁÈ, Eu√¬ÔÁÈ ®™©√ı>øsB √V¶_, BV©∏[ Ô‚|\V™D ÿƒm¬˛fl
ÿƒ§kV¬zD O‚√D ®™ ÔsÁ>¬z ª¶VÔ ÔÈÕm k´ÈVluÆ. ÂT™›mk
k´suz© ∏[ {sB¬ÔÁÈ ƒVÏÕ> ÷ƒ∫ÔºeV| ÷Ȭ˛B© √ˆ\VD ÿ√u≈m.

148
®ø›mÔVÈ›]_ c^e¶∫˛B ∂Á\]¬ z´ÈVÔ ÿ\e™ kVE©∏uzˆ›>VluÆ.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÔVÈ›]_ Ìk_ √ıAD ∂È∫ÔV´©√ıAD ÌΩ k´ÈVluÆ.
sB©AWÁȺB kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂ΩÂV>\VluÆ. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][
º√fl∑›º>V´Á•D, kƒ™ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>©º√V¬˛_
ÔÈÕm≈kV¶ÈVl™. ∂fl∑ª¶Ô k´kV_ ÔVm¬zˆB>VÔ ÷ÚÕm kÕ> ÔsÁ>
ÔıË[ ÔV‚E¬zˆB Ô‚AÈ©√Ω\∫ÔÁe ∂´kÁ¬ÔÈVluÆ. cesBo[
>V¬ÔxD ÔsÁ>¬z^ ª¶VΩ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ A›mlÏ©∏uz kakz›>m.

“x[ÿ√_ÈVD
x[ÿ√_ÈVD \™D ®[≈V_ WÁ™°Ô”D cÏ°Ô”D Ì|D
º\u√´©√VÔºk ÔÚ>©√‚¶m. ∂>[*m √Ω•D kıD ÔÚ›Á>
ÿkπl‚¶V_ ∂m º√VmD ®[§ÚÕ>m. ÷©º√V> \™›][ ÷Ú ÌÆÔ^
º\_\™D, ∂Ω\™D ®[Æ g´VFÕm º√ƒ©√|˛[≈™. ∂Ω\™
WÁ™°Ô”D cÏ°Ô”D, º\_\™ \‚¶›]uzD, º\_ \™›]oÚÕm
∂Ω\™›]uzD ÿƒ[Æ √Ω˛[≈™. ÷ÀkVÆ kÕm º>V[Æk>uz
ŒÚkaºB ∑ºBflÁƒ©√ˆ\Vu≈D ( Free Association ) ®[Æ \™sB_
ƒV›]´›]_ Ì≈©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> kal_>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿkπX‚|xÁ≈
÷B∫z˛≈m. Œ[Á≈¬ ÿÔVı| ÷[ÿ™V[Á≈ ∂§B Ák¬zD ÷Õ>
kaºB>V[ z§©√Vu≈_ ( Suggestion ) cı¶V¬˛fl ÿƒB_√|˛≈m.
÷¬z§©√Vu≈o_>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> >™m koÁ\ÔÁe ª[≈
Ák¬ÔxΩ˛≈m”20 ®[√Ï E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√].
Ák¬ÔxΩ˛≈m

∂|›mkÚD ºÔ^s ÔsÁ>BVÚ¬ÔV™m ®[√m. ®›>ÁÔB \¬Ô^


∏ˆs™Á´ kVƒÔÏÔeVÔ z§¬ÿÔVı| ÔsQ[ >™m ÔsÁ>ÁB¬
Ô‚¶Á\¬˛≈V[ ®[√>uÔV™m. ÷>Á™ ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>, º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>,
ºkϬÔsÁ> ®™ ŒÚkVÆ √z›m¬ÔVÈVD. ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ> ®[√Á>
\›]B>´kϬԩ A›]˝sÔπ[ ÿ\e™ kVE©∏uÔV™>VÔ°D, º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>
®[√>Á™ ÿkz\¬Ô^ x[Ák¬Ô©√|D Ìk_ ÿ>VM cÁ¶B>VÔ°D;
ºkϬÔsÁ> ®[√>Á™© √V\´\¬Ô”¬ÔV™ º√fl∑ kw¬˛_ x[ Ák¬Ô©√|D
÷™ kÁ´sB_ √V∫˛™>VÔ°D kÁÔ©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^eÈVD. ÷›>ÁÔB
√Vz√V‚Ω[ ªº¶ ÂVD \™∫ÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩB x¬˛B ∂DƒD ÷Ák ŒÀÿkVÚ
kÁÔÁ\¬zD ∞u√ ∂>™>[ ∂w˛B_ ∂Dƒ∫Ô”D, ÿ§xÁ≈Ô”D

149
ºkƺk≈VzD ®[√º>. ∂>Á™› yÏ\VM¬Ô k_È ∂ÚÔÁ> ∂Àk›>e›]_
÷B∫z√kÏÔ”¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™>VÔ ∂Á\B¬ÌΩBº> gzD.

“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛B_ √u§© º√∑kÿ>[√m ∞≈›>Vw¬ ÔsÁ>l[
ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁe© √u§© º√∑k>uz ÷ÁBV™m>V[. (1) ÔsÁ>
AˆB©√|D s>D (2) ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\Va (3) ÔsÁ> kVƒÔ \™›]uz^
÷B∫zD s>D (4) ∂Ï›>fl ƒV›]B©√V|Ô^ g˛BkuÁ≈fl ºƒÏ›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ∂¬ÔÚ›m› ÿ>Vz]Ô^ ÂT™ ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛BÈVÔ
ƒV›]BD” 21 ®[√Ï ∏´D\´V¤[.
gzD. >z] kVFÕ>ÁkBVkm ƒV›]BD

“clÏ›>[Á\>V[
clÏ›>[Á\>V[ ∂wz. clÏ›>[Á\ Am \ÈÏflE ®[˛≈
cıÁ\BVÔ ŒÚ ÿkπX‚Ω_ WÈ°D WÁȺB ∂wz. ÷>Á™ c´V>kÏ
√lKD ∂w˛B_ ŒÚ k≈ı¶ ÷B_ ( Craft ) >Vº™ ∂[§ ∂wz¶[
ƒD√Õ>D c^e Œ[≈[Æ. ÷Õ> clÏ›>[Á\>V[ ®[™ ®[Æ √VÏ›>V_
ÔVÈVD” 22
∂m ¿]•ÏsoÚÕm ∏ƒÔV> ŒÚ \º™V >Ï\D ®[Æ ÔVÈVD
®[√Ï ÿ√V]B ÿku√[.

“kVμ¬ÁÔl[
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∏ˆ¬ÔxΩBV> √z]BVÔ √Á¶©Afl ÿƒB_√V|D
∂wzÏflE•D ŒÚÔVÈ›]_ ÷ÚÕ>™. cÁw©A ÷kuÁ≈¬ ÔekVΩfl
ÿƒ[Æ >M›]≈[, cBÏ´ƒÁ™ cÁ¶ºBVÚ¬ÔV™>VÔ \Vu§BÁ\›m
s‚¶m”23 ®[√Ï ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>[. ∂wÿÔ[√m √VϬԩ√|D ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷_ÁÈ.
s‚¶m
ÔVk_È ÔıÔÁe© ÿ√VÆ›º> ∂m >ÔkÁ\•D ®[√Ï. kVƒÔ[ √∫ºÔuÁ√
ko•Æ›mD ∂Á\©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ ÷m >M›>ÿ>VÚ mÁ≈BVÔºk
keÏÕm^em.

“{Ï
{Ï ÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]l[ ∂Ï›>D ∂m º>V[§B ÿ√Vø]ºÈºB
yÏ\VM¬Ô©√‚| ®fiƒV xøÁ\ ÿ√uÆ s|k]_ÁÈ. ∏[kÚD
ƒÕ>]l™´V_ A]B ∂Ï›>∫Ô^ >´©√‚| A]B √B[√V|Ô”¬z ∂m
ÿÔV^e©√|˛≈m. ÷©º√Vm ÷Ȭ˛B kVE©ÿ√[√m >M›>ÿ>VÚ
mÁ≈BVÔºk keÏÕm^em. ∞uA ∂w˛B_ ( Reception Aesthetics )
ÿ√u≈m” 24 ®[√Ï Ø´flƒÕ]´[.
®[Æ ÷›mÁ≈ ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈m

150
3.2 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[√Á¶©A ÿ§

Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsQÏ ÁÔkı›]_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬


ÔsÁ>BV¬ÔD ÿ√Æ˛[≈m. ∂m ∂Õ>Õ> ÔsQˆ[ ºÂV¬zWÁÈ,
ÿkπ©√|›mD c›]xÁ≈ x>oBku§[ s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔVD \uÆD
∂bzxÁ≈ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›º> >ÔkÁ\˛[≈m. ÷>Á™ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[˛≈ Œº´
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ ®ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ÔsÁ>BV˛[≈m ®[√>[ JÈD s·¬ÔÈVD.

zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ / zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√EuÆ / ‚|Ák›m¬


“zwDA
Aø” 25 ®[√Ï
ÔV›]ÚÕº>[ ÿÂ|\´xD \´¬ÔM•D WwÈVflE ÿÂπÕ>m Aø
].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[.

“ÂƬ˛B
ÂƬ˛B \VD√w / Â|s_ {Ï Aø EƬ˛l[ c>B\VFfl / E§º>
ÿÂπÕ>m ÿÔV‚Á¶© Aøs[ / WtÏÕ> √VÏÁkl_ ®‚¶Ω© √VD∏[ / ÷´V¤
ÔD¨´D Aø›> \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ / Aø]l_ ®§Õº>[ ÂøsB AøºkV /
ÂÔÏÕ>m ºƒu§_ \Áw ÿ√VaÕm {FÕ>º>VÏ / ÁkÔVE ÂVπ_ >Áwfl
E≈ÿÔV[Æ / >ÁÈ¿‚¶ÈVluÆ! >πÏ©√‚¶VÁ¶ / >∫Ô© Øflƒ´D zπˆÁÈ
Â|s_ / ÿÔVø \fiƒ^ÔM Ø∫˛Áe¬ Ì‚Ω_ / Am¬zl_ ÂV>D
>V∫zºk[ ®[Æ >ÁÈkÁƒ¬ ˛[≈º>V? ∂øÔo[ ÷>BxD / >πˆ[
>VBÔD ®økmD cBÏkmD / clˆ[ cˆÁ\ÿB[Æ √VÏ›m©
√VÏ›ÿ>Á™© / √ˆÔE¬ ˛[≈º>V?
˛[≈º>V?” (Œπ©√≈Ák, √¬. 35á3).

÷¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶•D Aø°D ÿkÀºkÆ ºÔV›]_ ÿkÀºkÆ


s>\VF¬ ÔsÁ>•Ú¬ÿÔV^˛[≈™. ÷m √u§B ∏´VMl[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD. “\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB›
\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB› #¬˛ ®§Õº>[; AøÿÂπÕ>m
®[√m ∂k´m ÔsÁ>. ÷∫z \´Á√, \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ g¬˛ ®^π
ÂÁÔBVΩ™VÏ Áky¸k´[. ÷>uz WBVB\V™ ®]Ï©Á√ Eu∏
ÿkπ©√|›]™VÏ. clÏ›>›mkD ®[≈ >™m ÔsÁ>l_ #¬˛ ®§Õ>
\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ \ıË_ AÁ>Õm clÏ›ÿ>øÕ>m; ˛Áe √´©∏¬ ÔMÔ^
>Õ>m ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. >tμ \´∏™Ï WÔμÔVÈ›]uz› º>ÁkBV™
TˆB›Á>fl Eu∏ ÿkπ©√|›]™VÏ?” 26
ÿkπ©√|›]™VÏ? ].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[
ÔsÁ>ÁB›>V[ QVM QV√Ô©∏ƒÔVÔ Áky¸k´[ ÔsÁ> ®[˛≈VÏ. √ÁwÁ\
\uÆD \´∏[ *>V™ ®ø›m \´∏™ˆ[ ®ˆflƒ_ kÁÔ©√‚¶ Œ[≈VÔ QVM
151
÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB (].ºƒV.ºk.ÔsÁ>)¬ ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.

“zwDA
zwDA \V¬ÿÔV‚Á¶ zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√EBm ®[Æ ].ºƒV.
ºkbºÔV√VÈ[ ®ø]™VÏ. ÷™©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√∑D \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ∂ø˛
∂a˛≈m ®[√m ∂kÏ ÔÚ›m. ®ø›m ÷>a_ ÿkπkÕ> ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>¬z ®]ϬÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏ Eu∏. \Vs[ ÷™D ∂ak]_ÁÈ.
clˆ[ ÷B¬ÔD ∂¶∫zk]_ÁÈ. >[Á™› >Vº™ Am©∏›m¬
ÿÔV^˛≈m. \M>–D ∂ak]_ÁÈ. ÷m clˆ[ >›mkD ®[√m ÔsQÏ
ÔÚ›m. clˆ[ >›mkD Â\¬z xøÁ\BVÔ› ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. \Áw›mπ,
A_o[ k´ÈVÆ ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ sˆkV™m. ÷>[
gwxD, ∂Ï›>xD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. g[\Vs[ z´KD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ.
ƒÚzfl EÕ>Á™ÔÁe¬ ÔsÁ>BV¬z˛º≈VD ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_KD
ÿ>ˆ˛≈m” 27 ®[√Ï
ÔsQÚ¬z^ kVμs[ g>V´D º>|D º>‚¶D ÿ>ˆ˛≈m
\mÛ>™[. ÷>[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVÔ clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ ŒoBVÔ°D,
clˆB¬Ôº\ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ŒπBVÔ ÿkπ©√|k>VÔ°D ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›]Á™ ÷™D
ÔVbD \.\mÛ>™[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>ÁB•D ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.

“ºƒu§MºÈ
ºƒu§MºÈ ÂVuÆ Â|D / ÿƒD√mD s´_kÁes_ ÿƒÕ>Vw©
غkV| / ÿƒÚ˛Ák›> zw_ ÿÂπs_ ÔVuÁ≈fl ∑Ú‚ΩÿBVÚ / ÔÔ™ÿkπ©
√Õ>V¬˛ ÁÔflE≈˛_ ÿƒı¶VΩ¬ / ÔV‚Ωs‚|© º√V˛≈m ABÁÈ©
√´sÿB™© / Ø‚ΩkÕ> ŒÚkÈk[ º√VÏ ∂´∫˛_ \È´s‚¶ /
ÿ√V[ÿ\VaÔ^ √VΩBº>V? xBK∫ÔV_ ®[≈V| / xBo[ÔV_
ÿ√ÆÔÿk™ ÿ\V›> clÏ›mΩ©∏[ / JÈŒπ sDtBº>V?
sDtBº>V?” (Œπ©√≈Ák,
√¬. 6á7). “÷Á>
÷Á> xøÁ\BVÔ› ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ÷B_k]_ÁÈ. ®M–D
÷m g[\Vs[ z´_. kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´_. ÷Õ>¬ z´_ {Fk]_ÁÈ.
\M>Á™© √≈ÁkBVÔ, ∑>Õ]´D º>Ω ∂ÁÈ√k™VÔfl ÿƒFkm ÷Õ>¬ z´_
ÔÚ›m” 28 ®[√Ï \.\mÛ>™[.
®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m

÷Úk´m √]°Ô”D ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫ Ì≈›>¬Ô™ºk ®[≈ º√V]KD zwDA


\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[≈ x[ÿ™V‚Á¶ QVM•D, zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®™
®|›>Vı¶VKD ∂>uÔV™ c^eVÏÕ> ÿ√VÚÁe \.\mÛ>™–D ÔV›

152
>k§s|˛[≈™Ï. ][≈∏[ ®§B©√‚¶ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ \ıË_ TμÕ>V_
xÁes|D. g™V_ zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ∂ø˛›>Vº™ \‚zD? ÷]_
zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√∑D zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[–D z§X| J>VÁ>BÏ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB©
º√E >[™VÈVÔV\_ ∂sÕm TˆBD ÷wÕ> ÿƒBÈu≈ >[Á\¬z g˛kÕ>m.
÷mºk ].ºƒV.ºk. ÔsÁ>l[ ƒV´VDƒ\VzD.

Eu∏ ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B∫z>eº\ ºkÆ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ º√ƒ©√|km zwDA


\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ÷_ÁÈ, Aø›> \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ºB ∂m ∂s¬Ô©√‚¶>[Æ. ®™ºk
Aø]l_ ®§B©√‚¶∏[ Aøs[ clˆB¬ÔD ºƒu§KD, ÿÔV‚Á¶l[
clˆB¬ÔD \ıËK\VÔ ÷´ı|º\ clÏ›]¶ÈV˛[≈™. Eu∏l[
clÏ›>›mkD \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB•D, ÿÔV‚Á¶© AøÁk•D √V|ÿ√VÚeVÔ¬
ÿÔVıº¶ clˆ[ ÷B¬ÔD √u§•D, Œπ©√≈Ák JȺ\ clˆB¬Ôº\ ÔsÁ>
gÔ ÿkπ©√¶ÈVzD. JÈV>V´D z§›mD ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô›Á>fl E≈©A≈
kΩkÁ\›m s|˛[≈VÏ Eu∏.

“Ô>°¬z
Ô>°¬z ∂Ú˛_ / ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛ s‚¶m.
ÿ>V‚¶V_ ]≈¬zÿ\™› / º>V[Æ˛≈m Á>ˆBD k´s_ÁÈ. \ÁÈÁB
∂ø›]© √VÏ›>V_ ∂w˛B xÔD ∞mD / ®‚Ω© √VϬzº\V? WflƒBt_ÁÈ.
cÆxD ÂVF kÕm / >ÁÈÁB ¿‚|º\V? √BD >mDA˛≈m. ÔVÈD
ÔÁ´˛≈m / ÷Õ> kVƒo_ ÷›mÁ© ÿ√Vøm / ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√Á>
®kº´–D / ÷·¬ÔV´\VF WÁ™©√VÏÔºeV? ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂´kxD / ]|¬˛¶
Ák¬˛≈m ŒÀÿkVÚ ƒÈ™xD / ∂]´ Ák¬˛≈m. \™∑ ∂ø˛≈m / ÔıßÏ
ka sπD∏_ º>∫˛ Â|∫z˛≈m
Â|∫z˛≈m” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.
276á277).

÷©√ΩBVÔ¬ Ô>Ák› >‚¶› Á>ˆBD k´V\_, √BD >mD∏, >|¬˛‚|


∂]ÏÕm Â|∫˛ ÔVÈD ÔÁ´˛≈ º√VmD ÔV›m¬˛¶©√m ÿ>V¶ÏÔÁ>BV˛[≈m.
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B √]°ÔÁe•D ÔVıº√VD. “ Ô>kÚºÔ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º>
kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛s‚¶m. ÿ>V‚¶V_ ]≈¬zÿ\™› º>V[§™VKD >‚Ω› ]≈¬Ô
\™›]_ Á>ˆBt_ÁÈ ®[˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. Á>ˆBt_ÈV> WÁÈl_
ÁÔÔÁe© ∏ÁƒÕm ÿÔVı| ÔV›m¬ ˛¶¬˛≈VÏ. ÿ>ÚÁk© √´V¬z©√VÏ›m
\]_º\_ ÷Ú¬zD ÔV¬ÁÔÔÁe ®ıb˛≈VÏ. ŒuÁ≈› ÿ>[Á™ÁB
153
∂Ωx>_ OMkÁ´ g´VFÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏ. >‚Ω›]≈¬Ô› Á>ˆBD
k´s_ÁÈ.. Ô>° ®[√m ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ŒÚ z§X| ∂kÚ¬z^ ∞º>V
∂Á¶›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ∂Á> Œm¬Ôºkı|D. >[™È∫Ô^,
√ÁwÁ\¬z s∑kVƒD, ∂Õ>¸m ®™ ®›>Á™ºBV >Á¶Ô^ ÷kuÁ≈›
>‚Ω›]≈¬Ô› Á>ˆBD ºkı|D >[Á™› >Vº™ º>VıΩ© √VϬÔ
ºkı|D. k´ÈVuƬz^ √BD ÿƒFB ºkı|D. ∂©ÿ√Vøm>V[ BVÏ
®[√m ÿ>ˆ•D. >[–Á¶B zÁ≈WÁ≈Ô^ ÿ>ˆ•D. ÷©√Ω k´ÈVuÁ≈
ÿ\FlB_” 29 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ \.\mÛ>™[.
gFkm \VϬEB ÿ\FlB_

“∂Á¶√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m
∂Á¶√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m Ô>°. Ô>Ák› >‚¶ÈV\V? ̶V>V ®[≈ >B¬ÔD
>‚Ω™V_ ®Õ> xÔD ®Õ> cϺkV| ÿkπ©√|D. >‚¶›>B∫˛ ÿkπl_
c^e ÿ>[Á™ \´›][ ∂eÁk, ∂eÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V[ ÷Õ>
\M>[. Ô>° ®[˛≈ ÷Õ>¬ÔsÁ> ®Õ> \Ï\›Á> c^e¶¬˛ ÷Ú¬˛≈m?
Â\¬z^ ÂVD ÷[–D >‚Ω› ]≈¬Ôs_ÁÈ. ÂD c^ gw∫ÔÁe ÂVº\
>ˆE¬Ôs_ÁÈ. Â\¬z ÿkπlKD ®›>Á™ºBV Ô>kÁ¶©AÔ^ ÂVD
\›]B>´kϬÔD. >B∫˛›>V[ Wu˛º≈VD. >‚|ºkVD; ®]ÏÿÔV^ºkVD.
Eu∏ ®Õ>¬ Ô>s[ x[ >B∫˛ Wu˛≈VÏ? ÿk_k>uz {Ï cÈÔD
ÌϺkVD”30 ®[√VÏ QVM.
÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[≈ \VϬE[ ÌuÁ≈ ÷∫z WÁ™° ÌϺkVD

Ô>suz ∂©√V_ ÷[™ÿ>[Æ ÿ>ˆBV> WÁÈlKD, Ô>Ák›>‚¶›


>B¬Ô\VÔ°D ÔV›m¬˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[≈V˛s‚¶m. ÔV>o[ ®]Ï√Vo[
∞uAD W´VÔˆ©AD ∂§B ÷BÈV\KD, ÔÁ¶› º>uÆD >ÁÈkÏÔπ[
∂k>V´›]uz gÔ°D ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[≈V˛s‚¶m. ®ku§[
¶\V|D Ww_Ô^ ÂVD? ®Õ>fl ƒm´∫Ô›][ √ÔÁ¶ÔeV_ ÂÔÏ›>©√|D ÔVFÔ^
ÂVD? ®Õ>fl Û›]´¬ Ôlu≈V_ g‚|s¬Ô©√|˛[º≈VD ÂVD? ÷Ák
®Á>©√u§•D ∂§ÕmÿÔV^e ÷BÈV\ºÈ ÔV›m¬˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔ
®[≈V˛s‚¶m. Â\¬z^ºeºB √È\™›>Á¶Ô^; A≈›]ºÈ•D √È >Á¶Ô^ ®™
kV∫z ÷Õ>¬ Ô>°¬ÔsÁ>•D ]≈¬Ô› ]≈¬Ô© A]B A]B Ô>°ÔÁe› ]≈Õm
ÿÔVıº¶ º√VÔk_È ]≈Õ>xÁ™¬ÔsÁ>BVF ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. ∂k´kÏ
ÁÔflƒVsÔ”¬ºÔu√ ÷¬Ô>s[ Ô>k∫Ô”D >Vμ]≈¬zD kıD Eu∏BV_
Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|^em Ô>°.

154
“>™m
>™m Ûw_, >™m ƒJÔ© ∏ˆ° ®[≈ k‚¶∫Ô”¬z^ ∂_Èm
√z]Ô”¬z^ W[Æ, ∂>Á™ xøÁ\ÿB[ÆD ∑B\V™ AM>D ®[ÆD
Ôu∏>D √ıˬ ÿÔV^km ŒÚWÁÈ. ∂>Á™fl E§>e°D Ôı|
ÿÔV^eV\_, ÿ√V›>VD ÿ√VmkV™ º\ÿÈøÕ> kVˆBV™ sƒB∫ÔÁe
®ømkm ÷[ÿ™VÚWÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ÷Ú¬˛≈ Ûw_ÔÁe•D >´©√‚¶
∂_Èm >V™VÔ kˆ›m¬ÿÔV^˛≈ Ûw_ÔÁe•D, √´Õ>ÿ>VÚ
ƒJÔÿkπl_ c^eVÏÕ> ƒJÔ cϺkV|, ∂kuÁ≈ c≈°Á¶B
cı|” 31 ®™
√z]ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV´ ÔVˆB∫ÔºeV| √VϬ˛[≈ WÁÈ Œ[Æ cı|
s·¬z˛≈VÏ ].∑.¶´Vƒ[.

÷Õ> J[Æ WÁÈÔπ_ J[≈Vkm WÁÈ√V‚|¬z© ÿ√VÚÕ]k´¬


ÌΩB™kVÔºk Eu∏l[ √ÈÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ∏´√fiƒ›]™ ŒÚ
Ì≈VÔ› >[Á™ c´k_È \™D Eu∏¬z kVF›]Ú¬˛[≈m. >[ ÔsÁ>©
√VÏÁk z§›mD ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ºÂV¬ÔD z§›mD º√ƒ kÚÁÔl_.

“\V–¶
\V–¶ kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂–√k›>´VE_ √VÏ©√m ®[ ÔsÁ>©
√VÏÁk. \M>–¬z^”D, ÷BuÁÔ ÿkπlKD ∂[Á√ sÁ>©√m ®[
®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ºÂV¬ÔD. \M>º™ ÷BuÁÔl[ ŒÚ√z] ®[√>V_
÷BuÁÔ¬z ºÂÚD ∂a°Ôπ_ ÿÂVÕm º√VkmD ®_ÈVkÁÔ
∂¶¬zxÁ≈ÔπoÚÕmD Ê´a°ÔπoÚÕmD \M>Á™¬ ÔV¬Ô
ÿƒB_√V|” 32 ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
xB_kmD ®[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂Ω›>efl ÿƒB_√V|
÷Õ> º√V>xD ∂k´m zÚÂV>Ï √V´] JÈD ∂kÚ¬z kVF›>º> kVM_ √≈¬zD
A^ÿeÈVD ÂV[ ®[˛[≈ k_È ∂Õ> QV™º\ Eu∏¬zD ÁÔÿÔV|¬˛[≈m.

“s∑kÿkπ©√Va[
s∑kÿkπ©√Va[ / \Ï\¬ ÔÚ©Á√l_ / ÂV–D ÔVÈxD /
ŒπÕ]ÚÕº>VD / ‚ƒ›]´© Aø] ∂b¬ÔeVF / ∂b¬Ôπ[ ∏^Áe
ÂV[ / g™>V_ Asl[ / ®Õ>fl ºƒ>xD / ®[Á™ ∂wÁk¬˛[≈™ /
®Õ> ckÁÔ•D / ®[Á™› m^π ®wÁk¬˛[≈™ / ÷M ®™¬z / \´D
ŒÚº√Vmt_È / ÂV[.... ÂV[ / ÔVÈ\V˛s‚¶>V_
ÔVÈ\V˛s‚¶>V_” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©
√B∫Ô^, √¬. 141á144).

“√ˆV\
√ˆV\ ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒV_okÚD ÔsQÏ ∏´√fiƒ›][

155
JȬÌÆÔπ[ \M>Á™¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ. ÔVÈxD ÂV–D Œ[Æ ®™fl
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω ∏´√fiƒ›]_ WÔøD ®Õ> WÔμ°D >[Á™fl ƒÈ™©√¶
Ák¬˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. ‚ƒ›]´xD ÂV–D ºkÆ ∂_È.
∂ıÁ\•Dáÿ>VÁÈ°D, √ÔKDá÷´°D, √VÁÈ•Dáƒx›]´xD,
∂øÁÔ•DáEˆ©AD, xøÁ\•DáJπ•D, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^ ∂_È. Œ[Á≈
\u≈m ª|Ús›>V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ®∫zD WÁ≈Õ]Ú¬˛≈m √ˆØ´D
®[˛≈VÏ” 33 \.\mÛ>™[.
®[˛≈VÏ

÷Ú^ ®[√m zÁ≈Õ> Œπ ®[√VÏ √V´]. ÷Úºe c[ ÊÏ {sBÏ


∂§Õ]Ú©√VÏ ®[√VÏ √V´]>Vƒ[. >[JÈ gƒV[ÔÁe© ∏[ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ
Eu∏•D.

“÷Ú‚|
÷Ú‚| / ÿkπflƒD ÷[Á\ ∂_È ŒπÁB / kΩÔ‚|D ƒ_ÈÁ¶
√Ô_ / ÷Ú‚|¬z ®]Ï©√>D ∂_È ÷Úπ[ / ÿ\_oB ÔÁ´ƒ_.
\ΩÕmº√Vkm / xΩÕm º√Vk>[Æ {Ï ®_ÁÈÁB¬ / Ô¶Õm º√Vkº>
®]KD ®m°D / ÷_ÁÈÿB[§_ÁÈ ®_ÈVku§KD / ®_ÈVD cı|
√ˆØ´›]KD /Jπ›>™D JπlKD cı| / √ˆØ´›mkD
√ˆØ´›mkD”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬. 243á244).

®Àke° ∂ÚÁ\BV™ Ôs›mkD. ÷]_ \ıË_ kV™xD cı|


kV™›]_ \ıbD ̶ ®™ kÚD kˆÔπ_ ÔV¬˛¶©√m ∂ı¶›]_ c^em
∏ı¶›]_, ∏ı¶›]_ c^em ∂ı¶›]_ ®™¬ ÔVk_È E›>Ï \´∏[ >›mk
¿‚EBVÔ ÷>Á™¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD. “ Ø´D xøÁ\ ®]KD ÷_ÁÈ.
÷Ú©√Ák ®_ÈVD ∏[™∫Ôºe. ®Àke° ∏[™∫ÔÁe Œ[Æ
]´‚Ω™VKD ŒÚ xøÁ\ ˛Á¶¬ÔVm. ∏[™›]_ xøÁ\BVÔ \‚|º\
÷Ú¬ÔxΩ•D” 34 ®[√Ï AsB´∑. “ÿƒV_√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m
÷Ú¬ÔxΩ•D ÿƒV_√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m
∂√ˆØ´D ÷Á≈k[ √ˆØ´D
√ˆØ´D”. (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆá107)

cÈ˛[ Œº´ √ˆØ´D √´Dÿ√VÚ^ \‚|º\. ∂ÀkVı¶k[


√Á¶©∏ºÈºB ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ ∂√ˆØ´∫Ô^? g™V™©√‚¶ ∂Ôı¶
√ˆØ´\V™ gı¶k[ √Á¶©∏ºÈB ∂√ˆØ´∫Ô^ >sÏ¬Ô ÷BÈV>Ák
®[˛≈º√Vm \M>™V_ √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶ √Á¶©∏_ ∂√ˆØ´D ÷_ÈV\u

156
º√VFs|\V ®[™? ÷Ák ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ∂Ô©√|›]ºB Eu∏ >[ ÔsÁ>
ÿ\ValÁ™ tÔfl ÿƒ§kV™ ÷Æ¬Ô kVÏ©A¶[ √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>D /
JπlKD c™¬z √ˆØ´›mkD ®™¬Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[
>ÁÈ©A ®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D... ®[≈ √V´]>VƒM[ √V¶_ kˆloÚÕº>
®|›>Ve©√‚|^em. (®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D ƒ¬]B¶V, >D∏ ∞øÔ¶_ ∂k^
kı\¶V) ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> z§›mD ÷[ÿ™VÚ¬ÔsÁ> z§›mD cˆB
√]°ÔÁe ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

“÷Õ>¬
÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ \VϬEB ÷B∫˛BÁȬ ÔVÈVD.
÷Õ]B›>›mk›º>V|D ÔsQÏ √VÏÁk ÷ÁÕm ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®[T|D
\´AD ®™¬z^ Œ[≈V˛[≈™. \´›]–^ ÂV[ Œ[§s|˛º≈[.
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÂV[ ®[™ g˛º≈[ ®[≈ xÁ≈l_ ÔsQˆ[ cÏ°Ô^
sˆ˛[≈™. ºkÏÔ^ √V>VeD kÁ´ ÿƒ_˛[≈™. sˆÕm ÿƒ_KD
˛ÁeÔ^ ˛ÁeÔπ_ kÕm >∫˛fl ÿƒ_KD √≈ÁkÔ^ √≈ÁkÔπ[
x™Ô_Ô^ . . .. . ÿkΩ›> ∂Ω\´›]_ ÔÁ´BV[ zΩlÚ¬zD ∂ÚkÚ©√V™
ÿ√VÕm c^ºe ÂVÔº\V ´Ժ\V ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ÷ku§_ ºƒVÔ© √∑Á\
÷ÚÕ>VKD ÔVuÆ kÕ>V_ >ÁÈsˆ›m© º√V‚| ∂øÁÔ. ÷›>Á™¬zD
~|Ô‚¶ ~ƒV™ JÁÈl_ ÔflE>\VÔ© Ø›> ŒÚ Ø ÷ÀkVÆ >V–D >[ T|D
\´xD Œ[§lÚ©√Á> ®[\´D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ. ºk>Á™
t¬Ô>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z^πÚÕm>V[ ∂Õ>©Ø \ÈÏ˛≈m.
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ºk>Á™Ô”¬z ~|Ô‚|˛≈m ÷Õ>©Ø. ÔsQˆ[ ÿ\FlB_
WÁ≈˛≈m” 35 ®[√Ï \.\mÛ>™[.
∂[∏_ WÁ≈˛≈m

“ÛˆBWw_
ÛˆBWw_ ÿ>Vz©∏_ \´D ®[ÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁe
∂º>ÿ√Bˆ_ ®Àke° ÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw©√m ®[Æ ÔsQÏ ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈VÏ.
®™m T‚Á¶ ÷M \´D ®[Æ ÿƒV_ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ. \´D ]ÚÔ_, xÆÔÈVÔ
keÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ÿkl_ ÿÔV|Á\, º√V]B ¿ˆ_ÁÈ. c´D ÷_ÁÈ.
kVΩkuÆD ∂Õ> \´›][ cflE¬˛Áel_ ~ƒVMB JÁÈl_ {Ï ∂w˛B
\ÈÏ Ø›]Ú¬˛≈m ®[Æ ÔsÁ>ÁB xΩ¬˛≈VÏ. Â\¬z^ ˛eÆ˛≈m
÷Õ>¬ÔsÁ>. z|D√fl Ûwo_ c≈° ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^, kVμ¬ÁÔ ku§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. \´›Á>© º√VÈ. ®M–D, \´D ŒÚ ØÁk \ÈÏ›mk>[

157
JÈD clÏ ÷B¬Ô›Á> ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈m. \M>–¬z^ ÷[–D ∂[A
∂w˛B>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ~´D ÷[–D ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> \´D ƒVÔVm. ÷Õ>
\M>[ ∂aÕm s¶ \V‚¶V[. ∂Ô®øflE º\ºÈV∫˛•^e, Eu∏l[
÷m°ÿ\V[Æ” 36 ®[Æ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.
∂uA>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷m°ÿ\V[Æ
kVÁÔ•DáÔÚ∫ÔVo•D, ÿkıÔ¶DADá~‚Ω•D, ∂¶ÏÕ> kV™›]_ / ŒuÁ≈›
º>¬z\´D / kV™›m¬z› / >VÛ™ #ı ®[≈ / WÁ™©A / º\Ô∫Ôπ[ EºÂ˛>[
®[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\ / >V[ ÿƒV[™V_ >V[ / \Áw kÚ\VD / ∂©√Ω ŒÚ ÷Ú\V©A /
∂[Æ / \´Dÿk‚ΩÔ^ ∑u§fl ∑u§ kÕ>VÏÔ^ / ∞≈ ÷≈∫Ô© √VÏ›m›
>ÁÈBÁƒ¬Ô°D / ºkˆ_ søÕ>m ÿk‚| / º>¬z \´›m¬z. (J|√M, √¬.71á72).
º\‚ΩÁ\ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ º>¬z\´D \u≈ \´∫ÔÁ· s¶ E≈Õ>m ®[≈ ®ıD
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á> s·¬z˛≈VÏ. ∂Õ> ®ı›]™V_ ∂m ÿk‚|©√‚|
∂akÁ>•D ̧ \™>M[ ®ı›Á> \Á≈xÔ\VÔ ÷Ω›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁe ∂º> ÿ√Bˆ_ ®Àke° ÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw©√m ®™›


ÿ>V¶∫zD Eu∏ >\m T‚Á¶ ÷M\´D ®[Æ ÿƒV_ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ. Ô_BVı˜l[
ÔsÁ> Œ[Æ. “∂Ë_
∂Ë_ z‚Ω ®∫Ô^ T‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕ>m. ÂV∫Ô^ ∂Ë_
÷ÚÕº>VD” 37 ®[Æ xΩ•D ∂¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÁÈ©º√V
z‚Ωl[ ˛Áel_ ÷ÚÕº>VD
∂Ë_ z‚Ωl[ T|D ®∫Ô^ ˛Áe•D ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD Ô_BVı˜l[
ÔsÁ>ÁB© º√VȺk Eu∏ sÁ>lKD T|D \´xD Ì| s‚|¬ Ì| √V•D
s›Á> WÔμ˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ \´D √u§B ÔsÁ>ÁB•D ÷›m¶[
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

“®[
®[ \Á™s¬z / ∂m>V[ ∏≈Õ>T| ®[ ∑Ô m¬Ô∫Ô”¬z /
ÿkÀºkÆ ∂ÁÈ¿e∫Ôπ_ / gÆ>_ xÈVD Ø∑D / √V‚|¬zΩlÚ©A.
√flÁƒfl ƒx›]´D / sDt¬˛¶Õ> ÷¶›]_ / ÿk‚¶ÿkπ ÿkÆD√´©A ®[
Ww_, ®[ clϬÔVuÆ ®[ g[\ ƒ∫ˇ>D. ∑^πÔ^ .... cÈÏÕ>
÷ÁÈÔ^ \´›mb¬zÔ^ / ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´D / Øtl[ ÔVB\VF
sˆƒ_s‚|¬ ˛¶Õ>m. xÕÁ>B \´\Vkm ∂kÏ T‚| \´D. g™V_
÷Õ> \´º\V ®[ T‚Ω[ º\uz©A≈›]_ ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ WÈ›]_ / ŒÚ
√flÁƒ© ∏´eBD º√V_ / WuzD ºk©√\´D
ºk©√\´D”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^,
√.286).

158
>[T‚| \´›Á>© √V¶ kÕ> Eu∏ >\m T‚Á¶ ÷M \´ÿ\[º√[ ®[≈VÏ.
∂|›> T‚| \´›Á> \Á™sl[ ∏≈Õ> Tÿ¶™°D >D Ww_, clϬÔVuÆ, g[\
ƒ∫ˇ>D ®[ÿ≈_ÈVxD ÿÔVı¶VΩ W[≈VÏ. ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´›Á>© Øtl[
ÔVB\VF sˆƒ_ s‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> ÿ>[˛[≈VÏ. gÔ ÷©√Ω T‚|\´›Á>•D √¬Ô›m
T‚| \´›Á>•D ÿƒVÕ>∫ ÿÔVı¶VΩBkÏ ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´›Á>© Øtl[
ÔVB\VÔ c´k_ÈkÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ \´›][ ∂Ω\´k|¬ÔÁe•D √V|˛[≈VÏ.

>V¬z>_ÔÁe› / >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔVı¶m º√V_ / JϬԛ>™\V™ ÿk‚|D


z›mD / k|¬ÔeVF¬ ˛¶¬zD ∂Ω\´›]_ .../∂¬˛ ºÂVF¬z ∂›]©√V_ ºƒÔˆ›>
∂Á¶BVe∫Ô^ ®™©√VΩfl ÿƒ_ÁÔl_ ´©√Ï \´›]uz ´∫Ô^ A]>_È ®[≈
gÔVƒD√‚| ºƒ≠VÈ›][ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ”D ÂD WÁ™suz k´ÈV˛[≈™.

“√|Ôe›]_
√|Ôe›]_ / ºkÿÈ|›m WuzD / ∂ı[\VÏ ∑kVtÔ^ º√V_ /
∂Õ> ∂›]\´xD / ∂¶ÏÕm ∑u§B ÂV_A>ÚD / ÿÔ›m¬ÿÔ›ÿ>[Æ /
gu≈∫ÔÁ´¬ÿÔVÚ / W´Õ>´¬ ÔVkÈ™VÔ. A_KD ÿkmÿkm¬zD /
√VÁ≈Ô”D ∂™_√ø¬zD / ∂©º√VmD ∂D\Vs[ x›>Dº√V_ / zπÏflE
swV¬ ÿÔVı¶V|D / ∂›]\´ Ww_ ÔsÕ> gu≈∫ÔÁ´ºBV´D . ÷eD
s>Ák ÷[M¬zD / ÂV_ ÔV‚|¬zD / ∞º>V ∞º>V ÷Ú©√>VF¬ /
ÔVmÔ^ zÆzÆ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶mı| / g™V_ ∂›]\´D / ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A©
∏´\VD ®|›]ÚÕ>m
®|›]ÚÕ>m” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬. 218, 220).

∂›]\´D \‚|\V ÷∫z ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© ∏´\VD ®|›]Ú¬˛[≈m.


Eu∏•D ̶›>Vº™ ´ÔEB¬ÔV©A© ∏´\VD ®|›]Ú¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω¬ ÔVmÔ^
zÆzÆ›> º√V]KD ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© ∏´\V›Á> \™›]_ ÷Ú›] Eu∏l[ º√™V
WuÔºkıΩB ÷¶›]_ W[Æs|˛[≈m ∂_ÈkV? ∂∫ºÔ>V[ Wu˛[≈VÏ
Eu∏•D! ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_K∫ÔÁȺB Ôs›mk›][ Û‚∑\D.
gÔ ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ÿÔV‚Á¶© Aøs[ WtÏÕ> √VÏÁkl_ ®‚¶Ω©√VD∏[
´V¤ÔD¨´D ®™°D, ∂øÔo[ ÷>BxD >πˆ[ >VBÔD ®™°D, ÿ\V›>
clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ Œo sDtBº>V ®™°D, Ô>°¬ÔÚ˛_ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º>
kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛s‚¶m ®™°D, ∂b¬Ôπ[ ∏^Áe ÂV[ ®™°D; ÷Ú‚| ŒπÁB
kΩÔ‚|D ƒ_ÈÁ¶ ®™°D, √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>™D, JπlKD
√ˆØ´›mkD ®™°D; ÿk‚|©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´D Øtl[ ÔVBD ®™°D ÿƒV_ÁȺB

159
\Õ]´\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVek_Èm \‚|t_ÁÈ Eu∏l[ Ôs›mkD. ∂›]\´D
®|›]Ú¬zD ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© √ˆ\V›Á>› >VxD ®|›>k´VF ∂k´m
ÿ\e™›>VKD ÔsÁ> g˛ \ÈÚD Ôs›mkº\ Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ˝k ªuƬ
ÔıÔeVzD. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷∫z ®|›>Ve©√‚¶ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z
ª¶VÔ°D clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ ŒoBVÔ°D, clˆB¬Ô›][ ˝k ŒπBVÔ°D
ÿkπ©√|kº> Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ Ôs›mk\VzD.

“>[JÈD
>[JÈD ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m ®[Æ sB¬zD
ÔsQÏ cBÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ Œo ÔsÁ> ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷BuÁÔ \uÆD \M>
cÁw©∏oÚÕmD º√VÏ x>oB kVμ¬ÁÔ x´ı√V|Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD
ÔsÁ> kÚ˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. clˆB¬ÔD >V[ ÔsÁ>BVÔ, ŒπBVÔ
ÿkπ©√|˛≈m ®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m. ÷Á> xøÁ\BVÔ›
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ®M–D ÷m g[\Vs[ z´_.
{Fk]_ÁÈ” 38 ®[√VÏ \mÛ>™[.
kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´_. ÷Õ>¬ z´_ {Fk]_ÁÈ

Eu∏ g[\Vs[ z´ooÚÕm, kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´o_ ÷ÚÕm ÷Õ>


{BV> z´ooÚÕm ∂kÏ ÔsÁ> ®ıu≈ z´_ÔeVF ÂDx[
sBV∏¬ÔÈV˛[≈m. ®[™V_ xΩBVÿ>™ xΩBV>ÁkÔπ[ ÂuÿƒF]ÔÁe ∂kÏ
√‚ΩBo|˛[≈VÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>l_ ºÂ´∫ÿÔV_oÔÁe©
ÿ√VÆ›m¬ÿÔV^e; ∂ÚDAÔπ[ kVF ˛a›m ∂[MB ÿ\Va ]ˬzD
k[xÁ≈ÁBfl ƒ˛›m¬ ÿÔV^e; ÔVV\_ º√V™ Â]º>Ω kVøD Â]ÔÁefl
∑|ÔV¶V¬zD c[\›>›Á> Œ›m¬ ÿÔV^e; Ô¶u ƒ∫Ô\©º√´wÁÔ© √VwV¬˛
\M>¬ Ô´∫Ô^ Aˆ•D ∂ÚkÚ©Á√¬ ÔÁÈ g[tÔD ®™¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶. ÿ\Va
ÿkÆ©∏_ÁÈ ®[≈√ΩºB >VF ÿ\Va ÷ÁƒÁB ∂k\]¬zD ]tÁ´ Œ©A¬ÿÔV^e;
∂´EB_ kV] zD∏|D g•>›Á>•D, ∂]ÔV´›Á>¬ zD∏|D ∂§kVπÔÁe•D
ÿ√VÆ›m¬ÿÔV^e; ÔV|ÿÔV[Æ ÿÔV^ÁeBΩ¬zD √V>Ô›Á> ∂–\]¬Ô
ƒV]ºko¬z ¿Úu§ ƒ\›mk© √lÏÔπ[ \ÔÛ_ ÔVı√>VF kVÏ›Á>¬
ºÔVA´∫Ô^ Ô‚|ºkVÁ´ ÂD√ ÿÔV¬ºÔVÔ∫Ôºe ÿk‚zD√Ω ∂Õ>´∫ÔÁe©
√˛´∫Ô\V¬zD ºƒ‚Á¶ÔÁe ÷Ȭ˛B\VÔ ´E¬Ô ®™›>[ xΩBV>ÁkÔπ[
ÂuÿƒF]© √‚ΩBÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈kÏ.

160
“÷[–D
÷[–D ®›>Á™ºBV xΩBVmÔ^ cı| ÔV_A^π º√V‚|
WÆ›>È[Æ / xuÆ©A^πBV_ ÔsÁ>¬z / ∂Á º√V¶ xΩBVm /
®[√m ∂kuÆ^ Œ[ÿ≈™
Œ[ÿ≈™” (J|√M, √¬. 108á109).

∂Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷Á¶WÆ›] s|˛[≈VÏ. ∂∫˛ÚÕº> xΩkÁ¶BV\_


xΩ•D ∂∫˛ÚÕº> cıÁ\l_ g´D√\V˛[≈m ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>. ÂDt_
∂k´kϬzD ÿkÀºk≈VÔ ÔV_A^π º√V‚| WÆ›>È[§ xuÆ©A^πBVF
ÔsÁ>¬z ∂Á º√V¶ xΩBVm ®[˛[≈ Eu∏l[ Aˆ>K¬Ì¶VÔ Â.∏flƒJÏ›]
\uÆD ÂzÈ[ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ^ ªΩÁw©∏´]ÔeVÔ ( Inter Texts ) ª¶VΩ¬
˛¶¬˛[≈™.

“√z›>§°fl
√z›>§°fl ƒÕÁ>l_ / ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD ÁÔl_ xuÆ©A^πÔÁe
/ JϬÔ\VF Ák›m¬ ÿÔVı| \™›]_ √‚¶ mÁ≈l_ / xÁeBΩ›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏ / EÈÏ ∑Ú]•¶[/ EÈÏ ƒ∫Ô ÷Ȭ˛B›m¶[ / EÈÏ
kÚVE´\›m¶[ / EÈÏ ÔD√Ú¶[ / EÈÏ sfiQV™›m¶[ / EÈÏ \VϬ¸
®∫Ô_∑¶[ ºkÆ EÈÏ ®m–¶º™V / Œm∫˛ W[≈ EÈÏ / \™
÷BK¬Ô©√VÁÈ ∂ΩflƒVÏÕ> \VϬԛ>Vº´V| / Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.
∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ / ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[ /
‘Ô\V ÷ÚÕ>m” 39 ®[√VÏ Â.∏flƒJÏ›].
Ô\V’ ›>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m
Ô\V

xu∑‚ΩBkVº≈ ÔVuA^π º√V‚| WÆ›>È[§ xuÆ©A^πBVF¬


ÔsÁ>¬z ∂Áº√V¶ xΩBVÿ>–D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ”¬ ̶VÔ
‘xuÆ©A^πBV_’ ̶ xΩk]_ÁÈ ®>Á™•D WÆ›> ®–D ÂzÈ[ kˆÔ”D,
‘∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ’. ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[.
‘Ô\V›>V[’ ÷ÚÕ>m ®[–D Â.∏flƒJÏ›] kˆÔ”D ªΩÁw© ∏´]ÔeVÔ
(inter-texts) ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB √_ ∏´]›mkD (Inter-texuality)
z§›> se¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.

“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿƒ°©∏[™o_, ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B ÔÚ›m WÁÈÔ^,
√Vs¬˛¶¬˛[≈™” 40
ÿ\VaWÁÈ ÿ√uÆ, c^ ÷ÁwÔeV˛© √´kÈVÔ© √Vs¬˛¶¬˛[≈™
®[√Ï ].∑.¶´Vƒ[. “ŒÚ
ŒÚ A›>Ô›Á> kVE©√m ®[√º>, ®›>Á™ºBV
>[Á\ÔÁe \™›]u ÿÔVı| ∂Á>©∏≈ A›>Ô∫ÔºeV| Œ›mD

161
c≈μÕmD √VÏ©√>V˛≈m. ÷Á>›>V[ ÂT™ s\σÔÏÔ^ √_ ∏´]›mkD
( Inter-texuality ) ®[˛≈VÏÔ^. kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔÁÈÁB©√VÏ›m ∂Á\˛≈m
®[º≈ ŒÚ kV>›]uz Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^”ºkVD. ∂©√ΩBV™V_, x>o_
ÔÁÈ ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m? ÷>uz©√]_ ÔÁÈ, ÔÁÈloÚÕº>
º>V[Æ˛≈m ®[√m>V[. ÔsÁ> kVμ¬ÁÔ ∂–√k›]oÚÕm
®ø>©√|km ∂_È. \V≈VÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕº>
®ø>©√|˛≈m” 41 ®[√Ï Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[. Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kVμ¬ÁÔ
®ø>©√|˛≈m
∂–√k›]oÚÕmD, ∂k´m c^eVÏÕ> º>¶ooÚÕmD, xÕÁ>B
x[º™VΩÔπ[ √Á¶©AÔπoÚÕmD ∏≈Õ> kı\VF ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ÷m
√u§ ∂kº´ Ì≈¬ ºÔ‚º√Vº\.

“gl´D
gl´D Ôu√Á™Ô^ ∂ÁȺ\V] kÕ>VKD ®Á>•D ®[ ∂ƒÈVÔ¬
ÔÚmD √w¬ÔD ®™¬z ÷_ÁÈ. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[Æ
ÔÚmD zÚzÈ kVEÂV[. ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z© √V´]l[ ÿƒV_o_, ®ø›]_
ÂV[”42 ®[√Ï Eu∏. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[ÿ≈VÚ
xø˛© º√V™k[ ÂV[
zÚzÈkVEBVF Eu∏ºB ÿÔVı¶VΩ WuÁÔl_ ÷Á>©√u§ ÂVD ÿƒV_È ®[™
÷Ú¬˛≈m. g™V_ ÷]KD gw\VÔ¬ ÔkM¬Ô ºkıΩB ÿƒF] Œ[Æ
÷Ú¬˛[≈m. ÿƒF]Ô^ ®[™ºkV ∂k´m zÚÂV>ˆ¶tÚÕmD J>VÁ>B´V™
x[º™VΩÔπ¶tÚÕmD ÿ√u≈ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ∂Á>¬Ì¶ Eu∏
®ÀkVÆ ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ ®[˛≈ s>›][ s›]BVƒ›]ºÈºB Eu∏l[
Ôs›mkD E≈Õ]Ú¬Ô¬ ÔVÈVD.

“ÔsÁ>¬zˆB
ÔsÁ>¬zˆB ÿ√VÚeVÔ©Am s≠B∫ÔÁe© √V´] ÿÔVı¶kÏ.
√wDÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬ ÌÆt¶›mD, A]B xÁ≈l_ ÔÁÈÂBD º>V[≈,
√VΩ•^eVÏ” 43 ®[√Ï
Ôs›mk gu≈ºÈV| cÏflE ºkÔ›º>V|D √VΩ•^eVÏ
®¸.ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·. A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬ Ôı|ÚD √V∫z, √ÁwB
s≠B∫ÔÁe¬ ̶ A]B xÁ≈l_ ÔÁÈÂBD º>V[≈¬ Ôs›mk gu≈ºÈV|D
cÏflE ºkÔ›º>V|D ÿkπ©√|›mD s>D ÷[º™V´[™∏≈kuÁ≈› >D
zÚÂV>ˆ¶tÚÕm ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ© ÿ√uƬ ÁÔBV”D xÁ≈l™VºÈºB Eu∏•D
Ôs›mk O‚√∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛[≈VÏ. ÔsÁ>l[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_
J[Æ WÁÈÔ^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.

162
“ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ> ∞º>V Œ[Á≈fl ÿƒV_È WÁ™¬˛≈ º√Vº> ∂>–Á¶B
√ıÁ√fl ƒVÏÕ> º>Ák, ∂>uzˆB kΩkwÁÔ› yÏ\VM›m s|˛≈m.
º\KD, ÿƒV_K˛≈ ºƒ]•D ∂>[ Tfl∑D, ®_ÈV ºÂ´xD
Ô‚|¬Ô¶∫zk]_ÁÈ; ®™ºk ∂>[ ∂eÁkÔ”D Ô‚|¬z^
÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ®™ºk, ÔsÁ>l[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_, J[Æ
WÁÈÔÁe ÂVD √VÏ¬Ô xΩ˛≈m.

(1) >MWÁȬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ {ÚÏÁkfl ÿƒ§kVÔ°D ]‚√


O‚√\VÔ°D ÿƒV_o xΩ˛≈m. (zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ, Âu§Á ∂ÔÂV˚Æ
º√VÈ). (2) {ÚÏ° ∂_Èm ŒÚ WÔμ° ®[≈VKD ∂>[√È
ºÔV∫ÔÁe kÚˬ˛≈m. (√›m©√V‚Ω_ z§fiE©√V‚|, ÿÂ|Â_kVÁ¶,
\mÁ´¬ÔVfiE º√VÈ) (3) ÔÁ>ÿƒV_oBVÔ \VÆ˛≈m. E§B ÔÁ>BVÔ
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD; ∂©º√Vm {ˆ´ı| WÔμflEÔÁe \‚|º\ ÿÔVı|
∂Á\BÈVD. ∂_Èm ƒuÆ sˆkV™ ÔÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ∂©º√Vm
√È WÔμflEÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı| sˆkVÔ ÿÂΩ>VÔ á kÚË›m© º√VÔÈVD.
÷Õ> ÷´ıÁ¶•D ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ> ( Fictional poetry ) ®[Æ ÿƒV_˛º≈VD
÷m)” 44 ®[√Ï ].∑.¶´Vƒ[.
(\˺\ÔÁÈ, EÈDA º√V[≈m ÷m)

÷›>ÁÔB J[Æ WÁÈÔπ[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]KD Eu∏l[


ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™D ÔV ÷BKD. x>ÈVk>VÔ x>oÚ WÁÈÔ”¬zD ŒÚ
ºƒVuÆ©√>\VÔ {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe \‚|D c>V´\VÔ¬ ÔVıº√VD.

“√El_
√El_ ÔÁe›> √Ô_Ô^ / \_oÁÔ ÿÂΩl_ \B∫˛B / ∂Õ]©
ÿ√VømÔ^ ÷Á\l[ ÔıßÚD / ÷>B›]_ ´›>xD cÁ≈Õmº√V™ /
ÿÂΩB ÷´°Ô^ Ák´V¬B∫Ô^ / √M©ÿ√VΩBVF c]ÚD ÁkÔÁ≈Ô^.
xΩÕ>™ ..... ®_ÈVD / ÷©º√Vm xΩÕm º√VFs‚¶™ / ÷Mº\ÈVkm
∂kÁe¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD #∫Ô s|∫Ô^
s|∫Ô^” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.127)

∂kπ[ √Ô_Ô”D, ∂Õ]© ÿ√VømÔ”D, ÿÂΩB ÷´°Ô”D,


ÁkÔÁ≈Ô”D ®™ ®m°º\ ∂k^ kƒt_ÁÈ. ÷©º√Vm ®_ÈVxD
xΩÕmº√VFs‚¶™ ÷MBV˛KD ∂kÁe¬ ÿÔVfiƒD #∫Ôs|∫Ô^. ÷m
sÁÈ\Ôπ[ WÁÈ Ôı| ƒVÈ©√ˆÕm ÷´∫zD Ôas´¬ÔD g˛B

163
{ÚÏsÁ™› ]‚√O‚√\VÔfl ÿƒm¬˛B x>_WÁÈ ∂eÁk¬ ÔsÁ>.
sÁÈ\Ô^ Ô_ÈÁ≈ ®–D ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe x.º\›>VkV_ ÷∫z>V[ ∂k^
√D kV∫ÔV\_ √^πÿÔV^˛≈VÏ ®[Æ>V[ ®ø> xΩ˛≈m. ∂>uÔV™ √]ÈVÔ
®]Ϭ ÔsÁ>BVÔ¬ ̶ ÷>Á™ ∂Ï›>©√|›]¬ÿÔV^eÈVD. Œ›>
∂ÁÈkˆÁƒl_ Eu∏l[ cÏÁk© º√VȺk ÷[zÈV©∏¶xD
ÿkπ©√‚|^em. \´D Œ[Æ>V[ ∂kÁe¬ Ôk[ mËBV_
ÿÔe´k©√|›]Bm ®[√VÏ ÷[zÈV© ÔıËB∫ÔMB (Ôk[ mË á ∏›m¬z
J|]Á´) ÷MB|›m {ÚÏÁk© √È ºÔV∫Ôπ_ kÚˬzD ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ
∂eÁk¬ ÔsÁ>¬z {Ï c>V´D ̧ s·¬ÔÈVD.

“ÔV‚|¬z´∫z
ÔV‚|¬z´∫z º\È]ÔVˆ¬z ŒÚ√ÈT™\VÔ N...N...N
ÔıÁfl Et‚Ω / Â\‚|fl Eˆ©A¶[ / ∂Ï›>AiΩºBV| / ‘Good Day Sir’
ÿƒV_KD / t¸ ‘∏¬z© ∏E[ xÔ›º>V| / ŒÚ Â[§•Á´ /
‘º>∫¬R...t¸;
º>∫¬R...t¸; / \a¬Ô°D k¬˛_ÈV ÿk^πswV xÔ›>kM¶D /
ƒ∫ÔÂV¶Ô Ω¬Ô‚ / ±Æ ‘√VF¬z suÆ›>´ ºkı|D / ÿƒBÈÚ¬z ŒÚ
ÁÔÈVz / ‘∂m¬ÿÔ[™... ƒVÏ;’ / \]B c° ºkÁel_ ÷[Á™¬zD
∂m¬ÿÔ[™... ƒVÏ;
>lσV>D ¸ÿ√≠ÈV? / ®–D ŒÚ ƒ\Vπ©A / ®™¬z ∂_ƒÏ... ∂>™VºÈ
º>¿Ï ºkÁel_ √V´VxÔ\VÔ© º√VzD g¨¸ ºƒkÔM¶D / œ ºkıΩ¬
ÿÔfiE¶ / √ÁwB √V¬˛ÁB WÁ™∆‚|D / ∂k[ xbxb©A¬z / ŒÚ
ºÔ¶BD / ŒÚ z|D√ ÂÈ sƒVˆ©A / ¶°[√¸ ÿˆƒo_ / º√ˆeD
ÿ√ıË[ º>Vπ_ ÁÔ√¶ / ∂k^ / ]´VÔ©√VÏÁk¬z / ∏^Áe©
ØflEBVF© ÿ√V∑∫˛ / ŒÚ´ÔEB¬ ÿÔfiƒ_ / ‘®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D
®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D
®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D’ / \VÁÈ
nÕm \ˬz / T| *ı¶mD / ®‚|kBm Ôs>V¬z‚Ω / ∂©º√VÀ
\VϬ’ / ®[Æ ÿÔV‚Ω ∂eÕ> /
Ô¬˛ºÈ / ®™¬z› ÿ>VıIÆ \VϬ
ÿÔV^Áefl Eˆ©A¬z / xmz √ø¬Ô ŒÚ √]_ / ‘√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ
√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ’ /
√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ
ÂD\ ÿ´∫ÔƒVt º´V≠¬ÔV´[>V[
º´V≠¬ÔV´[>V[” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.
120á123).

\V™ cÏ° k´ºkıΩB ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ®_ÈVD ÷©√ΩBVÔ ŒÚ √ÈT™\V™


÷π©AD; ∏E[xÔ Â[§•Á´•D; ¬ÔK¬zD ƒ\Vπ©AD; √V´VxÔ›m¬zD ÂÈD
cƒVkKD; ´ÔEB¬ ÿÔfiƒKD ®™ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÁÔBÈVÔ›>™D ÿÔVı¶V¶

164
ºkıΩB ∏^Áefl ÿƒ_k›]¶D xm˛_ ∂Á≈k>VF ÿkπ©√|D √ıÁ√©
√ȺÔV∫Ôπ_, √È kı∫Ôπ_ ÿ>V|›m tÁ¶˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ®^e_
ÔsÁ>. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ kVÏ©∏uz ª¶VÔ°D ÔV¬˛¶¬zD
÷[º™V´DƒD ÷´ı¶VKº\ ŒÚÂVπ[ √Èÿ√VømÔÁe kˆÁƒBVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm,
~u≈ΩÔπ_ ŒÚ ]Ú©A xÁ™ºBV| ŒΩ›m› ]Ú©AD {.ÿ«[§l[ ÔÁ>
c›]ÁB¬ ÁÔBVıΩÚ¬zD √V∫˛_ >V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ E≈¬zD
Ôs›mk›][ Û‚∑\D. ÷´ı¶VDWÁÈ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_ {ÚÏ°
®[√>uz© √]ÈVÔ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe© √Èkı∫Ôπ_ cÚ‚Ω sÁeBV|D
‘ÔÁȶV¸ºÔV©’ º√VȬ ÁÔBV”D √V∫zD Eu∏¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁȺB ÷>uz
‘x^’ ‘ºÔV|’, ‘∑kÏÔ^’ x>oB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D (ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^) W≈D
ÔsÁ>ÁB•D (J|√M) ®|›m¬ ÔV‚¶VÔ¬ ÿÔV^eÈVD.

“zƬ˛™V_
zƬ˛™V_ A^π / ¿‚Ω™V_ ÿÂ|fiƒVÁÈ ÿÂπÕm ÿÂπÕ>V_
√VDA / kÁeÕm cÚı¶V_ ƒ¬Ô´D. ]´ı¶V_ \´D / ÿ\oÕ>V_ ÿÔVΩ
∂¶ÏÕ>V_ ˛Áe / √¶ÏÕ>V_ A>Ï ƒVkÔVƒ\VÔ© / ¿‚Ω© √|›>V_ \ÁÈ
∂∫zD ÷∫zD / ∂e°Ô^ Ák›m¬ Ô‚Ω™V_ T|. ÁÔº√V_ zs›m /
ŒÚ kV•D Ák›>V_ ÿƒDA, >ÔkÁÈ >‚Ω kÁe›m / {‚Ω™V_ kVÔ™D
*‚Ω™V_ TÁ. ÿƒV_È©º√V™V_ / ®_ÈVD ŒÚ ºÔV|
ºÔV|” . (Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.280).

ŒÚ ºÔV| {Ï {sBM[ ÁÔkı›]_ ®[™ÿk_ÈVD g˛≈m ®©√Ω


®_ÈVD ∂>Á™ ∂k[ y‚|˛[≈V[ ®[√Á> \‚|\V ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> kÁ´Õm
ÔV‚|˛[≈m. ŒÚ ÔsQ[ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe ®©√Ω ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD *‚Ω¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD
®[ÆD cÏ›m˛[≈m. W≈∫Ôπ[ ÿˆƒ_ / ÔV| / W≈∫Ôπ[ ÔıÔV‚E /
kV™s_ / W≈∫Ôπ[ ÔıVJflE / √flºƒVÕ] / W≈∫Ôπ[ AM>D / ÔVÕ]l[
Ô>Ï / W≈∫Ôπ[ ÔıßÏ / ∞∑s[ ÷´›>D / W≈∫Ôπ[ ƒ∫ˇ>D / º\Vº™VoƒV.
(J|√M, √¬. 75á76.) W≈∫Ô^ Eu∏l[ ∂Ô´V]l_ ÿ√≈ÈVzD ÿ√VÚ‚
ƒV›]B∫Ô^ tÔ©ÿ√ˆBÁk. W≈∫Ôπ[ ÿˆƒ_ ÔV| ®™› ÿ>V¶∫z√kÏ
ÔıÔV‚E kV™s_, ÔıVJflE √flºƒVÕ], \VB¬ÔıVΩ ÔV>oÔı, √Õ>BD
ÂÔÚD Â], ÔÚ©Á√ ÛˆB˛´D, ƒÕÁ> √‚|©ØflE, ÔsÁ> g] JÈ›][
{sBD, ºƒVÔD √VÏÁkBu≈kM[ \™D, AM>D ÔVÕ]l[ Ô>Ï, ÔıßÏ ∞∑s[

165
÷´›>D, ƒ∫ˇ>D º\Vº™VoƒV, ]Á´flÊÁÈ kV™D, ∞\Vu≈D √VÁÈk™D,
gflƒˆBD ÔV‚|©Ø, ]ÚswV ÔVfiE©√‚|, Ww_ ÷Ú‚|, ÔÈk´D ¿È˛ˆ©
√^e›>V¬z, ÿ√Út>D º>EB¬ÿÔVΩ, Œø∫z z§fiE©Ø, ÿÔVı¶V‚¶D ˛´V\›mfl
ƒÕÁ> ®[≈|¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ º√VF “W≈∫Ôπ[
W≈∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD / ÷Õ]BV W≈∫Ôπ[
ºk>Á™ / ÷Õ]BV W≈∫Ôπ[ y´V> º√VÏ / ÷Õ]BV
÷Õ]BV” (J|√M, √¬. 75á77)
®™ x›>VF©√VÔ Â¶©AWÁÈÁB s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. W≈∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD, ºk>Á™,
y´V> º√VÏ ÷Õ]BV ®[ÁÔl_ ®›>ÁÔB ∂ˆ>V™ sB©√V™ x›>VF©A
∂m?xÕÁ>B kˆÔπ_ kÚ \Vu≈∫ÔÁe kV™s_ ºÔVÈ\V¬˛ kÕ>kº´
÷Æ] kˆÔπ_ kÚº√>∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD, ºk>Á™ y´V> º√VÏ ®™ ÂDÁ\
sB©∏_ gμ›] s|˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVº≈ ∑kÏÔ^ ®–D ÔsÁ>lKD
∑kÿ´ø›mÔÁe•D ∑kÿ´V‚ΩÔÁe•D s>s>\VÔfl E›]´Õy‚Ω¬ ÿÔVıº¶
kÕ>kÏ. “EÁ≈fl
EÁ≈fl ∑kÏÔÁe•D s¶ / koÁ\BV™Ák \M>[ Ô‚Ω /
\M>Á™© ∏ˆ¬zD \V™ÊÔfl ∑kÏÔ^.. ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ / ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák
ÔV¬Ô©√|km / ®m ®[Æ Ôı| Ô¶©√VÁ´ ®|¬ÔbD / ∑kÏÔÁe ÷Ω¬Ô
÷Ω¬Ô”
(J|√M, √¬. 112á115).

\M>[ Ô‚Ω \M>Á™© ∏ˆ¬zD \V™ÊÔfl ∑kÏÔ^ ®[˛≈º√Vm


kÚº√>›>V_ sÁeÕ> ‘yı¶VÁ\fl ∑kÏÔÁe•D’, ƒV] ÿk§BV_ sÁe•D
‘ÿÔe´k¬ ÿÔVÁÈÔ”D’, ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák ®[˛≈º√Vm
‘\–>Ï\›Á>•D’ ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD Ôs›mk›][ E≈©√VÔ ÷kÏ>D
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\˛[≈™.

“AB_ÔÁe
AB_ÔÁe ÿk[≈ / A[™ÁÔºB º√V]Ô^ ÷Áw›> / \V>kº\ ¿
ƒ›]BD ®|›> / ∂k>V´D ∂˛DÁƒ kΩ›> / ÷]ÔVƒD ∞°ÔÁÔ^ /
•Ô›]MKD ÷[–D clϬzD / >›mkD ¿ ÷™ÿk§ \>ÿk§ / W≈
ÿk§Ô^ ∂Á™›m ÿk§Ô^ / \›]lKD g>´kuº≈VÏ / ƒVFÕm ÿÔV^e
∂FBV c[≈[ / ]Ú›º>V^Ô^ ƒÕ]´ ÛˆB[ / c^ekÁ´ >ÕÁ> ¿
÷Ú©√m / ÿ\F ∂_ȺkV? ÷Õ]BÏ ®\¬z/ ÿ\F©ÿ√VÚ·VF ®[ÆD
÷Ú©√m / ¿ ∂_ȺkV?
∂_ȺkV?” (\ÔV›\V, √.21).

∂Á™›m ÿk§Ô^ \›]lKD g>´kuº≈VÏ ƒVFÕmÿÔV^e


∂´kÁ¬zD ]Ú›º>V^ÔeVÔ \ÔV›\VÁk ÷™DÔVbD Eu∏ AB_ÔÁe
166
ÿk[≈ A[™ÁÔ, º√V]Ô^ ÷Áw›> \V>kD, ƒ›]BD ®|›> ∂k>V´D, ∂˛DÁƒ
kΩ›> ÷]ÔVƒD ®–D zƬÔfl ÿƒ§s[ O‚√xD ÁÔ̶ ®πÁ\lºÈºB ∂ÚÁ\
ÁÔ̶©√VΩ Wu˛[≈VÏ. ®[≈ º√V]KD Eu∏ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ÔVÕ]B
∂´EBÁȬ ÔV‚ΩKD ∂kÁ´¬ ÔkÏÕ>m ®[™ºkV \ÔV›\Vs[ \M>
ºÂBº\BVzD.

“keˆeD
keˆeD √Úk›]ºÈºB ®[Á™ g‚ÿÔVı¶ >ÁÈkÏ \ÔV›\V
‘kVμs¬Ô
kVμs¬Ô kÕ> ÔVÕ] \ÔV›\V
\ÔV›\V’ ®[Æ √V´]•D ka©√|›]™VÏ. \™ÿ\Va
ÿ\FÔπ_ ƒ›]BD ÔV›> \ÔV›\Vs[ ∂´EBÁÈs¶ ∂kˆ¶D
ÔkÏÕ>m” 45 .
zΩÿÔVıΩÚÕ> \M>D ®[Á™¬ ÔkÏÕ>m

ÿ√Vm\M>M[ A›]©º√V¬˛_ ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>©√¶V> E[™fl E[™


ÿƒF]ÔÁe•D, ÂD\V_ xΩBVm ÂD ƒ¬]¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶m ®™ \ÁÈ›mWuzD
Ø>VÔ´\V™ E¬Ô_ÔÁe•D ÔVÕ]BVÏ ®©√Ω ∂bz˛[≈VÏ ®[˛≈ WÁÈlºÈ•D
∂k´V_ \ÔV›\VÁk ÷™DÔV xΩ˛[≈m. ]˛μ ÛμÕ]ÚÕ> ]_o T]Ôπ_ /
√M ÛμÕ]ÚÕ> \VÁÈ©ÿ√Vøm / \™]_ sˆÕ>m / \ÔV›\Vs[ xÔD /
clϺ√VzD kÁ´ cıVs´>D / ∂A_ ÔÈVD gƒV› / g´fi∑ ´ƒD>´ /
Ô´Ô´ÿk[Æ ¤kÏÔÈV_ / ÔıÔ^ ¿Ï \_Ô / ∂ıo[ cıVºÂV[A /
WÁ≈°u≈ ºƒ] (J|√M, √. 23). “E§Bÿ>_ÈVD
E§Bÿ>_ÈVD E§BmD ÷_ÁÈ /
ÿ√ˆBÿ>_ÈVD ÿ√ˆBmD ÷_ÁÈ / \ÔV›\V¬Ô”¬z
\ÔV›\V¬Ô”¬z” (\ÔV›\V, √.21).

ÁÔ ÷´V‚Á¶•D, Ô>´VÁ¶•D ∑º>EB›][ z§X|ÔeVÔ ÔVÕ]BVÏ


∂Á¶BVe©√|›]™VÏ. g∫˛È ∞ÔV]√›]B›Á> ®]Ï›m ∂˛DÁƒ kal_ ∂kÏ
º√V´VΩ W[≈VÏ. ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ®[™ ®–D ŒÚ ºÔ^sÁB ®]Ï
ÿÔV^”xÔ\VÔ ∂k´π¬˛[≈ sÁ¶lKD, \ÔV›\VÁk© √VΩ WuzD ∂k´m
ÔsÁ> kˆÔπKD Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁȬÔV™ E>D√´ ´ÔEBxD
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. √fiƒV© ÷Á·Q™V™ zÚƒ´ı JÈD \ÔV›\VÁk•D,
∂kˆ[ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·•D ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏.

“ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ®[™? ®›>Á™ºBV se¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷>uz cı|.
®[Á™© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ á ÔsÁ> ®[√m \Á≈Õm ˛¶¬zD \M>ºÂB
ªuƬ ÔıÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛≈ xBuE>V[. ÷Á>›>V[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
kÚ˛º≈[” 46 .
ÔsÁ>lKD ÂV[ ÿƒFm kÚ˛º≈[
167
÷>uz º\_ ÂV[ ºkÆ ®>Á™•D ÿƒV_È ºkı|\V ®[™? ÷mºk >V[
∂Õ>fl E>D√´ ´ÔEBD. ºkı|\V™V_ ÷>Á™ºB ÂVD ÷[–D ÿÔVfiƒD
sˆ›ÿ>|¬ÔÈVD. \M> ºÂB ªu≈¬ÔıÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛≈ xBuE ®[√m
kVμkV∫z kVøD kVμxÁ≈ÁB¬ Ôı¶Á¶B°D ka kz¬zD xBuEºB.
\ı√B–≈ ºkı|D ‘®[√V‚|› ]≈›>VºÈ ÷Õ> ÁkB›Á>© √Vo›]¶
ºkı|D’ ®[˛≈ zÚÂV>ˆ[ √V¶_Ô^ \M>ºÂB ªuƬ ÔıÔÁe¬
Ôı¶Á¶B k_È xBuEBVÔfl Eu∏¬z^ √È \Vu≈∫ÔÁ· cı¶V¬z˛[≈™.

“>›mkD
>›mkD ÷_ÈV> ÔÁÈ √B[>´Vm / Â[Á\ ÿƒFBV> ÔÁÈ
\VıA≈Vm
\VıA≈Vm” (\ÔV›\V, √.19) ®™ \ÔV›\VÁk© √V|D kˆÔπ[ ƒV´VDƒxD
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈÁB cÏ›> k_Ⱥ>. ÷m>V[ ÔsÁ>ÁB
OıÔÁÈBVÔ°D √B[ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÁÔBV”D Eu∏l[ ÿÔVÁ¶BV˛[≈m.
“∂b•›>¬ ÔÚsÔπ[º\_ / s´_ √]›]Ú¬zD / JϬÔÏÔeV_ Øt / xø©
Aø]¬ ÔV¶V˛....¬ ˛¶¬zD”. (E.Ô.√. √.26).

∂k´m ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈ›]uz ª¶VÔ \V–¶ ®]ˆÔÁe ÷™DÔV k_È


>›mk© Aˆ>_Ô”D >VÔD ÿ>VÁȬzD EÆ Â]BVÿB[ ÔsÁ> ¶¬Ô‚|D ®™
Â[Á\ ÿƒFB k_È √B[ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÔsÁ> Eu∏¬z kƒ©√|˛[≈m.

3.3 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[√Á¶©A ÿ§

ÔsÁ>© AÁ™•D Am¬ÔsQÏÔ”^ >D >M›>[Á\BV_ E≈©∏¶D


ÿ√Æ√kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[. Am¬ÔsÁ> \‚|\_ÈVm \´A¬ÔsÁ>lKD >\m
Ôs©AÈÁ\ÁB ÿkπ©√|›]•^·VÏ. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·•D \M>
√ÈT™∫ÔÁ·•D, ∂´EB_ ÊϺÔ|ÔÁ·•D >D ÔsÁ>© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.

®m ƒˆ ®m >kÆ? ÷´ıΩuzD ÷Á¶ºB ®[™ c≈°? ÷Õ>¬ ºÔ^sl[


ƒˆÔπ[ ÔÏ©√∫Ô^ / >kÆÔ^ ∂Ω›>_
sƒV´\VF ®ø˛[≈m ŒÚÔsÁ>. “ƒˆÔπ[
]Ú›>_ÔeV_ / ÔVB©√|k]_ÁÈ ÔVsB∫Ô^ ∏EÆÔ^ \Ωl_ / ÷´VÔ©
√ˆ∑Ô^ ˛Á¶¬ÔÈVD! ƒˆBV™Á>fl ÿƒFB¬ / ÔVÈD √VÏ›m¬ ÔVÈD
√VÏ›m¬ ÔVÈ\VkÁ>s¶ / ∂Ω¬ÔΩ >kÆÔ^ ÿƒFBÈVD ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> /
Â]ÁB s¶› ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ºB º>kÈVD! / √ømÔÁefl ÿƒFm √øm
√VÏ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√º> / ÷B∫zD kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ÷ȬÔD
÷ȬÔD”(ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶•D, √¬.12á13).
168
®∫ºÔ ∏Áw√‚º¶VD ®™› ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^km>Vº™ ∂>Á™›
]Ú›mk>uÔV™ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›Á> ÂVD Ôı¶Á¶B¬ ÔV´D g˛[≈m
®[√>™VºÈºB ƒˆÔπ[ ÔÏ©√∫Ô^ >kÆÔ^ ®[˛[≈VÏ. ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]
º>∫˛s|D ]Áƒ \≈Õ>VKD {Á¶ {Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD. º>∫˛™V_ zeD,
z‚Á¶>V[ {Ω™V_>Vº™ gÆ, Â] √ÁwB>VÔÈVD ÿk^eD A]m A]>VÔ
gÔºkı¶V\V? ®™ºk √øm √‚¶VKD √øm √VÏ›m ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶
÷Ú©√m>V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ºÔ ÷ȬÔD.

“ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â] ®[√mD, ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ ®[√mD ÔsÁ>l_
÷¶Dÿ√ÆD √Ω\∫Ô^. Â] ÂÁ¶ÁB \≈©√ÿ>[√m \M>M[ cÏ°
Â]¬ºÔV {Á¶¬ºÔV >[–Ï° ÷_ÁÈ. Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D \M>[
/ ÔsQ[ >™¬z^ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ∂ku§[ kaºB ÔsQ[
º√∑˛≈V[. ŒÚ kÁÔl_ ÷m ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B¬Ô›]_ cBˆB>eD.
÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> kˆÔÁe› >tw[√M[ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ÂVD
ÔVxΩ•D. kVμsB_ z§›m, ÔsQÏ {Ï cıÁ\ÁB ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>π°√|›m˛≈VÏ. >kÆÔ^ ÿƒFkm z§›m› >B∫Ô
ºkıΩB]_ÁÈ. º>V_sÔ^ ÷_ÈV\_ ÿku§Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. √BD/
∂–√kD tÔ x¬˛BD. ∂–√k›Á>© AˆÕmÿÔV^˛≈ ∂e° x¬˛BD.
º>¶ºÈ / ÷B¬Ôº\ Â\¬z x¬˛BD. ÂVD ®©º√VmD Â]BVÔ
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm. {Á¶BVÔºk–D ÷B∫Ô xΩ•D. ]Áƒ >k§™VKD
÷B¬Ô›]_ ÂVtÚ¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷>Á™fl ÿƒV_KD ÿ√Vøm ÔVsBxD
{sB∫Ô”D ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD cu√›]BV˛[≈™ ®[≈ cıÁ\ÁB•D
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ”47 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ºƒÏ›mfl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ

Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D √Ω\\V¬˛ \M> cÏÁk•D kVμsB_


cıÁ\ÁB•D \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÔVsBxD {sBxD cu√›]BVzD
xÁ≈lBÁÈ•D ÷>u̶VÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ QVM. ∂Ω›>_ ]Ú›>_ÔeV_
ÔVB©√|k]_ÁÈ ÔVsB∫Ô^ ®[˛≈º√Vm *e*e ∂Ω›m›]Ú›]
kVÏ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|D º√Vm>V[ ∂Ák A¶Dº√V¶©√|˛[≈™ ®[≈ √Á¶©A
´ÔEB›Á>•D ÷¬ÔsÁ> º√Eflÿƒ_˛[≈m. ÷∫ºÔ ÔsÁ> ®ømkÁ>› >VD
®Õ> ƒÕ>Ï©√›]_ ®>uÔVÔ WÆ›> ºÂÏÕ>m ®™fl ÿƒV_KD ∂k´m kV¬zJÈxD
÷>Á™ ko•Æ›> k_È>VzD.
169
“1988á_
1988á_ ÂV[ Ôı√VÏÁk ÷wÕº>[. ∂>[∏≈z ÂV[ ÔsÁ>
®[Æ ®ø>s_ÁÈ. ®ømk>uzD ∂Àk©º√Vm ]Ú›mk>uzD
Ôı√VÏÁk º>Ák. ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ ®ø> ®[™V_ ÿƒV_È
xΩBVm”48 ®[√VÏ QVM. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> ®ø©AD cÏ°ÔÁeºB ÷[ÿ™VÚ
xΩBVm
ÔsÁ>lKD ºkÿ≈VÚ ∂ÁÈkˆÁƒl_ >tw[√[ *‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ.

“∂–√s©√m
∂–√s©√m Â_Èm / ®©º√VmD ®Á>BVkm kVμ¬ÁÔ / ÿkÆD
g•^ ∂_È ∂–√kD ∂–√kD ÿÔ‚¶m / ®[Æ \u≈kÏ ÿƒV_KD
Œ[Á≈¬Ì¶ / ∂§xÔD ÿƒFm ÿÔV^km / ÿÔ‚¶]_ÁÈ
ÿÔ‚¶]_ÁÈ” . ÿkuƬ
Ì|ÔeVF / TE ®§BV\_ ÂVuÔÁe / ∞>Vkm ∂–√k›>V_ W´©∏
Ák©√m Â_Èm. “ Â]¬z /{‚¶D ∂–√k\V˛≈m. {‚¶›]uz / Â]
∂–√k\V˛≈m”.. “®©º√VmD/
∂–√k\V˛≈m ®©º√VmD/ ®Á>BVkm ∂–√s›>V_ ÿkÆÁ\¬z /
∂–√k\VF / ÂVD Tw\V‚º¶VD
Tw\V‚º¶VD” (˛w¬z ƒV·´D, √¬.43á44). gÔ
÷©√Ω›>V[ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂Ï›>©√|›> xBKD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD ∂m
kVμsB_ cıÁ\BVÔ°D ÔsÁ>l[ xÁ≈lBÈVÔ°D ÂDÁ\
kÕ>Á¶BÈV˛[≈m. ∂kº´ ÷m√u§•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

“ÔsÁ>>V[
ÔsÁ>>V[ ÔsÁ>BVk>uz, kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD,
∂Ï›>∫ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD kVμ¬ÁÔÁBºB ÂD∏lÚ¬˛[≈m.
kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ∂Ï›>Dá ∂–√k∫Ôπ_ ÿ>ˆÕmD ÿ>ˆBV\KD, AˆÕmD
AˆBV\KD E>§¬˛¶¬˛≈m.... ∂Õ> ∂–√k∫Ô”¬ÔV™ s\σ™D
ÔsÁ>¬z© √¬Ô›]ºÈV #´›]ºÈV ÷Ú©√Á> ®ø]Bk[ ∂¬ÔÁ≈ºBV|
ÿƒF>V[” 49 ®[√VÏ >tw[√[. ®m ∂wz? ∂w˛[ xÔkˆ
∂–\]¬Ôºk ÿƒF>V[
®∫˛Ú¬˛≈m? ®›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> Â\¬ÔV™ º>Ák. ÷Õ>¬ ºÔ^sÔπ[
sƒV´\VÔ°D sƒV´ÁBVÔ°D ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ >tw[√M[ EÈ ÔsÁ>Ô^.

“ŒÚ
ŒÚ / QVMl[ / ÿ\e™›][ x[ ∂wz / ∂w˛[ x[ ∂a˛≈m
∂a•D ∂wÔV cıÁ\ ∂wz? ∂aBV> / ƒ›]B›][ ÿÂu§l_ ®m /
∂ÁBV> ]ÈÔ\VFfl ∑¶Ï˛≈º>V / ∂mºk... g[\Vs[ / xu≈›]_
W›]B›][ / ŒÚ ÿ>§©A¬z ®m / Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]¬˛≈º>V ∂mºk
∂wz
∂wz” (˛w¬z ƒV·´D, √¬.51á52). ƒ›]B ÿÂu§› ]ÈÔ\VÔ› ]ÔμkmD,
W›]B›][ ŒÚ ÿ>§©A¬z© Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]©√mD QVMl[
170
ÿ\e™\VzD. g[\Vs[ xu≈›]_ Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]¬Ôk_È
QVMl[ ÿ\e™ ∂wz √u§B º\È]Ô© Aˆ>_Ô”¬z ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
se¬Ô∫Ô^ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™. QVMÁB x[MÆ›] ∂w˛[ sƒV´›Á>
WÔμ›]BkÏ ∏ÔVƒVºkVs[ x[MÁÈlKD ∂>Á™ºB ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.

“∏ÔVºƒV / ®[ ÿ\V›> kΩk›Á>ºB ®™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD / ®™¬z ∞u≈√Ω


\Vu§BÁ\¬Ô© º√Vk>VÔfl ÿƒV[™VÏ ‘∂wÔVÔ ÷Ú¬z\V’ / ºÔ‚º¶[ ‘∂wÔVÔ
÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V?’ ¿BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V? ∏ÔVºƒV / s´_ÔπÁ¶ºB
gºkƒ\VÔ ∂ÁƒÕ>m #ˆÁÔ ‘∂wÔVÔ’ á ®[º≈[ ‘∂>uz ºkÆ g^ √VÏ’
sÚ‚ÿ¶[Æ / A≈©√‚|s‚¶VÏ ∏ÔVºƒV”. ÷Ák¬ z§›> √]°ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[
Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD. “÷∫z
÷∫z AÁ™B©ÿ√u≈ ∂wÁÔs¶© AÁ™BV cıÁ\
º\ÈV™ÿ>™ cÏ›>©√|˛≈m. ¿ÈD√Vˆ›> ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶o[ E§B
∂ÁÈÁBfl ƒ›]B ªuÿ≈[˛≈VÏ >tw[√[ (ÔVÈ›m¬z ŒÚÂV^ xÕ])
Ø´›mk›Á> ®m º√V]¬˛≈º>V ∂mºk ∂wz ®™ WÁ≈•D ÔsÁ>l_
∂aBV> ƒ›]BD, g[\V, W›]BD, Ø´D g˛B ÔVÈD, ÷¶D, A≈cÈz,
¶©A ƒV´V> ÿƒVuÔ^ ka ∂wÁÔ ÿ\FlB_ O‚√D ƒVÏÕ>>V¬˛ s|˛≈VÏ
>tw[√[”50 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.
>tw[√[

∂wz! ∂wz! ∂wz! / ∂w˛º™V| √wz! / √wÔ© √wÔ c™m / \™]_ \ÈÚD
∂wz / cÁÈl_ ∞Áwº√V|D c©A¬Ô_o_ ∂wz / EÁÈÁB kΩ¬zD E§B cπ
/ ÿƒF•D ÁÔÔ^ ∂wz! / ºÂV°D ∂wz ∏≈ˆ[ / ºÂVÁk ¿¬zD º√Vm / ƒV°D
Â_È ∂wz / AÔμfl ƒˆ>D √Á¶¬zDº√Vm (>tºwVsBD, √¬.24,25,26).
Œ©√Á™Ôπ[§ ÂVD ÂV\VÔºk ÷Ú©√º> á ÷B_√VÔ ÷Ú©√º> >[MB_√VF
\ÈÏkº> ∂wz ®™ ∏ÔVºƒV kVlÈVÔ Â\¬z cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
∂wÔVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V? ¿BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V ®–D ∏ÔVºƒVs[
ºÔ^s¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ ÷mºk. ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú©√º> Â\¬ÔV™ ÂD ∂wz ÷∫ºÔ
∂w˛B_ z§›> ºÔ^sÔÁe ®]ÏÿÔV^”xÔ\V™ ÷[–D EÈ √]°Ô”D
÷›m¶[ ®ı› >¬Ô™ºk.

“∂w˛BÁÈ
∂w˛BÁÈ kÁ´BÆ›mfl ÿƒV_k>V™V_ ®m Œ[Æ ∂>–Á¶B
÷B_∏_ ÷Ú¬˛≈º>V ∂m ∂wÔV™m ®™ÈVD. ŒÚ ØÁk BVÚD ÿƒm¬Ô
xΩBVm. ÷©√Ω›>V[ Ø¬Ô ºkı|D ®[Æ BVÚD ÿƒV_os¶ xΩBVm.
171
®[–Á¶B WÁÈ, ®[–Á¶B søtBD, ®[–Á¶B √VÏÁk g˛BkuÁ≈
ÂV[ ÿÔVfiƒD \≈Õm ∂_Èm >sÏ›m© √VÏ›>V_ ÷B_A^e ∂wz
xΩ•D” 51 ®[√VÏ ÷[zÈV©.
®[√m ®[™ ®[√Á> ®[™V_ Ôı¶§B xΩ•D
º\KD ÷[zÈV© ÷m√u§ ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_,

“ÂV[
ÂV[ ®[ W≈›]_ ج˛º≈[. ÂV[ ®[ \›]_ ج˛º≈[. ®™m
÷B_∏_ ®™m cÏs_ ÷M ÂV[ ∂]Ϻk[. >Vl[ ´›>D √VÈV˛≈m
®™m ´›>D √V¶ÈV˛[≈m. c[Á™fl ƒÕ]¬Ô Œ©√Á™Ô^ ∞[?
®>uz?” 52
c[M¶D º√ƒ ∂È∫ÔV´D ®>uz?

“kV[ºÔVs[
kV[ºÔVs[ ∂¶ÏÕ> \fiƒ^ \ÈÏ {sBD B>VÏ›>\VÔ ÷_ÁȺB
®[≈ º√Vm ∂k´m √]_ I paint my reality ” 53 . “>[
>[ º√V¬˛_
√VF˛[≈m Â]. >V[ º>V[§BVF \ÈÏ˛[≈m جÔ^. ¿•D c™m
®[√m” 54 ŒÚ
Bº>flÁƒl[ \™›Á> x[º™V¬˛B ÔVÈ›]_ ÿƒK›m ®[√m
ÿƒ[ (Zen) ÿ√V[ÿ\Va. ÷Ák BV°D ÷B_Á√ºB ∂wÿÔ™© º√Efl ÿƒ_k™ºk.
÷m°D ŒÚs> ÿƒ[\º™V √Vkº\ ÷>Á™ºB ºkÆs>›]_
ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈m. c√ºBVÔ©√|›>V> x›>∫Ô^, √ÁwB>VF©º√V™ A[™ÁÔ
Ôıb¬z k´V> ÔıßÏ›mπÔ^, ~BD º√V™ Ô™°Ô^, √B[√|›>V> √Ô_Ô^,
#¬ÔD º√VÔ© √V¬˛•^e ÷´°Ô^, ÔV©√Vu≈ xΩBV> Ák´V¬˛B∫Ô^,
ÔÁ¶©∏Ω¬Ô xΩBV> s´>∫Ô^, ∂[MB\V™ xÔ∫Ô^, ∂Ω¬ÔΩ \VÆD \™∫Ô^
÷Ák ®_ÈVku§u§¬zD √ı¶\Vu≈VF ŒÚÔsÁ> >Úk>VF c›]´kV]¬zD
>tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ôº™

“÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÂV[ / ÷´k_ √V¶_ ®[M¶D ÷_ÁÈ / ÷´k_
JflE_ ®k[ ∑kVE©√V[? g™V_ / c∫Ô”¬ÿÔ[Æ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>
÷ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ / ®[Á™ºB >Ú˛º≈[
>Ú˛º≈[” (÷´°©√V¶Ô[, √¬.81á83)
®™› >[ º√´›Á> xΩ¬˛[≈V[. ÷´k_ JflE_ ∑kVE¬Ô ÷BK\V? ∂k´kÏ
ÔsÁ>•D ∂k´kÏ ∑kVƒº\. ∂Á>¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ÂV[ ÂV™VÔ°D, ¿ ¿BVÔ°D
÷ÚÕm ∂k´kÏ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂k´kÏ √Á¶©º√VD ®[˛≈VÏ. ÿkÀºkÆ
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ© √È kı∫Ôπ_ √È ºÔV∫Ôπ_
÷>Á™ºB ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ®[≈ º√V]KD ÷ÁkBV°D >M› >M©
√ˆ\V∫Ôºe.
172
“c[T‚Ω_
c[T‚Ω_ / ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ¿ ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_
/ ÷Ú c™¬ºÔ / ŒÚ ÂVÔˆÔD kÕms|D Ô|Á\ÁB¬ Ôwu§s‚| xÔ›]_
\ÈÏflEÁB \V‚ΩÁk¬zD \™D kVÏ›Á>Ô”D ¿•D / kVF]≈Õm Ô›>
\V‚œÏÔ^”.. “ ∏^ÁeÔ^ ÿƒF•D EÆEÆ / ∏ÁwÔ”¬zD / ÔıÔπ_
\V‚œÏÔ^
√u≈Vm ÿÂÚ©A¬ / Ô∫z ƒV©√V‚Ω_ c©A¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD zÁ≈Õ>>uÔVÔ
c[ / z´K¬z^ {ΩkÕm zÁ´¬ÔVm ÂVF
ÂVF” . “ ÿ√uº≈VÏÔ^ ̶© /
∏ˆB›]uzˆB ∂ÕWB´V˛© ÿ√ÆkÏ \ˆBVÁ>
\ˆBVÁ>” (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.66á68). z|D√D ®[√m ÿ´e›´D √wÔ ∞u≈ ÷¶t_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ
kı>Vƒ[. ŒÚkÏ ÿ√VÁ≈ ÷ÚkÏ Â‚A ®™ s‚|¬ ÿÔV|›m kVw© √w˛™V_
>V[ T| T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ∂BÈkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ÂVD √wzD ÂVÔˆÔD
ÿƒVÕ> T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ®™ºk ÂD T‚Ω_ ÂVtÚ¬zD º√Vm ∂BÈkÏ T‚Ω_
÷Ú©√m º√V[≈ ÂVÔˆÔ›Á> ∂–ƒˆ›m© √w˛™V_ ®©√Ω ÷Ú¬zD
®[√>Á™ºB >tw[√[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

“T‚Ω_ ∂kÏ>D cÏÿkøflEÔÁe ÷B_√VÔ ®Õ> \™›>Á¶•t[§


ÿkπl|kVÏ ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe› >D º>Ák¬ºÔu≈Vuº√V_ g∫ÔV∫ºÔ º√V‚|
Ák©√VÏ. c° x>_ ∂Á™›m› º>ÁkÔÁe•D ∂Ák √u§B
s\σ™∫ÔÁe•D ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔºk ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ”. “g™V_ ∂kº´
÷[ÿ™VÚkˆ[ T| ÿƒ[≈V_ º\u√Ω ∂Á™›m ∂Dƒ∫ÔπKD >D
cÏÿkøflEÔÁe ∂¶¬˛ ∂kuƬz º\ºÈ ŒÚ ∑BÔ‚|©√V‚|© º√VÏÁk
∂ËÕm ÿÔV^kVÏ; gÁ¶BËÔπ_ ŒÚ ÊÏÁ\ º√bkVÏ. c´¬Ô© º√ƒ\V‚¶VÏ.
c° √u§B s\σ™∫ÔÁe x[Ák¬Ô \V‚¶VÏ. ÷©√ΩBV™ º√VÏÁk º√VÏ›>
WÁȺB, ‘ÂVÔˆÔD’ ®[Æ Ì≈©√|˛≈m”. “º\uz§›>
º\uz§›> z|D√ ƒJÔ
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ôπ[ *>V™ {Ï Œ©∏B_ s\σ™\VÔºk º\u∑‚ΩB
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ∂Á\˛≈m. ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_
º√¬ÌΩB ÂVÔˆÔ∫ÔÁefl ÿƒVÕ> T‚ΩºÈ º√ˬ ÿÔV^e xΩÕ>V_
z|D√›]_ ®w¬ÌΩB cÏflE© ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ √ÈkuÁ≈› yÏ›ms¶ÈVº\
gºÈVƒÁ™”55 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
®[√m ÔsQÏ >ÚD gºÈVƒÁ™

z|D√fl E¬Ô_Ô”¬z› yÏ° ÔV‚|D ºÂV¬zÁ¶Bm ®[≈ kÁÔl_


÷¬ÔsÁ> Ôk™›]uz cˆBm. g™V_ ®Àke° #´D ∂–√k ƒV›]BD ®[√m

173
skV>›]uzˆBm. ÷©√Ω ÂVÔˆÔD º√bD WÁÈl_ T| T¶VÔ
(s|>ÁÈ•Ï°¶[ kVøD ÷¶\VÔ) ÷Ú¬z\V? ®[˛≈ s™V sÁ™•D
®ø©A˛[≈VÏ. ÷m ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ Â_ÈkÏ ®[≈ s™V Â\¬z^ ®øD. ÷Õ>
s™VÁk¬ ÔsÁ>lºÈºB ®ø©∏ sÁ¶>Õm^eVÿ´™°D ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.

÷©√Ω ¬ ºÔ‚ÔÈVD ¿ / ÷m ÿƒBuÁÔB_ÈkV? á ÷m s™V ®[ ÿƒFkm /


gÁ¶Ì¶fl ÿƒBuÁÔ>Vº™ / ®[√m sÁ¶ ®™¬ z§©∏|√kÏ ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|k>[Æ
∂>uz› >tw[√[ kw∫zD sÁ¶.

“®Àke°
®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω? / ºÔ‚ÔÈVD ¿ ®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω ®[Æ
∑kVE©√m √u§¬ ºÔ‚√VBV? ®™› >tw[√[ ®ø©AD √]_ s™Vºk
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ ÔV›>k§B ∂>uÔV™ sÁ¶BVzD. ÷©√Ω ÷ÚÕ>V_
T|T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬z\V ®[√m ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ ®ø©AD s™V. ÷©√Ω
÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ T| T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ®[√m >V[ >tw[√M[ c^eVÏÕ>
ce¬˛Á¶BV™ sÁ¶. ‘ÿƒBuÁÔBV™
ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ÂVÔˆÔ\VÔ
ÂVÔˆÔ\VÔ’
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB–¬z©√|km ‘÷BuÁÔBV™
÷BuÁÔBV™ ∑kVƒ\VÔºk
∑kVƒ\VÔºk’ >tw[√™V_
x[ Ák¬Ô©√‚|^em. ÷m >[Á™© º√VȺk>[ z|D√›>VÏ
cÏ°ÔÁe•D \]¬Ô©√wÔ ºkı|D ®[≈ \º™V√Vk›][ ÿkπ©√Vº¶.
÷∫z>V[ ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿku§ÿ√Æ˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´k_ JflE_ ®k[ ∑kVE©√V[ ®™¬ ºÔ‚zD ºÔ^s•D, ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω ®™fl ∑kVE©√m √u§¬ ºÔ‚¶VBV ®™ ®ø©√©√|D
ºÔ^s•D kÕ>Á¶•D Œº´ √]_ ®[√m ‘÷B_º√
÷B_º√ ∑√Vk\V™ ∂wz
∂wz’
®[√m >Vº™? ÷Ák BV°º\ ÷B_√VÔ ÷Ú©√Á> >[MB_∏_ >V™VÔ,
÷Ú©√Á>ºB ]BV™\VÔ¬ ÔVk_È ÿƒ[ \º™V√Vk›][
ÿkπ©√V|Ôºe” 56 .
ÿkπ©√V|Ôºe

“÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ) ®_ÈV¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”D √¬ÔD √¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›m© º√∑k>uÔV™ ∂ø›>\V™
EÕ>Á™ÔÁe•D, z§X|ÔÁe•D, ÿ>VMÔÁe•D ÿÔVı|
se∫z˛[≈™. ®™¬z ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©∏_ tÔ°D ∏Ω›>
ÔsÁ>BVÔ©√|km ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ ®[≈
ÔsÁ>BVzD. ÂÔ´kVEBV™ Â|›>´ kÏ¬Ô \M>M[ \™WÁÈÔÁe©
174
√¶D ∏Ω¬zD ∂uA>\V™ ŒÚÔsÁ>BVzD. \M>[ >[ ∂Ô›]uz^
®›>ÁÔB ∂E∫Ô\V™ ŒÚ ∏≈sBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[√Á>•D, ÿkπºB
®›>ÁÔB ºk¶∫Ô^ ®_ÈVD >[ xÔ›]_ ØE¬ ÿÔV^˛≈V[ ®[√Á>•D
>tw[√–¬ºÔ cˆB √VËl_ ÿƒV_o ÷Ú¬˛≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>. ÿkπºB
ÔΩ›>k[ T‚Ω_ ƒV©√V‚Ω_ c©A¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD zÁ≈Õ>>uÔVÔ c[ /
z´K¬z^ {ΩkÕm zÁ´¬ÔVm ÂVF ®[ÆD ∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬zDº√Vm /
gΩ¬ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD ÔV_Ô^ / g¶V>√Ω Ô°´kD ÔV¬zD ®[ÆD
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ kÕmÌ|Dº√Vm >tw[√[ √πflÿƒ™ ÿkπ©√|˛≈VÏ.
º\KD >D \™ \VπÁÔl_ Â_È Â_È ÔV‚EÔÁe ÂÁ™B s¶V\_
∂|¬˛Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^kmD, º>Ák©√‚¶ ∂պ´›]_ ∂ÁkÔÁe¬
ÔV‚EBVÔºk kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ kΩ›ÿ>|©√mD {Ï cBÏÕ> ÔÁÈQM[
÷BuÁÔBV™ z\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[≈ ]≈™VFkVeÏ ÌuƬzD
>tw[√[” 57.
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ se∫z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[

‘÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ’ >[ T‚ΩKD ÷Ú¬Ô xB_km ®[≈


÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe’ ®[–D ÔsÁ>l_ ®ø©√©√‚|^e
ºÔ^sÔ”¬z sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ÔsÁ>BVÔ ∂Á\Õ]B_˛[≈m. z|D√D ®[˛≈
WÆk™›]_ z|D√› >ÁÈk´V_ \u≈ z|D√›>kÏ √V]¬Ô©√|km z§›>m ‘sÁ¶
˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe’. ÔsQ´VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ŒÚ z|D√› >ÁÈkÁ´ ∂kÏ
z|D√›>VÚD ®]ÏT‚|¬ÔV´ÚD >D º>ÁkÔÁe WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>uÔVÔ WÏ√Õ]¬
zxÔ\VÔ ÔsQ´VÔ ÷Ú©√Á>© ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>V© º√V¬ÁÔ©√u§Bm. ÔV˛>›]uz
k´V> ŒÚ ÔsÁ>? ÔsÁ> ®ø>V> ÔV˛>D \πÁÔ¬ÔÁ¶© √‚ΩBo¶ \Á™s¬zD,
s|xÁ≈¬ ÔΩ>D ®ø> \Ô–¬zD; ºÔVÈD º√V‚|©√VÏ¬Ô \Ú\Ô”¬zD
\Áw¿Ï¬z‚Á¶l_ Ô©√_ s¶© º√›]¬zD; ÔVmzÁ¶B ®]Ï T‚|¬ÔV´Ú¬zD
º>Ák©√|˛[≈m.

“c^ºe
c^ºe ]ÚD∏¬ / ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ºÔ‚º¶[; c[Á™© ∏≈z ®ø]¬
ÿÔV^e‚|\V ÔV˛>D / >™¬z ∂kEBt_ÁÈ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ÿƒV[™m /
®©º√VmD ®[Á™ ®ø> ºkı¶VD
ºkı¶VD” (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.9á10).

“ÂV[ ÔsÁ> ®ø>ºkı|D. ÔV˛>D ®|¬˛º≈[. ÔsÁ>ÁB


\™›]uz^ºeºB Ák›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô xΩBVm. xu§B ÔÚÁk© ∏´ƒs©√m
175
º√VȬ ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ø]Ák›ms¶ ºkı|D. ∂©ÿ√Vøm>V[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔsÁ> ∑´©√>uz \™›]_ ÷¶D ∞u√|D”. “ÂV[
ÂV[ ÔsQ[ ®[√Á> ÷kÏÔ^
ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>s_ÁÈ. z|D√›>ÁÈk[ ®[≈ xÁ≈l_ ∂k´kÏ
º>ÁkÔÁe ÂV[ WÁ≈ºku≈ ºkı|D. ÔsÁ> ®ø>V\_ ®[™V_
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBs_ÁÈ ®[√Á> ÷kÏÔ^ ∞uÔs_ÁÈ.
AˆÕmÿÔV^es_ÁÈ. ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD ÂV[ ÷¶D ÿÔV|›ms‚º¶[.
÷kÏÔ”D ®[Á™ kV‚|˛≈VÏÔ^. ®[M¶tÚÕm ®[Á™ºB ∏|∫˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[” 58 ®™
ÿÔV^˛≈VÏÔ^. ÂV[ ®m°D ÷_ÈV\_ g˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[
s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.

ÔsÁ> ®ø>V> / ÔV˛>D Œ[§ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ / ®[ÿ™[™


ºkı|ÿ\™ / ®ø]B–©√ ºkı|D. \πÁÔ¬ÔÁ¶¬z .... / \Á™s ºÔ‚¶V_ /
kVƒ_ / \Áw¿Ï¬ zÁ¶l_ / Ô©√_ s|k>uz ÷Õ>¬ ÔV˛>D / ®™¬z ºkı|D /
º√›] ÿ>V¶∫˛™V^ ∂¶D∏Ω¬Ô. (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬. 9á10) . ‘ÔV˛>›]uz
k´V> ÔsÁ>’ z|D√ WÆk™›]KD ƒJÔ ÷Ú©∏KD ‘>V[ >V™VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô
÷BÈV\_’ >s¬Ô ºÂÚD ∂kÈ›Á>, z|D√›>ÁÈk´V™ >™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD
ÔsQÁ™› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔV^e \V‚¶V\_ z|D√›>V´VKD ®]Ï T‚¶V´VKD
WÔμ›>©√|D zƬˇ|ÔeV_ zÁ\kÁ>¬ z§›m WÔμk>V˛[≈m. ÷>uz
\Æ√¬Ô\VÔ z|D√›>ÁÈk´V_ ∞Á™B z|D√ cÆ©∏™Ï \™¬ÔVBD √¶ ºÂÚD
∂kÈ∫ÔÁe sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈m. ÷ÀsÚ
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬zD ÿ√VmkV™ ª|ƒ´D ®[√m z|D√ WÆk™›]_ ŒÚkÏ
\uÿ≈VÚkˆ[ \™°Ï°ÔÁe© ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>V\_ A≈¬ÔË©√Á>•D;
®|›ÿ>§Õm º√∑kÁ>•D; ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD \u≈kÏ WÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕm ∂kÏÔπ_
ŒÚkÁ´ ŒÚkÏ AˆÕm ÿÔV^e xBÈV> \™© º√V¬zÔÁe•D; AˆÕmÏs[
∂ÁÈ ¿È Œ›]Áƒ° ∂kÏÔ”¬z ÷Á¶ºB Œ›mk´V\_ ∂kÏÔ”¬˛Á¶l_
sˆƒ_Ô^ ºÂÏkÁ>•D ÿkÀºkÆ s>›]_ x[ Ák©√™ºk \‚|\_ÈV\_ sÁ¶
˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe xu∑‚ΩB ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[
√V|ÿ√VÚ”¬z \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ°D; ÷]_ ®ø©√©√‚|^e ºÔ^sÔ^ ∂¬ÔsÁ>l_
÷>uÔV™ sÁ¶ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶•xÔ\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√™ºk. ÷Ák BV°D
ŒÚ ∏´flEÁ™l[ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D ®ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬
ÁÔBVı| ÷Ú>´©AÔÁe•D ∂>™>[ ºÔV›]KD ºÂV¬zWÁÈlKD
176
∂b˛› >tw[√[ √[xÔ\VÔ› >D ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬ Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ ®[≈
√V∫˛_ ÂVD Ôk™∫ Ì≈›>¬Ô™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷ÀsÚÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿkÀºkÆ
s>\V™ kVE©AÔ”¬z ÷¶Õ>´¬ÌΩB™kVÔ°D, ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ô”¶[ Œ©A
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™kVÔ°D, ÿkÀºkÆ s\σÔÏ √VÏÁkl_ ÿkÀºk≈VÔ s>Õº>V]fl
E≈©∏¬Ô©√¶¬ÌΩB™kVÔ°D Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|^e >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>fl
ƒV>Á™ ÂDt_ sB©∏_ gμ›>k_È>VÔ°D c^em. ÷∫ºÔ
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.

“ÿÔVfiƒ\Vkm
ÿÔVfiƒ\Vkm / ∂§sÚ¬˛≈>V c™¬z / ®m¬z WÈD kV∫Ô
ºkı|D / c¶º™ / ®[Á™•D c[Á™•D AÁ>¬ÔkV? / ∂k^ xÔ›]_
÷ÚÕ> / WÈV / cÁ¶√‚|fl E>§Bm / “\ÚÕm
\ÚÕm / kV∫˛›>Vº™ >Ú˛º≈[ /
\Æ√Ω•D \Æ√Ω•D / Âflƒ ºkı|\V ÷©√Ω? / ∂©√VÁkfl ƒo›m¬
ÿÔVı¶ / ÷Õ> kV¬˛B∫ÔÁe/ c^ºe ÷ø›m©º√V‚| / ÂV[ /
c>|ÔÁefl ƒV›]lÚ¬Ô ºkı|D / \´›][ / ÁÔÔÁe© ∏Ω›m¬
ÿÔVı| / ∂©√V ÿÔfiE™VÏ
ÿÔfiE™VÏ” (√Mÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.49á50).

÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩºB ‘c_ÈVƒ© √BD’ ŒÀÿkVÚ xÁ≈•D º√VF›>V[


ÿ>VÁÈBb\V? ®–D ÂÔD xÁe›> ºÔ^sBV_ \Ôπ[ gÁƒº\_ søÕ>
ˇ≈ÈV_ ∂kÏ A≈©√|Dº√Vm \Ô^ kVƒu√Ωl_ W_ÈV\_ xÔD ÿ>V∫˛© º√V™
ÿkÆÁ\ÁB WÆ›] sÈ˛fl ÿƒ_kÁ>•D; ∂|›> \V>D Am ˝[¸ kV∫˛¬
ÿÔVı¶V_ º√V>V>V ∂m¬z ®>uz ∂kƒ´D ®[≈kÏ ÿÔV]¬Ô Ák›>
kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ A≈©√|x[ sÁ¶ÿƒV_o©º√VzD \Ôπ[ جzD xÔxD ‚¶\V˛
s‚¶m ∂kϬz ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe”.

“÷Às´ı|
÷Às´ı| ÔsÁ>Ô”º\ z|D√¬ Ô‚¶Á\©∏[ √ı√V‚|
WÁÈÁB Á\B©√|›]BÁk. x>ÈVkm ÔsÁ> (÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_)
√ı√V| EÁ>BV\oÚ©√>uÔV™ x[ÿ™flƒˆ¬ÁÔBVÔ© º√ˬ
ÿÔV^e©√¶ºkıΩB \™ keD √u§Bm. \u≈m, º√Vm ÿkπ©√|›]B
kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ ÿÂVÕm º√V™ \™∫Ô^ √u§B Ôas´¬Ô\VzD.
∂–√k©√]°” 59 .
x>ÈVkm ∂§°Á´; \u≈m ∂–√k©√]°

177
‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁel_’ ÔsÁ>ºBV| ‘kÆÁ\©√V|’ ®–D ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔsÁ>•D Œ©∏‚| ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôº>.

“ÔÏ›>º´
ÔÏ›>º´ / \´›][ x[̶ ŒÚ ÔÁ¶E© º√V¤™D / c\¬z
÷ÚÕ>m x>_ º√V¤™›m¬z / x[™VºÈºB ÂV∫Ô^ xΩÕm
º√V˛º≈VD” 60
º√V˛º≈VD

“kÆÁ\l[
kÆÁ\l[ ÿÔV|Á\ÁB© º√∑D kÆÁ\©√V| ‘(ªÁ\ÿkl_)
(ªÁ\ÿkl_)
(ªÁ\ÿkl_)’
ÔsÁ>•D, √Vƒ© ∏Á©A¬zD ÿ√VÚπB_ƒVÏ√u≈V¬zÁ≈
WÁÈÁ\Ô”¬ztÁ¶l_ E¬˛› >s¬zD z|D√› >ÁÈkÁ´¬
ÔV‚E©√|›mD ‘sÁ¶ ºkÁe’ ÔsÁ>•D (gw\V™ cÏ°›
sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
>´∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı¶) ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ∑‚¶›>¬Ô™. ÷´ıΩKD gw\V™
ºƒVÔD ÷ÁwºBV|kÁ> cF›m´ xΩ•D. gl´D kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_
sˆ›m©º√ƒ ºkıΩB m[√ámB´ WÁÈÔÁe tÔ O‚√\VÔ°D ∂–√k
>Ú˛[≈™” 61 ®[√VÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
xøÁ\•¶–D ÷ÀsÚ ÔsÁ>Ô^ >Ú˛[≈™

“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ ƒx>VB©√VÏÁk á z§©√VÔ kϬԩ √VÏÁkƒVÏ
Ôs›mk›][ E≈©√V™ ÿkπ©√V|Ô”^ Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÀkV¬ÔD
(kÆÁ\©√V|)’ Ôˬԩ√¶›>¬Ôm. ‘sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD
‘(kÆÁ\©√V|)
(kÆÁ\©√V|) sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
ºkÁe’ ÔsÁ> {Ï
{´∫Ô ÂV¶Ô¬ ÔV‚Eº√V_ sˆkm, ŒÚ W´Õ>´ kϬԬ z|D√› >ÁÈkˆ[
÷B∫zWÁÈÔÁe ºÂÏxÔ¬ ÔV‚EÔeVÔ x[ Ák›m cÏflEÁB keÏ›m
ÂÔÏ›]fl ÿƒ_km ÷¬ÔsÁ>. ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁe ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D º√Vm
cÏflE kƒ©√‚| kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe¬ ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ºÔV√›Á> ÿkπ©√|›mkmD
∏[™Ï ∂kuƬÔVÔ¬ Ôas´¬Ô©√|km\V™ ƒ´Vƒˆ\™D ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
ÂD ÔV‚E¬z kÚ˛≈m. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÂDÁ\ºB Â\¬z©
A≈WÁÈBVÔ¬ ÔV‚E©√|›m˛≈m ®™ÈVD. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ∂–√kfl ÿƒ§°D
ÿ\FDÁ\•D t¬Ô ÔsÁ> ÷m. kÆÁ\©√V|, sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ gw\V™ ƒJÔ cÏs[ ∏aƒV≈VÔ
ÿkπ©√‚¶ÁkBVzD. ÷ku§_ \V–¶D º√∑˛≈m. ƒx>VBD \uÆD
√ı√V| ƒVÏ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ cBÏ>´\V™ Œ[≈VÔ á ÷>Á™
sÁw˛º≈[” 62 .
sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe ÔsÁ>ÁBfl ∑‚¶ sÁw˛º≈[

178
sÁ¶˛Á¶›> ºkÁel[ x›>VF©A ®[™ºkV sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ
®[√Á>›>V[ ∑‚Ω Wu˛[≈m. “®[ºÔ^sÔÁe
®[ºÔ^sÔÁe ÷©√Ω / ®™¬z› >BVˆ›m¬
ÿÔV|›> / kVμ¬ÁÔl¶D / ÂV[ ºÔ‚Ô ºkıΩB ºÔ^sÔÁe / ÷´s_
ºÔ‚º¶[. kVμ¬ÁÔ / ®™¬zˆB sÁ¶ÔÁefl ÿƒV_È / sΩBÁÈ ®[M¶D
∂–©∏ Ák›>m / sΩl_ Œ[ÆD ÿƒV_Ⱥk ÷_ÁÈ
÷_ÁÈ” (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_,
√.51).

“∂kÏ
∂kÏ º√V[≈ ÿ√ÚÕÿ>VÁÔBV™ Â|›>´ kϬÔD z|D√›
>ÁÈkÏÔ^ ∂Õ> sÁ¶•¶[ ÌΩB sΩBÁÈ› º>Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^.
÷m>V[ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>VM©ÿ√VÚ^. ÷Ȭ˛BD ∂–√k›Á>
Á\B©√|›] WuzDº√Vm ∂m clÏ›mΩ©AÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ÷Õ>¬
∂©√ΩºB” 63 ®[≈ º√V]KD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ
ÔsÁ>•D ∂©√ΩºB
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^e ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_
÷>uÔV™ √]_ÔÁe ÂD\V_ ÷™D ÔV xΩ•D. ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe
¶©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛B ÂÔÏkVÔ ÷™D ÔVı√m¶[ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô
xÁ≈Á\Ôπ_ Œ[≈VÔ°D ∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD. ÷m√u§B QVMl[
√]sÁ™ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ >[ >ÕÁ>ÁB© √u§ºBV, ª›m¬zπ \V\VÁk©
√u§ºBV ÔsÁ>l_ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒV[™VKD ÷›>ÁÔB \M>ÏÔ^ ÂD
ƒJÔ›]_ ÂVD ÔV kVμÕ>, kVμ˛[≈ ®›>Á™ºBV \M>ÏÔπ_
÷kÏÔ”D ŒÚ EÈÏ ®[Æ ÂD\V_ AˆÕm ÿÔV^e ÷BKD. ÷m°D
Œ[Æ” 64 .
ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô xÁ≈Ôπ_ Œ[Æ “÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_ (√Ëÿ√F•D
√Ô_) c^e √È ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷›>ÁÔB cϺkV| ÂVD kVE¬˛º≈VD.
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÂDÁ\ ÷©√Ωfl ÿƒFms‚¶m. kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ÁÔÔπ_ ∂Ô©√‚|
Â\¬z^ EÆ›ms‚º¶VD. \u≈kÏÔπ[ \˛μflEÁB¬ ÿÔ|¬˛º≈VD
kVμ¬ÁÔ á ÷m ƒJÔ kVμ¬ÁÔ. ƒJÔ›][ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ”¬z ÷Á¶l_
ºkı|D” 65.
ÂVD ÷Ú¬˛º≈VD. ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔÁB›>V[ ÂVD kVμÕ>VÔ ºkı|D

“kVμ¬ÁÔ
kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[Á™ ÷©√Ω Ák›m^em ®[√m ŒÚkÁÔl_
ƒ\V>V™D ÂV[ ®[™ ÿƒFB xΩ•D? ÂV–D >V[ ∂[A ÿƒF˛º≈[.
ŒÚ ƒ\BD ®[ \Á™sÁB, zwÕÁ>ÔÁe¬ ºÔV∏›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD
179
÷[ÿ™VÚ ƒ\BD ∂[A ÿƒF˛º≈[” 66
ÿƒF˛º≈[ “®™
®™ ÷Ú>´©A
∂_ÈV‚¶∫ÔÁe•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ku§uz ª¶VÔ Á\B›]_
zsÕ> {Ï cÏsoÚÕm ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D c^e¶¬˛© √VÏ©√m; ∂Õ>
{Ï cÏs[ Á\B›]oÚÕm cÈÔ›Á>ºB c^e¶¬˛© √VÏ©√m ®[˛≈
kÁÔlÈV™ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô xÁ≈BVÔ ÷>Á™ QVM ÷™DÔı|
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ” 67. “∂w˛[
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ∂w˛[ xÔkˆlÁ™ ÿÔV|Á\¬z ®]´VÔ¬ ÿÔVΩ
∏Ω¬zD xÔD EkÕ> ÿƒVuÔπ_; ∂WBVB∫Ôπ[ \VÏ∏_ √VFÕm
ÿÔV‚|D zÚ]ºBV| ÿkπkÚD Ô‚¶Vˆ¬ ÌÏÁ\l_; º√VoÔπ[
xÔ›]Á´ ˛a¬zD ∂ƒ_Ôπ[ g›]´›]_; ÿ√VFDÁ\ÔÁe
∂D√È©√|›mD ƒ›]B›][ gºkƒ›]_; ]BVÔ ºk^sl_ gz]BVÔ
gsÿƒVˆÕº>VÏ xÔ›]_ Ôı| ∂Á¶˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[
>tw[√[”..
(˛w¬z ƒV´·D, √¬.31á33)

“∂w˛BK¬ÔV™
∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ >M¬ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ ®[Æ kÕ>º> ∂w˛B_ EÁ>Õ>
÷¶›]_ >V[. Â[≈VÔ ºBVE›m© √VÏ›>V_ ÂV[ º√V´V‚¶›Á>
®øm˛º≈[ ®[Æ ÿƒV_km ̶ ∂w˛B_ \Ƭԩ√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ÿkÀºkÆ
s>∫Ôπ_ ∂>Á™ *‚ÿ¶|©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ>V[; ∂w˛B_
\Ƭԩ√|D º√Vm ∂w˛B_ ∂kEBD ®[Æ ºÔVÚ˛≈k™VÔºk ÂV[
º√V´V‚¶D>V[” 68.
÷Ú¬˛º≈[. ∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔºB ŒÚ º√V´V‚¶D>V[

÷∫ºÔ >tw[√[ º√V´V‚¶›][ ∂w˛BÁÈ© º√∑xÔ\VÔ°D ÷[zÈV©


∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶›Á>© º√∑xÔ\VÔ°D Œº´ A^πl_ ƒÕ]¬˛[≈™Ï.
÷›m¶[ ®›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> >™¬z› º>Ák ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.

“kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe
kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe / kw∫zD x[ kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ®™¬z kw∫Ô ŒÚ
ÔsÁ> ºkı|D
ºkı|D” . “ sa©Á√ {Ï / gÁ¶ÁB© º√V_ ∂sμ›m
®§Õms‚| c≈¬Ô¬ ze›]_ ÿ>V©ÿ√[Æ z]©º√[ ∂©º√Vm /
gÁ¶ÁB› >V–D ∂sμ›m ®§Õms‚| / ®[º™V| z]¬Ô kÚ\V ŒÚ
ÔsÁ>? kV¬˛B∫ÔÁe / \ΩBV¬˛ ®[Á™¬ ˛¶›]¬ ÿÔVı| / >ÁÈ
ºÔV]s¶¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÁÔl_ / s´_Ô”D √VƒxD ÷ÚÕ>V_ º√VmD
®Õ> s\σÔ[ √u§•D / ÷_ÁÈ ÔkÁÈ ®™¬z / ∂Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>¬z
®[Á™ºB >Õms|ºk[ √ˆƒVÔ
√ˆƒVÔ” (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ,
180
√¬.90á93). kVμ¬ÁÔÁB kw∫zD ÔsÁ> ºkı|D; saJΩ› mlo_ z]¬zD
Ô™s[ ÿ\Val_ WÚkV\VF c¶[ zπ¬zD ÔsÁ> ºkı|D. (sa©Á√
∂sμ›m c≈¬Ô¬ ze›]_ z]›>_ ®[√m saJΩ› mlÈVøD ÔÁÈÿ\Va
z§›> √Ω\D) kV¬˛B \Ω ˛¶›] kVfiÁƒºBV| >ÁȺÔV]s¶ k_È ÔsÁ>
ºkı|D. ∂›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>¬z› >[Á™ºB >Úºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ, x[A
c∫Ô”¬ÿÔ[Æ ŒÚ ÔsÁ> ÷ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ ∂>uz› >[Á™ºB›
>Úºk[ (÷´k_ Jfl∑D ÷´°©√V¶KD) ®[≈kÏ. ÷∫ºÔ Eu∏l[ √]Ák•D
÷›m¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

“EȺkÁe
EȺkÁe º>Vw–D gzD á mB´xD mÁ¶¬zD ÷Úı¶
\™›]_ se¬ÁÔ•D ∞uÆD. t[™ÁÈ© º√V_ cÏ°Ô”¬z ÿkπflƒ
Œ›>¶D ÿÔV|¬zD. ÷m>V[ ÔsÁ> ÿƒF•D \VBD. ÷Õ> \º™V>›mkfl
√Á¶¬˛º≈[” 69.
E˛flÁƒ¬ÔVÔºk ÂV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ºÂE›m© √Á¶¬˛º≈[

‘Ô™ÔVD√´∫Ô”D ΩƒD√ϩجԔD’ ‘∂´π©Øs[ ∂øÁÔ’ ®[Æ


®_ÈVxD \\u≈ \ÈÏÔ”D \VÁÈBVÔ© Ø°D √V|ÿ√VÚeVl™.
Ô™ÔVD√´∫Ô”D, ΩƒD√ϩجԔD ÔsÁ>l_ \Õ>™. ∂´π©Ø
ÔsÁ>BV´D g™m. ÷mº√VÈ >tw[√[ ÁÔl_ ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ•D ÔsÁ> \z¶D
>ˆ¬˛[≈m.

“>Vk´¬
>Vk´¬ zu≈kVπBV / ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚| ∂|¬z T|Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB /
®[T‚| ®]ˆ_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ? ÔVk_mÁ≈l[ AÈ[
sƒV´Á º√VÈ ÔVuÆ / ÷>[ z|tÁB© / ∏Ω›m ∂Á≈˛≈m ÷´°
√Ô_Ôπ_ / º√∑k>uz¬ ̶ ®Õ>fl ÿƒΩÿÔVΩ•D / ∂Ú˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
∂|¬z\Á™¬ zΩlÚ©A¬ / zwÕÁ>Ôπ[ ∂øÁÔ Œo ºÔ‚º¶ /
keÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂|¬z \Á™Ôπ_ / ∂∫Ô∫z ÿ>V‚ΩÔπ_ x¬˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ÿƒΩÔ^ ®‚Ω© √VÏ›>™. ~w›>twÁ™ / ÷∫z^e
>twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_; / ∞ÿ™[Æ ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ˛≈m ∂Ú˛_ º√VF?
º√VF?”
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.111á114)

“sÁ>¬zD
sÁ>¬zD Ô´xD, keϬzD Ô´xD ∂§BV\_, kVΩ
k>∫˛¬ÔVFÕm TμÕm \Ω•D kÁ´ ®_ÈV ˝k´VEÔπ[ A≈¬ÔË©∏uzD

181
geV˛ WuzD {Ï ∂]ƒB kVμ° ∂>uz ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>V_, gkD ∂uÆ
∂Á\]BVF ÿƒVÕ>¬ÔVo_ ÿƒVÕ> kVμs_ kVøD ∂Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ
®[™ WÁ™¬˛≈m ®[√m ®™¬zD ÿ>ˆBVm; ®kϬzD ÿ>ˆBVm.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫z^e >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_ Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿƒΩ, ÔsxΩ
AÁ™Õm ∂´∫ºÔ§Bm. ÷Õ> g´kV´, gÏ©√V‚¶ cÈ˛_ ∂¶¬Ô\VÔ
∂Á\]BVÔ gw\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>© √ıÁ ¶›] kÚ√kÏ ÔsQÏ
>tw[√[. ∂>™V_>V[, ∂k´V_ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ¬zD Ôs\VÁÈ
AÁ™B xΩÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩÁB© √u§© º√∑D º√VmD, \u≈
Wu˛≈m” 70 .
ÔsÁ>ÔπKD \M> ºÂBº\ º\ºÈV∫˛ Wu˛≈m

“®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ¬z ÂD ƒJÔ›]_ ®Õ> \ˆBVÁ>•D ÷_ÁÈ. EÈ´m


\´›]uz ∂m c>°˛≈m. ÔÚ¬ÔÁÈ©A¬z¬ ÿÔV˘´\V™ xÁ≈l_
√B[√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^. ®Ú¬ÁÔ, ˛´V\∫Ôπ_ ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ŒÚ sÔV´\VF,
Ôƒ©√VF √]kV˛•^em”.

“ÂÔ´›]_ ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ¬z ®[™ \ˆBVÁ> ˛Á¶¬zD?..... ÂVÔˆÔ©


ÿ√Ú¬ÔD ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩÁB ®©√Ω¬ ÔkM¬zD? ˛´V\∫ÔÁe s‚| ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z
kÕm ºƒÏÕm s‚º¶VD Â\¬z^ ®πÁ\ ÷_ÁÈ; ®πB kˆÔÁe ºÂE¬zD ∂[A
÷_ÁÈ; E‚|¬ zÚsÔ^ ̶ Â\¬z ÷[Æ º>Ákl_ÁÈ”. “ ÂVD ®Á>
÷wÕº>VD, ®Á>© ÿ√uº≈VD? ºkÏÔÁe ÷wÕº>VD; ∂È∫ÔV´∫ÔÁefl
ÛΩ¬ ÿÔVıº¶VD. Â\¬z^ √M ~´D ÷[–D c^e>V? Ek[ ∂´π©
ØÁk ∂ËÕm ÿÔVı¶V[; ®Ú¬Ô\ÈÏÔÁe ∂ËÕm ÿÔVı¶V[.
®πÁ\l_ >V[ ÷Á≈k[; ®πÁ\l_>V[ ∂wz; ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩºBV|
ÂVD ÷[–D º√ƒ›>V[ ºkı|D. ÂDÁ\ ÂVD Ôwu§¬ ÿÔVı¶V_,
º√ƒxΩ•D” 71.
c]Ï›m¬ ÿÔVı¶V_, ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩºBV| ÂVD ÷[–D º√ƒxΩ•D

‘zs ÷Ï© A_oÁÈ ®Ú¬ÔD’ gl–D ‘Ô¶°^ º√ºD ®[™Vm’ ®™fl


ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ x>_ ; “\ıÔ›m©
\ıÔ›m© ØÕmπÔ^ ∂[≈ÈÏÕ> ÷>μÔÁ¶l_
√V_kaB” 72 ®™ E∑¬ÿÔVÁÈ √u§ ∂.zºƒÔ´[ ÔÚ›m
ÿk^ÿeÚ¬ÔD √V_kaB
∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m.

182
®™fl E∑¬ ÿÔVÁÈ √u§© º√∑D Á«¬Ì ÔVÈD kÁ´ ®Ú¬ÔDØ°D
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ g˛›>V[ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. √ÁÔB´ƒÏ WÈ∫Ôπ_ ®Ú¬ÁÔ•D
®^Áe•D sÁ>›m¬ ÔøÁ> ∞Ï Ø‚Ω cø>Á> k´ÈVÆ º√Efl ÿƒ_˛[≈m.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫z^e >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_ ∂|¬z \Á™Ôπ_ ∂∫Ô∫z
ÿ>V‚ΩÔπ_ x¬˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ÿƒΩÔ^ ®‚Ω© √VÏ›>™ ®[˛≈ ckÁ\
®›mÁ ∂ÚÁ\BV™ Œ[Æ. ÷©√Ω x›>VF©∏_ {´]ÏflEÁB ª‚Ω, ∞ÿ™[Æ
ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ˛≈m ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©A˛[≈m. xΩÕ> ∏[ *ı|D
ÔsÁ>ÁB *e°D kVE›>V_ ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚¶ >Vk´¬zu≈kVπ ®[˛≈º√Vm
ÿƒVÕ> ÂV‚ΩºÈºB ÂV|Ô¶›>©√‚¶ ∂Ô]ÔeVÔ zu≈kVπÔeVÔ©
√a∑\›>©√‚¶kÏÔeVÔ √¶V> √V|√|D ~w›>twÏ ∂kÈ∫Ô^ º\È]Ô Tfl∑¶[
ÂDx^ skˆ¬˛[≈™. ∞ÿ™[Æ º√VF ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ•D ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®[˛≈
º√Vm ∂©√Ω¬ºÔ‚Ô xB[≈V_ xB[≈kÏ √V|D sƒV´Á¬z geVÔ ºÂÚD
®[√Á>fl ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_ofl ÿƒ_˛[≈m. Â_È ∂´EB_ ÔsÁ>¬z
cˆ›>V™ ƒˆBV™ c>V´\VÔ ÷>Á™ ÂVD ÷™D ÔVxΩ˛[≈m. ÂD
√VÏÁk¬z *^ kVE©∏_ ∏Ω√¶ÈVzD cıÁ\Ô^ ~w›m¬ ÔÈVW]l[ √VÏÁk¬z
x>_ kVE©∏ºÈºB ∏Ω√‚|© º√V˛[≈™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ Â\¬z© ∏Ω√¶V>
cıÁ\Ô”D ̶›>V[. ∞ÿ™M_ ∂m ~wfl Ûwo_ kVF›m^e ∂–√k›>V_
∂kÚ¬zfl ƒV›]B©√‚¶>V˛[≈m.

“÷Õ> ÷¶›]_ >V[ (ÔÁ¶E kˆÔπ_) ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿkÆ\º™ ®Ú¬Ôfi


ÿƒΩÁB √u§© º√ƒkÕ> ÔsÁ> ∂_È ®[√mD ∂>uz ∂©√VK^e \uÿ≈VÚ
s≠B›Á>© º√ƒ kÕ>m ∂m ®[√mD ®D c^”Ïs_ √]˛[≈™. ∂Õ>
\uÿ≈VÚ s¶BD ~w›m› >twM[ ∂Ô]WÁÈBVzD”. ~w›m ∂Ô]\VÕ>ˆ[
∂|›> >ÁÈxÁ≈© ÿ√ıÔ”D gıÔ”D >twÔ› >twÚ^ ƒ\kB]™Ú¶[
ÔV>K≈° ∞u√|›]¬ ÿÔV^e¬ÌΩB ƒÕ>Ï©√ ÛμWÁÈÁB ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩl_
ÿ√VÚ›]¬ ÔV‚¶©√‚|^e xÁ≈Á\ z§›m ŒÚ x¬˛B\V™ ÔkM©∏uz cˆB
∂Dƒ\VÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

“ka>k§B
ka>k§B / kı›m© ØflE ŒÚÂV^ \B∫˛fl ∑u§Bm
÷>[º\_ / \Ú›mk\Á™l_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ºÂVBVπº√V_ xÔD ÿkπ§B
ª>V©Ø¬Ô^ / c‚ÔVÏÕ]ÚÕ> ÔVDAÔÁe s‚| / {Ωs¶› mΩ›>™ ∂Õ>

183
kı›m© ØflEºBV| ®[√>VÔ ∂Õ>¬ ÔV>uÔ™° WÁÈ ÂD Ôk™›m¬z
x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ka>k§B kı›m©ØflE >twÔ›m ÷eÕ>ÁÈ
xÁ≈ÁB•D {Ωs¶› mΩ¬zD ª>V©Ø ∂Ô]› >twˆ[ ÷eÕ>ÁÈ
xÁ≈l™Á´•D ÿ√VÚ›>x≈fl∑‚Ω Wu√™. ÷ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD sˆ›m©
ÿ√VÚ^ ÿÔV^e©√|D WÁÈl_ ÷Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÔsÁ> ~w›][
∂Ô]› >twÏ √u§B ∂–>V√›]u ∏≈Õ>m ®™ ª˛›>uzˆB>V˛≈m.
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ ∂§xÔ WÁÈlºÈºB ÷Õ> ªÔ›m¬ÔV™ sÁ>
ª[≈©√‚| s|˛[≈Á\ÁB, ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚¶ zu≈kVπ, ÔVk_mÁ≈l[
AÈ[sƒV´Á x>ÈV™ ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶ÏÔπ[ √l_WÁÈ cÏ›mD ~w›m
∂Ô]› >twÏÔÁe© √ˆ>V√›]uz cˆBkÏÔeVÔ ºÂV¬˛
∂ÕWB©√|›>ÈVÔVm ®™› >twÔ›]™Á´ ºÂV¬˛ s|s¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÚ
ºkı|ºÔV^ ®™ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB (~w›m› >tw™V˛B) BV[ cÏ˛º≈[.
“kı›m©
kı›m© ØflE \uÆD ª>V©Ø JÈD >VD ∑‚|D z§X‚|©
ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D kK∆‚¶ k_È ∂Ôfl ƒV[ÆÔeVÔ ~w›>VÁB© ÿ√uÿ≈|¬Ô¬
zÚ] EÕmD ºƒFÔ”¬z ®[ k¬ÔD ®™°D, ~w›>twflEÁB \Õm
ÿÔV^ c™¬ºÔ–D Ao©√V¬˛BD kVF¬Ô‚|D ®™› >tw[√[
÷Ú√›º>V´VD ±u≈Vı|› >tw–¬z xΩkVF x[ Ák¬zD ŒÚ ÿƒV_
ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ” 73 . ∞ÿ™[Æ
®™°D z§©∏‚¶ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ
º√VF¬ ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ•D. ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®–D ºÔ^sl_ ÿƒVÕ>fl ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^
m[√›]_ ƒV>_ Ôı|D ∑D\V ÷Ú¬Ô ºÂÚD ∂kÈD √]kV˛[≈m.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫z^e >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√VÈ ®[˛≈º√Vm cÁ´BV¶_
WÔμ›>V\_ ®‚Ω©√VÏ›>_ ®[˛≈ ∂esºÈºB ÷Ú¬zD ∂kÈD √]kV˛[≈m.
∏[ Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ>•D ~u≈ΩÔ”¬z© ∏[√V™ kVE©∏_ A›mlÏ©AD
Am©√ˆ\V∫Ô”D ÿ√≈ÈV˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB Ôs›mkt¬Ô ∂´EBu
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z º\KD √È c>V´∫ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD.

“√w¬Ô©√‚¶
√w¬Ô©√‚¶ kVμ¬ÁÔ / *‚¶ xΩBV> √V¶ÈV™º√Vm / ∂k[
\°™›][ ÷ƬԛÁ> cÁ¶›m / \ıÿ∫zD #sBm ÔVuÆ.
\¬Ô”¬ÔVÔ¬ / z´_ ÿÔV|›>V[ >ÔÏÕ> √VÈ∫Ôπ_ / >¶DA´ı¶
cıΩÔπ_ ÷ÚÁe© ∏a›m ∂´ƒV∫ÔD ®ø] Ák›>m ∂k[ ÿ√BÁ´
sƒV´ÁÔπ_ / ∂kπ¶D ∏[ ÔVB∫Ôπ_ Øtl[ ÷´›>D kaÕ>m.
184
÷´ÔEB∫Ôπ_ ∂k[ / ]BV˛BV™k[ ∂Õ> / ÷´ÔEB∫Ô^ cÁ¶√|D
{ÁƒÁB / k´ÈVu§[ ÿƒs‚|fl ÿƒsÔ^ ºÔ‚Ôºk ÷_ÁÈ. ∂k[ /
\´›Á>› >VıΩ {ΩkÕ>V[ / søÕm ®∫ºÔ–D ªÏÕm ®wsÚD∏ /
÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB› >s´¬ / Ô>Ák› ]≈©√VÏ BVÚº\ ÷_ÁÈ
÷_ÁÈ”..
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.29á30)

‘\≈›]uzD ∂‡º> mÁ’ ®™ k^”kD ∑‚|km º√V_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>•D


xÕÁ>B ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBV™ kVE©∏uz cˆBº>. ∂k™m \≈fl
ÿƒB_Ô”¬z ∂ΩÂV>\V™m ∂[A >Vº™. g™V_ \¬Ô”¬ÔVÔ¬ z´_
ÿÔV|©√kÏÔπ[ \≈fl ÿƒB_ÔeV_ ∂´ƒV∫Ô∫Ô^ ÷ÚÁe©∏aÕm ®ø] Ák›m
∂§s¬˛[≈™. ys´ kV]Ôÿe™© ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω, sƒV´ÁÔπ[ ∂k[ c¶D∏[
ÔVB∫Ôπ_ kakm ∂k[ ÷´›>\_È Øtl[ ´›>D ®[˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.
÷´ÔEB∫Ôπ_ ∂k[ ]BV˛BV™V[. ÷›>ÁÔB ]BVÔ ºk^sl_ gz]BVÔ
gs ÿƒVˆÕº>VÏ xÔ›]_ >V[ ∂w˛[ xÔkˆlÁ™ >tw[√™V_
∂Á¶BVe∫ÔV xΩ˛[≈m. gD ÷m A≈ Œ©√Á™© AÁ™kw˛_ÁÈ.
c^eVÏÕ> ƒ›]B›][ c^xÔ© º√´wz. ÷©√Ω› ]BV˛BV™kM[ ÷´ÔEB∫Ô^
cÁ¶√|D {Áƒ k´ÈVu§[ ÿƒs‚|fl ÿƒsÔ”¬z ºÔ‚Ôs_ÁÈ ®[˛[≈ º√Vm
ys´kV] x›]Á´Ô”¬z ∂©√VÈV™ ∂k[ ]BVÔ›][ ÿ√VÚ^ AÁ>•ı¶
k´ÈV≈V˛© º√VzD ∂kÈD º√ƒ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. ÷›>ÁÔB ]BV˛Ôπ[
\´›]uz© ∏[™V™ sÁ>BV˛ s|˛[≈ ÷¶\VÔ› >DÁ\© º√V[≈kÏ
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ >s´¬ Ô>° ]≈¬Ô \VuÆ BVÚº\ ÷_ÁÈ ®[˛≈º√Vm x[A ∑‚ΩB
®‚Ω©√VÏ›>_ ®[˛≈ ®_ÁÈÁB¬ Ô¶Õm √VÏÁkBVeÏ ®[˛≈ ®_ÁÈÁB¬ Ô¶Õm
√∫ºÔu√VeÏ ®[˛≈ ÷¶›Á> kÕ>Á¶BÈV˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ º√V´V‚¶
∂w˛B_ AÈ©√|D ∂ØÏk¬ ÔsÁ> ÷mÿk™ÈVD. ys´kV]Ô^ ®™©ÿ√BÏ
Û‚¶©√‚¶kÏÔ^ ∂´ƒV∫Ô›][ √VÏÁkl_ >V[ ∂©√Ω. g™V_ c[Á\l_
∂kÏÔ^ º√V´VπÔ^ ®[º≈ ∑‚¶©√¶ ºkıΩBkÏÔ^. ÷>[ \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ©
º√V´VπÔeVÔ© A≈©√‚¶ EȈ[ √BD ∞Ƭz\V≈VF xΩÕm º√V˛≈
∂kÈ›Á>•D √]° ÿƒFB› >k≈s_ÁÈ >tw[√[.

ÔV|Ô^ / Â|∫˛™ ÔVuÆ / ÂÔ´› >B∫˛ / \´∫Ôπ¶D xbxb›>m /


∏π§Bm / #´›m \ÁÈÔ”D mb¬zu≈™ / kÕ>m gºkƒ / \> ÔπÆ / kÕ>m

185
ºkÔ\VF / gÈB kVƒo_ k´ºkuÆ / \VÁÈl‚¶™Ï / ÿÂu§l_ / √·√·¬zD /
√‚| xÔ√¶VD º√V‚|s‚¶™Ï / kaÕ> ÔÚDAflƒVu§[ / ]›]©∏_ / ÷·˛© º√V™m
÷È‚EBD / ÷ƬÔD / ÿ²μÕm º√V™m ÷>B›]_.
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.23á25)

∂Õ>¬ ÔπÆ ∏π§Bº√Vm ÔV|Ô^ Â|∫˛™, ÔVuÆ ÂÔ´›>B∫˛


\´∫Ôπ¶D xbxb›>m. #´›m \ÁÈÔ”D mb¬zu≈™. ∂>[ ÂÁ¶
∂]Ï°Ô^ ®]Ï©AÔ”¬z¬ ÔÚsºÈºB ÔÈk´D ∞u√|›]™. ∂>[ >Õ>∫Ô^
÷w¬ÁÔ© ∏e¬zD ®™ \¬Ô^ ÂD∏™Ï. gÈB kVƒo_ ∂>uz k´ºkuA \VÁÈ,
º\e>VeD ∂>[ \™›Á>› >¶ss‚¶™. m›>Vˆ ÂV>∑´D ºkÔ› >Á¶ÔeVF
Œ›mÁw›>™. ÿÂu§l_ ƒÕ>™›]ÈÔD, √e√e¬zD √‚| xÔ√¶VD,
ºÔV‚Á¶loÚÕm ∂ı¶V ∂ı¶VkVF ÿÂFDt].... BVÁ™¬z¬ ÔıÔπ_
Ô™_∏[ kV∫˛Bm. ÔVmÔ^ sE§ÔeV_ ∂ÁƒÕm gu≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛™. Êu≈›Á>
\V™ÊÔ\VF› m]¬ÁÔl_ E¬˛lÚÕ> √ÁÔ ÂøsBm. ÔÆD√fl ƒVu§[
]›]©∏_ ÷e˛©º√V™m ÷È‚EBD. ÷>B›]_ ÿ²μÕm º√V™m ÷ƬÔD.
∂ÔÈ©√‚Á¶l_ Á>›> Ôø›m\ËÔ^ ∂>uz kVF›>m.

“∏π≈o_
∏π≈o_ ∑] \V§s‚¶m. ÌÏÁ\•D z›>_Ô”D /
>Õ>∫ÔπoÚÕm c]ÏÕ>™ ∂∫zƒ ∂§xÔD, ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÔV_Ôπ_ /
Ô™›> ƒ∫˛oÔ^ \´Ë›> ºÔV√›][ ƒVD√_ √´sBm ∂¬ÔD√¬ÔD /
\°™D ∏π≈ÁÈ© √§›>m ŒÚÂV^ ÔVmÔÁe / sÁ≈©∏_ WÆ›]s‚|
∂Ô[≈™ ∂Áƒ°Ô^. ∏≈ÿÔVÚÂV^ / ÔVÈ›][ s´_ ÿ>V‚|©√VÏ›>m /
BVÁ™ ÿƒ›m© º√VlÚÕ>m
º√VlÚÕ>m” .
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.23á26)

∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ ®–D >tw[√M[ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> {Ï ∂ÚÁ\BV™


z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>. “>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ ‘∏π§
∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ
ÔπÆ’ ®–D
ÔsÁ>l_ ∂kÏ ÂD∏B A´‚EÔ´ ÷B¬Ô›Á>¬ ÔπÆ ®–D z§X‚¶V_
∑‚|˛≈VÏ. ∂kÏ ÂD∏ ÷ÚÕ> ÷B¬ÔD √Ω©√ΩºB koÁ\ z[§ Œ|∫˛©
º√VFs‚¶Á>, >tw[√[ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ> ÂD∏¬ÁÔ TV˛© º√V™Á>
÷¬ÔsÁ>” 74 ®[√VÏ E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.
skˆ¬zD ÷¬ÔsÁ>

186
“∂´EB_
∂´EB_ \uÆD ƒJÔ WÁÈlÈV™ ÷Ȭ˛B yÏ°ÔÁe› >ÚD ®™
ÂD√©√‚¶ \Vÿ√ÚD ®]Ï√VÏ©ÿ√V[Æ á º√ÿ´øflEÿBV[Æ á >Õ>
∞\Vu≈›Á>© º√∑km. ÔV|Ô”D \ÁÈÔ”D Â|∫zD kÁÔl_
gÏ©√ˆ›m kÕ> ŒÚ ÔπÆ \Vÿ√ÚD ƒV>Á™ÿBV[Á≈© AˆB©º√V˛≈m
®[≈ ®]Ï√VÏ©Á√ ∞u√|›]s‚|, ~u§_ ÿƒBÈuÆ W[Æ clÏs‚¶m
®[√>VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒF] ∂Á\˛≈m. >twÔ WÁÈlKD
∂Á™›]Õ]B WÁÈlKD \‚|t[§ ∂Á™›mÈÔ WÁÈlK∫̶
WÔμÕm^e ƒ\ÔVÈ k´ÈVuÆ WÔμ°ÔÁe Â\m \™¬Ôı x[ WÆ›mD
kÁÔlu ÿ√VÚ^ sˆ°D gwxD ÿÔVı|^e g¬ÔD ÷m. ÷∫ºÔ
BVÁ™•D EÈkÁÔfl ƒJÔ \VÕ>Á´¬ z§©√>VÔÈVD. ƒx>VB›]uz©
ÿ√ÚD ®øflE >ÚºkVD ®™ xw∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ∂´EBKÔz kÕm g‚E
¨¶D ∞§B ∏[™Ï ∂>[ kƒ] kVF©AÔπ_ \™›Á>© √§ÿÔV|›m›
>DºkÔD ∂¶∫˛WuzD ∂´EB_kV]ÔÁe ÷¬ÔsÁ> ∑‚Ω•›mk>VÔ¬
ÿÔV^eÈVD”75 ®[Æ s·¬zkVÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
ÿÔV^eÈVD

“ÂD
ÂD ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD ÿ>ˆÕ> ÔÁ>>V[ ÷m. ∂´EB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
A´‚EÔ´\V™ xw¬Ô›º>V| ˛eD∏ kÕm ∂ˆBÁ ˛Á¶›> c¶[, ∂>[
ÿƒVzE_ >[Á™ ÷wÕm º√V˛[≈™. ®_ÈV ÷B¬Ô∫Ô”D ÷©√ΩºB.
>twÔ›][ ºƒVÔD ÿƒV_o xΩBVm. º>Ï>_, ∂´EB_ ®_ºÈVÁ´•D
sø∫˛s|˛≈m. >tw[√[ z§X‚|¬ÔsÁ>l_ ∂wÔVÔ›>V[ ÔÁ>
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ” 76 ®[√VÏ QVM.
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ

÷¬z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÔπÆ ®–D z§X‚ΩÁ™ ∂kÏ ÂD∏lÚÕ>


÷B¬Ô\VÔ ÷™DÔVbD E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫Ô›][ √VÏÁk ÿ√VÚ›>\VÔl_ÁÈ.
∞ÿ™M_ >tw[√[ ÂD∏lÚÕ> ÷B¬ÔD ÂokÁ¶Õ]Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™VÈm
ƒ\´ƒ∫ÔeV_ Ô‚|ı| ÔVÈ\V˛s¶s_ÁÈ. ®™ºk º>Ï>_ ∂´EBÁÈfl ƒVÏÕ>
Ô‚EÔÁe¬ ÔπÆ ®–D z§X¶VÔ¬ ÔVbD ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ \uÆD QVM ÷ÚkÏ
√VÏÁk•D ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ ÌΩBmkV•^e™. ÷B¬ÔD ®[≈ ∂es_ ºÂV¬ÔV\_
∏π§kÕ> ÔπÆ ®[√>Á™© º√V´VπÔeVÔ© A≈©√‚¶ EÈÁ´¬ z§›> z§X¶VÔ¬
ÿÔVı| kVE©√>uzD ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÷¶Õ>Ú˛[≈m. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>
\VϬEBD ko•Æ›mD \Vÿ√ÚD ÿ\FÁ\ÿBV[Á≈ ∂Ô©√|›]Bÿ>[√mD,

187
∂>Á™ ÿkπ©√|›]B z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>l[ Ô‚¶Á\©∏™V_
∂ÚÁ\BVÔ kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚¶m ®[√mD ÷>[ E≈©√Dƒ∫ÔeVzD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>
ko•Æ›] WuzD \Vÿ√ÚD \VϬEB ÿ\FDÁ\ ÷mºk:

“ÿ√VÚ”¬z
ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÷Á´BVz√k[ cıÁ\© ÿ√VÚÁe¬ ÔV\V‚¶V[.
∂mºk ®_ÈV kÁÔBV™ \B¬Ô›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔV´D. ÷m>V[
x>ÈVπBD keÏ›> ÿ√ÚD \B¬ÔD” 77
\B¬ÔD ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ
®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[.

gÔ ÷ÀkVÆ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X|, ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[


®|›mÁ´©A, ÷B_√V™ ∂w˛B_, º√V´V‚¶ ∂w˛B_, z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>©√V∫z,
s›]BVƒ\V™ A]™©√|›>_ x>ÈV™ku§uz ª¶V™ c›] xÁ≈ÔeV_
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|^e™.

3.4. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿ§

ƒJÔ›][ EÁ>°ÔÁe ®|›m¬ÔV‚|km ®[√mD, ƒJÔ ∂¿]¬z ®]´VÔfl


ƒJÔ ¿]ÁB cBÏ›]© ∏Ω¬zD ÔsQM[ >VÏ*Ô¬ Ô¶Á\ºB. ÷kuÁ≈
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E ƒVÏÕ> ∂Ô\™ cÁeflƒ_ÔeVÔ¬ ÔVbD √VÏÁk ∏≈w
cÏÕ> ]ˆ√V™ Aˆ>ºÈBVzD.

“ƒJÔfl
ƒJÔfl EÁ>°ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚|>_ ̶ ƒJÔ ¿]l[ ®∫zD √´sB
WÁÈÁB gk©√|›]¬ ÔV‚|km º√V[≈ ŒÚ ÔÁÈO‚√º\ ®™ÈVD.
EÁ>°ÔÁe ®ømkm EÁ>°ÔÁe© √Ω\ O‚√∫ÔºeV| z§©√VÔ
®ømkm ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD, ƒJÔ¿]l[ gμÕ> ºkÏÔÁe O‚√\VÔ
\Á≈xÔ\VÔ cÏ›m˛[≈ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV[ÆÔºe gzD. ƒJÔ
cÏ°Á¶B ]≈™VFkVe[ g´VFflEBVe[ ÷©√Ω›>V[ ∂b˛© √VϬÔ
ºkı|D. ÷kuÁ≈ ÂD∏¬ÁÔBu≈ ∂Ô cÁeflƒ_Ô^ ®™ Œm¬zkm
ÌΩBm” 78 .
ƒJÔ cÏ°Ô^ √u§B gμÕ> AÈ©√]s[Á\ÁB¬ ÔV‚¶¬ ÌΩBm

“ÔVÈ∫ÔVÈ\VÔ
ÔVÈ∫ÔVÈ\VÔ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB Aw∫˛, ∂>™V_ gu≈_ ÿ√u≈
÷Ȭ˛B© √Ω\∫ÔÁe, ∂ku§–^ >uÔVÈ c^e¶¬Ô›Á> ∞u§ ÷kÏÔ^
(kV™D√VΩÔ^) \Æ cÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒF˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷>[ JÈD ÔVÈ›][

188
∞uÆ˛≈VÏÔ^” 79 ®[√Ï
gu≈ÁÈ› >D ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÷Õ> s›>ÔÏÔ^ ∞uÆ˛≈VÏÔ^
QVM. ∞Á™©∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”D ®Õ>kÁÔl_
√Ω\∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV^k]_ s›]BVƒ©√|˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á> m.ÊMflƒVt•D,
QVM•D ÿkπ©√|›mD √VÏÁkÔ^ ÿ>πkVÔ cÏ›>k_È™.

“A≈›]Áfl
A≈›]Áfl ∑BDk´ \ı¶√›]_ / º√VoÂe[Ôπ[ Ì‚¶D /
ÁÔl_ \VÁÈ•¶[ / zÚ‚|› >\BÕ]
>\BÕ]” (√V_T], √.72).“ ®©º√VmD /
Û>V‚¶D” (º>Ï>_) “ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ
\¬Ôºe º>VuzD/ Û>V‚¶D ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ ÂVD ∞u§Ák›>
se¬zÔ^ ÷Ú‚Á¶© ∏´flƒV´D ÿƒF˛[≈™
ÿƒF˛[≈™”.. (x‚Á¶kVEÔ^)

∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x>_ ÷´ı|D º>Ï>ÁÈ•D J[≈Vkm


ƒ™ÂVBÔ›Á>•D ∂ku§[ EÁ>°ÔÁe \™∫ÿÔVı| ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™.
“Ôs¬ºÔVs[
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷[Æ ÂÁ¶ÿ√uÆ kÚD º>Ï>KD,
ƒ™ÂVBÔxD s\σ™›m¬z^eV˛•^e™. º>Ï>_ Ôe›]_ ÂVD
ƒÕ]¬zD º√Vo ∂´EB_ >ÁÈkÏÔÁe© º√Vo Âe[ ®[ÆD, \¬ÔeV‚E
\´Á√B§BV> kV¬ÔVeÏÔÁe¬ zÚ‚|› >\BÕ] ®[ÆD
z§©√|›]•^eVÏ. º>Ï>_ √u§B x›>V´D ÔsÁ> º>Ï>_
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈¬zD ∂Á\©A¬zD ÔsQÏ ®ø©∏•^e ®]Ï©A¬ z´ÈVzD
ÿÔVu≈¬zeD \¬ÔeV‚El[ \Vu≈›m¬zD \´A¬zD A]B ∂Á≈ÌkÁÈ
ÔsÁ>BVzD” 80 .
®ø©∏•^e ÔsÁ>BVzD

“ÿƒVuÔeVÔ
ÿƒVuÔeVÔ ÿkπ©√|›>_, √Ω\sBÈVÔ ÿkπ©√|›>_ ®[≈
÷ÚWÁÈÔπKD ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ gu≈K¶[ ∂Á\B xΩ•D. ÷∫ºÔ
÷Õ> ÷ÚWÁÈÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿkπX‚|›]≈[ ÔV´\VÔ›
>´ºkÆ√V| ∂Á\BÈVD. ÷ku§_ ÿƒVuÔeVÔ ÿkπ©√|>_ ®[√]_
®^e_ x¬˛B\V™m. ®^e_ z§©A¶[ ´z\V–D ®ø]•^eVÏ.
√VuԶȴ∫ÔD, nÕm gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷>Á™¬
ÔVÈVD” 81.
ÔVÈVD

º√Vo Âe[Ôπ[ x[kÚD ÔV‚E JÈD, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ›Á> ®^e_


ÿƒF˛≈VÏ ´z\V[. º>Ï>_, ÿÔVu≈¬zÁ¶ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿƒVuÔeVÔ
ÿkπ©√|>KD nÕ>Vı|¬ ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>l_ z§X¶VÔ°D x[
Ák¬Ô©√‚|^e™. nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>lKD √VuԶȴ∫ÔD
189
ÔsÁ>lKD ÷Ȭ˛B¬ z§X|Ô^ \Á¶\Vu≈\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVe©√‚|^e™.
“ÌÏÕm
ÌÏÕm √VÏ›>o_ / ∂Á¶BVeD AˆÕ>m ®_ºÈVÚD/ ºÂuÁ≈B
ÂV¶Ô›][ √V›]´Õ >V∫˛Ôºe. ÷º>V / ÷eD ÿ√ıVÔ ŒeÁk¬˛ws
Â[™VÔ ∂]B\V[ / \V∫ÔMBVÔ ÿÂ_o¬ÔM
ÿÂ_o¬ÔM” (√V_T], √.73)
ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÿƒVuE›]´∫Ô·VÔ \Vu§¬ÔV‚|km √Ω\D gzD. ∂©√Ω\D
√u§B √_ºkÆ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· Œ›m ºÂV¬zkm ÷∫z ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ŒÚ
ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶º´V ∂_Èm ckÁ\ºBV ∂_Èm cÚkÔº\V √Ω\›Á>©
ÿ√uÆ›>´xΩ•D. √VÏ©√>uz skˆ©A \V]ˆ c^e √z] ¿ı¶ √Ω\\VÔ
g¬Ô©√¶ÈVD. ∂§°D cÏflE•D ÷ÁBÕ> \™ sÁeÁkfl ƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ ÿ>ˆB¬
ÔV‚|km √Ω\D ®™ÈVD.

“√Ω\D
√Ω\D ®[√m ŒÚ ÿÂVΩl_ cÏflE¬ÌÆD ∂§° WÁÈ•D
ÿƒVuE›]´D” 82 E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√]. “√Ω\D
Ì|k>V_ º>V[Æ˛≈ ÿƒVuE›]´D √Ω\D \™›m^
ÔV‚EÔeVÔfl E›]ˆ¬zD >[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. √Ω\D, cÏ°, cÏflE
∂§°›>e∫Ôπ_ sÁeÁk ∞u√|›] ∂§kVÏÕ> >e›]uz kVƒÔÁ™
ÿÔVı¶m” 83 . \Áw ÿ√F•Dº√Vm ∞u√|D
∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_KD ÷B_A ÿÔVı¶m
t[™_, ÷Ω, kV™s_ ®[≈ º\Ô›]_ ∞u√|D ÷BuÁÔ WÔμ°ÔÁ· ºkΩ¬ÁÔ
cÏflE ∂§°WÁÈ ®[≈ J[Æ ÔV‚E©ÿ√VÚ·VÔ √Ω\©√|›]•^·VÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[ ®[√VÏ ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑.

∂©m_ ´z\V[ t[™ÁȬ ÔV‚E©√|›mDº√Vm “kV™


kV™ cuƒk›][ /
kV™ºkΩ¬ÁÔ á ÔV‚E©ÿ√VÚ^ x˛uAuÆ Ô¬zD / ÿÂÚ©A© √VDAÔ^
ÔÆ©A c>‚Ω[ / ÿkπflƒ c·≈_ácÏflE, ÷ΩflÿƒVuÿ√Vas[ /
á∂§°WÁÈ” 84 t[™_ ®[≈ ÷BuÁÔBV™ ŒÚ ÿƒBÁÈ
∑Ú¬ÿÔø›m á∂§°WÁÈ
√Ω\©√|›]¬ ÔV‚E, cÏflE, ∂§° WÁȬÔe[Ôπ[ kVlÈVÔ ÿkπ©√|›]¬
ÔV‚Ω•^eVÏ. t[™_ z§›> ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB c›]WÁÈl–D
º\D√‚¶ kΩkkVÏ©√V™ √Ω\ x>[Á\¬ ( imagist ) ÔsÁ>¬z cˆ›>V™
c>V´\VÔ¬ ÿÔV^eÈVD. √Ω\x>[Á\¬ ÔsÁ> √u § ÊMflƒVt ∏[kÚ\VÆ
ÌÆ˛[≈VÏ.

“AÈ™–√k
AÈ™–√k cÚ¬ÔÁe ( images) ÿ\Val_ ÔV‚|D xÁ≈Á\ºB
√Ω\sB_ ( imagery) ∂Á\©√VzD ÷À°Ú¬Ô^ ÔV‚E, Œo, \D, ∑Ák,
190
ÿ>V¶_ g˛B nDAÈ[ WÁÈÔπKD, ÷Ák ÷ÁÕ> √ÈWÁÈÔπKD
ÔsQ™V_ cÏ°¬z ∞u√°D ÿ√VÚıÁ\¬z ∞u√°D
√Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√Æk™. ckÁ\, cÚkÔD g˛B WÁÈÔπoÚÕm tÔ ®πB
WÁÈl_, Œ[§uz Œ[Æ ®[≈ Œ©AÁ\ WÁÈloÚÕm xuÆÚkÔ
WÁÈkÁ´ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ÈVD
∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ÈVD”.. “√Ω\º\
√Ω\º\ ÿ√VÚıÁ\BVÔ Wu√mı|.
√_ºkÆ ˛Áeflÿƒ§° ( Complex ) cϺkV‚¶∫Ô^ √Ω\\VÔºk
ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ÿ\VaBVÔ x>[Á\ WÁÈ ÿ√Ækmı|; mÁ c›]
WÁÈloÚÕm ƒuƬ ÌΩB x>[Á\ WÁȬzfl ÿƒ_KD keÏflE ÷m.
÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe √Ω\ x>[Á\ ( imagist ) ¬ÔsÁ> ®[˛º≈VD
®[˛º≈VD” 85.

∂©m_ ´z\V[ ¿]º>kÁ>, >™º>kÁ>, QV™º>kÁ>, ∑>Õ]´ º>kÁ>,


ƒ\V>V™ º>kÁ> ®[ÿ≈VÚ º>kÁ> sÁƒ©√Á¶©AÔÁe x[ Ák›m^eVÏ.
÷ku§_ ¿] º>kÁ> ÔsÁ>ÁB x[Ák›m ∂>[ √Ω\sBu E≈©∏Á™•D
∂È∫ÔV´› >[Á\l[ tÁÔÁB•D m.ÊMflƒVt ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛≈VÏ.

“∂©m_
∂©m_ ´z\VM¶D ∂È∫ÔV´› >[Á\ ƒuÆ #¬ÔÈVÔºk
÷ÚÕ>VKD ∂kˆ¶xD cÚkÔ© √V∫˛ÈV™ √Ω\sB_ tz]BVÔ¬
ÔV©√|D. ¿] º>kÁ> ®[≈ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷>uz Â_È ƒV[≈VÔ¬
ÿÔV^eÈVD. ®∫Ô^ º>V‚¶›m© / جÔπÿÈ_ÈVD c[ ºÔVl_
ÿkekV_Ôπ[ / ®flƒD c^∏´ÔV´ÿ\∫zD / ƒÚz x‚Á¶Ô^
x‚Á¶Ô^”
cÚkÔsBK¶[ ÌΩB ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ƒV]B›]uÿÔ]´V™ ƒJÔ¿] ÂsuEÔ^
÷ÁÕm kÚD “ c[ ºÔVlK¬z / ÿkπºB ÿÂ|∫ÔVÈ\VÔ WuzD /
ÂÕ>™VÏÔπ_ gıÔπ[ / ÿÂÚ©A¬ zı¶D >BV´V˛≈m / º√V / ∂]_
º√VF zπ›m¬ ÿÔV^
ÿÔV^”.. ÷ÀkVÆ E≈©√VÔ ∂Á\Õm^e ÔsÁ> ¿ı|
º√VzDº√Vm tÁÔBV™ z§©AÔ^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ÿƒBuÁÔ› >[Á\
ÿ√uÆs|kmı|. “ ÿÔVÁÈkV^ / c[ÁÔ¬z \‚|D ®©√Ω
g√´\V˛≈m? ´›>D / c[ÂÔ_Ôπ_ \‚|D ®©√Ω / \Ú>VË g˛≈m
∞... ¿] º>kÁ>ºB / c[ kV^x>o_ / c[ÔıÔ‚Á¶ ∂ƬԂ|D
÷©√z]l_, kVƒÔˆ[ \™›Á> c¶[ ˛eflE•≈fl ÿƒFkm º√V[≈ {Ï
ÔVÈVD” 86 . >Dx¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_
∂È∫ÔV´›]≈[ AzÕ]Ú©√Á>¬ ÔVÈVD
Œ[§_ ÌÆ˛[≈ √]KD ÷∫ºÔ m.ÊMflƒVt¬zD cˆB √]ÈVÔ ∂Á\Õm
˛¶¬˛[≈m.
191
“ÔsÁ>BV™m
ÔsÁ>BV™m ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>BVÔ ∂Á\k>uz ÷´ı|
ÔV´∫Ô^ c^e™. (1) √V|ÿ√VÚ^ s>Õ]Ú©√m (2) √V| ÿ√VÚπ[
*>V™ ÔsQˆ[ ∂y> cÏ° ®øflE. ÂV[ ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ®ø>
ºkı|D ®™› yÏ\VM›ms‚| ®ø> ∂\Ïkm ˛Á¶BVm. ®™m ÔsÁ>
¿ıΩÚÕ>V_ ∂]_ ∂Àke° ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[Æ ∂Ï›>D
∂_Èm s›]BVƒ\VÔfl ÿƒV_È ºkıΩB ∂kEBº\V ÂV[ sÚDAD
cÏ°k´ ÷ÿ>_ÈVD ÿƒV[™V_>V[ ƒˆBVÔ kÚD ®[≈ WÁȺBV
ºkı|D” 87 .
∞u√‚ΩÚ¬Ô ºkı|D

∞≈›>Vw ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”º\


ÁÔBVı|^e™Ï. ∂kuÁ≈ ÷∫ºÔ s·¬ÔÈVD.

ˇμ¬Ôı¶ √>s¬z ®[M¶D / ˇμÔı¶kÏ \‚|D sı©√D ÷|Ô.


kw¬Ô§QÏ á ªÁ\Ô^ / z\V¸>V á ÁÔ ÷_ÈV>kÏ / ƒV‚E á zÚ¶ÏÔ^
¿]√] á ÔVmºÔeV>kÏ. ª™xu≈kÚ¬z ∞MÕ>fl ƒKÁÔ ®M_/ ¿]
x¶\VÔV\_ ÷Ú¬Ô ®™ kw¬z\[≈D º√∑k>VÔ ∂∫Ô>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ x¶\V˛B
¿]\[≈›Á>¬ ÔV‚|kVÏ Eu∏.

∂kÏÔ^ / ¿]º>kM[ ¿ı¶ z≈‚Á¶BV_ / ÔVmÔ^ ÿ>V¶V> ∞¬Ô¬


ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™©A≈¬Ôˬԩ√‚¶ \¬ÔÁe© √u§•D ¿]º>kM[ ÿÂ|∫z≈‚Á¶
√u§•D ®|›mÁ´¬zD >tw[√[ >Ú\ º>kÁ>/ ]™¬Ìo kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|
]ÁƒÔ”¬z¬ / ÔÆ©√Ω¬Ô© º√VFs‚¶V^ ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
÷kuÁ≈¬ÔV‚ΩKD ÷>Á™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÁÔBV”D √z] m.ÊMflƒVt tÁÔ
∂È∫ÔV´\VÔ¬ z§©∏|D √z]lºÈºB ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. ÿÔVÁÈkV^ c[
ÁÔ¬z \‚|D ∞[ g√´\V™ÿ>™› ÿ>V¶∫˛ ¿]º>kÁ>l[ kV^ x>o_
º>kÁ>l[ ÔıÔ‚Á¶ ∂ƬԂ|D ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï√kÏ.

¿] º>kÁ>ºB / c[ >´V∑› >‚|¬ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVfiƒD Ôı ]≈Õm√VÏ


/ ∂∫ºÔ A≈Vs[ \Vtƒ›Á>fl / E∏Ô^ cı g´D∏›m s‚¶VÏÔ^
®[–D º√Vm>V[ ∂©m_ ´z\Vº™ z§©∏|km º√V_ ∂kÚ¬z© √V|ÿ√VÚ^
*>V™ ∂y> cÏflE ÷[–D ÷[–D ®™ s›]BVƒ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶´ ∂kÁ´
÷B¬zk][ sÁeºk A≈Vs[ \Vtƒ›Á>fl E∏Ô^ cı
g´D∏›ms‚¶ÿ>[–D ÿ>V[\ \Á¶\Vu≈\VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V™V_ √Á¶¬Ô©
192
ÿ√u§Ú¬˛[≈m. ÿ√VmkVÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷ƬÔxD ÿƒ§°D
kVFÕ>Ák. √V|ÿ√VÚÁe© ÿ√VÆ›º> zÆ∫ÔsÁ>ºBV ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ºBV
kVF¬ÔÈVD. >D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÷ÚıÁ\ ( security ) √u§© ∏[kÚ\VÆ
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.

“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Ƭԛ]uÔVÔ ªÁwfl ƒÁ> ®[Æ ÂV[ WÁ™©√Á>
®[˛≈VÏ” 88. √Ω\xD z§X|D ºkÆ√|D
®_ÈVD ÿk‚Ω ®§Õm s|ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ
÷¶∫ÔÁe•D √Ω\º\ z§X¶VÔ cÚ\VÆkÁ>•D gFkV·ÏÔ^ s·¬˛•^·™Ï.
“z§X‚Ω_
z§X‚Ω_ kVƒÔÏÔ”¬Ô ŒÚ m_oB\V™ ÿ√VÚ^ ÿkπ©√V| ÷Ú¬zD.
g™V_ √Ω\›]_ kVƒÔ ∂–√k∫Ô”¬z ∞u√© ÿ√VÚÁe¬z§©√|›m
keÏ›m¬ ÿÔV^k]_ s›]BVƒ\V™ sÁeÁk› >Ú˛[≈m
>Ú˛[≈m”..

“÷´°D
÷´°D √ÔKD º√V_ ÷Ák >M›º> ÷Ú©√>VF¬ ÔÚ]™VKD
∂Õ] \B¬Ô∫ÔÁe ∂Ôu≈ xΩBs_ÁÈ
xΩBs_ÁÈ” . “ √Ω\∫Ô^ ÿkÆD
kÏÁ™BVÔ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ºÂÏ ÿ√VÚºe º√VmD ®[≈ WÁÈl_
÷ÚÕ>V_ ∂Ák √Ω\∫Ôºe. z§X|Ô^ ∂_È. \uÿ≈VÚ c‚ÿ√VÚÁe
cÏ›mD WÁÈl_ >V[ √Ω\D z§X¶V˛≈m. cÚkÔ WÁÈl_
cÚkV¬Ô©√|D ŒÚ √Ω\D cÏ›]© ∏§ÿ>V[Á≈•D cÏ›mD
z§X¶V˛s|kmı|” 89 .
kÁÔl_ kÕ>V_ ∂m z§X¶V˛s|kmı|

“Œ©A≈kVKD
Œ©A≈kVKD Œ‚|≈kVKD \uÿ≈V[Á≈¬ z§©√VÔ cÏ›mD
ÿ√VÚ^ ( object ) z§X| ®™©√|˛≈m. z§X| \uÿ≈V[Á≈
cÏ›mk>uz J[Æ kÁÔl_ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m. z§X| \uÿ≈V[§uÔVÔ
WuÔÈVD. ∂_Èm \uÿ≈V[§[ ∏´]W]BVÔfl ÿƒBu√¶ÈVD, ∂_Èm
\uÿ≈V[Á≈fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kº>V| ∂Á\BÈVD. EÈ z§X|Ô^
\uÿ≈V[Á≈ ( Something else) cÏ›>V\_, >D ÿ√VÚºeV| ÷[–D
Ì|>ÈV™ ÿ√VÚÁe ( Something more) cÏ›mD
cÏ›mD”90.

g´VÏ ®ø]B ‘ED√ovD’ ®[–D ±_ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∏ÿ´fi∑¬


z§X‚ΩBD√u§ se¬zkÁ>ºB >[ x>[Á\ ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶m. g™V_
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFºk¶V™ ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_’ z§X| ®–D
±ºÈV z§X‚ΩB›][ º\Áȱ_Ô^ \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ >tμ, k¶ÿ\Va
±_Ôπ[ √∫Ôπ©Á√•D ŒÚºƒ´› ]´‚Ω›>Úkm. ƒ∫Ô ÷Ȭ˛BD, ƒ\B
193
÷Ȭ˛BD, E›>Ï ÷Ȭ˛BD, √V´] ÷Ȭ˛BD ®™ >ta[ z§X‚|› ÿ>V¶ÏflEÁB
÷™∫ÔV‚|D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ >V[ ∂m gu≈ºÈV|
ge©√¶ÈVluÆ ®[˛≈VÏ.

“y√
y√ \´›]_ / y¬ÔM cı s‚Ω_ kÕ>m / ÔMºBV s‚ΩÁÈ
cı¶m
cı¶m” (√V_T], √.16). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ y√\´D ®[√m z›mse¬ÁÔ•D y¬ÔM
®[√m yfl∑¶Á´•D √Ω\©√|›m˛[≈™. ÷m s‚ΩÁÈ© √V|ÿ√VÚeVÔ¬ ÿÔVı|
ºÂV¬Ô©√|ÁÔl_ √Ω\¬ÔsÁ>. g™V_ s‚Ω_ ®[√º> \uÿ≈V[§[
z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔV^e©√|Dº√Vm ÷mºk z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>BV˛ s|˛[≈m. s‚Ω_
®[√>Á™ \¬Ô”¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D, y√¬ÔÁÈ ®[√>Á™ \VB¬ ÔkÏflE¬ÔV™
z§X¶VÔ°D, y√ \´›Á> ∂´EB_ kV]¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∂_Èm
s‚Ω_ ®[√>Á™¬ ÔV>o_ TμºkVϬzD y√¬ÔM ®[√>Á™¬ ÔV>_
kÁȬzD, y√\´›Á> kÁÈ T∑ºkVϬzD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD ∂_Èm
s‚Ω_ ®[√>Á™© √¬>ϬzD y√¬ÔM ®[√>Á™ ∂Ú”Á´¬zD y√\´›Á>©
º√VoƒVtBVϬzD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∑‚¶√wD ®–D >ÁÈ©AD ÷›>ÁÔB
J[ÆkÁÔ© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿÔV^”>K¬zD ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ®™ºk,
÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ y√\´D y¬ÔM g˛B √Ω\∫Ô^ >DÁ\•D
cÏ›]© ∏§ÿ>V[Á≈•D cÏ›mD kÁÔl_ kÕ>>V_ ÷m z§X‚|¬
ÔsÁ> g˛s|˛[≈m.

“ŒuÁ≈
ŒuÁ≈ ÿÂÚ©A / c>‚Ω[ kVE©∏_ / A_ÈV∫zwºÈ cÚz˛≈m
cÚz˛≈m”..
(√V_T], √.53). A_ÈV∫zwo[ kVE©∏_ ÂVD cÚzºkVD. g™V_ >[Á™
kVE¬ÁÔl_ >Vº™ cÚzD A_ÈV∫zwÈVÔ ÿ\øzk›]ÁB©
√Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. kÚÁ™BVÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ºÂÏ ÿ√VÚºe º√Vm\V™
WÁÈl_ ∂Á\Õm^e>VKD, ∏§ÿ>VÚ ÿ√VÚÁefl∑‚Ω WuÔV>>VKD ÷m
√Ω\¬ÔsÁ>BV˛[≈m.

“k´∫Ôºe
k´∫Ôºe / ƒV√∫Ô^ / gzÿ\[≈V_ ÷∫ºÔ/>k∫Ô^ ®>uÔVÔ?
®>uÔVÔ?”
(√V_T], √.79). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ k´∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™¬ ÔÁ¶¬Ôı √VÏÁk¬zD
ƒV√∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™© √V´VxÔ›]uzD >k∫Ô^ ®[√Á>¬ ÔV>K¬zD TμÕ>
º>kÁ> ®[√Á>¬ ÔV>o¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD, k´∫Ô^ ®[√Á> ∂´∑›
]‚¶∫Ô”¬zD, ƒV√∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™ cˆB √B™VπÔ”¬z kVF¬ÔVºÈ
194
ª¶Æ¬zD ÷Á¶› >´ÔÏÔ”¬zD, >k∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™© √È[ ºkıΩ WuzD
ÔV›]Ú©A¬zD, TμÕ> º>kÁ> ®[√Á> g‚EBVeÏÔ”¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D
kVE¬ÔÈVD. ®™ºk ÷m z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ> g˛[≈m.

*ÿ\FDÁ\lBD ( Surrealism ) ®[√m ¶©∏BÁÈ tÁÔ©√|›]¬


Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√|k>VzD. ÷>Á™ ®πÁ\BVÔ© AˆÕmÿÔV^k>uz ∞u√ {ˆÚ
c>V´∫ÔÁe¬ ÔVıº√VD. Ô¶°eÏ EÁÈÔπ_ \M> c¶KD BVÁ™›
>ÁÈ•D ÷ÁÕm √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏^ÁeBVÏ EÁÈ ŒÚ ƒÏˆBoƒfl Eu√D ‘®[
ÿÂu§© ÿ√V‚Ω_ yÁB Ák¬˛≈VF’ ®[˛≈ ]Á´© √V¶_ kˆ•D ‘®[ klu§_
√VÁÈkVÏ›>VF’ ®[Æ kw¬z© ∏´ºBVÔ›]KD ̶ ÿ√V]Õm ˛¶©√m
*ÿ\FDÁ\lB¬ ̺≈ ƒÏˆBoƒD ®™©√VÈV >ta_ ∂m √u§B x>_ ±ÁÈ
∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ. ∂>Á™ ÷Ȭ˛B c›]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶ kÁÔl_
QV™¬Ì›>–D, ∂©m_ ´z\V–D x[º™VΩÔeVkÏ. *ÿ\FDÁ\lB¬
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ >tμ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>º> ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √V_T]. A]B
c›] \uÆD kΩk›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›m˛[≈kÏÔºe √Á¶©A kΩs_
\‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂ku§[ Ô‚¶Á\©∏BÁÈ•D se¬˛BVÔ ºkıΩB º>Ákl_
÷ÚÕm ∏≈Õ>º> √V_T]l[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬zD ∂k´m
‘\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È’.

“∂Ω\™¬Ô¶[
∂Ω\™¬Ô¶[ >[ ∂]B gw∫Ô”¬z ®[Á™ ∂Áw›>m. ÂV[
ÿk§ºBV| √VFÕº>[. ∂ÁÈÔºeV| sÁeBVΩº™[. Jμ˛º™[.
x›m¬ zπ›º>[. ∂Õ> x›m¬zπB_>V[ √V_T]
√V_T]. >VMB∫˛ ®ø›m,
sº™V>fl ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔ ]BV™ WÁÈl_ >Vº\ c]¬zD √Ω\∫Ô^
z§X|Ô^ ®[Æ *ÿ\FÁ\l[ √_ºkÆ ƒV›]B¬ ÌÆÔÁe•D ÷]_
√ˆºƒV]›m© √VÏ›]Ú¬˛º≈[. ÿ>V[\ c›]l[ ƒ¬]ÁB cÏ›>°D
÷Õ]B› ÿ>V[\ ke›Á>¬ ÔV‚¶°D ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D ∂]Ô\VÔ©
√ˆºƒV]›]Ú¬˛º≈[” 91 .
√B[√|›]© √ˆºƒV]›]Ú¬˛º≈[

*ÿ\FDÁ\l[ √_ ºkÆ ƒV›]B¬ ÌÆÔ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_


√Ω\∫Ô”D z§X|Ô”D ∂¶∫zD. A]B ºkÆ√V¶V™ ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^,
ÿ>V[\∫Ô^, >VMB∫˛ ®ø›m kÁÔlKD cı|. ÿ\e™©√VÁÈ ÿkπ,
go∫Ô™ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈD >V√∫Ôπ[ ÷Á\, ÿƒVϬÔ\Ô´Õ> ÔÏkD ÷Ák
195
√V_T]l[ ÿƒsl[ ∑kVƒ›]_ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD A]B ºkÆ√V¶V™ ÿƒVu
ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^, ¿Ï ÿÂF ∂Ô_, {¶ kı|Ô^, ÿ\e™\_ g•>©Ø¬Ô^,
ÂVÔo∫Ô© Ø gƒ™D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ÷Ák ∂k´m ŒuÁ≈xÁÈl[ A]B
ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^.

“ÿ\e™©
ÿ\e™© √VÁÈÿkπl_ / •ÔD•Ô\VÔ ∂ÁÈÕm ]ˆÕ> /
ÿ√ÚJfl∑¬Ô^ c[ go∫Ô™ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ›]_ sDx˛[≈™
sDx˛[≈™” (√V_T],
√.23). ÿkD√VÁÈBVF›>˛¬zD s´Ô›yl_ •ÔVÕ]´∫ÔeVÔ ∂ÁÈÕm ]ˆÕ>
¿|lÏ©A¬Ô^ g´›>ø°D go∫Ô™›]_ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ\V˛ √VÁÈk™fl
ºƒVÁÈÁB¬ (Casis in dosert) Ôı¶Á¶Õ> xøWÁ≈s_ sDt¶ÈV˛[≈™.
√V>∑´∫Ôºe ÂV>¸k´∫ÔeVÔ ∂kem kÚÁÔ ÿƒsl[ ∑kVƒ\V˛[≈m.

“¿ÏÿÂF
¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ôo_ / WtÏÕ> ∑¶º´ {¶ kı|Ô^ / ÿ\VF¬zD
∑Á>ÿ\V‚º¶ c™¬z^ ÂV[ / \Ô´Õ>\V™mı| ÿÂÚ©A› mı|ÔÁe /
sø∫zD ÂV[ c[ ÿ\e™ \o_/>ÁÈAÁ>¬Ô kÕ>mı| ®[
÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√l[ ∂Ú˛_ xÁe›> ŒuÁ≈ xÁȺB
xÁȺB” (√V_T],
√¬.42á43) ®™› >VD √l[≈ ]BVƒ´VƒÏ ÔÁȬÔ_Ÿˆl[ ∂Ú˛_ ÷Ú¬zD
\VˆBD\[ ÿ>©√¬ze \ı¶√ QV√Ô∫ÔÁe *‚ÿ¶|¬˛[≈VÏ. ¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ôo_
WtÏÕ> ∑¶Ï, {¶kı|Ô^ ÿ\VF¬zD ∂Á> ÿ\V‚| ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD >Á™›
>VÈV‚ΩB >VFÁ\ÁB©√V|˛[≈VÏ. ÿÂÚ©A¬ ºÔVa ÿÂÚ©Á√ sø∫˛ \o_
>ÁÈAÁ>©√Á> mB´∫ÔÁe sø∫˛B >V[ ÿ\e™ \o_ >ÁÈAÁ>¬Ô
kÕ>>VÔ x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷∫ºÔ ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ®[√m ∂kÏ √l[≈
]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_ŸˆÁB•D ŒuÁ≈xÁÈ ®[√m \VˆBD\[ ÿ>©√¬ze
\ı¶√›Á>•D z§X¶V¬z˛[≈™.

“®[
®[ g≈Vkm s´_ kaºB EKÁkloÚÕm / kΩ˛≈m ´›>D gD
/ ®[ \VDƒD / kVÏ›Á> g˛≈m
g˛≈m”(√V_T], √.5) kVƒÔÏÔ”¬z› >D
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂§xÔD ÿƒFm Ák©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ xÔkˆfl Ê‚¶VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

ҼêV
º√™V ®™¬z© ∏§][ ˛wÁ\ ∂_È >u˛wÁ\ ®[s´_Ôπ_
Œ[Æ g≈Vkm s´_ kVμ¬ÁÔ ŒÚ EKÁk ; ∂]_ ÂV[
∂Á≈B©√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈[. gıÔ^ ]≈Õ> ÔVB∫Ôπ[ ´›>D>V[ ®[
196
g≈Vkm s´_kaBVÔ ka˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD á ®[ c¶_ ÔÁ´Õm ÔÁ´Õm
kVÏ›Á>BV˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD ®[ c¶_ ÔÁ´Õm ÔÁ´Õm
kVÏ›Á>BV˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD kVÏ›Á>BVkm á ŒÚ
∑>Õ]´D; ∑ÔV–√kD; T| ]ÚD√_! ®™ºk ®[ º>kº™! ®™¬z¬ ÁÔ
T|]ÚD√_!
ÿÔV|›yÏ
ÿÔV|›yÏ” (\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È, √¬.11á13)

÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ssoB› ÿ>V[\D ÁÔBV·©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m. g≈Vkm s´_


®[√m {Ï *ÿ\FÁ\lB¬ z§X¶VzD. g≈Vkm s´_ ®[√m º√™VÁk¬
z§©√>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m. “ ∞∑∏´V[ \–¬zÈ›]uÔVÔfl EKÁkl_
∂Á≈B©√‚|›>V[ zÚ]ÁBfl EÕ]™VÏ ®[√m ssoBD ÌÆD
ÔÚ›>VzD. ÷¬ÔÚ›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÔsQÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ >[–Á¶B
g≈Vkm s´ÈV˛B ®ømºÔVo[ kVlÈVÔ› >V[ EÕ>Á™¬ zÚ]ÁBfl
√Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ” 92 .
ƒx>VB›]uz¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ

“Ôs¬ºÔVs[
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Õ> \V–¶ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ÔVÔ ƒx>VB
º\D√V‚|¬ÔVÔ ∂Ï©√ˬԩ√‚¶ ®ı¬ zÚ] ®[ÆD ∂k´m º√™V
z§©∏‚|^eVÏ” 93 . ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe
g≈Vkm s´_ ®[ÆD z§©∏‚|^eVÏ
\‚|\_È ∏≈ ƒ\B› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬z˛[≈VÏ.

“EKÁk
EKÁk \´∫Ô^ / ÷Õ>©√EÿÔVı¶ \´∫Ô^ \Vtƒ
√‚EËÔeV˛s‚¶™. ŒÚ ÛˆBÁ™© ∏´ƒs›m / º√V]l[ Ww_ /
ÿkπflƒ›Á> ∂ˆ¬zD sBV]BV˛s‚¶m. ŒÚ E[x›]Á´l_/QV™
Û‚∑\›Á>ºB ∂∏Âl›> s´_Ôπ[ / ƒÈ∫ÁÔl_ÈV> ¶™›Á> /
∂≈∫ºÔu§B ∂º> Ô_ÈV‹™ ˇμ / WtÏÕm W[≈ ]ˆÛÈ s´_Ô^ /
®ıVl´D ®KtflƒD √w∫ÔÁefl ÿƒÚzD Ôø\´∫ÔeVl™
Ôø\´∫ÔeVl™” (√V_T],
√¬.89á90).

EKÁk© º√VÏÔÁe c^e¶¬˛fl EKÁk \´∫Ô^ \Vtƒ


√‚EËÔeV¬˛s‚¶™ ®™°D; ÛˆB[ A›>Ú¬zD º√V]Ww_ ÿ√e›>›]uzD g™
z§X|Ô^ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√e›>›]uz^ ª|ÚsB ÷Õm›mk›Á>ºB ÿkπflƒ›Á>
∂ˆ¬zD sBV] ®™°D; ¶´Vƒ >›mk∫ÔÁe ∂∏Âl›> Ekÿ√Ú\VM[
>Vı¶k¬ Ì›m ∂´∫ºÔ§B Ô_ÈVÈ \´›][ ˇºwºB ƒ\¬ Ôøºku≈D

197
WÔμÕ>m ®™°D (÷∫ºÔ Ô_ÈVÈD á Áƒk ƒ\B›]uzD, ®ıVl´D
®KtflƒD√w∫Ô^ á ƒ\Ï ®ıVl´kϬzD z§X|ÔeVl™). \>ÿk§ÁB
∂ÀkD\>¬ ÿ>V[\∫Ô”¬ ̶VÔºk º>VKˆ›m s|˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe g”D c›] º√VÏxÔ›]_ ®]ˆl[ g•>∫ÔÁeºB ÁÔ©√u§
∂kÏÔ”¬z ®]´VÔ© √B[√|›> k_È gu≈_ ∂kÚ¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈBV˛
s|˛[≈m.

“ml_∑kVƒD
ml_∑kVƒD ∂¶∫Ô / ®[ ∂™VÁ>¬ Ô™° /
∂ÔVÈ\´\Á¶Õms‚¶m √VÁkfl ƒ\V]l_ / ∂>[ ƒk ∂¶¬ÔD
ÿ√ÚJfl∑ cπ / Ô_ÈÁ≈ kVƒÔ› º>Ïs[ / ÷[–D / >|\V§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô / ÷Á\©¨o c›]Ôπ_ ]´kfl∑¶ÏÔÁe› / ]™xD ∞u§
Ák¬˛º≈[ ÂV[
ÂV[” (√V_T], √.17)

#¬Ô›]_ √E›>ø> >[ Ô™Ák© √Vƒ›m¶[ ∂^𠪂Ω keÏ›> ¿•D;


cÏ°ÔÁe ÿ\e™›]_ ˛¶›]lÚÕ> ¿•D ŒÚ›] >V™V? ®[˛≈ ºÔ^sl[
ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVF› ÿ>V¶ÚD ÷©√z]ÁB ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >VMB∫˛ ®ø›>VÔ
∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD.

©º´[ √ÈxÁ≈ ko•Æ›]fl ÿƒV[™ Ìu§[√Ω ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô›


>[MB¬ÔD ( Poetic automatism ) ÔÚ›m≈s[ ÛwÁ\Ák› >[M_
ÿÔVı¶>VzD ®[√Ï. ÷Õ> ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈºB A]B ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔeVÔ Ô™s[
ÿ\VaBV_ ÿ>V¶ÚD >VMB∫˛ ®ø›>VÔ ÷©√z] ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m. “ŒÚ
ŒÚ
ÔsQM[ >M©√‚¶ ~|√V| ÔV´\VÔ Œº´ z§X| *e*e ∂k[
√Á¶©∏_ √´kÈV™ g‚E ÿ√≈ ºÂÚD ÷>Á™ºB \§>Ú z§X|
( recurrent symbal ) ®[√Ï. ÔsQ´m c^e›Á>•D, ∂kÚÁ¶B
®ø›Á>•D g‚E ÿƒFk>V_ ÷kuÁ≈ ∞‚¸ ‘g”D z§X|Ô^’ ( ruling
g”D z§X|Ô^
symbals ) ®[√VÏ. ÷kuÁ≈fl E≈©√VÔ gFÂ> º¤Vƒ©kV´[ ¨fl ÷Ák
ÔsQÏ cÏÁk© ¨Ω›]Ú¬zD √ı∏™V_ ¨Ω¬zD √Ω\∫Ô^ ( obses-
sive ®[√VÏ” 94 . √V_T]ÁB gF° ÿƒF> {Ï gFkVeÏ
images ) ®[√VÏ
ÿÂu§¬Ôı, ÷Á\, EKÁk, ‚ƒ›]´D g˛BÁk \§>Úz§X|ÔeVÔ kÚkÁ>
®|›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•^eVÏ.

198
ºÔVΩfl ÛˆBÏÔÁe© ∏aÕm ‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^ ÿƒFº>[ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ ÿƒ§°
®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD ŒÚ ƒ∫ÔV´›>V_ ÷Õ>© Øt √ı√|›>©√‚¶ ∏[, ‚ƒ›]´
sÁ>ÔÁe› #°ºkVD ÷∫ºÔ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ cBÏÕ>m ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
‚ƒ›]´ ºk≠\ËÕ> ®ø›m¬Ô^ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ se¬ÔD ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
÷eºkM_ ÷´° ‚ƒ›]´ x^π_ s´Ô WÈ° ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ Ø ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
ÂV‚Á¶©∏ˆÕ> ∂Ô]ÔeVF ¶¬˛[≈™ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ g[\V ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD
®[ ED\Vƒ™D gÔVB›]_ ®[≈VKD, ®[√VÏÁk Øtl[*º> ŒÚ
‚ƒ›]´Dº√V_ ®[–D ÷¶›]_ cBÏÕ>kÏÔπ[ ÔÚÁ© √VÏÁk ®[≈
ÿ√VÚπKD ‚ƒ›]´D √V_T]l_ √_ºkÆ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÁÔBVe©√|˛≈m..

*ÿ\FDÁ\lB›][ √Ω\D, z§X|, A]B ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^, >VMB∫˛


®ø›ÿ>™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔBV™ ƒV›]B© √V|ÔÁe•D ÿkÆD c›]flºƒV>Á™
®[˛≈ ∂es_ W[Æs¶V\_ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_
WÁÈÂV‚Ω•^em ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô© √Á¶©A ÿ§BVzD. \uÆD
s›]BVƒ\VÔ© A]™©√|›m>_ ®[√]_ AmÁ\ÁB cÚkÁ\›>_ ®[√º>V|
√wÁ\ÁB cÚ¬zÁÈ›>_ ®[√mD ∂k´m ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV”D √V∫˛_
ª¶VΩ› ÿ>V¶Ïk>V˛[≈™. ÷mkÁ´ ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √u§ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™.
÷M ∂kˆ[ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.

“´›>D c[ ∂∏º≠Ô\V?/ ÷m ®Õ> \>D? ®Õ> ºk>D? / ÷kÏÔeV c[


√¬>ÏÔ^?”. “yÁ\ ∂]Ôˆ¬zD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD ∂k>ˆ©º√[ ®[≈VºB / ÷Á>s¶¬
ÿÔVΩBÔVÈD ®m? / ®∫ºÔ ÔVºVD / c[ ∂k>V´D?”

“gÈB\Ë
gÈB\Ë {Áƒ•D / \Û]l[ ∂Áw©ÿ√Vo•D / ÔVu§_
ÔÁ´Õm ƒ∫Ôt¬zD ∂Ï›>D/ ÷kÏÔ”¬z ®©º√Vm se∫zD?
ÔÁ¶EBVÔ¬ ºÔ‚˛º≈[ ¿ NÕmkV? x¸‹\V ´V∫ÂD√Ï ®[≈ √]ºÈV|
÷Á©A mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m
mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m”(gÈV√Á™, √¬.28á29). ®[ \>\V™
º√F∏Ω›>k–¬z ®]´V™ Ôı¶™¬ z´ÁÈ ∂≈flÊu≈›m¶[ ∂w˛BºÈV|D
÷MBˇÁ> /
º√∑˛[≈VÏ, Ô¶°eVºÈºB >k≈V™ ®ı ®™›mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶>VÔ“÷MBˇÁ>
÷Õm¬ÔÁe•D / ˇÏ›]tz Á√∏^ / ˛§›mkÏÔÁe•D x]ÏÕ> zÏg[/
cÚkV¬zD” 95 ®[√m
x¸‹DÔÁe•D cu√›] ÿƒFBV\_ / \M>ÏÔÁe cÚkV¬zD
ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>l[ Ô™kVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ∂m >ÔÏÕm º√V™Á> >k≈V™
199
®ı W‘∏¬˛[≈m ÷Õ> ÷¶›]_ ŒÚ ÿ√ı QVM >twÔ x>_kÏ *m
÷´V\Ï√VÈfl E¬Ôo_ >ÁÈÁB¬ ÿÔVF•D √›kV s]›> >Ú›]_ z§©∏‚¶m
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

“ÿÔVfiƒÔVÈ›]uz
ÿÔVfiƒÔVÈ›]uz ÷Õ> √Ôk›ˇÁ>, Á√∏^, zÏg[ J[ƬzD
>Á¶ s]¬Ôºkı|D. ∂ku§_ Ì≈©√‚|^eku§_ ®Õ>ÿkVÚ >kƺ\
÷_ÁÈ. g™V_ ∂ku§uÔV™ >k≈V™ sBV¬˛BV™∫ÔeV_ >V[
®_ÈVD”96 ®[√Ï ~≠V ¤¬˛ kV∑º>À.
÷›>ÁÔB ∏´flƒÁ™Ô^ ®_ÈVD

x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”º\ ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD x›]Á´


√]›>kÏÔ^. ÿkzƒ™ ∂´∫Ô\V™ ÔsB´∫˛_ ̶ E≈©√V™ z§X|ÔÁe¬
ÁÔBVı| ∂ƒ›>¬ ÌΩB k_ÈÁ\•D ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬zı|. ÷Õ]BVs_
ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ ∏´Ô¶™©√|›>©√‚ΩÚÕ> ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ÔD√[ swV¬
ÔsB´∫˛_ ∂kÚ¬zˆB >ÁÈ©A ÁÔºBl.

“>[
>[ \Ô[ ∂´ƒV·› / >Õ]´∫Ô^ ÿƒF>V^ ÿ√V[\ÔÁ™¬
ÔV‚|¬z© / º√V¬˛™V^. ÁÔºÔlÁB› >V[/ Ôs√V¶ kÕm^ºe[ Ôı¶
ÿ√VÚÿe_ÈVD ÔVVyÏ ®[≈ ∂Õ>¬ÔVȬ Ô‚¶ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[
∂´EBÁÈ© º√EB ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔºÔlÁB ÷Õ]´V ÔVÕ]¬zD
>[\Ô[ ®[√Á> ´V˝ÀÔVÕ]¬zD ÿ√V[\Ô[ ®[√Á>©
A≈¬Ôˬԩ√‚¶ ÔV\´VƒÚ¬zD ÿ√VÚÕmD kıD º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>lKD
ÁÔBVı¶VÏ” 97 .
z§X‚Á¶fl E≈©√VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶VÏ

“ÔV>ÁÈ
ÔV>ÁÈ \‚|\_È / Ô¶°Áe k∫zk>uzD / ÂV[ ®[√m>V[
sÁÈ se¬˛_ >[Á™ ÷w¬zD / ®ıÿBVF ÷Ú / ∏´ÔVƒD ∂Á¶
kVF gD / >uÿÔVÁÈ ÿƒFm ÿÔV^ ¿ ∂\´™VkVF
∂\´™VkVF” (gÈV√Á™, √.135)
ÔV>_ x>_ √¬]kÁ´ ÂVÁ™› m≈Õ>V_>V[ ÔVˆB ƒV›]B\VzD.

E™D ÷≈¬Ô¬ Ôu≈VKD / E›] ®_ÈVD ÿ√u≈VKD \™D ÷≈¬Ô¬ Ô_ÈVϬz


kVºB[ √´V√´º\ ®[√m >V•\V™Ï √V¶_ \™D ÷≈¬zD ÔÁÈ ®[Æ {º≠V
ŒÚ±ºÈ √Á¶›m^eVÏ. \™D >V[ √ÁÔ. ∂Á>¬ ÿÔV›mºkVD kVÚ∫Ô^.
∂Á>¬ ˛a©º√VD kVÚ∫Ô^ ∂Á> ºk‚Á¶BV|ºkVD kVÚ∫Ô^ ®™© √V´]•D
√V|kVÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ\FlB_ ̺≈ ∂›>ÁÔB ªΩÁw©∏´]ÔeVÔ (inter
200
textuality ) ÷kuÁ≈ÿB_ÈVD ÂDx^ *e°D WÁ™∆‚¶k_È>V˛[≈m.
÷Ȭ˛BD ∂–√k›]oÚÕm º>V[ÆkÁ> ∂>uzx[ Ôıº¶VD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>
\‚|D ÷Ȭ˛BD ÷Ȭ˛B›]oÚÕm º>V[ÆD √–koÁ¶ c≈Ák
x[Ák©√>V˛[≈m.

“÷Ȭ˛B©
÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]¬zD ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÷Ȭ˛B© ∏´]¬z\V™ c≈ºk
Ô¬˛_ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^e©√¶ ºkıΩBm √–koÁ¶ c≈° ®[≈ >e›]_
Ák›º> ÷Ȭ˛B k´ÈVÆD ÷Ȭ˛B kÁÔÁ\Ô”¬z ÷Á¶lÈV™
se¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D” 98 ®[√Ï Â.x›mº\VÔ[.
ºkÆ√V|Ô”D se¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D

÷›>ÁÔB ∂Á\©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛u ̶VÔ°D ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>¬ ÌΩB Œ[≈VF


÷¬ÔsÁ> Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|^em. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √Á¶©A ÿ§Ôπ[
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm Eu√O‚√D. ∂>Vkm ÿƒm¬˛fl ÿƒm¬˛fl ÿƒ§kV™ ÷ƬÔ\VÔ›
>´k_È O‚√D. ~° ÷´¬Ôt[§ ∑B>ˬÁÔ ÿƒFBk_È √Á¶©√Vπ¬ºÔ
ÔVˆBƒV›]BV\¬ ÌΩBm ÷m.

“ÿ√ÚD√VKD
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÂV[ ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>Ô”Á¶B ®]ˆ. ®Àke°
∑Ú¬Ô\VÔfl ÿƒV_È xΩ•º\V ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z ÔÁ¶E √‚ƒ\VÔ ÷>uzº\_
kˆÔÁe ∂Ω¬ÔxΩBVm ®[≈ WÁÈ kÚD kÁ´lKD ÔsÁ>ÁBfl
∑Ú¬˛s|ºk[” 99 ®[Æ >Dx¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[§_ z§©∏‚|^eVÏ.
∑Ú¬˛s|ºk[
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÷∫ºÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ§°¬z c>V´\VÔ {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>
kˆÔÁe \‚|D ÔVıº√VD.

“®[Á™¬
®[Á™¬ Ôı¶mD / ÔsøD c[ ÷Á\Ô^ ÿÔV∑kÁÈBV? /
*[kÁÈBV? c[ √VÏÁkÔ^ / √≈Õm kÚkm ®[ ˛ÁeÔπ_ /
÷Á´º>¶ºkV? Ì| Ô‚¶ºkV?
Ô‚¶ºkV?” (√V_T], √.33) ÿkπl_ ÷Ú¬zD ÿÔV∑¬ÔÁe
c^k´V\_ >|¬Ôk_Èm ÿÔV∑kÁÈ. c^ºe E¬˛B *[ÔÁe ÿkπºB≈
s¶V\_ >|¬Ô k_Èm *[kÁÈ. Ôı¶mD ÔsøD ÷Á\Ô^ c‚AÔ xBKD
>[Á™› >|¬zD kÁÈBV? ∂Ô©√|›] ÿkπºB≈ s¶V\_ ÔV¬zD kÁÈBV
®™°D, √≈Õm kÚD ∂k^ √VÏÁkÔ^ >[ ˛ÁeÔπ_ ÷Á´ º>Ω©
√≈Õº>VΩs¶kV ∂_Èm >∫˛lÚÕm Ì|Ô‚Ω¬ zΩlÚ¬ÔkV ®™°D
ÿ√VÚ‚ÿƒ§°¶–D, ÷ƬÔ\V™ ÿƒ§°¶–D Ô‚¶Á\›m^eVÏ. ∂|›>m
∂ıV √u§Bm.
201
“∂ø˛[≈
∂ø˛[≈ º√VmD / º\ÔD º√VÈ ∂ø>k[ ¿ sø˛[≈ º√VmD /
sÁ>ÁB© º√VÈ søÕ>k[ ¿
¿” (sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[, √.15) º\Ô›][
∂øÁÔ>Vº™ \Áw. º\Ô\ø> \Áw ¿ÚD \u≈kϬz© √B™V>_ º√VÈ ®™°D;
>™¬ÔVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ \u≈kϬÔVÔ, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ ∂ø˛≈k[ ®™°D
÷m ÿ√VÚ^√|D.

“Â[Æ ÷kÏ” 100


Â[Æ ∂§kVˆ_ ÔBkÏ ]Ú°Á¶BÏ ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈD ÷kÏ
‘Â[≈ˆkVÏ ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈD’ ®™ k^”kD ∑‚|D ∂≈º\, º\ÔD º√V_
∂ø>k[ ®[√]KD ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBV˛[≈m. ∂fiƒo¬ ÔsÁ>¬z gÔflƒˆBV™
x[–>V´\V˛› ]Ôμkm ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ∂ıV°¬z g™ ∂fiƒo¬
ÔsÁ>ºBBVzD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ JȺ\ ÷>[ ÿƒ§kV™ sÁ>º√V_
søÕ>k[ ®–D ckÁ\© √V∫˛[ kVlÈVÔºk ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔÁÈQÏ
\™›]KD gw\VÔºk søÕ>VÏ. √´kÈV™ Ôk™ ~Ï©Á√•D ÿ√≈ÈV™VÏ. ƒJÔ
Â[Á\¬ÔVÔ kVμ˛[≈kÏÔ^ AÁ>¬Ô©√|k]_ÁÈ, sÁ>¬Ô›>Vº™
√|˛[≈VÏÔ^? ∂ıV ®[˛≈ \Ô›>V™ sÁ>>Vº™ ∂kÏ ÔVÈ›]uz©
∏[™VKD º√ˆB¬Ô\VÔ WÁÈÿ√uÆ ÷B∫z˛[≈m.

“sÁ>ÁB©
sÁ>ÁB© º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®[≈ ®[ EÕ>Á™ ÔÁÈQÁ´ tÔ°D
ÔkÏÕms‚¶m ÷Á> ∂kÚÁ¶B º√flEKD, ®ø›]KD √ÈxÁ≈
√V´V‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ÷Õ>fl EÕ>Á™ JÈ\VÔºk ÔÁÈQÚÁ¶B ÷>B›]_
søÕms‚º¶[” 101.
ÂV[ sÁ>ÁB© º√V_ søÕms‚º¶[

“sÁ>
sÁ> º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®[≈ ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶Á´© √B[√|›] ®[Á™
\B¬Ô›]_ gμ›]™VÏ ´z\V[. ∂ıV \Á≈Õ> m¬Ô›Á>ºB ŒÚ
t[™ÈΩ¬zD ºÂ´D Œm¬˛Ák›ms‚| sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®–D
ÂV[” 102
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÿƒVuÔπºÈ ÿƒV¬˛© º√VlÚ¬˛º≈[ ÂV[

“ÿku§√È
ÿku§√È Ôı| ÂV[ / sÚmÿ√≈ kÚDº√Vm / ÿkz\V™D ®[™
®[º√[” 103 .
ºkı|D ®™¬ ºÔ‚¶V_ ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™› >ÚÔ ®[º√[

‘sÁ>º√VÈ søÕ>VF’ ®–D ckÁ\ ∂ıVÁk x[Ák›º> ∏≈Õ>


º√V]KD, ƒJÔ© º√´VπÔ^ ∂Á™kϬzD g™ ∂fiƒoÔ”¬zD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬
ÌΩB>VF g˛s|˛[≈m. ÷©√Ω z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚkÏ, ŒÚkˆ[ \´D
®[√Á>¬Ô¶Õm, >M\M> ºƒVÔD ®[√Á>¬ Ô¶Õm, ÿ√Vm\M> ºÂB\VÔ©
202
√ˆt¬ÁÔl_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>•D ∂\´›mkD ÿ√uÆ s|˛[≈m. ÂV‚¶VÏ
kw¬ÔVuÆ©√V∫˛ÈV™ ÔsÁ>¬zD ÷∫ÿÔVÚ c>V´¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬
ÔVıº√VD.

“x[™VºÈ
x[™VºÈ kVlÚÕmD / ∏[™VºÈ >V[ ∑‚¶m / xΩflƒsμ¬zD
º√Ïka∫Ô / JfiElºÈ √‚¶m. √VmÔV©A© √Á¶lºÈ•D ∂fiƒVD√Á¶
ºkÁÈBV? √V´>›>VF \V™D ÔV¬Ô ±ÈVD√Á¶ ºƒÁÈBV?
ºƒÁÈBV?” (∑‚|s´_,
√¬.112á113)

÷m ¨´∫˛©º√´ ªwÁÈ© √VΩkÚD ¨´∫˛©√V‚|. ÷ÀkV≈VÔ ®_ÈVxD


®ø›m¬ÔsÁ> (Written Poetry), º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ> (Spoken Poetry), kw¬z¬
ÔsÁ> ( Folb Poetry ) ®[≈ JkÁÔ¬ Ôs>ÔπKD; Á«¬ÌsKD; ʈB
÷Ȭ˛B kVƒÔ[, ÿkzƒ™ ´ƒÁ™ kVƒÔ[ ®[§Ú>´©A kVƒÔÏ \›]lKD ∂©m_
´z\V[ ÿku§Ô´\VÔ se∫zk>uz ∂k´m Ôs›mkt¬Ô √Á¶©A ÿ§Ժe
ÔV´\V™ÁkBVzD. ŒÚ √Á¶©A ÷Ȭ˛B\V ®[√Á> ®©√Ω› yÏ\VM©√m ®[≈
ºÔ^s ∂kˆ¶D ®ø©√©√‚¶º√Vm,

“√ÈxÁ≈Ô^
√ÈxÁ≈Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M> cÏ°ÔÁe
ÿkπ©√|›>¬ÌΩB, ÿ>V¶¬ÌΩB ÔÚÁk Á\B\VÔ Ák›m ®ø]™V_ ∂m
√V|ÿ√VÚπ™VºÈºB WÁÈ›m WuzD. g™V_ √V|ÿ√VÚπ™VºÈºB
®_ÈVD ÔsÁ>BV˛s¶Vm. ∂m ®ømD ÔsQˆ[ ]≈Á\ÁB•D
ÿ√VÆ›]Ú¬˛≈m. {Ï ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M> cÏ° ®[≈VKD ̶ ∂Á>
®øm˛≈ ÔsQÏ ŒÚ s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_ ∂Á> skˆ¬Ô ºkı|D.
∂_Èm ∂>[ ŒÚ A]B ∂Dƒ›Á> ÿkπ©√|›> ºkı|D. >[Á™©
√V]¬Ô¬ÌΩB ∏´flEÁ™Ô”D cÏflEÔ”D ÔsÁ>BVÔÈVD. g™V_
∂m ®©√Ω ÿkπ©√|›>©√|˛≈m ®[√Á>© ÿ√VÆ›m›>V[ ∂m
÷Ȭ˛B\VzD” 104.
÷Ȭ˛B\VzD

√Á¶©Aÿ§ z§›> ÂT™›mk s\σÔÏÔ^ √VÏÁkÔÁe ®_ÈVD


ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿ§xÁ≈Ô^ ®[≈ ÷Bo_ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∂Õ> ∂ˆB
se¬Ô∫Ôπ[ c‚ÿ√V]Õ> ƒV´VDƒ›Á>›>V[ ŒÚºƒ´© ∏aÕÿ>|›m
®πÁ\BV™ \V›]Á´Ô^ kΩs_ Â\¬Ôπ¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. ∂>uzD
c>V´\VÔ ∂k´m Á«¬Ì Œ[º≈ ƒV[≈VzD.

203
“÷´ÿk_ÈVD
÷´ÿk_ÈVD / c[ WÁ™°Ô^ / ÿÔV∑¬Ô^
ÿÔV∑¬Ô^” (√V_T], √.27)

ÔV>ÁÈ©√V¶V> ÔsQÏ ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Á>ºB ÔV>_ WÁ™°ÔÁeºB


ÿÔV∑¬Ôÿe™¬ ÔÚ›m©√Ω\D g¬˛ Á«¬Ì kΩsºÈºB ÿƒm¬˛fl E≈©∏¬˛≈VÏ
∂©m_ ´z\V[. ÷∫z ck\©ÿ√VÚ^ ÔÚ›m© ÿ√VÚeVÔ ∂Á\•D √V∫˛™V_
÷m ÔÚ›m©√Ω\ Á«¬ÌkVF kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚|^em. ÔV>_ WÁ™°ÔÁe©
√ÈÏ √VΩ•^e™Ï. g™V_ ∂>Á™¬ ÿÔV∑¬Ô^ ®–D s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_
ÿkπ©√|›>©√‚|^e xÁ≈l™VºÈºB ÷m ÷Ȭ˛B ÿku§ÁB
®F]¶ÈV˛[≈m.

xΩ°Ô^

®m ÔsÁ> ®[√Á>¬ ÔV©Azx[ ®m ÔsÁ> gÔVm ®[√m √u§B


ÔsÁ>BV·ÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ ÿ>Vz›>π¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

Ôs›mk›Á> zwÕÁ>l[ ∂§BVÁ\loÚÕmD, √VkÁl_


÷ÚÕmD, sÁ·BV‚|¬Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD, sB¬Ô›ÿ>ˆÕ> \™›]_ ÷ÚÕmD,
ºÔ^sÔπ_ ÷ÚÕmD Ôs›mk›Á> ÷™DÔV xΩ•D ®[√™
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

Eu∏l[ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ÔsÁ> clˆ[ ÷B¬Ô›Á>© √u§© √V|k>VÔ


∂Á\˛≈m. ÔV›m ˛¶©√m>V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[√Á>¬ Ô>° ®[˛≈ ÔsÁ> x[
Ák©√>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.

®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D ®–D ÔsÁ> ∑Õ>D g]BVÁk© º√∑˛[≈m.


gı¶k[ √Á¶©∏ºÈºB √ˆØ´D ÷_ÈV\uº√VFs¶Vm. ÷>Á™ºB Eu∏ >[
ÔsÁ> ÿ\Val_ ÷ƬÔfl ÿƒ§°¶[ √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>™D cı|;
Jπ›>™›]KD √ˆØ´D cı| ®™fl ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD ÔÁȺB ÷kˆ[
Ôs›mkD ®[√m s·¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

{ÚÏÁkfl ÿƒ§kVÔ© √Á¶›>_, ŒÚ WÔμs[ √È ºÔVfl E›]ˆ©A,


ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ xÕWÁÈ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ c^·™.

204
{ÚÏsuz sÁÈ\Ô^ Ô_ÈÁ≈, √ȺÔVfl E›]ˆ©∏uz º´V≠D,
x^ºÔV|, W≈D g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>¬z √ÁwB˚Ï ¿o, \mÁ´
T´[, ÿ>uz k·° √V‚Á¶BV g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÷™D Ôı|
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

>tw[√[ Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D √Ω\\V¬˛ \M> cÏÁk•D


kVμsB_ cıÁ\ÔÁ·•D ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â] ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ JÈD
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.

Â_È ∂´EB_ sÁ>¬z cˆB E≈Õ> ®|›m¬ÔV‚| ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÔsÁ>.


~wflE¬ÔÁÈ©√u§•D, ®πÁ\l_ >V[ ∂w˛Ú¬˛≈m ®™ ÿkÀºkÆ kVE©∏uz
÷¶\π©√>VÔ ÷k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ c^·™.

>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X|, ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[ ®|›mÁ´©A,


s›]BVƒ\V™ c›]Ô^ ®™¬ Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

ƒJÔ›][ EÁ>°ÔÁ· ®|›m¬ÔV‚|kmD ƒJÔ ∂¿]¬z ®]´VÔ¬ z´_


ÿÔV|©√mD ÔsQM[ >VÏ*Ô¬ Ô¶Á\Ô·VzD. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
º>Ï>ÁÈ•D, ƒ™ÂVBÔ›Á>•D ∂ku§[ EÁ>°ÔÁ·•D Ôs›mk›m¶[
∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™.

√Ω\kV¬ÔD √u§•D √Ω\ x>[Á\¬ ÔsÁ> √u§•D s·¬Ô∫Ô^


ÿ>Vz›>π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

Am¬ÔsÁ>l_>V[ z§X‚|› ÿ>V¶ÏflE gu≈ºÈV| g·©√|˛≈m.


y√\´›]_, y¬ÔM cı s‚Ω_ kÕ>m. ÔMºB s‚ΩÁÈ cı¶m. ÷]_
s‚ΩÁÈ© √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V_ √Ω\¬ ÔsÁ> s‚Ω_ ®[√Á>
\uÿ≈V[§[ z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V_ z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>. s‚ΩÁÈ \¬Ô”¬ÔV™
z§X¶VÔ°D y√\´›Á> ∂´EB_kV]¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∂©m_
´z\VÁ™ z§X‚| ÔsQÏ ®™¬ÌÆkm ƒVÈ© ÿ√VÚÕmD.

*ÿ\FlB¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ >tμ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>º> ∂©m_


´z\VM[ √V_T].

205
ssoB ÿ>V\∫ÔÁ· \Á¶\Vu§ ÁÔBV”D k_ÈÁ\ ∂©m_
´z\V–¬zˆBm ®[√m g´VB©√‚|^·m. \>ÿk§ÁB ∂ÀkÀ \>›
ÿ>V[\∫Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ º>VKˆ©√m ÷kˆ[ E≈©∏B_√VÔ ÔV©√‚|^·m.

*ÿ\FÁ\lBD, √Ω\D, z§X|, sº™V>fl ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^, >VMB∫˛


®ø›m ®™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔfl ƒV›]B©√V|ÔÁ·•D ÿkÆD c›]fl ºƒV>Á™
®[≈·s_ W[Æs¶V\_ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ WÁÈ ÂV‚Ω•^·º>
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô© √Á¶©A ÿ§BVÔ g´VB©√‚|^·m.

206
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. \.Â.÷´V\ƒVt, ÷B_√V™ ∏´¬ÁQl[ √]°Ô^ \‚|º\ ÔsÁ>BV˛
s|\V? (ºÔ^s á √]_ kΩs_) ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™, gÔ¸‚á2001.
2. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬. 83á84.
3. º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ (ÿ\V.ÿ√.), ®m ÔsÁ> ∂_È, c^”Á≈ ÷>μ : 2,
ºÔVÁk, ÿƒ©. ∂¬. 2009.
4. \V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[, ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔsÁ>, ÂÏ\>V √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1989, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
5. º\Èm, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
6. º\Èm, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
7. >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>fl EÕ>Á™Ô^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1990,
√¬.50á51.
8. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|, √.84.
9. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 378, 390,
391.
10. º\Èm.,
11. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ,
1998, √.70.
12. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 373á374,
667á668.
13. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √¬. 79á80.
14. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, kDE A¬¸, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ, 2009, √.145.
15. ÷Ȭzt z\V´[ QV™]´sBD, gEˆBÏ cÁ´, T‚Ωuz ˇºw•D Ô∫z,
∂Ô´D, >fiÁƒ, 1982.
16. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √¬. 70á73.
17. º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ (ÿ\V.ÿ√.), c^”Á≈ ÷>μ, ºÔVÁk, ÿƒ©. ∂¬.

207
2009.
18. \V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[, ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔsÁ>, √.124.
19. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[ ºÂÏÔV_, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©¶D√Ïá2009.
20. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √¬. 319á320.
21. ∏´D\´V¤[, ÂT™ >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛B_, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™,
ΩƒD√Ï. 2003.
22. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √.66.
23. ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>Ï, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™, 2005, √.120.
24. Ô.Ø´ƒÕ]´[, ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD >ÔÏ©AD, √¬. 104á105.
25. ].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[, ºÔVÁ¶kB_, √wDÿ√ÚÁ\, ®ø›m ∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1965, √.18.
26. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.430.
27. \.\mÛ>™[, >tw© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.134.
28. º\Èm, √¬. 134á135.
29. º\Èm, √¬. 139á140
30. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.464.
31. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.121.
32. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈ xÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.5á6.
33. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.140.
34. AsB´∑, ∏[™›]_ xøÁ\, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆá2000,
√.13.

208
35. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.140.
36. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 363á364.
37. Ô_BVıh, º>ÏÕÿ>|›> ÔsÁ>Ô^, ga ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, √.61.
38. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√¬. 134á135.
39. E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, ªmk›]© A_, √.313.
40. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.125.
41. Ô.Ø´ƒÕ]´[, ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD, ∂Á\©AD, √¬. 96á100.
42. Eu∏, c∫Ô^ √˛Ï>K¬z, J|√M, Ôs>V ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003,
√.6.
43. ®¸.ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·, >ta[ \Æ\ÈÏflE, >tμ© A›>ÔVÈBD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1980, √.36.
44. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.98.
45. Eu∏, \ÔV›\V, x[–Á´, Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2006, √.9.
46. Eu∏, J|√M, c∫Ô^ √˛Ï>K¬z, √.8.
47. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.504á571,
48. º\Èm, √¬.504á571.
49. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zflƒV·´D, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,
2005.
50. E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √¬.218á219.
51. √M¬z¶D ÷>μá2, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ∑BDA ∂w˛BK¬ÔV™
º√V´V‚¶D >V[, ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©., ∂¬., 2003.
52. ºk.x.ÿ√V]B ÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √¬.69á151.
53. º\Èm,.
54. º\Èm.,
209
55. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬.136á137.
56. º\Èm,
57. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, >M›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶
ÔsÁ>Ô^, √¬. 13á14.
58. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.578.
59. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√.135.
60. º\Èm., √.312.
61. º\Èm., √.314.
62. º\Èm.,
63. º\Èm., √.139.
64. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 575á579.
65. º\Èm.,
66. º\Èm., √¬. 576á581.
67. º\Èm.,
68. √M¬z¶D ÷>μá2, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©. ∂¬., 2003.
69. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.5.
70. AsB´∑, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬. 6á12.
71. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 559á561.
72. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÿkπ•D ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ
z´_Ô”D, √VÁk √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √.108.
73. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬. 192á194.
74. E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.186.
75. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬.187á190.
210
76. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.557.
77. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ˇÁw \VϬEBD, √.454.
78. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|,
√¬.103á104., 84á85.
79. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.390.
80. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.40.
81. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬.103á104.
82. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.288.
83. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.63.
84. º\Èm, √.39.
85. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬. 82á83.
86. º\Èm.,
87. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™, ∏©´, 1993.
88. ∂©m_´z\V[, x[–Á´, \´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È, ºÂ≠™_
√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.6.
89. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™, ∏©., 1993, ºÔVÁk.
90. ∂©m_´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √.19.
91. ∂©m_´z\V[, √V_ T], x[–Á´, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
2003.
92. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>?
Am¬ÔsÁ>?. √.65.
93. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.65.
94. ∂©m_´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.128á129.
95. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.14.
96. ¤¬˛ kV∑º>À, ÔV‚|©Ø \V>÷>μ
\V>÷>μ, ~≠V ∂≈¬Ô‚¶Á·, ºÔVBDA›#Ï,
∂¬º¶V√Ïá2007.

211
97. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.97.
98. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √.78.
99. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_, ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™. ∏©´. 1993, ºÔVÁk.
100. ]Ú¬z≈^, 1073.
101. ∂©m_´z\V[, sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[, x[–Á´, ºÂ≠™_
√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004.
102. ÔÁÈQÏ.ÔÚVW], ∂ËÕmÁ´, sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[
103. ∂©m_´z\V[, kz›>_, Ô¬z¬ ÔsB´∫ÔD, ºƒÈD >tμflƒ∫ÔD,
02.08.1970.
104. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™. ∏©. 1993.

212
÷B_á4

ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\

4.1 ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD

4.2 Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\

4.3 >tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\

4.4 ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\

213
÷B_á4

ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\

4.1 ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD

ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD >M›> g”Á\•D ŒÀÿkVÚ


ÔsQÏÔ”¬zD E≈©√V™ ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·VzD. ®_ÈV© ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬zD
ÿ√VmsB_A E≈©∏B_A ÷´ı|D cı|. ÷m z§›m Áƒk E›>VÕ>
ÿkπflƒ›]_ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬Ô\π¬˛≈VÏ z.Ák›]BÂV>[.

: ŒÀÿkVÚ ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ÷ÚkÁÔ ÷B_AÔ^ c^e™.


“ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂Ák
ÿ√Vm ÷B_A, E≈©A ÷B_A ®[√™ gzD. ŒÚÿ√VÚ^, ∏≈ ÿ√VÚºeV|
ƒD√Õ>©√‚| ÷Ú©√m ÿ√Vm ÷B_A gzD. ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ^, ∏≈ ÿ√VÚºeV|
gzD” 1 .
ƒD√Õ>©√¶V\_ >M›m ÷Ú©√m, E≈©A ÷B_A gzD

ÔsQÏÔ”D ÷ÀsÚ >e∫ÔπKD ÷B∫Ô¬ ÌΩBkÏÔºeBVzD.


®›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ ∂Á\©∏_ ®›>ÁÔB ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ∂kÏÔ^ ÷B∫Ô ºÂÏ˛≈º>V
∂>uºÔu√ ∂kÏÔπÁ¶ºB ÿ√Vm›>exD, ®›>ÁÔB ºÂV¬˛KD, º√V¬˛KD
∂kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>ÿkπÁB ∂kÏÔ^ ∂Á¶BVe©√|›]¬ÿÔV^e
xB_˛[≈™º´V ∂>uºÔu√ ∂k´kϬÔV™ E≈©A›>exD ∂Á\•D.

ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿ√Vm°D E≈©AD ®[≈ >e∫Ôπ_ ÷B∫z˛[≈VÏÔ^.


“ÔsQÏÔ^
>[Á™ WÆ›]¬ ÿÔV^e°D, >™¬ÿÔ™ {Ï ∂Á¶BVe›Á> cÚkV¬˛¬
ÿÔV^e°D, >™¬ÿÔ™ ŒÚ ÿkπÁB› º>Ω¬ ÿÔV^e°D,
xB_kÁ>›>V[ ∂ÔÕÁ>•D √VƒV∫zD ÷_ÈV\_ xB_kÁ>› >V[ á
ºkÿ≈[™?” 2
>tμ¬ ÔsÁ> c∫Ôπ¶tÚÕm cˆÁ\•¶[ ºÔ‚˛≈m. ºkÿ≈[™?
®[√VÏ ].∑.¶´Vƒ[.

∂w˛BÿÈ[√m ÿ√Vm›>e›]KD E≈©A›>e›]KD ®Õ>kÁÔl_


®]ÏÿÔV^e©√¶ÈV˛[≈º>V ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ÔsÁ>l[ >[Á\•D
∂Á\Õms|˛[≈m.

214
∂w˛B_ ®[√m ∂§B©√¶xΩBV> {ÚÏ° ∂_Èm cu√›]
“∂w˛B_
xÁ≈ ∂_È. z§©∏‚¶ ƒJÔ á ÿ√VÚeV>V´ á ∂´EB_ √ı√V‚Ω[ ŒÏ
sÁe° ∂_Èm ∂Á¶BVeD >V[ ÷m. ∂º> ƒ\B›]_ ∂Õ> ∂w˛B_,
®_ºÈVˆ¶xD Œº´ \V]ˆBVÔ cÚ¬ÿÔV^”k]_ÁÈ; ®_ºÈVÚD Œº´
\V]ˆBVÔ ÷Õ> ∂w˛BÁÈ© AÈ©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^kmt_ÁÈ.
∂w˛BK¬z© ÿ√VmkV™ \´AD >exD ÷Ú¬˛≈ ∂º>º√Vm,
÷Ú¬˛[≈m” 3 ®[√Ï.
√Á¶©√Vπl[ >M©√‚¶ g”Á\•D, ∂>uz ÷Ú¬˛[≈m

z§©∏‚¶ ƒJÔ ÔVȬԂ¶ sÁe ÿ√VÚeVÔ sÁeÕ> º√V]KD, ∂w˛B_


∂k´kˆ¶xD cÚ¬ÿÔV^”D s>›]KD ∂k´kˆ[ AÈ©√V‚|›]≈›]KD
ÿkÀºk≈V™º> ®™¬ Ôıº¶VD. ÷m ∂k´kˆ[ >M›> g”Á\ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>
Œ[≈VÔºk >ÔkÁ\B¬ ÌΩB>V˛[≈m. ÷Õ> g”Á\ ®[√m ®[™? g”Á\
®[√m ŒÚkÁ´, {Ï g^ (ŒÚ \M>[) ®[Æ ∂Á¶BVe©√|›m˛[≈ á ÷[™VÏ
®[Æ cÏ›m˛[≈ á ƒV´\VÔ c^e √ıA, ÷›>ÁÔB √ıA. ∂kÁ´
c^eVÏÕm g^˛≈m ®[ÆD, ∂kÏ ÷›>ÁÔB √ıÁ√ g^˛≈VÏ ®[ÆD
ÿ√VÚ·VzD.

g”Á\ÿB[√m, ŒÚkˆ[ xøÁ\. EÕ>Á™, ÿƒV_, ÿƒB_ ŒÚt›>


ŒÚ \™WÁÈ \uÆD ƒJÔ cÏ° ƒD√Õ>©√‚¶ ŒÚ ∑B Œø¬ÔD á ∂m>V[
g”Á\. >[Á™•D º√Ë©, ∏≈Á´•D, ∏≈kuÁ≈•D º√ËkeϬ˛≈ ŒÚ ÿ√‚Ω
∂_Èm √ı√VÔ ∂>Á™¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. EÕ>Á™, ÿƒV_, ÿƒB_ g˛Bku§[
JÈD ÷m ÿkπ©√|˛[≈m. ÷Õ> J[§[ ŒÚt›> ÿkπ©√V|>V[
g”Á\l[ ÿkπ©√V¶VzD.

√Á¶©∏[ ]≈–¬zD, √Á¶©∏[ √VˬzD, ∂>[ kÁÔ¬zD,


“√Á¶©∏[
ºÂV¬Ô›]uzD ÔV´\VÔ°D ƒV[≈VÔ°D ∂Á\km ÷Õ>
g”Á\>V[”4 ®[√Ï ].∑.¶´Vƒ[.
g”Á\>V[

√Á¶©√Vπl[ º>Ïs[ ÿ>ˆs_ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬zD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ á ∂>Á™


∂>uzˆB c›] xÁ≈Á\ÔeV_ ∂k[ Ô‚¶Á\¬zD ∂w˛B_ ÷Ák√u§ ®_ÈVD
215
xÕÁ>B ÷B_Ôπ_ Ôıº¶VD. ÷Ák ÷´ıΩuzD (√V|ÿ√VÚ^, Ô‚¶Á\©∏B_)
÷Á¶ºB Œ[Á≈ \uÿ≈V[Æ ƒVÏÕº> ∂Ák ÷B∫Ô¬ ÌΩB™kVzD.

√Á¶©√Vπl[ cÈÔ¬ ÔıºV‚¶xD, ∂k–Á¶B ∂w˛BKD


“√Á¶©√Vπl[
ºkƺk≈V™Ák ∂_È. ∂Ák Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ ƒVÏÕ>Ák.
∂–√k∫ÔÁe•D, cÏ°ÔÁe•D >Ôk_ÔÁe•D cıÁ\ÔÁe•D
mwVs©√VÏ›m› º>ÏÕÿ>|©√mD, ∂›>ÁÔB JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬
ÔÁÈkB©√|›>¬ÌΩB ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ / ƒˆBV™ ∂w˛B_ ∂Á\kmD
sÁeºkBVzD” 5 ®[√Ï.
∂¬ÔıºV‚¶›][ sÁeºkBVzD

÷›>ÁÔB √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ÿ>ˆ° \uÆD ÔÁÈkB©√|›mD xÁ≈Á\ ÷Ák


÷´ıΩuz ª¶VÔ°D ŒÚ√Á¶©√Vπl[ >M›> g”Á\ ÷[™ÿ>™
÷™∫ÔV¬ ÌΩB>VÔ ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬Ô¬ ÌΩB Œ[º≈BVzD.

÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>_Ô”¶[ ÷M x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÷B∫z>e\V™


ÿ√VmsB_AÔ^ ÷[™ÿ>™ ÷∫ºÔ ÔVıº√VD. ÷>Á™ ∂|›m ∂k´kϬºÔ
cˆB E≈©∏B_AÔeVF kVFÕ]Ú¬zD >M›> g”Á\ z§›mD >M›>MºB
s>Õº>V] ÷™∫ÔVÈVD.

ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”D Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔ”D

1. \´A¬ÔsÁ> x Am¬ÔsÁ>; ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ> x ÿ\e™ kVE©A¬ÔsÁ>;


®ø›m ÿ\Va¬ ÔsÁ> º√fl∑ ÿ\Va¬ ÔsÁ>; ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> zÆ∫ÔsÁ>
®[˛≈ kÁÔÁ\©√V|ÔπKD á ÷Áƒ©√V¶_, ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>,
ºkÏJȬÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì ®[˛≈ kÁÔ©√V|ÔπKD g™
ÿ√Vm›>e∫Ôπ_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”D ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”¶[
÷B∫˛™Ï.

2. \M>ºÂBD, ƒJÔ s|>ÁÈ, ºkuÆÁ\l_ ŒuÆÁ\ ÔVbD g[*Ô


ºÂV¬z x>ÈV™ ÔıºV‚¶∫ÔÁe•D x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ”¬ÔV™
ÿ√VmsB_AÔeVÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.

216
3. √Ω\D, z§X|, ÷ÚıÁ\, ∂∫Ô>D, x´ı, ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD,
®|›mÁ´©A, ÔÁ>ÿƒV_o©√V∫z, ÔV‚E©√|›>_, sº™V>fl ÿƒV_ÈV‚E,
ÂV‚¶VσVÏÕ> *‚ÿ¶|©A x>ÈV™ c›]xÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô¬
Ô‚¶Á\©A xÁ≈Á\ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.

4. B>VÏ›>kV>D, ∂uA> ÂsuElB_, *ÿ\FDÁ\lBD x>ÈV™ ÷Ȭ˛B


÷ƒ∫ÔÁe ÿkÀºkÆ s˛>∫Ôπ_ JkÚD ÁÔBVı|^e™Ï.

5. JkÚº\ ∞≈›>Vw ÂVu√>Vı|Ô^ x>_ nD√>Vı|Ô^ kÁ´ ÔsÁ>›


mÁ≈l_ ∂–√kD kVFÕ>kÏÔ^.

6. JkÚº\ Ô_Ÿˆ› >tμ© º√´VEˆBÏÔ^.

7. JkÚº\ xD\´AÔÁe•D (>tμ\´A, ÷Õ]B\´A, cÈÔ \´A) ÔsÁ>›


mÁ≈l_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>∫ÔπKD, s˛>∫ÔπKD c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı|
A]BºƒV>Á™ xBuEÔÁe º\uÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^.

8. JkÚº\ ÿ√Vmº\Á¶ÔπKD, ª¶Ô∫ÔπKD, √´kÈVÔ ∂§B©√‚¶kÏÔ^.

9. Am©Am ÷Ȭ˛B kΩk∫ÔÁe ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏÔeVÔ°D


x[º™VΩÔ·VÔ°D ]Ôw¬ÌΩBkÏÔ^. (∂©m_´z\V[ ÂÎD, Ô¤_,
Á«¬Ì ; Eu∏ á ®|›mÁ´©∏_ Am©Am kΩk xBuEÔ^; >tw[√[ á
Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆR,o\Á´¬Ì).

10. JkÚD ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚm ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^. gÔ ÷©√›m


∂Dƒ∫ÔÁe•D x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ \›]lÈV™ ÿ√VmsB_AÔeVÔ°D
Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔeVÔ°D ÷™D ÔVÈVD. ÔsÁ> cÚkV¬Ô›]_ >M
\M> g”Á\l[ √∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.

ÔsÁ> z§›> m.ÊMflƒVt ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ Œ©A ºÂV¬Ô¬ÌΩB>V˛≈m.

ÔsÁ>
“ÔsÁ> ®[√m >MÿBVÚkM[ \™flƒÈ™›][ ( Phychic
Disturbance ) O‚√\V™ >e›]_ cÚkVkm. ƒJÔ kVμs[ ƒV´∫Ô^

217
>M\M> kVμ°©º√V¬ºÔV| OÁwÕm, >M\M>M[ ∂–√k\V˛,
cÏ°¬ ÌÆÔeV˛, ÿ\VaBV˛ ÿkπkÚk™. ÷]_>V[ >M\M>[
ÔsQ™VzD ÿƒB_ WÔμ˛≈m. g™V_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_ ÔsQ[
®[≈ >M\M>M[ g”Á\•D kVμ¬ÁÔfl ÿƒBu√V|Ô”D
>sϬÔsBÈVm √∫z ÿ√Æk™. ®™ºk>V[, ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQ–D
ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈V[” 6 .
ŒÀÿkVÚ xÁ≈l_ ƒJÔkVμ°fl ƒV´∫ÔÁe ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈V[

÷M ÷Õ>kÁÔlÈV™ ƒJÔkVμ°fl ƒV´∫ÔÁe ÿkπ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>fl


ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_, x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ E≈©∏B_AÔeVÔ >M›> g”Á\Ô^
®ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈™ ®™›>M›>MºB s·¬zkº>
ÿ√VÚ›>xÁ¶B>VzD.

4.2 Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\

Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÷ƬÔxD sƒVÈxD ÷ÚºkÆ º√V¬zÔ·VÔ ª¶VΩ¬


˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÷ku§[ ÷Úºkƺ√V¬zÔÁ·•D ÿ√VmkVÔ¬ ÁÔBVı|^·
º√V]KD ÷Ƭԛ][ E≈©ÿ√[√m ∂©m_´z\VM¶xD, sƒVÈ›][
E≈©ÿ√[√m Eu∏l¶xD √´kÈVÔ°D E≈Õº>V∫˛¶¬ ÔVÈVD.

ŒÚ√¬ÔD ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿ√VmkVÔ ∂§B©√|km, EÈkˆÁB


“ŒÚ√¬ÔD
ÿƒVuÔ·V_ ÷ƬÔ\VÔ› >[Á™¬ ÔV‚Ω¬ÿÔV^· xBK˛≈m.
÷[ÿ™VÚ√¬ÔD, ∂m ÷ƬԛÁ>› >·Ï›] sƒVÈ\V¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·
xBK˛[≈m. Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[Æ Œ[Æ ÿ>V¶∫zD º√Vº> ÷Õ> ÷´ı|
WÁÈÔ^ cı|. N_¶V ˘ÁÈ‚ ( H.D ), ®¸´V√°ı|, ¶∏^R ®fl.g¶[
x>oºBVÏ Am¬ÔsÁ>© ∏´Ô¶™D ÿƒF˛[≈º√Vm, ÿƒ§kV™ ÿƒVuÔ^,
º√fl∑ ÿ\Vafl ƒÕ>D, √Ω\D x>oBkuÁ≈ x[ÿ\Va˛[≈™Ï. g™V_
∂º>º√Vm, ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs_, Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈º√Vm ∂m
kV_‚s‚\Á™ x[™k´VÔ¬ ÿÔV^˛≈m. ∂kÚÁ¶B kal_,
cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ sƒVÈxD ∑>Õ]´xD ÿÔVı¶ s|WÁÈ©√V ( Free verse )
x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. >ta_ ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ¿º´V‚¶∫Ô”º\ cı|.

218
º\KD, ÷m cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ Tfl∑ tzÕmkÕ> ÔVÈ\_ÈkV. ÔsÁ>
ÿ\Val[ >·›]_, cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ sƒVÈ\V˛B zD ®|›mfl
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈m” 7
ÿƒV_K>_ ( to express) ®[≈ ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒB_√‚|¬ ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈m
®[√VÏ ].∑.¶´Vƒ[..

ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·fl ÿƒV_ÈV¶_Ô·VÔ°D kÚË©AÔ·VÔ°D sˆkVÔfl


ÿƒV_Kk]_ ÷[Á≈B ÔsÁ>, E≈©√VÔ gÏkD ÿƒK›] kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m; ÿƒK›]
kÚ˛≈m.

√V´]l[ kƒ™ÔsÁ>•D ÷>uz x[\V]ˆBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>ÿ>™°D;


Ôs∂´∫ÔD º\Á¶©º√fl∑ g˛B ∑w_Ô·V_ cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ √¬Ô\VÔ¬
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| ÿƒK›]Bm ®™°D; ÷Õ>kÁÔl_ cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ Tfl∑
∂]Ôx^· ÔsQÏÔÁ·© √‚ΩBo|xÔ\VÔ Eu∏, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷ÚkÁ´•D
].∑.¶´Vƒ[ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ.

ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÛwoKD ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛≈m.


“ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>
∂m, ÔsB´∫Ôfl Ûw_, ÔsQÏ Eu∏l¶D ÷Õ>© º√V¬˛Á™ ∂]ÔD
ÔVxΩ˛≈m. ÷[Á≈¬ ÔsÁ>l_, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·, kÚÁ™¬
Eu∏” 8 ®[˛≈VÏ. “®Á>›
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂]ÔD ®ø]BkÏ ÔsQÏ Eu∏ ®Á>› ÿ>V‚¶VKD
ŒÚ ÔVsB© √ˆ\V›]_ ¿^]Á´l_ √È ∂|¬zÔπ_ {sBD y‚|√kÏ
Eu∏” 9®[˛≈VÏ QVM. “WÁ≈Bº√Ï
Eu∏ WÁ≈Bº√Ï ®ø]™VKD ̶ kΩk© ∏´¬ÁQºBV|
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> ®ømkm Eu∏•D÷[zÈV©AD >V[. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
{Ï ∂Á\©A ÷Ú¬zD. √V¬˛ ®_ÈVD ¿ı¶ kˆÔ^ ÷Ú¬zD ∂Àk·°
>V[”10 ®[√Ï ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
>V[

Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ c^· ŒÚ E≈©A¬ ÌÆ √u§ ÷∫z z§©∏¶


“Eu∏l[
ºkı|D. ÁÔBÔÈ ∂‚Á¶l_ ∂k´V_ {sBD y‚¶ ÷BÈVm. 70 ®D.®D
]Á´flÊÁÈl_>V[ ∂kÏ >D √VˆB {sB∫ÔÁ·› y‚|˛≈VÏ. >s´°D
ÿƒ§kV™ kı∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√VÚ›>\VÔ› º>ÏÕÿ>|›m¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ.
÷Õ> zD ∂kÚ¬z^ ®∫˛ÚÕm, ®©√Ω x˛μ›>m ®[√Á> ÂD\V_

219
Ôı|ÿÔV^· ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ∂[§•D k·\V™ >tμfl ÿƒVuÔ^ √Á¶
¶›] kÚkmº√V_ ∂kˆ¶D >∫z >Á¶l[§ ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™. \´∏[
®Õ> BV©Á√•D tÔ ®π>VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·¬ ÌΩBk´VÔ°D Eu∏
ÿ>[√|˛≈VÏ. ÷mkÁ´ ∂kÏ √Á¶›m^· ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕm ∂kÏ
√B[√|›]•^· ckÁ\Ô^, cÚkÔ∫Ô^ ÿ>Vz¬Ô ÷BK\V™V_
º\_º>ÆD” 11 ®[˛≈VÏ QVM.
gl´›m¬z º\_º>ÆD

k·\V™ >tμfl ÿƒVuÔ^ √Á¶Â¶›] kÚkm º√V_ Eu∏l[


ÔsÁ>ÿ\Val_ >∫z>Á¶l[§ ÿkπ©√|k>uz Œπ©√≈Ák, \VB¬Ôı[
\ıË_ ∏≈¬˛≈V[, ºÔVÁ¶ ŒÚ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ (Œπ©√≈Ák) x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·
c>V´\VÔ¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. z§©√VÔ¬ ºÔVÁ¶ ŒÚ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ ∂Ú˛ˆÂV>ˆ[
]Ú©AÔa_ ]Ôμ˛[≈ ƒÕ>›Á>© º√V_ x|˛Áƒl_ √VFÕº>V¶ÈV˛[≈m.

]z]¬ÿÔ™ ®ˆ˛[≈m , ylu AøØt AÁÔ¬˛B ∑¶ÁȬԙ_/


“]z]¬ÿÔ™
Â|§©√Ú E∑kVF ∂ΩÿBV‚ΩB kl≈Vl™ / ∂ÁÈm^πB ∞ˆ ÿ√VΩ√‚¶™
ÿkΩ√‚¶™/ Aø]¬ Ô·\V˛ ®¬ºÔVÁ¶•D ®¬ÔVÈxD / ÷∫ºÔ
WÁÈl_ÁÈ >¬Ô›>z >zyD ®–D / >V·›m¶[ gΩ ¶™D
ÔÁ>ÔπBV˛¶ / kV[º\Á¶Ô^ ∂]ÚD \Á¶ˇ§¶ \ıT§¶ , \Áw
{Á¶Ô^ E>ÆD
E>ÆD”(Œπ©√≈Ák, √¬.71á73)

x›Á>›]Ú √›]›]ÚÂÁÔ ®–D x|˛ÁƒBVF Eu∏l[ ºÔVÁ¶•D


ÂDt_ {Á¶BVÔ© √VF˛[≈m. ]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ[ ŒÚ√¬ÔD (∂ÔD) ]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ[
\Æ√¬ÔD (A≈D) ®™ ÷ÚÔ‚|Á´Ôπ_ Eu∏ ]ÚxÁ≈ÔÁ· g´VF˛[≈VÏ.

]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_ ∂Ôfl∑Ák ƒVÏÕ> ÌÆÔÁ· ®ıb˛≈º√Vm


“]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_
\ƬÔxΩBV> E≈©A¬z cˆÁ\ cÁ¶B>VÔ \VˬÔkVƒÔˆ[
]ÚkVƒÔD. g[\Vs[ BV›]Á´ ®[≈ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬z cˆBm ∂ÁÈÔ¶ÁÈ
ºÂV¬˛© √V•D Eu≈VÆÔ^ º√V_ ]ÚkVƒÔ© √]Ô∫Ô^ ÿk^·\VF©
ÿ√Úz˛[≈™. ~|D ÷Á•D ÷_ÈV> ÷Õ> QV™© ÿ√Ú¬˛[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
√z]•D g[\Vs[ ÁÔ¬˛Á·¬ ÔV>o[ cÚ¬ÔV‚EÔ^ >V[.

220
]ÚkVƒÔ›]_ ∂ÚD∏© º√V>V˛ \ÈÏÕ> ÿ>FTÔ¬ ÔV>o[ cflEBVÔ›
ºÔVÁkBVÏ” 12 ®[˛≈VÏ. √¬] ÷Ȭ˛BD \‚|D
]Ôμkm ]ÚflEu≈D√Ȭ ºÔVÁkBVÏ
®[§_ÈV\_ á >ta[ ¿ı¶ ÿÂΩB ÷Ȭ˛B© √V´D√ˆB›]KD º>VFÕm
ÿ>V¶ÚD √l_°D Eu∏¬z kVF›]Ú©√>[ sÁ·kVÔ°D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>
gwxD ∂ÔÈxD cÁ¶›>V˛[≈m ®™ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.

kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔπ_ √ÈÏ >taȬ˛B© √V´D√ˆB›]–^


“kV™D√VΩ¬
c´D ÿ√uÆ› >Áw›>kÏÔ^. >taȬ˛B›][ ˛Á·Ô^ gÈ\´D º√VȬ
˛Á·Ô^ ÿƒa›>Ák. ÷Õ>¬ ˛Á·Ôπ_ ®›>Á™ºBV kÁÔ ∂wzÔ^
ÿƒa›]ÚÕ>™. ÿƒVuºÔVÈ∫Ô”D, Ôu√Á™› ]≈[Ô”D >tμ¬
ÔsÁ>© √V´D√ˆB›][ c^πÚÕm >tμ¬ ÔsQ[ ®øDº√Vm ÷Õ>
gÈ\´›Á>› >V∫˛Bk™VÔ›>V[ ®øÕm Wu√V[. Eu∏l[
ÔVı˛º≈VD” 13.
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷Õ> gÈ\´›][ sˆÁk ÂVD ®©º√VmD ÔVı˛º≈VD

ÔÁ>ÿƒV_oBVÔ \VÆD ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫z§›mD, ∂>[


®|›mÁ´©AÔ^ ( Narratives ) √u§•D; Eu∏¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD ÔÁ>ÿƒV_ol[
ÔÁ>Á\ (Eictunality) z§›mD, ∂kÏ>D ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ (Fictional Poetries)
√u§•D, Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\¬Ì≈VÔ ∂ÁkAÈ©√|D √V∫zD
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>.

ÂT™ ÔsÁ> ®[√m ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ cÏ° WÁȬÔV™


“ÂT™
ŒÚÔs›mk›mÈ∫Ô_>V[ (Poetic response to emotional situation) (÷Õ>
∂·s_ ƒ∫ÔÔVȬ ÔsÁ>¬zD ÂT™ ÔsÁ>¬zD ŒÚ ÿÂÚ∫˛B ÿ>V¶ÏA
cı|) ÷Õ> cÏflE ÔV›m WÁÈ ®ÀkVÆ ∞u√|˛≈m ®[√m ŒÚ
x¬˛B\V™ s™V. ∞º>V ŒÚ ƒD√kº\ ∂Õ> cÏflE WÁÈÁB›
º>VuÆs¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÔÁ> ®[√m ÷Õ>¬ Ôs›mk
\™WÁÈÁB› º>VuÆs©√>uÔV™ ƒD√kº\. ÷>™V_ ÷Õ>©
Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ EÆ ®|›mÁ´©AÔ·VÔ \VÆ˛≈ >[Á\ cı|.

221
÷>uÔV™ c>V´∫Ô^ ŒÚ˛´V\›m Â]l_ WÁ≈B cı|
\V©∏^Á·¬ Ô°ı¶Ï, ÷·D √Úk›m› º>Vw[, ÿ√_˜BD ÔıVΩ,
∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√¶V> ÔV>_ g˛B ®_ÈVº\ ®|›mÁ´©AÔ^>V[.

Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ E§B ®|›mÁ´©AÔ”D Â_È EÆÔÁ>l[


ÂÁ¶•D z§©√VÔ ÷Æ]© √z]l_ kÚk™°D ŒÚ A^πl_ ƒÕ]¬zD
kVF©A √Ès¶∫Ôπ_ ∞u√|˛≈m. ÷∫z ÔsÁ> Narrative gÔ á ∂∫z
Narrative ÔsÁ>BV˛≈m.

Eu∏l[ ®|›mÁ´©AÔπ_ ŒÚ EÆÔÁ>©√VË º\ºÈV∫˛ Wu√Á>


∂k>VM¬ÔÈVD. (c>V´D : ªÁ\B[, Ô_KD ÔV|D, ∂´∫ºÔu≈D,
º√V[≈Ák)” 14.
®_ÈVD sÁ·BV‚| º√V[≈Ák)

ÔsÁ> kΩs_ ÔÁ> cÚkV¬Ô›]_ Eu∏, >tw[√[ g˛BkÏÔ^


“ÔsÁ>
ƒV>Á™ √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ÔVsBD ÿƒFB xΩ•D ®[√Á> QVM
ÔV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ŒÀÿkVÚkÏ ƒV>Á™•D >M›>MBVÔ
\]©∏¶›>¬Ôm” 15 .
\]©∏¶›>¬Ôm

Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô›]–^ ŒÚ x¬˛B\V™ √z], ∂k´m


“Eu∏l[
ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^”16 Eu∏l[ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √ÈkÁÔÔπ_ ∂Á\Õm^·™
ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
®™ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.

(1) z‚Ω¬ÔÁ>Ô^ : \Ôˆ¥ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ J[Æ z‚Ω¬ÔÁ>Ô^


gE´\›]uz kÕ> ÿÔV^Á·BÏÔ”¬z √›m ‘√VF ̶› º>≈V> ºÔV√›]_
√¬>ÏÔ”¬zD \Ôˆ¥¬zD ∂ΩÿÔV|¬Ô ∂ΩBVÏÔ^ ]Ú©∏›>V¬Ô xu√|ÁÔl_
∂kÏÔÁ·› >|›> \Ôˆ¥ ®fiElÚ¬zD ÷´° cÁk¬ ÿÔV^Á·Bˆ¶D
cı|º√VÔ ºkı|˛≈VÏ. ∂|›> z‚Ω¬ÔÁ>l_ \ÁȺBÆD \Ôˆ¥¬z© √Ωl_
ÔVBD √¶ºk ∂kÏ ]ÚD∏kÚÁÔl_ √ΩÔ^ ÿƒm¬˛fl ÿƒ©√D√¶¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ

ÔkÁȬz§ º>V[≈ / \Ôˆ¥ ÿ\VaÕ>VÏ >|¬˛Bm Ô_ÈV / ÔV_


“ÔkÁȬz§
∂_ÈkV / Ô_ÁÈ ∞[ ÿƒm¬z˛≈VF / ®[ ÔVÁÈfl ÿƒm¬z
ÿƒm¬z”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.98)
222
x>_ ÔÁ>BV™ ÿÔV^Á·BÏÔÁ>l_ ÷[™V ÿƒF>VϬzD ÷MBºk
ÿƒFB xÁ™•D ƒV_∏Á™ x›>VF©√V¬z˛≈VÏ. ÷´ı¶VD ÔÁ>l_ Ô_o_
ÂVD ÷Ω›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD Ô_oΩ›>m ®[–D \™º>V¶Vkm ∂Á> ®]Ï
ÿÔV^”xÔ\VÔ Ô_ÁÈ ∞[ ÿƒm¬z˛≈VF ÔVÁÈfl ÿƒm¬z ®[˛≈VÏ. ymD
Â[≈D ∏≈Ï>´kV´V ®™ºk ®|›>>uÿÔ_ÈVD ∏≈Á´ ºÂVԬ̶Vÿ>™¬ z§©√V_
cÏ›>ºk ÔVÁÈfl ÿƒm¬ÿÔ[˛≈VÏ. J[≈Vkm ÔÁ> Œo©√]° ÔÚs
Am¬Ôı|∏Ω©√VÔ kÚÁÔl_ ÔÚsÁB© √VÏ›m¬ zwÕÁ> º√V_ z#ÔÈ›m¶[
√›\Vƒ™›]_ ∂\ÏÕ>kÏ c>|Ôπ_ *ı|D ŒÚ Ø \ÈÏflE.

ÿ>V¶∫ÔÈV\V? / Â\m ÿ\Va ÿ\·™D ∂_ȺkV? / √]°


ÿƒF]Ú\_È (E.Ô.√.√.98).

“ÿ\·™›Á>©
ÿ\·™›Á>© √]° ÿƒFB ∂Õ> Œo©√]°¬ ÔÚsBV_ gz\V?
kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ· ∂‚ƒ´D ∏ƒÔV\_ kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^”D Œo©√]° ÔÚs
º√VKD ÷¶ÏÔ·V_ ∂kÁ´ \Ôˆ¥l[ ÿ\Val[ c^·VÏÕ>
ÿ√VÚıÁ\ÔÁ· cÏÕm ÿÔV^· ÷BK\V
÷BK\V”.

2. k´ÈVuƬÔÁ> : Eˆ›> x›m¬Ô^ ÷m ÿƒÀsBu √V∫˛ÈV™ ŒÚ EÆ


∂kȬ zÆ∫ÔV©∏BD.

ÔVsB
“ÔVsB g¬ÔD \[™Ï ÔVÈ›m¬z cˆBm. ÷Õ>¬
zÆ∫ÔVsB›]KD ∂´El[ gkD c¬˛´\V™ xÁ≈l_
E›]ˆ¬Ô©√|˛≈m. \[™Á™ ∂k^ g‚Ω Ák¬˛≈V^. zΩ\¬Ôπ[
ƒV°¬z ∂k^ ÔV´\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈V^. Ao›mÁ≈l[ x›m¬Ô^ >™¬z
ºkı|D ®[√>V_ ®πB\¬Ôπ[ cÁw©√VπÔπ[ ÔV>_ kVμ¬ÁÔ
∂a¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÔsÁ>ÂÁ¶, ÿƒD\V©A¶[ ÷B∫z˛≈m. ÿƒÀsB_
z\V˛≈m” 17 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
÷Ȭ˛B© º√V¬z ÷¬zÆ∫ÔVsB›][ z\V˛≈m
QVM.

3. ÿ>V[\¬ÔÁ> : ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ· () *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒF˛≈


kı\VF ∂Á\Õ> ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™ \mÁ´T´[, √ÁwB˚Ï ¿o,
223
∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^, ∏´VBflE›>D x>oBkuÁ≈¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.
∂ÔoÁÔ ÔÁ> *·*·©√È´VKD \´A¬ÔsÁ>, EÆÔÁ> kΩsKD *”Ú©
ÿ√uÆ^·m. ÿk^·¬ÔV_ √.∑©∏´\ËB x>oBVˆ[ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÿkı√Vs_
ÿ>V¶∫˛, ƒ.m.∑.ºBV˛, Â.∏flƒJÏ›], clÏ\Ô[, z.√.´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[,
AmÁ\©∏›>[ (∂ÔoBV, ƒV√sº\Vƒ™D), ∏´t^ (ºÔV>\ ÷Õ´D) QVM
(Ô_oÁÔ) ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m. ÷Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Eu∏l[ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D
ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ôÿ>V[≈VF› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m.

A´V› ÿ>V[\∫Ôπ_ ( Myth ) ∂ÔoÁÔ ÔÁ>ºB \Æ\ÈÏflE›


“A´V›
>tμ ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ Ôk™›Á>© ÿ√uÆ^em. ÔuA √u§B
ÔV´D” 18
ÿƒV_ÈV¶K¬z ÷m sƒVÈ\V™ ÿkπ >Ú˛≈m ®[√m>V[ ÔV´D
®[√VÏ ].∑.¶´V∑.

*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√|D ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^.


ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>l_ BVÚ¬ÔVÔ¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^ ®>uÔVÔ¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^ ®[√º>
Eu∏ kw∫zD Am¬ºÔVD Am©√VÏÁk.

\m´ ÿÂÚ©AÔπ[ / ÔÚD√VÁ≈ xΩs[∏[ / ®]Ï˛[≈


“\m´
s|>ÁȬÔVF / ∞∫˛ WuzD Ôu√VÁ≈ / AmWÁ™s_ (?) √w∫Ô™s_ (?)
/ AÁ>Õms‚¶ >Ú›]_ / BVÚ\u≈m ∂©√Vμÿkπ / ∞z˛[≈ÿ>VÚ
ÔVÈΩ! / Ô_o>B¬ Ìı|¬z^ / clÏ©√≈Ák E≈ÔΩ©A / ÿÂ_\Ël[
~´xÁ™ / ˇ§kÚD ˛”˛”©A / ∂_o\ÈÏ ÿÂfiƒ›]_ / g™Õ>›
º>[∑´©A ÷_ÁÈ ∂Õ>¬ ÔVÈΩÔ^ / ÷´V\™_È... ÿkÆÕ>s©A
ÿkÆÕ>s©A”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √.119)

Eu∏l[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB c^πÚÕm sˆ›ÿ>|¬˛[≈VÏ QVM.


∂ÔoÁÔÁBfl Eu∏ √VÏ›> √VÏÁk•D ºÔVxD A]Bm. ∂>Á™ c^kV∫˛
º\[º\KD sˆ›ÿ>|¬zD QVMl[ s>s>¬ºÔV∫Ô”D A›>D A]B™ºk.

Eu∏l[ √VÏÁkl_ ∂ÔoÁÔ gl´D ÔıÔÁe cÁ¶B ÷Õ]´[ >[*m


xø©√VÏÁk ÿƒK›mD xÁ≈l_ Ô_ÈVF, √VÁ≈BVF \_ÈVÕm ˛¶¬˛≈V^.
224
>[Á™ ºÂV¬˛kÚD ÷Õ]´M[ ÔVÈΩÁB› >V[ ®]Ï√VÏ›m¬ ÔV›m¬˛¶¬˛≈V^.
÷´V\[ kÚÁÔÁB ∂k^ ®]Ï√V›m¬ ˛¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ. ]Ú\›]uz x[A
÷Õ]´Á™›>V[ ÔV>o›>V^. ÷Á¶l_ kÕ> Ô°>\[ ∂kÁe› >‚Ω© √§›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V[. ÷kM¶D ∂ÔoÁÔÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ s∑kVƒ›º>V| ÷Ú©√m
º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ÷´V\M[ ÔVÈΩ >[ s|>ÁȬz kaºÔVÈ xΩBVm. ∂k–D
\V∑√‚¶k[. ÷©√Ωfl ÿƒV_˛≈m Eu∏l[ √VÏÁk.

AmÁ\©∏›>M[ ƒV√sº\Vƒ™›]_ ÊÁ>ÁB ∂¬˛M© ∏´ºkƒD ÿƒFBfl


ÿƒV[™>VÔ¬ ºÔ^s©√‚¶ \V›]´›]_ ∂k[ ∂©√Ωfl ÿƒV[™V™V ®™¬ºÔ‚|
∂›>ÁÔB ´V\™V_ >™¬z ƒV√ sº\Vƒ™D º>Ás_ÁÈ ®™ *ı|D ∂kºe
Ô_ÈVFfl ƒÁ\Õm s|k>VÔ© √Á¶›]Ú©√VÏ. ÷ÀkVº≈ ÷´V\M[ ÔVÈΩBV_
>™¬z s|>ÁȬz kaºÔVÈ xΩBVm ∂k–D \V∑√‚¶k[ ®™fl EÕ]¬˛≈V^
Eu∏l[ ∂ÔoÁÔ•D.

Eu∏l[ √VÏÁk¬z^ ŒÚ ÔVsB© √ˆ\VD ®π>VÔ ÷∫z


“Eu∏l[
kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. Eu∏l[ gu≈_t¬Ô E›]ˆ©AÔ^ kaºB √VϬzD º√Vm,
∂Õ>©√VÁ≈ ®Õ> ÿÂVΩl_ ÿkΩ›mfl E>≈, ∂>uz^πÚÕm ∂ÔoÁÔ
clÏ›ÿ>økV^. ∂k^ Ô°>\Á™ \‚|\_ÈV\_, ÷Õ]´Á™•D,
÷´V\Á™•D sƒV´Á¬z c‚√|›mkV^. ÔV\¬Ô™_ ÷©º√Vm
∂k”¬z^ ÷_ÁÈ. ∂k^ ÔÚÁ ÿ√Va•D >VBVÔ \V§lÚ¬˛≈V^.
÷M, ÷Õ]´[ x>oBkÏÔ^ ÔÁ≈ÔÁe ®ˆ›m© AM>©√|›mkV^.
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷©√Ω c^πÚÕº> sˆ›ÿ>|¬ÔÈVD º√VÈ›
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 19 .
º>V[Æ˛≈m

÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √ˆ\V›Á>•D QVMºB AÈ©√|›]¬


A≈D ∂Ô›]–^ ÔÁ´•D ÔsÁ>, EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ gμÕm
ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ. “A≈D
ÿƒ[Æ ÷ÁƒBVF© ÿ√V∫zD. ÷∫z, A≈D ®[√m xøÁ\BVÔ
\Á≈Õms|˛≈m
\Á≈Õms|˛≈m”..

225
∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁe› ÿ>V‚|, yıΩ \M>–¬z^ √´kƒD
“∂Ô›][
®[≈ cÏÁk ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ˛eÆ˛[≈™
˛eÆ˛[≈™”..

BVÚ\u≈m ∂©√Vμÿkπ / ∞˛[≈ÿ>VÚ ÔVÈΩ ®[≈ ∂ΩÔ^


“BVÚ\u≈m
√_Ès º√VÈ› ]ÚD√ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD ∂ÔoÁÔ √u§B ÷¬ÔsÁ>•D
÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ÷Áƒ¬z ®[™ ∂Ï›>D ÿƒV_ÈxΩ•D. ÂV[ ÔuÆ
s|k>V˛B √´kƒ cÏs_ ÂVD Jμ˛ s|˛º≈VD
s|˛º≈VD”..

A≈©ÿ√VÚ^
“A≈©ÿ√VÚ^ kÏÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD,
ÿ\[º\KD √VFflƒ_ ÿ√uÆ ÷Áƒ¬z^, g[\ ÷BK¬z^
÷ÁÕms¶ºkı|D. ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ k´ÈVÆ ÷mÿk[≈V_, Eu∏
÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ” 20 .
÷Õ> k´ÈVu§_ ÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ

x[Á™© √ÁwÁ\ÁBºB ∏[Á™© AmÁ\BVÔ \Á¶\Vu≈k_È


√Á¶©A¬Ô™KD, A≈ kÚÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁe›
ÿ>V‚|© √´kƒ\VF g[\ ÷BK¬z^ ÁÔºÔV¬zD º√V¬zD Eu∏l[ ÷¬ÔÁ>¬
ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.

4. ∂§sB_ AÁ™ÔÁ> (Science Tiction) :

∂§sB_ AÁ™ÔÁ> kÁÔl_ Eu∏l[ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>ÔeVÔ \M>D,


˛.∏.2006, ÔVV\uº√V™k[ x>oBkuÁ≈¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD. ÷ku§_
ÔVV\u º√V™k[ ŒÚ s›]BVƒ\V™ ®|›mÁ´©A ®[≈ ∂esÈV™m
ÔVV\u º√V™kÏÔ^ √u§B ∂§s©AÔÁe¬ ºÔ‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
ÔVV\u º√V™k[ BVÿ´[≈V_ ÛˆBº™.

“k´DAÔÁe *§B / ÷Ú©∏_ √ˆ] ÔÁ´Õm º√V™>VF¬ / ÔȬÔD ∏≈Õ>m.


sˆ•D ∂ı¶ÿkπ / ÛˆBÁ™ sø∫˛s‚¶>VF / g´VFflE ®øÕ>m ÛˆBM[
ÿk©√ g›\V / ®_ÁÈBu≈ ∏´√fiƒ\BV™›]_ / ƒ\V]BV™>VFfl ƒVu§™Ï EÈÏ”.

QVlÆ >ÁÈ\Á≈kV™>VÔ°D BVº´V ∂kÁ™© √m¬˛ Ák›>>VÔ°D


∂Æ]l‚¶mD nBxu≈mD ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷M º\u˛ºÈV k¶¬˛ºÈV

226
\Æ∏≈©ÿ√|¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ ÔË›>kÏÔ^ ÷Ú‚Ω_ ]ÁƒÔºe \Á≈B
ÿ\e™\Vl™Ï.

Ô]´k[ ˛´¬ / ÔΩkVeD ∂u≈>V_ Øt¬z]Á´ÁB› / #´›m


“Ô]´k[
‚ƒ›]´D ®>º™V¶km / ∏Á¬ÔºkV ÷Á¬ÔºkV \VϬÔxı¶V ®™
/ JÁeÁB ∏ÁƒÕ>™Ï EÈÏ
EÈÏ”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √¬.15á151)

sE›]´\V™ AÁ™s[ ÿkπ©√V¶V™ ®|›mÁ´©A ®[˛≈ ∂es_


÷m ÿÔV^e›>¬Ôm. ˛.∏.2086 ®[≈ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ Œπl[
ºkÔ›Á> ÿÂÚ∫Ô¬ ÌΩB ∞°ÔÁl_ ÿƒ[Æ *ı¶k[. >[
\Á™sl[ x[ EÆ Á√B™VÔ kÕm Wu˛≈V[. ÷>Á™ºB ∂©√Ωfl
ÿƒ[≈k[ EÈ \Ë ºÂ´∫Ôπ_ ]ÚD∏ kÕ>V[ ®M_ ∂k–¬z kBm
∞§ ÷Ú¬ÔVm. g™V_ ∂k[ \Á™s √ø›> ˛ws g˛lÚ©√V^ ®™
º\KD √È ƒV›]B∫ÔÁe c^e¶¬˛B ∂§sBu AÁ™ ÔÁ>ÁB Â\¬z^
QVM” 21 .
√Á¶›m¬ ÿÔV^eÈVD ®[√VÏ QVM

\M>D, ∂ÚÁ\BV™ ∂§sB_ AÁ™°¬ÔsÁ>. ƒm´\VF k‚¶\VF


x¬ºÔV©A^πBVF ºÔ^s© ÿ√V§Ô^ ÷BÕ]´ JÁefl ÿƒ_Ôπ_ ∑Æ∑Æ›>™.
÷‚¶ Ô‚¶Áe BV°D xΩ›m ∂|›> ∂|›> Ô‚¶Áe ÷BÕ]´\M>[ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈m.

“sfiQVM / >ÁȺÔV]fl EÕ]¬Ô ®]ˆoÚÕ> ÿÔVÁȬÔV‚E›]Á´ Ek©A


kı›]_ / zπ›>>V_ ]|¬˛‚|© √VÏ›>V[. ®ø›m¬Ô^ ]Á´l_ / ®ÆD√VF
ÂÔÏÕ>™ ∂kƒ´fl ÿƒF] / ∂kƒ´fl ÿƒF] sfiQVM sºkÔ[ / zwÕÁ> ŒπBV˛
>Vº™]≈Õm / >Vº™ J|D / kVƒ_ Ô>s_ ÿ√VDÁ\ÁB ®|¬Ô¬ / zM•D º√Vm
E¬˛ ÿˆÕm / EÁ>Õm \´xu≈V^. sfiQVM sºkÔ[ / ÷BÕ]´\V™V[
ŒÚÔD / ÿkπ§uÆ xÔD ]Á´l_ / ÿk^Áe› mËl_ ÿ√V]Õ> / ÿƒD√Ú›]©
ØxÔD WwÈVΩ \Á≈Õ>m. ∂D\V ∂D\V / s∑DAD gız´_ sfiQV™
ƒV>™∫Ôπ_ / √‚|© √‚|© A™Ïÿ¤[\ ÿ\|›>m”. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©
√B∫Ô^, √¬.170á171)

227
ŒÚ JÁÈl_ Œo ∂e¬zD ÔÚsl_ ∂k[ ∂øÁÔ Œπ¬ºÔV|ÔeVF
º´ÁÔÔ^ º√V‚¶m. Ôı߈_ Ôƒ∫˛B xÔ›º>V| m¬Ô› >s©∏_ ∂k[
T§|ÁÔl_ ∂|›>Ô‚¶Áe ∂|›> Ô‚¶Áe ®™ ÷BÕ]´\M>[ z´_
zƬ˛|˛[≈m. sfiQVM ∂ȧ™V[.

“D..
D.. º√V ∏ƒVºƒ / ∂ø ... ∂ø ∂ø... º√V ... / {FÕm º√VF /
Œ[ÆD se∫ÔV\_ W[≈m. ∂w›ÿ>ˆBV> ÷BÕ]´ \M>[
\M>[”.. (Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.171)

∂§sB_ ®[≈ \Ô›>V™ ÔÚs \V–¶ kVμs_ sÕÁ>Ô^ AˆBk_Ⱥ>.


g™V_ ∂>Á™© √B[√|›mD s>›]_ √B[√|›mºkVÏ ºÂV¬˛_ ∂m g¬Ô
ØÏk\V™>VÔºkV ∂a°¬z kakz©√>VÔºkV g˛s|˛[≈m. ÷Õ> ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ
cÏ°¶[ ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBVı¶VÔ ºkıΩ•^em. ÷∫ºÔ ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[˛≈
ÔsÁ>•D ŒÚºƒ´ ®ı›>¬Ôm.

“sˆ˛≈m
sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D / sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ / ÔVeV[
ÛMB¬ ÔV´º´ / sfiQV™ y√›]_ \Vˬԛ >VoÁB / ®ˆ¬zD J¶º´/
g›]´D ®∫ÔÁe© / Á√›]BD g¬zx[ ®∫Ô^ √V©√V¬Ô^ / ¿È\VF©
∏≈¬zx[ A_o>a_ sƒx›m¬Ô^ / sBϬz x[ ÿƒ_k© √∑\Ωl_ /
\´D ∑´¬zx[ ∂ÚDA c>|∏ˆ¬zD / √flÁƒ\ı xu≈›]_
Ôˆ¬ºÔVÈt|D / ∂b¬ zı¶ÏÔºe sˆkm WuÔ‚|D / sˆkm WuÔ‚|D
´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[
ÔVeV[”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √.157)

ÔVeV[ ∂ÚÁ\BV™ ƒ›m° gkmD cı|. g™V_ EÈ ÔVeV[Ô^


Âfl∑¬ ÔVeV[ÔeVÔ°D ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂bs[ ∂√VB¬ ÌÆÔÁe c^e¶¬˛ºB
∂>Á™ ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶ÔVeV[ ®™© √Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ Eu∏.
nDØ>∫ÔÁe•D \V∑√¶ Ák¬˛[≈m ∂bs[ ‹ÁÈ. g¬ÔØÏk\V™
∂§sBÁÈ sfiQV™y√D ®™ cÚkÔ©√|›mD Eu∏ºB, ∂bsÁ™ ´V‚ƒ>
ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[ ®™©√Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂©√Ω \V–¶
∂a°¬z¬ ÔV´Ø>\VÔ ∂>Á™© √Vs¬zD √VsÔÁe ÛMB¬ÔV´º´ ®™°D

228
sπ¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÁkBV°D ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ Eu∏ Ô‚¶Á\›m^e Ôs›mk¬ÌÆÔ^
gzD. ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe›>V[ >D AÁ™°¬ ºÔVÈ›]_ ∂§sB_ AÁ™°¬
ÔsÁ>BVÔ \M>ÿ\™ kΩkÁ\›m^eVÏ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÔÁ>Á\ ´V‚ƒ>
ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÔV‚ΩKD cˆB√V|ÿ√VÚÁe kVƒÔ[ \™›]u
ÿÔVı| ÿƒK›>¬ÌΩB>V˛[≈m. ∂m >V[ ÔÁ>Ô”¬z cˆB E≈©∏B_A. ÷m
z§›> sˆkV™ Aˆ>K¬z ÷[–D EÈ √]°ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

“∂§°
∂§° ƒVÏÕ> ®_ÈV ÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D ÔËM, kƒ©√|›]B
Ûwo_, ŒÚ sfiQVM >[ zwÕÁ>ÁB sfiQV™fl ƒV>™›]uz©
√oÿÔV|¬Ô ºÂÏÕ> ºƒVÔ›Á> \M>D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.
sfiQV™›Á>› >MºB Ák›m© √VΩ™V_, ∂m ÔsÁ> gÔVm.
kVμsBºÈV| sfiQV™D ®Õ> ÷¶›]_ ÷Á˛≈m ∂_Èm
x´ı√|˛≈m ®[≈ Á\BD >V[ kVμsBK¬z \‚|\_ÈV\_,
ÔsÁ>¬z\V™ ªuÆ ÷Õ> ºÂV¬˛_>V[ ÔsÁ>¬z^πÚ¬zD
QV™›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| kÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ sˆÕmD
cı|” 22 .
gμÕmD ÿƒ_k>uÔV™ ÷B¬ÔD cı|

“\M>ÏÔ”¬ÔV™
\M>ÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \ıÁ, tÔ© √B∫Ô´\V™ ŒÏ
ÿÔVÁȬÔe\VÔ \Vu§s¶¬ÌΩB ∂b•Ô ∂√VB›Á>fl Eu∏l[
ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈m. ÔVeV[ ƒV>V´ ÷BuÁÔ©
ÿ√VÚ^. ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|km. Eu∏ ∂Á>
∂ı¶›Á>©√BxÆ›>D g]¬Ôfl ƒ¬]Ôπ[ zÁ¶BVÔ¬ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ
ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ” .
“\VM¶
\VM¶ ´›>¬ Ô¶_Ôπ[ º\ºÈ ƒVs[ >ÁÈsˆ ºÔVÈ \z¶D ®[√™
º√V[≈ m[√xÁ´¬zD √Ω\∫ÔÁe tz]•D √B[√|›] ∂b g•>
g√›Á> sˆ›mÁ´¬˛≈VÏ. sB©At¬Ô sfiQV™ cÈ˛_ \M> ÷™D
TVÔ ∂akÁ> s|s¬Ô sÚDA˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂>™V_, sfiQV™›Á>
®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ” 23 ®[√VÏ ÷´V.
∂a°© √VÁ>¬z ÷‚|fl ÿƒ_KD J¶ÏÔÁe ®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ
ÂV´VB[.

229
“∂]ÔV´D
∂]ÔV´D Øt©√ÕÁ> WwÈΩ›mfl ƒVÔfl ÿƒFms|D g√›Á>
∂>[ ∂fl∑Æ›>_ ÿ>VMºBV| WÔμÔVÈ sÁ™fl ÿƒVuÔπ_ Eu∏
kÏˬ˛≈VÏ” 24 .
kÏˬ˛≈VÏ

ÿ\e™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^, EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD, غkØ.... AπBDØ, QVM•D


ʶ–D, ∂k^ xΩÿk|¬˛≈V^ x>ÈV™Ák•D, Eu∏l[ ÔÁ>¬
ÔsÁ>ÔºeBVzD. ÷ku§_ ®‚¶Vkm kz©Á√ ®‚|D kB]_ غÔVe gEˆB´V_
\Ú¬ÿÔVøÕmD (√V¶D ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m); جÔπ_ \B∫zD ÿ√V[M º>V‚¶¬ÔV´[
√flÁƒB©√™VKD \uÿ≈VÚk™VKD (غkØ....); ∂ÚÕ>]B ∂Ú¬ÔVË kB]_
J›>k´V™ ÿƒ[MB©√¬ Ô°ı¶´VKD Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛[≈™Ï. \Ú¬ÿÔVøÕm
ÔÚ©√D ÔÁÈ¬Ô t‚¶VFÔÁ¶¬ÔVˆ>Õ> ºÈ˛B›>VºÈºB \Vı| º√V˛≈V^.
ÿ√V[M غk Ø... AπBDØ / ÿ√V[™V›>V ÿÔVıÁ¶¬z› >VwDØ ®™©√VΩ›
]ˆ•D ∏›]BV˛[≈V^. ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ºƒˆ√u§ ®ˆB kVF¬ÔVo_
ÿÔVÁÈ•ı| ˛¶¬˛[≈V^ (EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD); \_oÔV ∂k^ >VBVºÈ
s√flƒV´›]uz› >^e©√|˛≈V^ (ÿ\e™\B¬Ô∫Ô^) ÷Ák z§›m ∏[kÚ\VÆ
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.

“جÔÁe
جÔÁe ºÂE›>kÏ>V[ ÿ√V[™V›>V^. ÷Æ]l_ ÷Õ> ºÂƒº\
∂k^ Ôu√a©A¬z¬ ÔV´\VluÆ. Ôu√a›>kÏÔÁe› >[ ºÔV¶VˆBV_
∏eÕ>VÏ ÿ√V[™V›>Vπ[ ∂©√V. ∂kÏ EÁ≈¬zfl ÿƒ[≈VÏ. ∏›]
ÿ√V[™V›>V غk Ø √V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ¬ÿÔVı|, ˛´V\›]_ ∂ÁÈ˛≈V^
∂ÁÈ˛≈V^”
“ƒJÔ
ƒJÔ kVμsoÚÕm, ƒJÔ›]uÔV™ g¬Ô∫ÔπoÚÕm ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|,
ÿkÆD c¶ÈVÔ \‚|D ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚¶ \M>ÏÔπ¶D ®fiE ÷Ú©√m, √E•D
ÔV\xD \‚|º\. z§©∏‚¶ k´ÈVuÆfl Ûwo_>V[, ÷Õ>fl ∑Ú¬ÔD
∂_Èm c¶K¬z^ EÁ≈©√¶_ ºÂÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ÿ√ı >[ kluÆ›
yÁB› >M›m¬ ÿÔV^k>uz g˶D ∂Á¶¬ÔÈD AÔºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m.
÷Õ>¬ Ûwo_ \Á™s ®[√k”D ŒÚkÁÔl_ ºkE>V[. ƒJÔ›][
√È √ˆ\V∫ÔπoÚÕm mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_>V[ √^π gEˆBÏ
ÿÂπ•D” 25 .
ÔVxÔ´V˛≈VÏ. º>∫˛B ƒJÔ›]_, ÷©√Ω›>V[ Aø¬Ô^ ÿÂπ•D
230
®[§>uÔV™ º>VuÆkVFÔÁe› º>VıΩBÔμ˛[≈VÏ QVM. E[™VÁ™
\¬Ô ÷ÚÕ> ∂ÚÕ>]B© ÿ√ı ∂Ú¬ÔVË T´M[ \Ô^. ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ
Ô°ı¶´V_ Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛[≈V^. ºƒˆ\¬Ô^ EÈÏ √ıÁBVˆ¶D
∂Ú¬ÔVˬz© Ôk™V˛s‚¶>™V_ ∂kÏÔ”¬z ∂kÏ c≈kV˛s‚¶Vÿ´™
√ıÁ \Ô^ ÔV\V‚EÁBfl E[™V–¬z© ÿ√ı ºÔ‚˛[≈™Ï. √ıÁBVˆ[
∂ΩBV‚Ô^ ºƒˆÁB› y¬˛Á´BV¬˛ ∂Ú¬ÔVËÁB© ∏\V¬˛fl ºƒˆ\¬ÔÁefl
ÛÁ≈BV|˛[≈™Ï.

“kV™D
kV™D / ÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> sΩBuÿ√Vøm ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ~‚Ω\´fl
Eu√ º\M kVF¬ÔVo_ Jμ˛¬ ˛¶Õ>m / ºƒˆ¬ zΩ_Ôπ_ ÌÁ´Ô^ *m /
ÿÂÚ©A›º>s WÏkV¬Ì›m / WÔμ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.87)

“∂Ú¬ÔVË
∂Ú¬ÔVË ÔVBD√‚|¬˛¶Õ>Á> Eu∏ ®ømDº√Vm
kV™DÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ>Á>fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ ÷›>ÁÔB O‚√∫Ô^
kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D ÌΩ¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™. kV™D√VΩÔ^ ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD
>\¬z^πoÚÕm ÷›>ÁÔB O‚√∫ÔÁe› >D ÔsÁ>l_
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï” 26
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï

sı*™VF¬ ÿÔV©√π›m sˆkV™D √V´VF >D∏ ®™› ÿ>VaÈVeÏ√|D


√V‚Á¶¬ Ôı| ∂Õ]¬z© ∏[ sˆkV™D sı*™VF¬ ÿÔV©√π›>>VF
√V´]>Vƒ[ √V|D O‚√›][ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVF ÷>Á™ ÂVD ÷™D ÔV ÷BKD
√ıÁBVˆ¶D Ô_BV s≠B\V ÂD\˛‚¶ kÕº>Vx∫Ô ®™fl ºƒˆ\¬Ô^ º√∑D
º√Vm, “√ıÁl[ ÁÔÔπ_ *Áƒ xƬºÔ§Bm ÔıÔπ[ g›]´
ÿÂÚ©º√§Bm ∞m¶V º√fl∑ ŒÚ \V]ˆBV ÷Ú¬z c>‚|¬z *§™ √_K \V]ˆ
∞e™¬ ÌÏÁ\ y‚ΩB / √VÁe¬ Ô›]BVF© √VFÕ>m ŒÚ ÿƒV_ ®™›ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
∂m ∂m ∂>™>[ ÷¶›]_>V[ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂›m*§¶¬Ì¶Vÿ>[√>Á™
c>‚|¬z *§™ √_K \V]ˆ ®[–D ÷B_√V™ kw¬z© √B[√V‚¶V_
Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ.

231
“#´›]_
#´›]_ / Ø™VflE \ÁÈl[ ∂ΩkV´›]_ ∑ÚπBVu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ /
cflEfl ÛˆBÁ™ c^kV∫˛ sø∫zD / ÔV™Ô›][ ÷>B›]_ AÁ>B /
ŒÚEÆ zD√_ E[™V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ {Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. ∂Õ>¬ÔV| /
º>¬zÔ^ º>V^ clÏ›mD kVÁÔÔ^ kV^WtÏ›mD / ÔV| / ∂∫z
Ww_Ô^ ̶ W¤∫Ô^ gzD AB_Ô^ cÚkVzD. z[ÆÔ^ ∂Õ>©ABo_
>\m EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD
ÿ√VΩBVzD” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.9á93)

“cÈÁÔ¬
cÈÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^ÁeBΩ›m› >[Á™ ∂wz√|›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈
∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk› >tw[√[ ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬z˛≈VÏ. Aø]Ô”D
∏´eB∫ÔeVzD ®[˛≈VÏ. EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ƒ\>Ï\D
AsB´∑”27 ƒJÔ cÏs[ ÿkπ©√V‚Ω_ ÷DJkÚD
®[ >ˆƒ™D ®[˛≈VÏ AsB´∑
Œº´ A^πl_ Œ[Æ Ì|˛[≈™Ï.

“Â_ÈÔsÁ>
Â_ÈÔsÁ> EoÏ¬Ô Ák¬zD. √∑Ák© º√V_ ∂Áƒº√V¶
Ák¬zD. ƒ›]B∫ÔÁe› ÿ>V¶ c[™>∫ÔÁe ∂Á¶B, kVμs[
∂Áƒ°ÔºeV| ÷Áƒ° ºƒÏ¬Ô¬ ÁÔ©√u§ ∂Áw›mflÿƒ_KD.EÈ ºkÁe
º>Vw–D gzD. mB´xD mÁ¶¬zD. ÷Úı¶\™›]_ se¬ÁÔ•D
∞uÆD. t[™ÁÈ© º√V_ cÏ°Ô”¬ ÿkπflƒ Œ›>¶D ÿÔV|¬zD.
÷m>V[ ÔsÁ> ÿƒF•D \VBD. ÷Õ> \º™V>›mkfl E˛flÁƒ¬ÔVÔºk
√Á¶¬˛º≈[” 28 .
ÂV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ºÂE›m© √Á¶¬˛º≈[

Eu∏ºB kw∫zD ÷Õ> kV¬zJÈ›]uz ª¶VÔ°D Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ô^


ÿ>Vz©√VEˆBˆ[ ÿ>Vz©AÁ´¬z ª¶VÔ°D Eu∏l[ ÔsxÔ›][ >M›>
g”Á\ z§›m º\È]Ô\VÔ© AˆÕm ÿÔV^e kVF©Aı|. “ >tμ¬
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ \´A© ÿ√ÚÁ\ÔÁe› >[ zÚ]› ]∑¬Ôπ_ ]Ë›m ∂>[
gu≈_Ôπ_ c´D ÿ√uÆ á kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂>[ ∂Ï›> \ı¶√∫Ôπ_
ƒÕ]¬zD O‚√›Á>fl ƒJÔ sfiQV™›]¶D ÔuÆ á A´‚EÔ´ \Vu≈∫Ôπ[
z´_Ôπ_ ÿ\VaÂÁ™›m ∂–√k∫Ôπ[ ∂Ω gw∫Ôπ_ Ôı ]≈Õm,
kVμsÁ™ sƒVˆ›m, kVμs[ A]ÏÔπ_ º>∫˛ WuzD ºÔ^sÔπ_
ÿ\e™D cÁ¶›m ÷BuÁÔl[ >Vk´ ÿ\VaÔπ_ ]Áe›m
232
gaBVuƬÔÁ´ºBV´¬ ˛´V\∫Ôπ_ kVμsB_ kÏ∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı|,
\M>›Á> º\D√|›> kÕ> ∂§sBo[ √ˆ\V¬ ºÔ^sÔπ_ \™D
º>VFÕm g[*Ô› º>¶_Ôπ[ sƒV´ / sƒV´Á¬ ºÔ^s Ww_Ôπ_
÷Áe©√V§, kVμs[ y´V> ~Ï©A sÁƒ¬z¬ z´_ kÁ™Õm ÿÔV|¬zD
ŒÚ √Á¶©A© √BD Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√BD ” 29 ®[˛≈VÏ.

Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^

®πÁ\lºÈºB ∂ÚÁ\ ®[–D √ΩBVÔ°D √V‚|›]≈›>VºÈ ÁkBD


√Vo¬Ôk_È>VÔ°D ÷BKD Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√V∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
\´A¬ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì,, ÔsÁ>ÂV¶ÔD, ÷Áƒ©√V¶_
®™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ]≈D√¶ se∫zD ∂Á´ ±u≈Vı|¬ÔsÁ>
∂–√kD cÁ¶Bk´VÔ› ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ. >tμ\´∏_ ª[§© √l[Æ ÁÔk´©ÿ√u≈
]‚√ O‚√\V™ ÔsÁ>ÿ\VaBVÔ ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ∂Á\Õm^·m.

cÁ´ÂÁ¶ TflE[ sˆÕ> z›m¶[ √´Õ>Ô[≈ ]Á´flÊÁÈl_


{sBÕy‚¶ {sB¬ ÔÁÈQM[ #ˆÁÔ kıD º√V_ sˆkV™ ÔsÁ>ÁB
WÔμ›> k_È k_ÈÁ\ cÁ¶BkÏ Eu∏. ®ø›mÿ\Va x º√fl∑ÿ\Va ÷Ú
kw¬zÔπKD ÁÔBVek_È Ôs›mk gu≈_ cÁ¶Bk´VÔ› ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.
ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va¬z^ºeºB E≈Õ> ÔÁ>ÿƒV_oBVÔ°D ]Ôwk_È ]≈Á\ ÷kÏ>D
]≈Á\BVzD.

∂§sBÁÈ g¬Ô ØÏk\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”k>uz g>´kVÔ°D


∂a°¬ÔÚsBVÔ© ∏´ºBV˛¬zD \M>zÈ ®]ˆÔ”¬z ®]´VÔ°D ∂§sBu
ÔsÁ> √Á¶¬Ôk_È gu≈_t¬Ô ∂§°ƒVÏ ÔsQ´VÔ Eu∏ s·∫z˛≈VÏ.
ÿ\VaBV¬Ô› mÁ≈l_ z§©√VÔ \ÁÈBV· ÷Ȭ˛B∫ÔÁe› >twV¬ÔD
ÿƒFk]_ E≈Õm se∫zk>[ kVlÈVÔ°D √Á¶©∏Ȭ˛B›]uzD,
ÿ\VaBV¬Ô›]uzD ®™ ÷ÚxÁ≈ ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚmÿ√u≈ ÷ÁBu≈
>MflE≈©A ÷kÏ>D E≈©√VzD.

233
ƒÔÔsQÏÔÁe•D, ÷ÁeB >ÁÈxÁ≈¬ ÔsQÏÔÁe•D Eu∏ ÷Ȭ˛B
sÚm kw∫˛© º√VuÆD ∂Ú∫zD, ∂>uz ª¶VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> kVE©º√V|
ÿ>V¶ÚD ÔsÁ>©√BD ÷kÏ>D √VÏÁk•D A]B √Á¶©A¬ÔÁ· ºÂV¬˛B
∂kÏ>D º>¶ÁÈ•D Â\¬z cÏ›] Wu˛[≈™. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶
®™› >D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]BVÁ´•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ© √V´]>VƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ
WuzD Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V´]l[ >V¬ÔD z§›m ÷ÀkVFs[
JsB_ÔπKº\ ®|›mÁ´¬Ô©√‚|^e™.

4.3 >tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\

A]B ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ^ ÷›>Á™ ∂ΩÔ”¬z^ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D


÷›>Á™ ∂ΩÔ”¬zº\_ tzÕms¶¬Ì¶Vm ®™ ∂>uÔV™ ∂ΩkÁ´BÁ≈¬zfl
Euÿ≈_ÁÈ º√ÿ´_ÁÈ ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD kz¬Ô ÷BÈVm. Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
÷ƬÔ\V™ ÿƒ§°D ÿ²μflEBV™ skˆ©AD ®[≈ ÷Ú √ıAÔÁ·
Á«¬Ìs[ Á\BD ÿƒ§° ®[≈V_
cÁ¶B™kVF› ]Ôμ˛[≈™. “Á«¬Ìs[
cÁ´ÂÁ¶ TflE[ Á\BD sƒVÈ\VzD. ÔsÁ> ÿ\Val[, ˇøD
÷Ák” 30 ®[√VÏ ].∑.¶´Vƒ[.
º\K\V™ ®_ÁȬºÔV|Ô^ ÷Ák

z§©∏‚|fl ÿƒV_k>™V_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔÁe© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´l_


zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÷ƬÔfl ÿƒ§° O‚√›]uz ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®[≈V_,
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ sƒVÈ TflEuzfl Eu∏ ®™ÈVD. JkˆKD ÷Õ>
~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKD º√´es_ ŒÚºƒ´ ®ø]¬ zs›>kÏ >tw[√º™ gkVÏ. ]´Vs¶
÷B¬Ô›][ ÿÔVÁ¶BVF º\Á¶› º>V´ÁBV™ º√fl∑›>tμ º√´es_
ÿkz\¬ÔÁe ~Ï¬Ô k_È>VF ∂Á\Õ>m ÷>[ √B™VÔ ÷›>ÁÔB º\Á¶›
º>V´Ál[ >V¬ÔD kV™D√VΩ \´∏KD ª[§¬ ˛¶¬ÔÈVluÆ.

÷[≈e°Ì¶ ®ø›>§° ÷_ÈV> ∂[Á≈B WÁÈl_ ]´Vs¶


“÷[≈e°Ì¶
÷B¬ÔD x[MÁÈ©√|›]B º√fl∑¬ ÔÈVƒV´›Á>•D ̶ kV™D√VΩ
>zD” 31 ®[√Ï ∂.\VϬ¸.
\uÆD ÔsB´∫Ô \´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ >zD
º√fl∑ ÿ\Val[ ∂ø›>xD º\Á¶l[ ∂È∫ÔV´ ÿ\Va¬ ÌÆÔ”D
“º√fl∑
]´Vs¶ x[º™u≈¬ ÔwÔ› >ÁÈkÏÔπ[ ∂´EB_ >twVÔ ÂVÿ¶∫zD
234
∂§xÔ\V™ ∏[™Ël_, ∂Õ> ∂´EB_ ƒVÏA ÿÔVıΩÚÕ> √_ºkÆ
√Ω›> \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB ∂›>ÁÔB ÿ\Va¬ÌÆÔ^ ∂ø›>D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™
®[˛≈kÏ ∂>uz ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ kV™D√VΩ ÔsÁ> \´∏uz x[º™VΩ
º√V[≈ EÈkˆÔ^ ®™°D º\uºÔVeVÔ¬ ÔÁÈQÏ kˆÔÁeºB
x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ. ¿ÏTμflE º√VÈ[º≈V WtÏÕ> Ôs√V´]¬zD √VºkVflE©
ÿ√VaÕms‚¶VÏ Â[Æ. ŒÚ / ¿ÏTμflEfl ºƒ‚Á¶l™V_ º√´]ÏflE©
>V∫˛u≈Õº>V” 32 ®[√Ï m.ÊMflƒVt.
ÿ√ÚDABÁÈ› >tμÂV| >V∫˛u≈Õº>V

]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ~Ï©AD kV™D√VΩ ∂§xÔxD z§›m >tw[√[


>tμ cÏ° ÷Õ] ®]Ï©A c‚√¶ ∑B
z§©∏|km ÷∫z ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm. “>tμ
\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ ®_ÈV© º√V´V‚¶∫ÔπKD cÏ° ØÏk\VÔ¬
ÔÈÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[. ∂>[ ÔÚ›m koÁ\ ®[Á™ ~Ï›>m.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ∂§xÔ›m¬z© ∏≈z ÷¶mƒVˆ ÷B¬Ô¬ ÔÚ›mÔπ_
∂§xÔD ∞u√‚¶m. ∂mtÔ ÷B_√VÔ ®[Á™© √u§¬ ÿÔVı¶m ” 33
®[√Ï.

∂¶¬˛ kVE¬zD ÿ\e™kVE©∏uz cˆB Œ[≈VÔ \‚|º\ ÔsÁ>ÁB


x[MÆ›mD ŒÚƒV´VÏ c´›> kVE©∏uÔV™ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂≈ºk ÔsÁ>
gÔV>™ ®™©A≈Õ>^π© º√V˛[≈™Ï. ∞MÕ> º\Á¶› º>V´ÁBV™ c´¬Ô
kVE©∏uÔV™ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe \‚|D ∞uÔ \Æ¬Ô ºkı|D ÷m ®∫Ô^ √VËÿB™
÷kÏÔ”D ∂©º√V¬ÁÔ¬ ºÔ^s¬z c^eV¬˛™Ï.

ÔsÁ>l_ º\Á¶›º>V´Á ∞[ sȬԩ√¶ ºkı|D ®[≈


“ÔsÁ>l_
ºÔ^sÁB x[Ák¬˛º≈[. ÔsÁ> A_ÈV∫zwKD TÁ•D \‚|\_È.
º>Ák©√‚¶V_ º√ˆÁÔ•\VzD ®[Æ Eu∏•D, ÔsÁ>BV¬ÔD ®[√m
Ì‚ΩÁƒ º√V[≈m. º>kº>k[ ∂kÚÁ¶B kBoÁ™ ®|›m kÕ>V_ ÂV[
®[–Á¶B √Á≈•¶[ kÚ˛º≈[. Ì‚ΩÁƒl_ kBo[ ∂ΩÂV>D \‚|D
>V[ Œo¬Ô ºkı|D. √Á≈ÿBVo >ÁÈ#¬Ô¬ ̶Vm ®[Æ ÿƒV_È
BVÚ¬zD cˆÁ\ ˛Á¶BVm. √Á≈l[ º>Ák ÷Ú¬zD kÁ´ ŒÚ √¬Ô›]_
W[ÆÿÔVı| √Á≈ÁB ®[Á≈¬zD ÂV[ >‚Ω¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú©º√[ ®[Æ
÷[zÈV©AD.
235
Œ|¬zD ®_ÈVs>\V™ Œ|¬zxÁ≈ÔπKD ∂√VBÔ´\V™m
√ı√V‚| Œ|¬zxÁ≈. Œ[ƬÿÔV[Æ x´V™ ÷´ı| √ı√V|Ô^
÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂k´kÏ √ı√V| ∂k´kÏÔzD cBÏkV™m. tÚ>∫ÔD
ŒÚƒV´Ú¬z cBÏkV™V_, √Á≈ ®∫Ô”¬z cBÏkV™m. √´>ÂV‚ΩBD
ŒÚ ƒV´Ú¬z cBÏkV™V_ ®∫Ô”¬z¬ Ô´ÔV‚¶D cBÏkV™m. ŒÚ
ƒV´Ú¬z¬ Ô›]ˆ¬ÔVF cBÏkV™V_ ®∫Ô”¬z¬ ÔÚkV| cBÏkV™m
®[Æ ÿ√V[ÃÈ–D z§©∏|kÁ>fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ
ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[” 34 .
ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[

ÂT™›mk›][ º√´V_ ÂT™ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®™©√|ºkVÏ √V´]>VƒÁ™•D


x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔÁe•D ÔsQÏÔeVÔºk ∞uÔ \ƬzD º√V¬zD
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m. ÷>uz ª¶VÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶©√mD ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ŒÀkVÁ\ºB.
®ø›m \´∏™ˆ[ ÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬˛Á™¬ z§›> √]°Ô^ ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™.

ƒJÔ© √ΩWÁÈÔπ_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]ÔeVÔ se∫˛BkÏÔ^ √∫z


“ƒJÔ©
ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD se∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD
\≈Õms¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔeVÔ°D ̶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ se∫˛™Ï.
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD xuº√V¬z ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ \¬Ô^ƒVÏA› >[Á\ÁB•D
Eu§>μÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> \´∏™Ï \¬Ô^ ]´Vs¶tÚÕm sÈ˛ W[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\›
ºkıΩ•^em.” 35
>[Á\ÁB•D ÷Õ>© ∏[™ËloÚÕm ÂVD√VÏ¬Ô ºkıΩ•^em.
®[˛≈VÏ \.\\VϬ¸.

~º´V| >tw[√[ c¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[§_ ∂kˆ¶D ºÔV. >Vº\V>´[


ºÔ^s•D ∂>uÔV™ ∂k´m √]KD ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^e›>¬Ô™. “∂©m_
´z\V[, Eu∏, ¿∫Ô^ JkÚD ∞≈›>Vw ÂVu√>Vı|ÔeVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÔsÁ>›
mÁ≈l_ ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛SÏÔ^. ∂©√Ω ÷ÚÕmD Eu§>μÔ”D,
∂kuÁ≈fl ƒVÏÕ> s\σ™∫Ô”D c∫Ô^ ÿ√BÏÔÁe¬ z§©∏|k]_ÁȺB
∞[?
236
Eu§>μÔ^
“Eu§>μÔ^ ∂Á™›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Œº´ ºÂV¬ÔD
÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. >›>D ºÂV¬˛uºÔu√ ÷Ȭ˛B∫ÔÁe ÷™D ÔV‚¶°D
s\σ™D ÿƒFB°D ∂Ák >z]•D cˆÁ\•D cÁ¶BÁk. gl–D
>›>D WÁÈ√V|ÔºeV| ºkÆ√V| ÿÔVıΩÚ©√™kuÁ≈© √ÁÔÁ\¬ Ôı
ÿÔVı| √VÏ›m Œm¬zkmD, >^”kmD, c>VÊ™©√|›mkmD ÷Ȭ˛B
ºÂÏÁ\ ÷_ÁÈ. zÆ˛B ºÂV¬zD zø \™©√V[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶
Eu§>μÔ^ ÔsÁ> keÏflE¬z ®]ÏWÁÈl_ ÿƒB_√|k™. √V´]
ÔsÁ>ÁB keÏ›>kÏ ®[Æ ÿƒV_˛≈kÏÔ^ √V´]>VƒÁ™ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô
\Æ©√>uz ÷¬zø \™©√V[Á\•D zÆ˛B ºÂV¬zD ∂_ÈV\_ ºkÆ
®[™ ÔV´D ÷Ú¬Ô xΩ•D? √V´]>VƒÁ™ ÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´›]uz© ∏≈z
>tμ¬ÔsQ´VÔfl ÿƒV_È©√‚¶ ŒÚkÏ ®[Æ ŒÚ s\σÔÏ ®øm˛≈VÏ.
√V´]>Vƒ[ ƒx>VB›]uz ∞º>V ÿƒF]Ú¬˛≈Vº´ >s´ >tø¬z Œ[ÆD
ÿƒFms¶s_ÁÈ ®[Æ ∏[ ÂT™›mkD º√∑D ÷[ÿ™VÚ s\σÔÏ
®øm˛≈VÏ. ÷kÏÔ^ >tw[√Á™ºBV, ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™ºBV,
xΩ•D” 36.
Eu∏ÁBºBV ®©√Ω¬ z§©∏|kVÏÔ^ ®[Æ ®]Ï√VÏ¬Ô xΩ•D

>tw[√[ z§©∏|km º√V_ zÆ˛B ºÂV¬zD zø\™©√V[Á\•D


>sϬԩ√¶ ºkıΩB™ºk. ÷ku≈V_ cıÁ\BV™ ÔÁÈQÏÔÁe ŒÚ º√VmD
÷Ú‚¶Ω©A ÿƒFms¶ ÷BÈVÿ>[√>uz x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔºe ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ
÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|^e™Ï ®[√m ÷∫ºÔ ÂVD \™∫ÿÔV^e ºkıΩB>VzD. Eu∏
>D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]BVÁ´•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ √V´]>VƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶V|km
º√VÈ› >tw[√–D >D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]>VƒÁ™•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ
EoÂV‚|¬ÔsQÏ √V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶VÁk•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ Wu√kÏ. >D
\Ô–¬z©√V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶Vs[ ÿ√BÁ´•D √]©√Ô›]uz √V©ºÈV √V´] √]©√ÔD
®™°D ÿ√BÏ Û‚ΩBkÏ. ÔsB´∫Ô¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ºÔ^s•D ∂>uÔkˆ[ √]KD
÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

“ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ *mD s\σ™∫Ô^ Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™ºk? “º√fl∑¬


º√fl∑¬
ÔsÁ>, ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ÷´ı|kÁÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÿÂÚ¶V, √V´]
237
º√V[≈kÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ô^>VD. ÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
c¶™ΩBVÔ ÿ√VÚÁe se∫˛¬ ÿÔV^e kVF©√π¬˛[≈™. g™V_
®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷>uz \V≈V™Ák. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ \¬Ô”¬z
x[™V_ ÔsÁ> kVE¬˛≈º√Vm WflƒBD ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB kVE¬Ô
xΩBVm. kVE›>V_ AˆB°D ÿƒFBVm. ÷´ı|kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D
º>Ák>VD. ∂Ák Œ[Á≈ÿBV[Æ ∂a›ms|D ®[Æ ∂fiƒ°D º>Ák
÷_ÁÈ. ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿku§ ÿ√≈V>kÏÔ^ ÿ√VmkVÔ
∂Õ>kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ zÁ≈kVÔ© º√∑˛≈VÏÔ^. ∏´flƒV´D ®[Æ
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏÔ^; ∏´flƒV´D ÷_ÈV> ÷Ȭ˛Bº\ ˛Á¶BVm. ∂©√ΩÿBV[Æ
÷Ú¬Ô¬Ì|ÿ\M_, ∂m ∏_o ÛMB ºkÁÈ ®[Æ ÿÂÚ¶V
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ cÏflEkƒ©√‚¶ ∂∏©´VB∫Ô^>VD s\σ™\VÔ
Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™” 37 .
÷∫z Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™

÷›>z Aˆ>_Ô”¶º™ºB >tw[√M[ ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe


º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™DÔV ºkıΩ•^em. √´kÈV™ ÿkz\¬ÔÁe ºÂÚ¬z
ºÂÏ ÿƒ[≈Á¶B ºkıΩB ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩBV™ ŒÚ º>Ák >tw[√M[ º√fl∑¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷B_AÔÁe› yÏ\VM©√>VluÆ. ÷>Á™ ÂVD >tw[√M[
>M›> g”Á\ÁB ∂Á¶BVe∫ÔV© AzxÔ\VÔ°D AˆÕmÿÔV^e
ºkıΩBkÏÔeVÔ c^ºeVD. ÷∫ºÔ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÂÏÔVo_ ÷m z§›m
®ø©√©√‚¶ >Vº\V>´M[ ºÔ^s¬ÔV™ √]_ ∂kÏ >D ÔsÁ>© º√V¬ÁÔ
s·¬zk>VÔ c^·m.

\u≈ >tμ¬ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm c∫ÔÁe ºkÆ√|›mD >[Á\Ô^ ®Ák?

“EÈÏ
EÈÏ ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ((written poetry)) \‚|D ~|√‚ΩÚ©√Ï.
EÈÏ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ((spoken poetry)) \‚|º\ ®©º√VmD
~|√‚ΩÚ©√Ï. ÷Á¶B≈V\_ ÷Às´ıΩKD ŒÀÿkV[§uzxˆB
>M›>[Á\ÔÁe ∂ø›>\VÔ ÿkπ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ®ø]¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[. EÈÏ ºÔV‚√V|Ôπ[ ∂©√‚¶\V™ xw¬Ô›Á>¬
ÔsÁ>BV¬z˛[≈™Ï. ÔÁÈBDƒ›Á> ÷wÕms¶V>, ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
238
ÔÁÈBDƒ›][ ∂]ÔV´D >ÁÈ#¬˛ gΩ¬ÔÚ›m clÏ©AÔÁe
x¶¬˛s¶V> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®[–Á¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™ WÁ™¬˛º≈[.
∂Ô\™¬ ÔV‚EÔÁe© √Ω\©√|›mk]KD, ∂Ô›]KD A≈›]KD O‚√›
º>¬Ô∫ÔeVÔ c^e ÿƒVuÔÁe© √B[√|›mk]KD √ȈoÚÕmD
®[˛≈VÏ” 38 .
ºkÆ√|˛[º≈[ ®[˛≈VÏ

÷ÁkBV°D >tw[√[ ∂kÏÔπ[ ƒVÏAWÁÈÔÁe ÷™D ÔV


c>k¬ÌΩB™ºk ®[≈ º√V]KD ∂k´m ƒVÏA WÁÈÔ”¬zD
∂©√Vu√‚¶ÁkBV™ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπKD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπkÕ>™.
(Ô_˛, zx>D, g™Õ>sÔ¶[ \uÆD ÔÁBVa) ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπ_ \‚|D
∂_ÈV\_ ÔÁBValKD ∂Ák ÿkπkÕ>™ ®[˛≈ º√Vm >tw[√M[
>M›> g”Á\lÁ™ ∂Á¶BVe∫ÔV ÷Õ> ∂DƒxD ®ı›>¬Ô
Œ[≈V˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ ∂´EB_ ƒVÏAÔ”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶ ÿkz\¬Ô^
÷>μÔπKD, \V≈V™ ÔÁBVa ÷>aKD ∂kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπBV˛™
®[˛≈º√Vm ÿkz\¬Ô”¬ÔV™ ~Ï©∏Á™•D ys´ kVƒÔÏÔ”¬ÔV™
®]Ï√VÏ©AÔÁe•D ~|Ô‚¶ k_È>VÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>™ ®[√m
s·∫zD. >tw[√M[ ∂´EB_ ÷B∫zWÁÈl_ ÷B∫˛B_ WÁÈl_ ∞u√‚¶
\Vu≈∫Ô”D keÏflE•¶–D ]ÔøD ∏[AÈ∫ÔeVÔ°D ∂ku§uz ª¶VÔ ∂kÏ
®ÀkVÆ ºÂV¬Ô xu√‚¶VÏ ®[√>Á™•D ÔÈVW] ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔπ[
Ô‚|Á´›>ÁÈ©A (º>ƒ, ÷™ ®øflEÔπ[ ∏[kÕ> >twÔ \M>[ >tw[√[)
\uÆD ∂>[ ƒV´VDƒ›]uz ª¶VÔ c^kV∫˛ ÿkπ©√|›mD \uÿ≈VÚ
ÔÈVW]l[ √]° ÷∫ºÔ ÔkM¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

:“º√´VEˆBÏ
º√´VEˆBÏ Ek›>D∏BkÏÔπ[ ÷ÀkV≈V™ √VÏÁkÔ”¶[
ºÂV¬zD º√Vm >tw[√[ ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B ∂´EB_ ®[√m ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ôfl
ƒVÏA, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\fl EÕ>Á™fl ƒVÏA ®[≈ kwÁ\BV™ ÿ√VmWÁÈBV™
ÿƒV_ÈV¶_Ôπ[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”¬z^ \‚|©√|›>©√‚| W[Æ
ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[≈[Æ ®[√mD ∂m ∂›>e∫Ôπ_ W[Æ ÷B∫˛B_
WÁÈl_ keÏflE•D \Vu≈∫Ô”D ®F]kÕ> {Ï ∂´EB_ ®[√mD

239
ÿ>πkVÔºk ÿ>ˆ˛≈m. ∂>Vkm ∂flƒVÏAÔ^ ∂kÚ¬z© ∏[AÈ∫Ô^
\‚|º\ ®[√Á>•D ∂kÏ ∂kuƬz x´ı√¶V> kÁÔl_
∑Bº>Ï°Ô”¶[ >[ kVμsBu ÛwÁÈ ºÂV¬Ô xu√‚¶kÏ ®[√mD
cıÁ\ÔeVzD” 39 .
÷>[JÈD c´¬ÌΩB cıÁ\ÔeVzD

÷∫ºÔ ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ ∑‚Ωflÿƒ_KD ÔÈVW] ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏


®|›mÁ´¬zD \Vu≈∫Ô^ 1940á50ÔπKD, 1960á70 ÔπKD, 1980ÔÁe
∂|›mD ®™¬ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ >tw[√Á™ ∂>uzˆB ∏[AÈ∫Ôπ_ Ák›m
∂Á¶BVeD ÔV xBKD Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔπ[ √VÏÁkÔÁe
∂Ô©√|›]B™ºkBVzD.

1940á50Ôπ_ ®]Ï xÁ™ÔeVÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÿ>ˆ°Ô^ ( Choices) Œ[Æ


“1940á50Ôπ_
∂_Èm \uÿ≈V[Æ ®™ ÷ÚÕ> \VuÆ› ÿ>ˆ°Ô^ k´ÈVu§[ {‚¶D
ÔV´\VÔfl EÈ A]B ÷Á°ÔÁe•D ÛμWÁÈÔÁe•D ∞u√|›mD
(x[™Ï ®]Ï√V´V>) WÁÈÁ\ÿBV[Æ ÷©ÿ√Vøm cÚkVkÁ> ÂVD
ÔVÈVD. k^eÈVÁ´© √V¶kÕ> ÿ√Vøm k¶ŸÏ ®[–D ku≈V> \¬Ô^
ºÂBD ®[Æ ÌÆkm¶[ W[Æ s¶Vm ∂>uz º\ºÈ º√VF ƒV]º√>∫ÔÁe
/ ƒ\B sº´V>∫ÔÁe ƒJÔfl ÊϺÔ|ÔÁefl / ƒV|D ∂Ú‚√V kˆÔπ_
Ák¬˛≈m” 40.
®_ÈVD / gΩ ∂Áƒ˛≈m / ÿ√ˆBVˆ[ >VΩ ®™¬Ì≈ Ák¬˛≈m

“1960á70Ôπ_ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂´EB_ \uÆD >›mk›>eD


ƒVÏÕ> ºkÔD ŒÚ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^ kÚ˛≈m. xw¬Ô›>[Á\ {´e° zÁ≈˛≈m.
÷m ∂kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÔV©√|D ÿ√VmkV™ {´DƒD. ÷>uÔV™ ∂´EBu
∏[AÈD√u§, º√´VEˆBÏ ÔV.Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔ^ ∂Á™›]Õ]B© ∏[™ËºBV|
ÿ>V¶ÏAÆ›]fl EÕ]›m^eVÏ”.

÷Õ]BVs[ ÷Æ] 25 kÚ¶∫ÔÁe© º√VȺk >twÔ›][ ÔÁ¶E¬


ÔV_±u≈Vı|D á z§©√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>› mÁ≈l_ ÷Õ> ∞\Vu≈∫ÔÁe¬
ÔV‚|k>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m. Ôs›mk›][ ke∫zÁ≈BV\_, ƒJÔ
∞\Vu≈∫ÔÁe ®|›m¬ ÌÆD {Ï ÷Ȭ˛B©√ıA ke´› ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m.
se∫z˛[≈VÏ” 41.
∂>uÔV™ Â_È c>V´\VÔ ÷¬ÔsQº´ (>tw[√[) se∫z˛[≈VÏ
240
®™ Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔ^ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WBVB∫Ôπ[
kV¬zJÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶∫zºkVD k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D
]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶•D x>oB ÿ>Vz]Ôπ_ ÔsÁ>Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈
®|›m¬ÔV‚|k>Á™•D ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[. ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶
®–D >ÁÈ©º√ ÷>Á™ c^e¶¬˛›>V[ Wu˛[≈m. ÷›>ÁÔB \Vu≈∫Ô^
z§›mD >D ƒJÔ ºÂV¬z Œ[º≈ ®[–D ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔ^ ÿkÀºk≈V™Ák
®[√m z§›mD ÿkÀºkÆ s>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπkÚkº> ÿ\Va¬zfl E≈©A
ºƒÏ¬Ôk_Èÿ>[√mD ∂kÏ ºÂV¬Ô∫ÔeVÔ c^e™. ˛·¬zfl ƒV·´D ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz©∏[ x[–Á´l_ >tw[√M[ ÔÚ›m ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

“®[
®[ ƒJÔ ºÂV¬zD Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ®™m ÔsÁ>Ô^
Œ[ƺ√VȺk ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ∂©√ΩlÚ¬zÿ\M_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz©º√ º√VmD, ∏≈z ∞[ ®ø>ºkı|D? ŒÚ ÿÔ|∏ΩBV™ >›mk
kVÏ©∏_ á ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ®ø]s¶ xÁ™Õ>V_ ∂Õ> ÷Ƭԛ]_
ÔsÁ> WflƒBD Jfl∑s¶ xΩBV\_ \ˆ›m© º√VzD. ®™¬zD ®[
ÔsÁ>¬zD ∑>Õ]´D ºkı|D. ÷Õ>fl ∑>Õ]´›Á> ®™m ®_ÈV
xΩ•D” 42 .
±_ÔπKD √VÏ¬Ô xΩ•D

√_ºkÆ s>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kÚkm>V[ ŒÚ ÿ\Va¬zfl E≈©A


ºƒÏ¬zD. Œº´ s>\VÔ ®_ºÈVÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÷ÚÕ>V_ ∂©A≈D
®>uz WÁ≈B º√Ï ®ø>ºkı|D. ŒÚkÏ ®ø]™V_ º√Vmº\. ÷m>V[
ÔsÁ>¬Ô‚¶Á\©A ®[Æ ÷Æ]›yÏ©A ÿƒV_È xΩBVm. ∂m \V§¬
÷Ú¬zD” 43 . ÷>Á™ x[WÆ›] ®ø©√©√|D ÷Ú ºÔ^s•D
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD
yÏ°\V™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √]°D ÷∫ºÔ ÷›m¶[ ®ı›>¬Ôº>.

BVˆ¶tÚÕm ∑>Õ]´D? ÿÔ|∏ΩBV™ >›mk kVÏ©AÔπ¶tÚÕm


\‚|\_È, ∂k´m ÔsÁ>© √VÏÁkÔπoÚÕº> ∂kÚ¬zfl ∑>Õ]´D
cıÁ\” 44 .
º>Ák©√|km>V[ cıÁ\

241
ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> z§›> √VÏÁkÔ^ \V§fl
ÿƒ_k>Á™•D ÷›m¶[ ∂.\VϬ¸ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ >e›]ÈV™
>tw[√M[ zÆ∫ÔsÁ> Œ[Á≈•D ∂>uÔV™ sˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÚ
√]sÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

W[Æ s‚¶kº™ / √¬ÔD, #´D ®[√m √u§ / ¿ / ∞[


º√∑˛≈VF?
º√∑˛≈VF?”(Ô™V¬ ÔVbD ÔVÈ∫Ô^, √.69)

“¿
¿ WÁÈBVÔ {ˆ¶›]_, ŒÚ A^πl_, ŒÚ Ô‚E¬z^, ŒÚ
EÕ>Á™¬z^, ŒÚ ÿÔV^ÁÔ¬z^ W[Æs‚¶k[. c™¬z ¿ º√VmD.
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ c™¬z› º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ >›mkD, ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔÁÈ, ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿ\Va c™¬z› º>Ák ÷_ÁÈ. c™¬z ®_ºÈVÚD
∂BÈkÏ, \VuƬ ÔÚ›]™Ï, ºkı¶V>kÏ. ®]ˆÔ^ c[Á™ s¶›
>VμÕ>kÏ. c[ ∂e°¬z ∂§° ÷_ÈV>kÏ. c™¬z ¿ºB cÈÔD.
c™¬z kV™D ºkı¶VD, k´ÈVÆ ºkı¶VD. ¿ ŒÚ zu≈flÿƒΩ.
˛uÆ›>kÁe. ∂¬ÔD√¬Ôÿ\[Æ c™¬z c≈° º>Ákl_ÁÈ.
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ ÔsÁ> c™¬z ºkı¶VD; c™¬z ¿ºB ®_ÈVxD; c™¬z
¿ºB ÔsQ[; c[Á™ ¿ºB \VÁÈ ÷‚|© ØÁ¤ ÿƒFm ÿÔVıΩÚ ¿ ∞[
÷©√Ωfl ∑Ú∫˛© º√VFs‚¶VF? c[ Ô‚E>V[ ÿ√ˆ>V? cÈÔD c™¬z^
÷¶t_ÁÈBV?” 45 .
∑Ú∫˛s‚¶>V? ÷[ÿ™VÚkÚ¬z c[ c^e›]_ ÷¶t_ÁÈBV?

>tw[√M[ ÷¬ÔsÁ> \uÆD QVMl[ se¬ÔcÁ´ ÷ku§uz


ª¶VÔ°D >tw[√[ zÆ˛B ºÂV¬z \uÆD zø\™©√V[Á\ºBV| ∞Á™B
>´©A¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∞uÔ \Æ›m √_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔÁe ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô
\ƬzD ÷Ȭ˛B ºÂÏÁ\Bu≈kÏÔ^ ®[≈k´V_ ∑‚¶©√‚|kÏÔ”¬ÔV™
√]ÁÈ•D c^e¶¬˛B ®]ÏsÁ™¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ°D ÷>Á™ ÷™∫ÔV ÷BKD.
º\KD ∞uÿÔ™ºk ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶©√‚|^e ∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ /
]œÿ´[Æ ®[ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[ / Ô\V›>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m ®–D Â.∏flƒJÏ›]
ÔsÁ>•D ªΩÁw©∏´]BVÔ (inter text) ÷>u˛Á¶ºB ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈ÿ>™ÈVD.

242
xuÆ©A^π ®–D \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>•D ÷›m¶[ ®ı›>¬Ôm (®[T‚| ®]º´
{Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ºkÿ≈VÚ >e›]_) >tw[√M[ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz]Ô”D ŒÚEÈ ÿ√Vm› >[Á\ÔÁe c^e¶¬˛ W[≈º√V]KD ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿ>Vz]•D ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√>Á™•D ÿkÀºkÆ s\σÔÏ
√VÏÁkl_ >tw[√M[ ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ>Vz©AÔ^ ∂ku§uz cˆB E≈©A
c‚˛Á¶Ôπ™V_ º√Vu≈©ÿ√Æ˛[≈™ ®[√mD >tw[√–¬ºÔ kVF›]Ú¬zD
>M›> g”Á\l[ E≈©∏B_º√BVzD.

“÷›ÿ>Vz]lK^e
÷›ÿ>Vz]lK^e (˛w¬zflƒVe´D) ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √È ∂k´m ƒJÔ
s\σ™© √ıAÔπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ∂Á\Õ> º√V]KD (®.|: ÔV›]ÚÕ>
ÔsÁ>Ô^) ∂k´m kw¬Ô\V™ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ© Ø√Ve∫Ô^ {FÕm^e™.
ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈Ôπ_ \Vu≈D ºkı|D ®[˛≈ ®ı›][ sÁe°
÷¶D\V§ kVμÕm √VÏ›>>V_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
E≈©√VÔ kΩkD ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. √Mÿ√F•D √Ô_ (1998), ÷´°©√V¶Ô[
(2003) x>oB ÿ>Vz©AÔ”D ÷›>[Á\¬zfl ƒV[≈VÔ c^e™.
∏]´©√≈Ák, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÿ>uz© √V|˛≈V[ x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁk. ®M–D ÂV¶Ô›>[Á\ºBV| ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va>μ,
AÁ™°› >[Á\•¶[ ÔsÁ> ÿkπ©√|›>_ x>ÈV™ >tw[√–¬ºÔ
cˆ›>V™ ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈Ô”¶[ ÌΩBÁkBVÔºk ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™Ák
\.\VϬ¸” 46
∂Á\˛[≈™ ®[√VÏ \.\VϬ¸

˛·¬zflƒV´·D √u§ QVM ∏[kÚ\VÆ º√∑˛[≈VÏ. “˛w¬zfl


˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
>tw[√M[ xø ∂esÈV™ x›]Á´√]›> ÿ>Vz©A. ∂k´m ÔsÁ>
kVμs_ ÷Á¶l_ {Ï cflƒD. ÔsÁ> √lÈ sÚDAD ÷ÁeQÏÔ^ ÷Õ>
cflƒÔ›]_ ∞§, ÷≈∫˛, >k§ søÕmD ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÔuƬ ÿÔV^eÈVD.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> ±_Ôπ_ ÷Õ> ±_, ŒÚ\Ë \z¶D. k´ÈVÆD
ÿ\FlBKD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z c´º\u§•^e™. >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>
ÿÂfiÁƒ WtÏ›]¬ÿÔV^e, >ÁÈ WtÏÕm √VÏ¬Ô ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©A ŒÚ #ı
®[˛≈VÏ” 47
®[˛≈VÏ
243
“˛w¬zfl
˛w¬zfl ƒVe´›]_ c^e ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È ®™¬ºÔ ®[Á™©A]B
kÁÔl_ ÔV‚Ω•^e™. ÂV–D ®™m ÔsÁ>ÔÁe© A]B ®_ÁÈÔπ_
ÔıΩÚ¬˛º≈[ ∂´EB_, ƒJÔ› >e∫Ôπ[ ∂–√k ÿkπ©√V¶VzD
ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕm ºkÆ√V| Œo¬zD ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂ÔsB›>[Á\
√Á¶©√Vπl[ ÿ>V¶Ï º>¶ÁÈ ∂>[ ys´›>[Á\ÁB kVƒÔÏÔ”¬z
cÏ›] ∂kÏÔ”¬z^ ÷B∫zD ƒV›]B›Á> ÂV[ s>Õm ÿƒV_È
ºkıΩB]_ÁÈ. ÷©√Ω ÷B∫zk>[ JÈD √Ω©√kÏÔ”¬z^
÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ \Æ√Á¶©√V˛ ÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷B¬zD
ÿ>Vau√V‚Á¶•D cÁ¶B>V˛s|D. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ÷¬˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
®™¬z ®[ >M sÚ©√›]uz cˆBm ®[√Á>•D ÷∫zÂV[ z§©∏¶
>tw[√[” 48.
sÚDA˛º≈[ ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[

÷©√]°Ô^ BV°D ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D ÿ>Vz©Á√© √u§B™ºk. >tw[√M[


∂w˛B_ z§›> ÔsÁ>Ô”D (∂w˛[ xÔkˆ, ®m ∂wz? {Áƒ ÷_ÈV>
kVÏ›Á>) ÿ>VÁÈÕm º√V™› >[Á™› >Vº™ *‚ÿ¶|¬zD ÔsÁ>Ô”D
(÷ÁƒBVF© ∏≈Õº>[, ∂Õ> ŒÚÔD, ÷¶D\V§ kVμÕm √VÏ›>V_, ®©º√VmD
®Á>BVkm, ÿ\FlB_ º>¶_ >[ ∏›Á>› >V[ ÿ>V‚|© √VϬÁÔl_,
\u≈kÏÔ^, Ô>°Ô^, zÁ¶´V‚Ω™D, ÷BuÁÔ› º>VFs[ ºkÏJȬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
(˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D, √flÁƒ\ÁÈ √ke\ÁÈ, W√Õ>Á™, ®∫Ô^ ºk©√ \´›][
WÁ™kVÔ) ∂b g•> ∂´¬Ô ∂´EB_, ∏∫ÔπoÚÕm ∏≈Õ>kÏÔ^,
®™©√[xÔfl E≈©º√V| ]Ôμ˛[≈m. ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D ÷>[ ÿ\FlB_
º>¶_ÔÁe© ∏aÕm >Úk>VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m. \.\mÛ>™[ √]°D ÷›m¶[
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

“kVw
kVw ∞u≈>VF ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷_ÁÈ >M cÁ¶Á\ÁB•D
∂]ÔV´›Á>•D kƒ©√|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ∑´ı¶_ \uÆD Œ|¬zxÁ≈
JÈD \¬ÔÁe ∂ΩÁ\©√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^ \¬Ôπ[ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
∂√Ôˆ›]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ∏´√fiƒD ÂVÆ˛≈m. ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•º\ √\VÔ, ∂´EBÈVÔ \Vu§lÚ¬˛[≈™Ï. ®™m
244
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔsÁ> ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ∏≈º´ yÏ\VM¬˛[≈™Ï ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷m
®™Ôz c¶[√VΩ_ÁÈ. ®™¬z^ ÷[–D E§m ÷¶D *>tÚ¬˛≈m.
∂>uz^πoÚÕm ®[Á™ ÂVº™ clÏ©∏›m¬ ÿÔVı| ∏´√fiƒ›Á>
kƒ©√|›mD º√Vm ÷ÁƒBVB© ∏≈©ÿ√|©º√[ ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω
÷›>ÁÔB cÏ°ÔÁe› >M ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ
>tw[√[. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›m¬z^”D ÔÚkVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈
ƒ\>Ï\[ ®[≈ cÏÁk \VÏ˛flEB›][ kaºB Am©∏›m¬
ÔVxΩ˛≈m” 49 .
ÿÔV^”>ÁÈ› >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\FlBÈVÔ¬ ÔVxΩ˛≈m

>tw[√º™ z§©∏|km º√V_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ g˛Bku§[


ys´›>[Á\BV_ ÂD\V_ c´©√|ÁÔl_ ∂Ák Â\¬z© ∏Ω√|ÁÔl_
∂>uz ∂©√V_ ÂDt_ ∂Ák ÷B∫Ô›>ÁÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈™. *^kVE©AÔπ_
\Æ√Á¶©AÔeVÔ \V≈k_È™kVF ∂Ák c^e™. ∂k´kÏ kVE©∏[
Aˆ>K¬ºÔu√ ∂Ák kVƒ_ ]≈¬˛[≈™. ÷ku§[ c^eVÏÕ> ÿ\FlB_ º>¶ÁÈ
QVM•D \mÛ>™–D ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔl_ ÷™∫Ôı|ÿÔVı|
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏÔ^. \mÛ>™[ √VÏÁkl_ >tw[√M[ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô s¶V\_ ÂDÁ\›>|¬˛[≈
A≈ƒ¬]ÔÁe•D, Â\¬z^ºeºB ÷Ú¬zD \™›>Á¶ÔÁe•D A≈Õ>^π ÂDÁ\
ÂVº\ *‚ÿ¶|¬zD ÿ\FlB_ º>¶_ÔeVÔ¬ Ôıÿ¶|¬Ô©√‚| x[
Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. QVMl[ √VÏÁkl_ ∂b g•> ∂´¬Ô ∂´EBKD
ºk©√\´¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ºkÏ JÈ∫Ô”D ∂Ôμÿ>|¬Ô©√‚| x[
Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. k.ºk.∑.∂FBÚ¬z ze›>∫ÔÁ´ ∂´ƒ\´D; ∑Õ>´´V\ƒVt¬z
AπB\´D ÷Ákl´ı|D AÁ™ÔÁ> cÈ˛_ Eu∏¬z ∂›]\´D, >tw[√–¬z
ºk©√\´D ÷Ákl´ı|D ÔsÁ> cÈ˛_ ÷ÀkVº≈ Eu∏¬z ŒÚ Ìo¬ÔVˆ
®[≈V_ >tw[√–¬z ŒÚ z≈›].

“>[™V
>[™V ™›>™ >VeÈB›]_
ƒVF›m¬ Ôø›Á> ÿk‚Ω á ∂k^

245
÷[™V vVt ¿‚|© º√flE_
÷Ȭ˛B ÂBD ÿƒV‚|D / ∂k^
xbxb›]|D ÿ>D\V∫ ˛Áƒ¬z
x›>tμ xÕ] sˆ¬zD
sˆ¬zD”..
(ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.41á42)

“g|D
g|D ∂kπ[ g‚¶ ∂Áƒs_
su√Á™BVÔV> ∂wz
√V|D √V‚Ω_ / ÷´›> kVÁ¶
E§mD ∂u≈ / kVμ¬ÁÔ ˛eÆD / kVƒD
kVƒD”
(˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √.99)

“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ sƒVÈ TflEuzD, ÔÁ> ÿƒV_o©√V∫˛uzD,
÷BuÁÔl[ ŒÚ Ì≈VF >[Á™ c´k_È ÿ\FlBK¬zD gÔflE≈Õ>
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VF ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√º> ®∫Ô^ ºk©√\´›][ WÁ™kVÔ T‚Ω[
x[ ÿkÆÁ\. T]xπBV˛s‚¶m ®–D ÿ>V¶¬Ôº\∂k´m ∂ÈV]BV™
x›]Á´>V[. T‚| x[™VoÚÕ> ºk©√\´D ÿk‚¶©√‚| s‚¶m ∂>™V_
T‚Ω[ x[A≈D ÿkÆÁ\BV˛s‚¶m ®[˛≈º√Vm ºk©√\´D ®[™ºkV
T‚Ω_ >V[ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ >[ Wwo[ ∂´kÁ©A T] xømD
÷ÚÕ>ÿ>[√m ®™ sˆBÈV˛[≈m ÔsÁ>. ∂Õ> \´tÚÕ> ~∫ÌÏ T]
√VϬÔV> ƒVkV, ∏≈©√V ®™ºk ∂>[ ƒVs_ ~∫ÌÏ T] JπBVÔ›>Vº™
ÿƒF•D. ∂©A≈D ÿƒÔyƒ[ >tw[√™VÔ© ∏≈Õ>]oÚÕº> >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂Õ> ºkDA ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD >VÈV‚Ω© √VŸ‚Ω Ê´V‚Ω© √V´V‚Ω
∂´kÁ›>m? ∂>[ ˛ÁeÔÁe cK¬˛™V_ QV√Ô∫ÔeVF¬ ÿÔV‚|D
ƒıÁ¶Ô^, ƒ\V>V™∫Ô^ ∂>[ WwºÈ ºkzD√Ω \M>Ï WÔμ›]B
ÿ√VFÔ^ ®[Æ gl´D ƒD√k∫Ô”¬z ∂m >Vº™ ÿ\e™ƒV‚E?
ÿk∫Ô¶VƒÈD gƒVˆ {F° ºÂ´›]_ ∂Ω›> ÔfiE´VkV_ ÷>[ ÔMÔ^
®©√Ω¬ ÔMÕ>™? ze›m©√VÁeBD gƒVˆl[ z]Á´¬z‚ΩÁB
ºkD∏[ ˛ÁeÔ^ ®©√Ω› yıΩ™? ÷ÈV¶D ∂Ω¬Ô¬ Ôsμ¬Ô©√‚¶
246
\V|Ôπ[ kVºBV´ OÁ´>^e©√|D√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô xΩBV\_ ºkDA\™D
ÿkD∏Bm ®©√Ω? O∫z sBV√Vˆ c>§s‚¶ AÚÁ¶Ôπ_ kıΩÔ‚Ω
cÚ‚|D ∞Áwfl E≈VÏÔ”¬z ∂m √wDº√V‚¶m ®©√Ω? gΩ¬˛Ú›]ÁÔ,
Á> ∂\VkVÁƒÔπ_ \ÁȺBÆD √¬>ÏÔπ[ ∂º´VÔ´VÁk ∂Õ> xÚÔ[
ºÔ‚¶Vº™V ÷_ÁȺB ∂>uz ºkDA ÿƒsƒVF›>m ®©√Ω?
>VÁ´>©√‚Á¶ºBV| Á>©Øƒ¬ ÔVkΩ ®|¬zD √¬>Ï √V>∫Ôπ_
ÿÔV©√π¬ÁÔl_ z¶D z¶\VF ∂kuÁ≈¬ zπ©√V‚|D ÿ√ıÔ”¬z
ºkDA sE§ TEBm ®©√Ω?
®©√Ω?” ÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩBVÔºk ºkD∏[ ÔÁ>ÔÁe
®_ÈVD WÔμ›]fl ÿƒ_˛≈m >tw[√[ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>.
(˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √¬.102á112)

x>[ x>ÈVF ~∫ÌÏ T]l[ ¶©√‚¶ tM ÔD√›]_ Eˆ›>


ÿkπflƒ©ØÁk¬ Ôı| BVÏ ÷Õ>fl ƒ¬Ôe›] ®™ ºkDA xÁ≈›>>VD.
ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ ÷´ı|D cÁ´BVΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶™kVD; \VϬºÔVM© ÿ√‚Ωl_ ÿƒF]
ºÔ‚| ∂m°D ∂kÁ´© º√VȺk zwD∏© º√V™>VD; ÔluƬ Ô‚Ωo_ ∂kÏ
˛¶Õ> ÿkπ§B ÷´°Ôπ_ ∂kÚ¬ÿÔ™ WÈÿkVπÁB kΩÔ‚Ω ∂–©∏
Ák›>>VD; t]kıΩ √w˛› >|¬˛ søÁÔl_ ºkDA Eˆ›> Eˆ©A ÷[–D ∂kÏ
ÔV_ k|°¬z^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈>VD; \\V˛ ∂kÏ >∫ÁÔ sÁ¶ÿ√u≈º√Vm
xÕ>VÁ™BV_ Ôı mÁ¶›m sÁ¶ ÿÔV|¬Ô >Vl_ÈV¬ zÁ≈ÁB ∂Õ>
ºkDA>V[ ~|Ô‚ΩB>VD; BVº´V #´›m© AπB\´›]_ #¬˛‚|fl ÿƒ›>>uÔVÔ
÷´ÿk_ÈVD ∂kº´V| ∂Õ> ºkDAD #∫Ôºk ÷_ÁÈBVD. ÷©√ ÷©√ΩBVÔºk
÷[–D ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ ∂k´m >uz§©º√u≈ ÔÁ>Ôπ[ ÁÔ kˆÁƒÔ^.

“®©º√Vº>V
®©º√Vº>V / ºk©√D √wD Œ[Á≈› ][Æ / ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB /
sø∫˛s‚¶ º√Vm ®[ / √wM x›mfl E›>©√V ÿƒV[™VÏ / klu§oÚÕm
\´D keÚD ®[Æ. ∂©º√Vm ÔÈk´©√‚¶k[ / ÷©º√Vm WÁ™¬˛º≈[ /
÷MºB–D ŒÚºkÁe / ∂Õ>¬ ÿÔV‚Á¶ / xÁe¬z\V? ®kÚD ÿk‚¶
xΩBV>√Ω ∂Õ> / ºkDA keÚ\V?
keÚ\V?” (˛w¬zflƒV´·D, √¬.102á103).

247
ºkDÁ√ ÷wÕ> ºƒVÔ›][ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe ®_ÈVD ÂV¶Ô› >[Á\•¶™V™
®|›mÁ´©AÔ^ JÈD ÿ>V|›m›>Õ> >tw[√[ ÔsÁ> zwÕÁ>ÁBl[
√VkÁ™l_ ÷Æ]BVFfl ƒ´Á¶Õm s|˛[≈m. ∂m>Vº™ gl´D gl´D
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ ªuƬÔı \Á¶ ]≈¬zD kVƒ_. ∂>™V_ >V[ ∂kÏ T‚Ω[
x[ ÿkÆÁ\BVÔ°D ∂k´m ~∫ÌÏ T]l_ JπBVÔ°D ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∏[™VKD
∂Õ> ºkDA ÷©√Ω Ô©A∫ÔkÆ\VÔ¬ ˛Áe √´©∏ ÿ√ÚsÚ‚ƒ\V¬ ˛w¬zfl
ƒVe´›]_ Tu§Ú¬˛[≈m. ÷m√u§B QVMl[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.

ҼkDA
ºkDA ÂD\´º√V| ÿ√u≈ ÷¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒV_o xΩBVm. ∂Õ>
∂e°¬z ºkDA Â\¬z c´D >Õ]Ú¬˛≈m; ck©√VF Ôƒ©√VF
÷M›]Ú¬˛≈m; ÂD zwÕÁ>ÔÁe› >VÈV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈m. EÆkÏÔπ[
keÏflE¬z¬ ÁÔ ÿÔV|›]Ú¬˛≈m. swV¬Ôπ_ ÂDº\V| c≈°
ÿÔVı¶VΩlÚ¬˛≈m ºkDA; ÂD T‚| c›]´\VF ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÂDT‚|©
√lÏÔÁe¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈m; ÂD c¶_ ºÂVF yÏ›]Ú¬˛≈m. c^e›Á>¬
zπÏs›]Ú¬˛≈m; ºkDA ÷_ÈV\_ Â\¬z kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ ;
ºkDA Â\¬z clÏ >Õ]Ú¬˛≈m. \´Á√ Â\¬z^ keÏ›]Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>
ºkD∏oÚÕm ÷©ÿ√Vøm ÂVD ∏ˆÕ>VÔ ºkı|D. ºkDÁ√¬ ÔV©√Vu≈
÷BÈV> ÂD ÷™D kVμÕ>VÿÈ[™? ÿƒ›>VÿÈ[™? ®[Æ Â\¬z^
ºk˛º≈VD. ºkDA Â\¬z ŒÚ \´√_È. ºkDA Â\¬z ŒÚ Âı√[;
ƒºÔV>´[; >ÕÁ>; ÿ>FkxD >V[. ºkD∏[*m sø˛≈ ºÔV¶ˆ,
÷™›][ *mD >V[sø˛≈ ºÔV¶ˆ, >tw[√–¬z^ ºkDA
ÿkΩ›]Ú¬˛≈m” 50 .
sÁeÕ]Ú¬˛[≈m. ∂[§•D ÿkΩ›]Ú¬˛≈m

÷›>zAˆ>_Ôπ[ ÿkπflƒ›]_ ÔV xu√|D º√Vm >V[ Â\¬z


>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D ÿ√u§Ú¬˛[≈ cflƒxD, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>
±_Ôπ_ ŒÚ\Ë\z¶\VÔ› ]Ôμk>[ ´ÔEB∫Ô”D ∏Ω√¶ÈV˛[≈™. ®[T‚|
®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] z§›> AsB´∑ ∏[kÚ\VÆ
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.

248
“{Ï
{Ï ∂]ÏflEºBV|, ∂]ƒB\VF, ∂wÔVF kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]. ÂÆ\fl ÿƒVuÔeV_ >ÁÈ©AÔ^ ÿ√ÆD √Èz©Á√¬
ÌÁ¶Ô”¬z Â|ºk, ÿÂΩT∑D >ÁÈ©A¶[ ÿÂfiE_ >ÁÈ\¬zD
Øflÿƒı¶VF Â\¬z kw∫Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz].
∑¶Ïÿ>§¬zD t[tMÔeVF› º>V[§ \Á≈Õm º√VÔV\_, W[Æ
W>VM›m ÷>B›Á> ÿkπflƒ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Õ> ÿ>Vz]l[
Ô™º\ ƒ›]B›][ Ô™D>V[.... ®Á>©√u§•D ®kuÁ≈© √u§•D
ÔkÁÈ©√¶V\_ ŒÚ ƒ›]B >ˆƒ™\VÔ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] kÕ]Ú©√m
ºƒÏ¬˛≈m” 51 .
>tø¬z¬ Ô™D ºƒÏ¬˛≈m

“÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏K^e ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D √¬ÔD √¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›m©
º√∑k>uÔV™ ∂ø›>\V™ EÕ>Á™ÔÁe•D, z§X|ÔÁe•D,
ÿ>VMÔÁe•D ÿÔVı| se∫z˛[≈™. >tw[√M[
ÔsÁ>Ô^>M›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶Ák. kVÏ›Á>fl ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^
s›]BVƒ\V™Ák ®[√>uzfl ƒV[≈VÔ© √È ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶
xΩ•D. cÈÔ›][ E≈Õ> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®_ÈVD >™¬z^ ¬ÔÁÈ•D,
ºÔoÁB•D, ˛ı¶ÁÈ•D ̶ºk \M> ºƒVÔ›Á>•D ÿ√V]Õm
Ák›m^e™. ∂©√Ωÿ\VÚ ÔsÁ>BVÔ¬ >V[ >tw[√M[ √È
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™
ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™” ®[˛≈VÏ Ô. √fiƒV∫ÔD.

®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ®[–D ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏oÚÕm ∞uÿÔ™ºk


∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ, Ô>Ák› ]≈¬Ô á ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB› >s´ ∂wÔVÔkV?
¿BVÔkV ∏ÔVºvV ºÔ‚¶VÏ, ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ, ÔsÁ> º>Ák,
>´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, xuÆ©A^π
g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ xÕÁ>B ÷B_Ôπ_ º√ƒ©√‚|^e™. ÷[–fi EÈ
ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÔsÁ>ÔºeBVzD. ŒÚ ÿ>Vz©∏[
ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô”º\ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVÔ ∂Á\•\VÆ ]Ôμ√Ák
˛e¬zD ƒVe´xD, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ•D. ÷›>ÁÔB E≈©ÿ√[√mD
>tw[√–¬z ®[º≈ kVF›]Ú¬zD >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô”^
249
Œ[º≈BVzD. ÷m \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkÀºkÆ s\σÔÏ
ºÂV¬˛_ √¬ÔD√¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›mÁ´›muzˆB™kVÔfl ∑‚¶©√‚|^emD ∂k´m
>M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏uÔV™ \uÿ≈VÚ ∂Á¶BVeº\. \uÿ≈V[Æ ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÂV”D ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔl_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VÔ°D; ∂§xÔ\V™ ∂_Èm
x[º™VΩBVÔ A]B kΩk›Á> x[ Ák©√>VÔ°D, A]B º√V¬˛Á™
x[ÿ™|©√>VÔ°D ]Ôμ˛[≈ √[xÔ kÁÔÁ\©√V¶VzD. ÷›>ÁÔB E≈©A
x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQϬzº\ {´e° ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[º≈ ®[≈ º√V]KD º\È]Ô
kÁÔÁ\©√V|Ô^ ®[˛≈ xÁ≈l_ >tw[√–¬z¬ Ì|>ÈVÔ© ÿ√VÚÕ>¬
ÌΩBm ®[√mD z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>. ÷Õ>kÁÔl_ sΩB_ sømÔ^
(\´A¬ÔsÁ>), EoÏ©AÔ^ (kƒ™ÔsÁ>), ªÏ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, (ÔsB´∫Ô¬
ÔsÁ>), >tºwVsBD (÷Áƒ©√V¶_), ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô^ (Á«¬Ì) ŒÚkıΩfl
ÿƒ[ˆ• (ÿƒ[ˆ•), ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ˛πºBV BV›´V¬Ô^ (o\Á´¬Ì), c[ T‚|¬z
ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[, kV_‚s‚\[ (√B ÷Ȭ˛BD), k¬ÔD k^”k (k^”kfl
E›]´D) ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ (÷´°D ÷´° ºƒÏÕ>™°D g™ cÚkÔ g¬ÔD)
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^ (ºÔ^s¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^) t[tM¬ÔV|Ô^
(zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô^) ®[˛≈ kÁÔÁ\©√V|Ô^ >tw[√[ ÿ>Vz©AÔjº¶
ÔV¬˛¶©√™kVzD. ÷mkÁ´ ±_Ô^ kÁÔl_ ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔÁ\©√V|ÔÁe
x[Ák©√™kVÔ°D, ÿkÀºkÆ ±_ÔÁe ∂_Èm ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe
ÿkÀºkÆ s\σÔÏÔ^ z§©∏‚|fl E≈©√VÔ ®|›mÁ´©√Ák z§›mD
s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷Ák>s´› >tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\ÔeVÔ √ÈÚD
√[xÔ\VÔ ®|›mÁ´›m^e E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô^ ®[˛≈ xÁ≈lÈV™ √]°Ô^ ÷∫z
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVzD.

“(1)
(1) ®]Ï√V´V> x´ı√‚¶ x›>VF©A ∂Á\›>_ (2) s™V¬ÔÁe
∂|¬˛ sÁ¶ Ì≈_ (3) se¬ÔD >Õms‚| ÔV´∫ÔÁe ∂|¬˛fl
ÿƒV_K>_. (4) ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁe¬ ̧s‚| ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚|D kÁÔl_
xΩ°ÔÁe ∂Á\›>_ (5) ŒÚ ÔÚ›Á>¬ ̧s‚| ∂>Á™ ko•Æ›>
ckÁ\ÔÁe© √B[√|›>_ ” 53 ®[√VÏ ºk∫Ô¶´V\[.

250
“>tμ¬ÔsÁ>¬z^
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>¬z^ √Ω\ gu≈_ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>¬z^
÷Ú¬˛≈m. >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> xÔ›][ ƒVBÿÈ™¬ ÌÆ\e° ÷kˆ¶D
√Ω\D ÷¶D ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> ~|√V|D ÷Á¶B≈V>
®™ÈVD” 54 ®™
´ƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶ ÷kÏ ÷>B›][ ƒV>Á™ ÷m ®™ÈVD
s·¬zkVÏ x.∑>Õ]´x›m.

“ÔsQÏ
ÔsQÏ >tw[√[, \u≈ ÔsQÏÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD x´ËKD
√Ω\›]KD >\¬ÿÔ[Æ >M›> {Ï ∂Á¶BVe›Á> gw\VÔ©√]›>kÏ....
ÔsÁ>l[ ∏≈ ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]ÔÁes¶°D x´Á© √B[√|›mk]_
ÿ>ˆ˛≈m”55 ®[√VÏ ÷´V\zÚÂV>[. >tw[√M[
ÿ√ÚsÚ©AÁ¶BkÏ ®™› ÿ>ˆ˛≈m
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂w˛B_ z§›m s·¬z˛≈VÏ ÷Õ]´[.

“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ ®[˛≈ ÔsQÏ >™m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ JÈ©ÿ√VÚeVÔ
÷Ú¬˛≈ ÿ\Va¬z ÿkπºB ÿƒ[Æ ÿ>Vau√|k]_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ
ÿ\Va¬z^ Ô‚¶©√‚|^e √ı√V‚| Z]BV™ ∂w˛B_ søtB∫Ôπ[√Ω
>™m ÔsÁ>ÔÁe© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ. ÷>™V_ ÷k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÂT™
EÕ>Á™ºBV| º√∑˛≈ ∂º> ºÂ´›]_ c[™>\V™ >tμ ∂w˛BÁȺB
ƒ>V ∑kVE›m clÏ©√Á¶˛[≈™ ” 56 .

“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ Ì§Á™•D ÷B¬Ô›]ºÈºB ÿÔVı|
ÿƒK›mk>uz ∂kÏ ÁÔBV”D ÿ√ˆB c›]BVÔ se∫zkm x´ı.
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 57 ®[˛≈VÏ
∂>[ *m ∂kÚ¬z ŒÚ º\VÔº\ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ º>V[Æ˛≈m
Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD.

“÷Ú^á÷´°á÷´°©√V¶Ô[áÔsQÏ
÷Ú^á÷´°á÷´°©√V¶Ô[áÔsQÏ >tw[√M[ >M›mkD
÷m>V[. >[–Á¶B ƒ\ÔVÈ›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm (∞[, ∂>uz
xÕ]B ÔVÈ›Á>•D ºƒÏ›m>V[) s›]BVƒ©√‚|› >™m >M›mk›Á>
÷∫ºÔ ∂kÏ WÁÈ WÆ›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. ŒÚ E≈Õ> ÔsQ–¬z, {Ï
∂Á¶BVeD ºkı|D, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>•È˛_ >¶D √]›m >™¬ÿÔ™ {Ï
÷ÈflEÁ™ÁB kˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı| ÷ÚÁeá÷´Ák› >[–Á¶B>VÔ

251
ÔsQÏ” 58 ®™ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÔsÁ> z§›m
∂Á¶BVe©√|›m˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ
].∑.¶´Vƒ[ z§©∏‚|^·VÏ.

“ÔsQÏ
ÔsQÏ >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ∂kÚÁ¶B
®_ÈV©√Á¶©AÔπ_ ÷ÚÕmD ÿ√ˆmD ºkÆ√|˛≈ ŒÚ ÿ>Vz©A...
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m” 59
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> >™¬z^ Ô™›m kÚkÁ> ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz] ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m
®[√VÏ QVM.

∂∏¬z ÷´° ÷´V©∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´[ ®[˛≈ ÔV\›][ cÚkÔ\VÔ¬


ÔV‚EBπ¬˛[≈m. ƒ∫Ô©AÈk–¬z ÷´° Ô∫z_ ÿkıÁ\ ®[˛≈ cÚkÔ\V¬
ÔV‚EBπ›>m. ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z ÷ÚeV_ Œπÿ√u≈ ∏›>[ ®]ˆÔπ[
c√VƒÔ[ gÔ¬ ÔV‚EBπ¬˛[≈V[. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ∏›>[ ÷ÚπoÚÕm
Œπ¬z ®[≈ xw¬Ô›]uz ®]´VÔ ŒπloÚÕm ÷Ú”¬z ®[Æ xw∫z√k[.
>tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ∂k[ √V¶_Ôπ_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷ÚÁe Œπl[
\Æ√¬Ô\VÔºk ÔVı˛≈V[. “cÈÔD
cÈÔD √VϬÔV> / ÷Úı¶ √¬Ô∫Ôπ[
∏›>[” 60 . “÷Úπ[
∂wÁÔ ∂§Õ>k[ á ∏›>[ ÷Úπ[ ∂wÁÔ© √VÏ¬Ô \ƬzD
\¬ÔÁe ®ı˺B / ÔıßÏ kΩ¬˛≈m á ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ √V‚|
√V‚|”..
(÷´°©√V¶Ô[, √.23)

÷Ú^ ®[√m zÁ≈Õ> Œπ ®[≈ √V´]l[ z´KD ÷Úºe c[ ÊÏ {sBÏ


∂§Õ]Ú©√VÏ ®–D √V´]>VƒM[ z´KD ∂ku§uz ∂|›>|›> √ˆ\V∫ÔÁe
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ∏›>[kVlÈVÔ°D >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ kVlÈVÔ°D
Ôı¶Á¶BÈV˛[≈™. “÷ÚÁe
÷ÚÁe Œπl[ ]BV™\VÔ, Œ|¬Ô›][ sˆkVÔ,
s|>ÁÈl[ W≈\VÔ¬ ÔVı˛≈m. (÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÷m ŒÚkÁÔ Am
>ˆƒ™D; >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ√VÚπ_ ŒÚ A]B √ˆ\VD ∂>uºÔu√
ÂÁ¶, z§©√VÔ ∂>[ √Ω\∫Ô^ ∂Á\Õm^e™. y¬zπ›mfl /
ÿƒ›m©º√V™ √Ôo[ ƒ¶ÈD ÷´kVÔ¬ ˛¶Õ>m ƒ¶ÈD ÷Õ>© √V¶o_
E≈©√VÔ© √B[√|›>©√|˛≈m. ÷≈Õms‚¶ >ı߈[ ƒ¶È›Á>¬
zπ©√V‚¶› >ıßÏ ÷_ÁȺB ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷[º™VÏ ÷¶›]_ ÷©√Ω©√‚¶
ÔVÈVD” 61 ®[˛≈VÏ Ô.ÿƒ_È©√[.
n, √È ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÔVÈVD
Paradox-n,
252
Paradox ®[≈V_ x´ıA]Ï ÷º> ÔsÁ> z§›> ÷[ÿ™VÚ √]°D ÷∫z¬
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm.

“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ cÏ›m xÁ≈Ôπ_ √Ω\D ®[√m x¬˛B\V™
Œ[Æ. ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏KD √Ω\©√luE tz]BVÔ c^em. ƒV[≈VÔ Œ[Á≈fl
∑‚¶ÈVD. m¬ÔD sƒVˆ¬Ô kÕ> #¬ÔD ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏ÈV™ ÔsÁ>l[
ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ ∂Á\•D ÷ÀkΩÔ^ √Ôo[ ƒ¶È\VÔ ÷´Ák¬ ÔV‚|km √Ô_
∞[ y¬zπ›>m ®[√m √u§B ÔV´ËÔπ[ sk´\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>
ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m” 62 ®[˛≈VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m

g]¬Ô©√ÔK¬z ∂|›>kÏ Œπs|km ∏Ω¬ÔVm ®[˛≈ \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>


kˆl_ √Ô_ g]¬Ô›][ cÚkÔ\VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^em. ®™ºk ÷Ú^
s|>ÁÈl[ cÚkÔ\VÔ© ÿ√≈©√|˛[≈m. ÷>Á™ºB AmkÁÔ›>ˆƒ™D gÔ
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ÔV.ÿƒ_È©√[.

“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ >MÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ]ÚD√› ]ÚD√fl ÿƒV_K˛≈ {Ï
cıÁ\ √u§ ÷∫z¬ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D. >™¬z^ ÷Áƒ ÷_ÈV>k[
TÁl[ ´D∏_ ÷Áƒ ®ø©√ xΩBVm. >™¬z^ kı∫Ô^
÷_ÈV>k[ {sBD kÁ´B xΩBVm. \M>M[ ∂Ô›]–^ ∂wz
÷ÚÕ>V_ ŒaB©A≈›]_ ∂wÁÔ¬ ÔVxΩBVm. ÷Á>© º√VÈ›>V[
∂≈cÏ° x>oB™°D, ÷©√Ω¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkıΩB \M>[
>™¬z^ ®©√Ωfl ÿƒ›m© º√V˛≈V[. ∂º™Ô\VÔ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD
÷Á>© √u§¬ ÔsQÏ º√∑˛≈VÏ. ÷´° ºÂ´›m ‚ƒ›]´∫ÔÁe ÷k[
ÔkM©√]_ÁÈ. \VÁÈ ºÂ´›mfl ÛˆB[ ÿƒV_K˛≈ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷k[
ÿƒs¬z^ OÁwk]_ÁÈ. ÷k[ ∂´EB_kV]; t>kV]; Aº´V˛>[
ºÈkVº>s¬ÔV´[; kËÔ[; ÔVxÔ[; ºkÁÈBu≈k[; zÚ¶[; x¶k[;
ºÂVBVπ; ºk‚Á¶¬ÔV´[, kfiƒÔ[ ÷k–¬z¬ ÔsÁ> º>Ákl_ÁÈ.
∂wzÏ° º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ∂ƒÈV™Ô_s ®[™ÿk[Æ ÷k–¬z›
ÿ>ˆBVm. ∂ÁÈÕm ∂ÁÈÕm >™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬
ÿÔV[≈k[ ÷k[. ÷©√Ω›>V[ ÷k[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷wÕ>V[. gÔºk
253
÷k[ \M>™VÔ°D ÷_ÁÈ. ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÷kM¶D ®ÀkeºkV
\[≈VΩ™V[. ÷´°©√V¶Ô–¬z›>´ ÷kM¶D ÔsÁ> ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB›>V[ ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©∏_ >tw[√[ √]° ÿƒF]Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> >™¬z^ Ô™›m kÚkÁ> ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©A
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m”63 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m

k¬ÔD k^”k xøÁ\BVÔ k^”k›Á>ºB √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬˛B


ÿ>Vz©A. k^”kD kƒ©√¶V> kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ kw∫Ô©√|D cÁ´ÔÁe¬ ºÔ^s¬
z^eV¬z˛[≈VÏ. kVE©A x[MÁÈ©√|›>©√|D ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ kVμ˛[º≈VD
ÂVD. xΩÕmº√V™ ∂Ï›>D ®[Æ ∞mt_ÁÈ ®™ ∂k´kÏ kVE©∏uz ∞u√
∂Ï›>ƒV›]B∫Ô^ ºkÆ√¶¬ÌΩB™ºk ®[√mD cıÁ\>V[.
cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔπ[ zƬˇ‚Á¶•D ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬z˛[≈VÏ.

∂Ï›> ºÂÏÁ\ÁB ∂a›>a›m / ∂k´kÏ ÿƒV_kº> / c[ ∂Ï›>ÿ\™


kV>V|kÁ> / k^”k ¿ / √VÏ›mfl Eˆ©√m Aˆ˛≈m ®™¬z / ®[˛≈º√Vm
∂≈\Vkm \–x>oB ±_Ôπ_ sȬ˛B™ sȬÔKD s]›>™ {D√K\VD
®™ ŒÚzÈ›m¬z ŒÚ¿] º√∑D \–>Ï\›Á>ºB ∏≈©ÿ√V¬zD ®_ÈV clϬzD
®[–D k^”k›][ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ© √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ]ˆ›mÁ´©√Á>¬ Ôı| k^”kÏ
Eˆ¬zD Eˆ©A©Aˆ˛[≈ÿ>[˛[≈VÏ ®[√m Â\¬z© AÈ™V˛[≈m.

“c[
c[ / QV™ºkÏ / √VFÕm √´°D ÷¶›]_ ®›>Á™ W≈∫Ô^
ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™? ∂§s_ Aˆ˛≈VF EÈÚ¬z / ∂–√k›]_ Aˆ˛≈VF
EÈÚ¬z / ÷´ıΩKD AˆBV\_ º√V˛≈VF √ÈÚ¬z kVÏ›Á>ÔeVF cÁ´
kÁ´•D º√Vm kƒ©√¶V\_ º√V˛≈VF kVμ¬ÁÔl_ / BVº´–D cÁ´
®ø]¬ ÔV‚Ω™V_ / ¿ / kƒ©√¶V\_ º√VÔ xΩ•\V?
xΩ•\V?” (k¬ÔD k^”k,
√¬.94á96) ®[˛≈º√Vm kVμkV∫z kVøDÔÁȺB k^”kD ®[√m
>tw[√–¬z kƒ©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈ÿ>[√mD Â\¬zD ∏Ω√¶ÈV˛[≈m.
cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔπ[ zƬzfl ƒV_ÔÁe ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>lKD
ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬˛•^eVÏ. Ø°¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒV_È kÕ>kÏÔ^, Ø ®[™ ®[√m
>™¬z© AˆÕ>º√VmD Ø°¬z ÿÂ|Õÿ>VÁÈs_ >[Á™¬ ÿÔVı| WÆ›]™Ï
254
®™°D ∂D\VÁk kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ ∂Ï›>©√|›]¬ Ìƺ√V‚|¬ ÿÔV|›>VÏÔ^.
mı| mb¬zÔeVF› ÿ>§›m søÕ>kÁe› ]´‚Ωfl ºƒÏ¬Ô xΩBV\_
]§B>VÔ°D ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈VÏ.

“÷©√Ω›>V[
÷©√Ω›>V[ / k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒV_È kÕ>kÏÔ^ /
k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®[≈VÏÔ^ / k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ /
\¬z¶kÏ ®[≈VÏÔ^... k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ / \u≈ \uÁ≈BkÏÔ^
®[≈VÏÔ^. k^”kϬz© ÿ√VÚ^ / k^”kÏ ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈V™∏[ /
k^”kÁ´ / ∞[ ÂV[ √Ω¬Ô ºkı|D? / >ı߈[ ÿ√VÚ^ >ıß´VÔ
÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ / ∂m / ®[ >VÔ›Á>› >ˬz\V?
>ˬz\V?”
(k¬ÔD k^”k, √.68)

÷©√Ω k^”kˆ[ k^”kÁ´› º>ΩBkÚ¬z›>V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ kΩsKD


k¬ÔD
÷BuÁÔ kΩsK\VÔ k^”kÏ kƒ©√¶ÈV˛[≈VÏ. “k¬ÔD k^”k
k^”k’
kVlÈVÔ› >[ >VFÿ\Val[ º\ÈVıÁ\ÁB WÆ°k>[ JÈ\VÔ°D
k^”kˆ[ ÿ\FBV™ √ıxÔ›]≈Á\ÁB© AˆÕm kV>V|k>[
JÈ\VÔ°D >tw[√[ ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚ]Á™ ∂Á¶Õ>VÏ. ÷m
>tø¬zD >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>¬z\V™ ∂k´m \ÔV k¬ÔD ®[˛[≈VÏ
c>BflƒÕ]´[”64 k^”k›Á>•D Œº´Vka ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬Ô°D >tw[√[
c>BflƒÕ]´[
>ÁÈ©√|˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.

k^”kÏ / ®]Ï√VϬÔs_ÁÈ s™V¬ z§ÔeVÔ ÷´ı| / sÁÈ \V>ÏÔ^


W[≈™Ï ∂kÏ x[ ®∫Ô^ c¶D∏[ / ®Õ> {Ï ∂∫zÈ›]KD ®∫Ô^
g[\V°¬z ÷¶D ÷_ÁÈ / ÔV\¬ ÔøzÔ^ ÿÔV›mDº√Vm / ÂV∫Ô”D ®∫Ô^
c¶D∏oÚÕm ÿkπºB§s|˛º≈VD / ¿∫Ô^ / ®∫ÔÁe ∞]_ ∏D ®[Æ
ÿƒV[™m ∏ÁwºB ÷_ÁÈ k^”kº´ ®[≈kÏÔ^ ∂¬z≈”¬z ∞e™©A›mÁ´
kz›mÁ´¬˛[≈™Ï.

“®∫Ô^
®∫Ô^ / √V_ ∂∫Ô∫Ô^ / √Á¶›> / z≈^ ÿkı√V Œ[Æ
ÿƒV_ÈkV? ÔV\ ÿk§Bˆ[ / Ô^e xB¬Ôº\ ÔV‚| sÈ∫z / ÔÁ›
>uÆ √>°Á´ ÿ√Va©AÁ´ / √ˆº\ÈwÔÁ´¬ ºÔ‚¶V_ ÿƒV_kVÏ / nB ¿∫Ô^
255
ÿƒV[™m º√V_ / ®_ÈVD su˛º≈VD á ®M–D / ÷>B›Á> su√]_ÁÈ
/ ∂>™V_>V[ ®∫Ô^ xB¬ÔD / ÿ√VFDÁ\ xB¬Ôº\V g¶kÏ / ®DÁ\
∂Á©√m \‚|D ∂[A xB¬Ôº\V?
xB¬Ôº\V?” (k¬ÔD k^”k, √¬.126á127)

÷∫z ∞]_ ∏D ®[√>uzD ÿ√VFDÁ\ xB¬ÔD ®[√>uzD ∂kÏÔ^


kVlÈVF >tw[√[ kw∫zD A›mÁ´ÿ√VÚ‚ ÿƒ§°D Ôs›mkxD xB∫˛B
Œ[ÿ≈™ÈVD. >tw[√M[ k¬ÔD k^”k á AÈÁ\ƒVÏ √Á¶©∏Ȭ˛BD
gÔ°D, cÁ´BVEˆBÏ s·∫Ô∫ÔÁe•D, k^”kÁ´•º\ ºÔ^s¬z
c^eV¬zD zƬz sƒV´Á gÔ°D, ÷[Á≈B ÿ√VÚ›m© √V‚ΩÈV™
kVE©∏[ ∏´]BVÔ°D >tw[√M[ >M›> x›]Á´ÔÁe© √]¬˛[≈m.
cÁ´ÂÁ¶ TflE[ Á\B\V™ásƒVÈ\V™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º√ÿ´_ÁÈÔπ_
s·¬Ô\VÔ skˆ¬˛[≈ >tw[√º™ Á«¬Ìs[ Á\B\V™ ÿƒ§kV™
ÔsÔπ[ \uÆD zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ Euÿ≈_ÁÈÔπKD ÂƬz›
ÿ>§›>Vuº√V_ zΩÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô°D k_Èk´VF› ]Ôμ˛[≈VÏ. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_
∂k´m t[tM¬ÔV|Ô^ (zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô^), ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô^ (Á«¬Ì) ŒÚkıΩfl
ÿƒ[ˆ• (ÿƒ[ˆ•) ÿƒ[Á™ \ÁȬ˛πºBV BV›´V¬Ô^ (o\Á´¬Ì)
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^ (ºÔ^s¬ÔsÁ>Ô^) g˛BÁk ∂kÏ>D
∂Ú∫ÿÔVÁ¶ÔºeBVzD. Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆ• ®–D ÷ÚkÁÔ
Á\B©√V|Ô”¬ÔV™ ºkÆ√V|Ô^ ∏Ω√¶V\KD, Á«¬ÌÁk ®πÁ\B¬˛fl
ÿƒ[ˆ•¬ÔÁe x[Ák›mD WÁ≈Bº√Ï ®ø]•^e™Ï. >tw[√M[
ÛˆB©∏Á≈ÔπºÈºB ÷´ı| kÁÔÔ”D ÷¶Dÿ√≈¬ ÔVÈVD. Á«¬Ì ®[≈
Aˆ>oºÈºB ∂Ák ∂›ÿ>Vz©∏_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈™. ®™ºk ÷Às´ıΩuz\V™
ºkÆ√V|Ô^ z§›> √]°Ô”D >M›>[Á\ z§›> √]°Ô”D z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.

“g∫˛È
g∫˛È ÿ\Va Á«Ì J[Æ ÿ√VÚıÁ\ kÁÔ©√V|ÔÁe¬
ÿÔVı¶Ák. (1) ÷BuÁÔ Á«Ì (2) \V–¶ Á«Ì (ÿƒ[ˆ•) (3) \V–¶xD
Á«Ì)” 65 ®™ >tw[√[
÷BuÁÔ•D ÷ÁÕ> Á«Ì (Œ‚| \V∫ÔM Á«Ì)
ŒÚkıΩ ÿƒ[ˆR ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz]l[ x[–Á´l_ Á«¬ÌÁk©√u§
s·¬z˛≈VÏ.

256
Á«ÌkV? ÿƒ[ˆRkV? ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ ®©√Ωfl ÿƒV_km (ÿƒ[ˆ•...)
(1) gw\u≈m (2) ºkΩ¬ÁÔBV™m (3) s|ÔÁ> º√V[≈m (4)
º√V[≈m” 66 .
ÂÁÔfl∑ÁkBV™m (5) ÿ√V[ÿ\Va º√V[≈m

ŒÚ Á«Ìs_ \V–D √u§ ∞>Vkm ŒÚ z§©∏ÚÕ>V_̶, ∂m


ÿƒ[ˆ•kVÔ \V§s|˛≈m ®[Æ EÈÏ ÂDA˛[≈VÏÔ^. ÂV[ ÷Á>
{©A¬ÿÔV^e \V‚º¶[. ®[–Á¶B ÔÚ›m©√Ω \V–¶ ÷BuÁÔ¬zD
÷BuÁÔ cÈ˛uzD ÷Á¶ºB ®Õ>© ∏ˆ°D ÷ڬԬ̶Vm. ÷Ú¬ÔVm.
EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ> Á«Ì ÿƒ[ˆ• ÷ÚkÁÔ¬zD ∞u≈>VÔ¬
∂Á\Õms|D” 67 .
̶ ∂Á\Õms|D

Á«Ìs[ ∂∫Ô> kΩkD ÿƒ[ˆ•, Á«Ì ÷BuÁÔ cÈ˛_


√VÏÁk ÿƒK›m˛≈m ®M_ \¬Ô^, ÿ√VÚ^Ô^, ƒD√k∫Ô^ g˛Bku§[
*m √VÏÁkÁB¬ zs©√m ÿƒ[ˆ•. 5+7+5=17 ®[–D ∂ÁƒÔ^
∂Á\©º√V| Œø∫zkÁÔ©√|›>©√‚| ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsÁ>•D ÷Ú¬zD.
\Á≈ÿ√VÚ^ >[Á\ cÁ¶B™kVF ÷Ú©√>V_ ŒÚ ƒ\B›]_ Œ[§´ı|
÷Ú¬zD” 68 .
\‚|D ®[Æ ÿÔVfiƒD ÿÔVfiƒ\VÔ© √Ω©√º> √B–Á¶B>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD

>ta_ Á«¬Ì kΩk›Á> x[ ÿ\VaÕmD ∂§xÔ©√|›]•D


√Á¶›m¬ÔV‚Ω•D W[≈ x[º™VΩÔ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ E.\Ë, ∂©m_ ´z\V[,
~º´V| >tw[√[, ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï (ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[) x>oºBVÏ
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VkÏ. Á«¬Ì √u§B ∂§xÔ \uÆD se¬Ô¬Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe
x[Ák›º>VÏ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ].‹ÈVk], ∑¤V>V, ºƒÈD >tμÂV¶[,
ƒV.c>BÛˆB[, ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, *´V, ÷´V.º\VÔ[ x>oºBVÏ z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VkÏ.
WÁ≈B Á«¬Ì √Á¶›m¬ÔV‚Ω•D >MºB Á«¬Ì ÿ>Vz]ÔeVÔ ÿkπl‚|D
WuzD x[º™VΩÔ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ∂x>√V´], ∂§°\], t›´V, g¶È´∑,
ÔwMR´[, ÿÂ_ÁÈ ∑.x›m, ÂV.s¸kÂV>[, ∂\´[, x´π>´[ (~wD)
x>oºBVÏ ®™ ∂©√‚ΩB_ ¿”D. Á«¬ÌsuÿÔ™› >M ÷>μ ¶›]B
kÁÔl_ Ê–.>tμ\Ë (Ô´Õ>Ω) x.xÚºÔi (÷MB Á«¬Ì) x>oºBVÚD
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VkÏ.
257
ÿƒ[ˆ• ÔsÁ>ÔÁe› ]≈D√¶› ÿ>Vz›m› ]´‚Ω kw∫˛B ÔVÁ≈
“ÿƒ[ˆ•
ÿƒ[ˆ• (1718á1790) ®[√kÏ ÿ√B´VºÈºB ∂m ÿƒ[ˆ• ®™
kw∫Ô©√‚¶ÿ>™› >D ÿƒ[ˆ• ÿ>Vz©A x[–Á´l_ >tw[√[
z§©∏|kVÏ” 69 . ÷ÀkVº≈ >ta_ ÿƒ[ˆ• kΩk›Á>› >tw[√–¬z
z§©∏|kVÏ
x[√VÔºk ∂§xÔ©√|›]B ÿ√V]B ÿku√[ ÿ√B´VºÈºB ∂m ÿ√V]¬Ì ®[º≈
kw∫Ô©ÿ√u≈ÿ>[ÆD z§©∏|D \uÿ≈VÚ √]°D ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm.

Á«¬ÌÁk› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ıÁ\¬ ÔVÈ\VÔ› >ta_ º√ƒ©√‚|


“Á«¬ÌÁk›
kÚD \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ> kΩkD ÿƒ[ˆ•. ¤©√VMB› º>¿Ï¬ÔÁ¶ÔπKD
ÿ√Vm\¬Ôπ¶xD tÔ°D Aw¬Ô›]oÚÕm kÕ> ÿƒ[ˆ•¬ÔÁe ŒÚ
kıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆR ®™ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^eVÏ. ÷>uz
x[√VÔºk ÿƒ[ˆ• kΩk›Á>¬ ÔÈÔ Á«¬Ì ®™© ÿ√V]B ÿku√[
∂§xÔ©√|›]•^eVÏ” 70 .
∂§xÔ©√|›]•^eVÏ

ÁԬ̬ÔsÁ>ÔÁe √ÈÏ ®ø] kÕ>º√V]KD ÿ>Vz]BVÔ ÿkπkÕ>m


®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ x>_ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] ∂x> √V´]l[ A^π©Ø¬Ôºe.
÷ÀkVº≈ ∂kÚ¬ÔV™ Aˆ>o_ ÔÈÔ Á«¬Ì ®[√>VÔ ÿ√V]Bÿku√[ x[
Ák›]ÚÕ> º√V]KD ±_ kΩs_ x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÿ>Vz©A ®[˛≈ ∂esÈV™
>tw[√M[ ŒÚkıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆRºk >ta_ ÿkπkÕ> x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÿ>Vz©A.
∂m \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ Á«¬Ì ÿƒ[ˆ• ÷´ıΩuz\V™ ºkÆ√V|ÔÁe© √u§
®_ÈVD se¬Ô\VÔ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BmD ∂Õ±o[ x[–Á´©
√∫Ôπ©º√BVzD. ÿ√V]B ÿku√M[ ÔÈÔ Á«¬Ì¬Ô^ ±_ kΩkD ÿ√≈V\_
º√V™>V_ √´kÈVÔ ∂Ák ÿƒ[≈Á¶B©√¶s_ÁÈ. ÿƒ[Á™loÚÕm
kVËBD√VΩ¬z ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™¬ ÔVfl ÿƒ[ÆkÕ> º√V]_ √B›]Á¶ºB
√§¬Ô©√‚¶>VÔ ∂§°\] ŒÚ ƒÕ>Ï©√›]_ z§©∏‚ΩÚÕ>VÏ. gD Á«¬Ì¬Ô^
BV´VKD √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶Ák ∂_È ∂ÁkBV°D √§¬Ô©√‚¶™ºk.

Á«¬ÌÁkfl ÿƒFB xΩBVm. ∂m ®∫ÔVkm ÿ>[√|D. ∂Á>


“Á«¬ÌÁkfl
ºkı|D” 71 .
∂Á¶BVeD ÔV ŒÚ>M©√VÏÁk ºkı|D

258
BV›m¬
“BV›m¬ ˛Á¶©√]_ÁÈ BVÿ>V[ÆD Ø›m¬ ˛¶¬zD ∂m
Á«¬Ì” 72 .
As*ÿ>∫zD ÿÔVF>ÈV_ ®F>ÈVD Á«¬Ì

Á«¬Ìs[ ÿƒ§°, ÿkÆ\º™ ŒÚ kΩk©√ıA ∂_È. g™V_


“Á«¬Ìs[
∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ∂_Èm ÿƒ§kV™ ŒÚ WÔμ°. c¶™ΩBVÔfl ƒˆBV™ ∂_Èm
ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ {Ï cÚk›Á>¬ Ôı| ÿÔVı|^em ®[√º> ∂>[
ÿ√VÚ^” 73 . ÷›>z Aˆ>_Ô”¶[ >tw[√M[zÆ∫ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ§kV™
ÿ√VÚ^
>M›> g”Á\ÁB ÷™D ÔVbD kÁÔl_ ∂k´m Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆ•,
o\Á´¬Ì, ºÔ^s¬ÔsÁ>, zÆ∫ÔsÁ> ŒÀÿkV[§KD xÁ≈ºB
ŒÀÿkV[Á≈ \‚|D ÷∫z¬ ÔVıº√VD. c^e›]_ {Ï ªuÆ› º>VıΩº™[.
c‚ÔVÏÕm zΩ¬Ô / ®[º™V| gl´D º√Ï
º√Ï” (ÛˆB ∏Á≈Ô^, √.35).

∂´¬Ô©√´¬Ô ∂ÁÈ˛≈kÏÔ”¬z W[Æ W>VM›m BVÚ¶–D º√ƒ¬Ì¶


∞m ∂kÔVƒD? c^e›][ c^ºe ªuƬ ÔıÔÁe› º>Vı¶› º>Vı¶
∂>Á™ gl´D º√Ï ∂ÚÕ>› >BV´VÔ ÂÁ\› º>Ω kÕ>Á¶kÏ. ÷©√Ω› º>Vı¶
xΩÕ>kÏÔπ[ º>¶_ÔeV_>V[ \ı√B–≈ kVwxΩ•D √V‚|› ]≈›>VºÈ
ÁkBD√Vs¬Ô xΩ•D.

®›>Á™ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷ÚÕÿ>[™ ®ø> xΩBs_ÁȺB ŒÚ


“®›>Á™
∂Ô´V]” 74 . “∂Ô´V]¬z^
ÔsÁ> / ∂Ô´V] ∂Ô´V]¬z^ / ÿƒVuÔ^ º√E¬ ÿÔVı¶™ ÂVD /
÷∫ºÔºB ÷Ú©√]_ / ®[™ ∂Ï›>D?
∂Ï›>D?” (Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^, √.79).
∂Ô´V]Ôπ_ √]° ÿƒFB©√‚Ω´V>
÷Ák ÷´ı|D ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B™ºk. “∂Ô´V]Ôπ_
∂Ï›>∫ÔÁe kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ ƒV]©√m ÔsÁ> ®™ s·¬zkVÏ
÷Õ]´[” 75 .
÷Õ]´[

÷È‚ƒ¬Ô¬˛_ ÷ÚÕmD Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ c≈° ÷_ÈV\_


“÷È‚ƒ¬Ô¬˛_
÷Ú©√]_ ∂Ï›>t_ÁÈ. ŒÚ ÿ>V¶Ú¬z^ á ŒÚ ÔsÁ>¬z^ á ŒÚ
ÔVsB›]uz^ ÷Á•D º√Vm>V[ ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ∂Ï›>D ˛Á¶¬˛≈m
c≈° ˛‚|˛≈m. ÷©√Ω›>V[ >M›y°ÔeVÔ \M>ÏÔ^ ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm
gu≈_ ∂aÕm ˛¶¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ƒ\>Ï\D >V[ \M>–¬z^ ºÔVΩ
kÚ˛≈m” 76 ®[√VÏ QVM.
gu≈ÁȬ ÿÔVı| kÚ˛≈m
259
∂Ô´V]¬z^ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. g™V_ ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÿƒVuÔ^
÷B∫z˛[≈™. ®™ºk ∂Ô´V]l[ ÿƒV_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿƒV_ºkÆ.
÷Ú¬˛[≈ WÁÈloÚÕm ÷B∫zWÁȬz© √ˆt©√>VKD >M›]Ú¬zD
WÁÈloÚÕm c≈°ÔÁe ∂Á¶k>VKº\ ÿƒVuÔ^ ÔsÁ> g˛[≈™.
>M\M>[ ƒJÔDƒVÏ ÿ√Vm\M>[ g˛[≈V[. ∂©ÿ√Vøm \V–¶D clÏ©A
Øtl[ / gwD ÿ>ˆ•\V ®[Æ ºkˆ¶D
t¬Ô™kVÔ \Vu≈D ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. “Øtl[
ºÔ‚º¶[ / ÿ>ˆBV\ÈV gÔVBD ∂Ú˛_ ®[Æ ÿƒV[™º>
∂m>Vº™?
∂m>Vº™?”(t[tM¬ÔV|, √.24)

\ıË_ gw\VÔ¬ ÔVŸ[§ Wu√>[ JȺ\ sıË_ ƒfiƒˆ›>KD


ƒV›]B©√|D \ıË_ ÔV_√VkV> ®Õ> ®›>™xD º\ºÈV‚¶\V™ OM©A_
º\Fflƒ_>V[. gÔVB›>V\Á´ ƒfiƒV´D>V[. gw ºk‘[§ W[≈V_>V[
∂∑´ ƒV>Á™ÔÁe©√Á¶¬Ô ÷BKD. gwº\ cB´›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶
®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ÷>Á™ sˆ›mÁ´¬ÔÈVD. xΩÕm
“xΩÕm º√V™ ÔÁ>Ô^
ŒÀÿkV[§–^”D xÁe¬Ô› mΩ¬zD xÕ±Æ A]B sÁ>Ô^
(ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ ˛πºBV√V‚´V¬Ô^, √.32)

÷m ÔÁ>Ô”¬z \‚|\_È ÔsÁ>¬zD ̶, ∂>uzD º\ÈVÔ ÷Ȭ˛BD


BVs–¬zD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ ÌΩB Œ[º≈. cıÁ\BV™ ÷Ȭ˛BD BV°D ®∫z
xΩkÁ¶˛[≈™ºkV ∂Õ>© A^πl_ ÷ÚÕm>Vº™ kVƒÔM¶D g´D√D
g˛[≈™. ÷Á>›>V[ ∂ıVsuÔV™ ∂fiƒo¬ ÔsÁ>l_ sÁ>º√VÈ
søÕ>k[ ®™ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D ÁÔBVı|^eVÏ. √Ω©√k[ ÷>B \Ω©∏™V_
ŒÚÔD √πflE¶›>V[ gÁƒ ®™fl Eu∏•D √VΩfl ÿƒ_kVÏ. x©ÿ√Ú∫
ÔsQÏÔ”D xΩºk g´D√\VzD ÷Õ>© A^πl_ ƒ∫Ôt¬˛[≈™Ï. >tw[√[
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ sƒVÈ TflE_ \‚|\_ÈV\_, ÷ÀkVÆ zÆ∫ÔsÁ>
kΩk∫Ô^ √Èku§KD ̶ ∂ku§uÔV™ ÷ƬÔfl ÿƒ§sKD >™¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™
g”Á\l[ >M›mkx›]Á´ÔÁe© √]›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>©
√V´D√ˆB›]_ >tw[√[ ÿ√u§Ú¬zD >MflE≈©√V™ ÷¶D z§›> ÷Ú
x¬˛B\V™ ÔË©AÁ´Ô^ x›>VF©√VÔ \™∫ ÿÔV^e›>¬Ô™.
260
√wÕ>taȬ˛B©
“√wÕ>taȬ˛B© AÈÁ\ \uÆD BV©∏B_ g”Á\
®[√kuº≈V| ÔsÁ>•È˛_ ∂Ω√]›m, ÂT™ÔVÈfl Ûwo[
º>ÁkÔ”¬ºÔu√© AmÁ\ÔÁe c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>
k´ÈVuÁ≈ x[ÿ™|›mfl ÿƒ_KD ŒÚ k´ÈVuÆ \M>´VÔºk k´ÈVuÁ≈
÷B¬˛ WuzD ƒ¬]BVÔºk ∂kÏ Ôˬԩ√¶ ºkıΩBk´V˛≈VÏ. >VD
ƒVÏÕm^e á º>ÏÕm^e ÔsÁ>› mÁ≈l[ ∂Á™›m O‚√∫ÔÁe•D
º>ÏÕm ÿ>πÕm √Á¶©A WÁÈlKD, gF° WÁÈlKD ∂>Á™
ke©√|›] WuzD ƒ\ÔVÈ Ô¶Õ> ∂Á´ ±u≈Vı|¬ÔVÈ› >tμ¬
ÔsQÏÔπ_ x>_ kˆÁƒ¬ ÔkM©A¬z cˆB ŒÚ J›>k´VÔ°D
x[º™VΩBVÔ°D ∂kÏ ]ÔμÕm kÚkm ÿkπ©√Á¶” 77
ÿkπ©√Á¶ ®[√VÏ
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.

>tμ©√ı√V‚| \´∏[ ƒ¬] kVFÕ> ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ cÈÔ


“>tμ©√ı√V‚|
ÂT™›mk¬ ÔsÁ>¬z© √∫Ôπ©Afl ÿƒFm kÚD >DÔVÈ ƒ\WÁȬ
>tw[√[” 78 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ
ÔsQÏÔ”^ x>_WÁȬ ÔsQÏ >tw[√[
ÔV.Ek>D∏. Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ ºÂV¬zÁÔl_ cÈÔeVsB º\ÁÈ ÂT™›mk
\´AÔeVl–D ƒˆ, ∂_Èm ˇÁw¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BV˛B ÿƒ[ \´√Vl–D ƒˆ
÷´ıÁ¶•º\ c^kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›m› >[kB\V¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[
®[√m AÈ©√|D. ÷m\‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ ¿ı¶ ÿÂΩB >tμ \´∏[ ÿ>V¶Ï
ÔıËBVÔ W[≈kVº≈ xu∑‚ΩB ∂B_\´AÔÁe› >tø¬z ∞u√›
>ÔkÁ\›>º>V| ÷›>z xD\´AÔπ[ ∂∫Ô\VÔ se∫zkm ®[√º> ∂kÏ>D
g>V´∑Ú]BV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶› >Mfl E≈©√V”Á\BVzD.

>tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^:

zÆ∫ÔsÁ> ÷ƬÔfl ÿƒ§° x ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> sƒVÈ Tfl∑ ®™¬


ÔsÁ>l[ ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKº\ >M x›>Á´ √]›>kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[.
º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ> x ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>, c´›> kVE©A x ÿ\e™kVE©A, ƒ™´fiƒÔD x
ys´ ÷Ȭ˛BD, \´A x AmÁ\, ∂´EB_ x g[*ÔD ®™ ®_ÈVkÁÔBV™ ÷Ú
>´©AÔπKD ÷kÏ>D √∫Ôπ©AÔ^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.
261
Œº´ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ E≈©A≈ ∂Á\Õ]Ú›>_. (˛w¬zfl
ƒVe´D, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ) ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ôfl E≈©Á√
cÆ]©√|›mD.

ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ>Vz©AÔ^ tÔfl E≈Õ>™kVÔ ÿkÀºkÆ s\σÔÏ √VÏÁkl_


º√Vu≈©√|D ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB•D (˛w¬zfl ƒV´eD, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ,
÷´°©√V¶Ô[, k¬ÔD k^”k (ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚm) ÷kÚ¬z cı|.

ŒÀÿkVÚ ±KD ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔÁ\l_ º\È]Ô kÁÔÁ\©√V|Ô”¶[


∂Á\Õ]Ú›>_ ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ) EoÏ©AÔ^ (kƒ™
ÔsÁ>Ô^) sΩB_ sømÔ^ (\´A¬ÔsÁ>) ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ (cÚkÔ g¬ÔD)
>tºwVsBD (÷Áƒ©√V¶_) k¬ÔD k^”k (k^”kfl E›]´D); c[ T‚|¬z
ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[, kV_‚ s‚\[ (√B ÷Ȭ˛BD); Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^
(s™V¬ÔsÁ>Ô^)t[tM¬ÔV| (zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô^) ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô^ (Á«¬Ì)
ŒÚkıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆ• (ÿƒ[ˆ•) ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ ˛πºBV √V›´V¬Ô^ (o\Á´¬Ì) ®™
º\È]Ô\VÔ >M›>M kÁÔÁ\©√V‚|¬ÿÔ™› >M›>M› ÿ>Vz©AÔ^
√Á¶›m^·Á\ ÷kÏ>D √[xÔ √Á¶©√V”Á\ÁB› ÿ>π°√|›mD.

Œπl[ ]BV™\VÔ°D Œ|¬Ô›][ sˆkVÔ°D s|>ÁÈl[ W≈\VÔ°D


ÔVbD >ˆƒ™D kVFÕ>>VF ÷ÚÁe•D, ÷´Ák•D>™¬ÿÔ™› >M›>
∂Á¶BVe\VÔ x[MÁÈ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.

ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÌÁ≈•D Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÿÔVı|


ÿƒK›mD º√Ú›]BVÔ x´Á•D; ÔsÁ>xÔ›][ ƒVBÿÈ™¬ ÔVb\esuz©
√Ω\›Á>•D; º>ÏÕ> O‚√› º>¬Ô∫ÔeV™ ÿƒV_ÈV‚EÁB•D ÁÔBVek_È
k_ÈÁ\ cÁ¶Bk´VÔ› ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.

AÈÁ\ƒVÏ g¬Ô\VÔ© √Á¶©∏Ȭ˛B›Á>© √Á¶›>π¬zD >M›]≈xD


∂>uz ª¶VÔ cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔÁe \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ JÈ ±ÈVEˆBÁ´ºB
ºÔes¬z^eV¬zD zƬz sƒV´ÁAˆ•D O‚√\V™ >ϬԬ ÌÏÁ\
cÁ¶Bk´VÔ°D s·∫z˛[≈VÏ.
262
ÿƒ[MB_√V™ Á«¬Ì¬Ô^; ∂>[ kÁÔÁ\BV™ ÿƒ[ˆ•; o\ˆ¬ +
Á«¬Ì Œ‚|\V∫ÔMBV™ o\Á´¬Ì ®™ A›]Ȭ˛B kΩk∫ÔÁe
∂§xÔ©√|›>k_È x[º™VΩÔ”^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VÔ› >tw[√[
]Ôμ˛≈VÏ. Œº´ E¬Ôo[ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫Ô^ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ºÔ^sÔ^
∂>uÔV™ √]_Ô^ ®™ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ ÿkπ©√|›]•^·VÏ.

xΩsoÚÕm g´D√›]uz› >Vkk_È ∂w˛BK¶[ *^kVE©∏_ A]B


√ˆ\VD ÿÔV^”D (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ); gu≈_tz √Á¶©A¬Ô^
÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ tz]. √V´]>VƒÁ™¬ zÚÂV>´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ∂k´m
>V¬Ô›m¶[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®ø> ºÂÏÕ>VKD ∏≈ √V´]>Vƒ[ √´D√Á´¬ ÔsQÏÔ^
º√VÈ ∂k´m ÂÔ_ÔeVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ clÏ©At¬Ô ∂ƒÈVÔ› >D >M›mk›º>V|
]Ôμ√k´VÔ s·∫z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.

÷B¬Ôfl ƒVÏA ∏[AÈ\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> º√V]KD ÔsQÏ >D c^xÔ›Á>


÷wÕms¶V\_ ÔsÁ> √Á¶›]Ú©√m ∂kÏ>D >M›mk›]uÔV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ›
]Ôμ˛≈m. cÈÔ ºÂV¬˛ÈV™ ∂´EB_ z§›> AˆÕmÏ°Ô”¶[, >D
kaÔV‚ΩBV™ √V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶V x>ÈV™ cÈÔeVsB ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔπ[
∂Ω©√Á¶ Ôs›mk›Á>•D c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >D √Á¶©A¬ÔÁ·©
√Á¶›m^·VÏ. º\ÁÈ\´A, ˇÁw \´AÔ”¶[ ÔVŸ[§ WuzD >tμ\´A ∏≈wV\_
]ˆºkË ƒ∫Ô\\VÔ› ]Ôwk_È >M›]≈D >tw[√–¬ºÔ cˆB >MflE≈©√V™
g”Á\BVzD.

Œ©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ .....

x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏ \›]lÈV™ ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”D Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔ”D


g™ ∂Dƒ∫Ô^. 4.1 ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD √z]lKD ŒÀÿkVÚkÚ¬zD
cˆB >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^ ÷kÏÔ^ >M›> g”Á\ z§›>
>M›>M Ô‚|Á´Ôπ[ ~u§KD >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_Ô^ ®™
∂Àk¬Ô‚|Á´Ôπ[ ÿ>Vz©AÁ´BVÔ°D x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^e™. ÷∫ºÔÂVD
Œ©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏ \›]l_ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD EÈ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVzD.
263
√V´]ÁB QV™zÚkVÔ°D, √V´]>VƒÁ™ kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ°D
ÿÔVıΩB∫˛Bk´VÔfl Eu∏ÁB•D; √V´]>VƒÁ™ x[º™VΩBVÔ°D, √V©ºÈV
ÿ‘¶VÁk kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ°D ÿÔVıΩB∫˛Bk´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√Á™•D; g[\
QVMBÁ´ x[º™VΩÔeVÔ¬ ÿÔVıΩB∫˛Bk´VÔ ∂©m_´z\VÁ™•D
∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD.

∂¶¬˛kVE¬zD zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™•D; ¿e©º√∑D


ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ sƒVÈ TflEuzD, ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÌÆÔÁe c^e¶¬˛B
ºkÏJȬÔsÁ>¬zD, ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÔÁ>ÿ\Va¬zD Eu∏ÁB•D; ÔsÁ>l[
Euÿ≈_ÁÈ º√ÿ´_ÁÈBV™ zÆ∫ÔsÁ>, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKº\
º√´es_ x›]Á´√]›>k´VÔ°D, ÂÔσVÏ \›]B >´kϬÔfl E¬ÔÁÈ
x[ÿ™|›>k´VÔ°D ~º´V| >tw[√Á™•D z§©∏¶ÈVD.

ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VϬEB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ ÔVÕ]B›Á>•D,


g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛_ ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ÿÔVı¶V|√k´VÔfl Eu∏•D, ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_
\VϬEB›Á>•D, ÿ√ˆBVˆB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ k^eÈVÁ´•D,
ÿ\FlB_ ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒ[ \´Á√•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ Wu√k´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√–D,
\VϬԺÂV¬˛_ ÷∑ÈV›Á>•D, ∂´EB_ ƒVÏ∏_ ].x.ÔwÔfl ƒVÏÁ√•D, g[*Ô
ºÂV¬˛_ ƒ\BD Ô¶Õ> \Á≈QV™›Á>•D (Myticism) ÿÔVı¶VΩ› ]Ôμ√k´VÔ
∂©m_ ´z\V–D ]Ôμ˛[≈™Ï.

4.4 ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\

4.4.1. ÿ√VmWÁÈ•D ƒVÏAWÁÈ•D

ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[ÿ≈VÚ


kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Á¶ ∂©m_´z\V[ >\m xÁ™kÏ√‚¶ gFºk‚Ω_ ƒV[ÆÔeVÔ©
√B[√‚¶ x¬˛B\V™ ÔsQÏÔÁe ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›mxÔ\VÔ x[Ák›m^eVÏ.
∂]_ “Eu∏ÁB•D
Eu∏ÁB•D >tw[√Á™•D ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®™
kÁÔ©√|›mD ∂©m_ ´z\V[ >DÁ\© ÿ√VmWÁȬÔsQÿ´™ºk
kÁÔ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ” 79 .
kÁÔ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ
264
z§X|ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV^kÁ> x[Ák›m ÷ÚkÁÔl™Á´•D ∂kÏ
√Vz√|›]fl ÿƒ_km ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm.

ÿ√VmWÁȬ
“ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ z§X|Ôπ[ g[*Ô© ÿ√VÚÁe
x>[Á\©√|›m˛[≈™Ï; ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ cÈ˛B_ ÿ√VÚÁe
x>[Á\©√|›m˛[≈™Ï. ÿ√VmWÁÈl™ˆ[ ÿ√VmkV™ ∂ÔWÁÈ
ºÂV¬zD, ºÔV‚√V‚|fl ƒVÏ√VÔ sÁeÕ> ƒVÏA WÁÈl™ˆ[
A≈WÁȺÂV¬zD ÷>uz¬ ÔV´∫ÔeVÔ ∂Á\˛[≈™. ÿ√VmWÁÈl™Ï
ÿ√ÚD√VKD >D ÿƒVÕ> ∂–√k∫ÔπoÚÕº> z§X|ÔÁe©
√Á¶¬˛[≈™Ï; ƒVÏA WÁÈl™Ï ÿ√ÚD√VKD >D zøs™Ï √B[√|›mD
z§X|ÔÁeºB ®|›>V^˛[≈™Ï. ƒVÏAWÁÈl™ˆ[ ºÔV‚√V|
ƒ\B\Æ©AÁ¶Bm. ®M–D ƒVÏA WÁÈl™º´ ƒ\B, ÿ>V[\¬
z§X|ÔÁe tz]BVÔ g^˛[≈™Ï. g[*Ô ÂV‚¶xÁ¶B ÿ√VmWÁȬ
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ÷¬z§X|Ô^ zÁ≈kVÔºk ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ƒVÏA
WÁÈl™Ï \´A c≈Ák•D, ÿ√Vm WÁÈl™ˆ[ ÿ√VmkV™ \´A
ÔV‚¶ÈVD” 80 .
ÿkÆ©Á√•D ÷>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔ¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD

∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÷Àk‚¶kÁ©√‚ΩBo_ ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔπ_


ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ ®ø›m \´∏™´V•D; ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ
kV™D√VΩ \´∏™´V•º\ c^e™Ï. ÷]_ ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏ ÷B_AÔeVÔ
∂kÏ∑‚|D \´A ÿkÆ©A, ƒ\B, ÿ>V[\¬ z§X|Ô^ zÁ≈° ®[√Á>©
ÿ√VÚ›>kÁ´lKD ∂©m_ ´z\Vº™ ∂kÏÔjº¶•D s] sȬÔV™k´VÔºk
se∫z˛[≈VÏ.

“t¸Ω¬
t¸Ω¬ (∂–Ø]) >[Á\ºBV| ÿ√e´VMÔ›Á>•D ÔÈÕm
®øm˛≈ xÁ≈Á\ ∂©m_´z\VM¶D cı|. ÷¸ÈVtB›
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe ∂]Ô\VÔ› ÿ>V‚¶kÏ ÿ«fl.˜.´Û_. ÷Õ]B› ÿ>V[\
\´Á√ t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV| ÔÈÕm ®ø]BkÏÔ^ ∂©m_´z\V–D
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D” 81 .
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D “ssoB›
ssoB› ÿ>V[\›Á>•D Am©ÿ√VÚπ_
∂©m_´z\V[, AsB´∑, ºkKflƒVt º√V[≈ ÔsQÏÔ^ A]B kVμ°›
265
√B[√|›]•^e™Ï” 82 .
º>¶ÈVÔ© √B[√|›]•^e™Ï EKÁk©√V| √È´VKD z§X¶VÔ¬
ÁÔBVe©√|˛≈m. ŒÚ EȺ´ \u≈ ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D
ÁÔBV”˛[≈™Ï. ∂kÏÔ”^ ∂©m_´z\V–D AsB´∑D ssoB›Á>
tz]BVÔ© √B[√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^.

“>[Á™ºB
>[Á™ºB ÿÔVfiƒ∫ ÿÔVfiƒ\VÔ cÚ\Vu§¬ ÔsÁ>ÔeV¬˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>VÔ¬ Ì≈ sÚDAD ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®[ \VtƒD kVÏ›Á>
g˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. g]lºÈ º>kM¶›]oÚÕ> kVÏ›Á> \Vtƒ\V˛ ÷ºB∑
kΩs_ kÕ>>VÔ°D ∏[™Ï ÷ºB∑ EKÁkl_ ∂Á≈B©√‚¶>VÔ°D ÌÆD
ssoB›][ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁe ÷Á›m, ÷ÕWÔμflE kˆÁƒÁB \Vu§
∂Á\›>>[ JÈD >D ÔÚ›Á> ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿkπ©√|›]¬
ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. ∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ∂ˆ>VÔ¬ ÔV©√|D sȬԩ√‚¶kÏÔ^
∂´°, º\Vºƒl[ ÁÔ›>Ω º√V[≈ √ÁwB ∞u√V‚|¬ z§X|ÔÁe•D ÷kÏ
ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ” 83 .
ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ

®™›>Vº\ >D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÷´ÔEB∫ÔÁe ®_ÈVD Â\¬zÏ›]fl


ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. ƒVÏAWÁÈ z§›> º\È]Ô©Aˆ>K¬z ∏[kÚD √VÏÁkÔ^ Â\¬z
cÆmÁ AˆBk_È™. “kV™D√VΩ
kV™D√VΩ ÔVÈ›]B ÷´ı¶VÕ>ÁÈxÁ≈¬
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D √VÏÁkÔ”D, ƒVÏAÔ”D (ÿ√ÚD√VKD) Œπ°\Á≈s[§›
>DÁ\¬ ÔV‚Ω¬ ÿÔVı¶™. ∂´EBKD ƒJÔ cÏ°Ô”D ÷kÏÔπ¶D
ÿÔVı¶™” 84 .
ºÂº´ ®]ÏsÁ™ ÿÔVı¶™

].∑.¶´Vƒ[ ∑‚|D ÷ÀkDƒº\ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ √È\VÔ°D


√ÈT™\VÔ°D ®]Ï ÿÔV^e©√‚¶m. ƒVÏAWÁÈÿB[√m ®›>ÁÔBm ∂>[
√∫Ôπ©A ®ÀkV≈V™ÿ>™°D ∂kº´ AÈ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. “√VÏÁk
√VÏÁk ∂_Èm
z§©∏‚¶ ÔıºV‚¶›Á>© √u§B ƒVÏAWÁÈÿB[√m z§©∏‚¶
ÿ√VÚeV>V´ ∂´EB_ ƒJÔ›>e›]_, z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚWÁÈ√V‚Á¶fl
ƒVÏÕ>m. z§©∏‚¶ ÔVȬԂ¶›]_ ∂m A≈¬ÔË¬Ô xΩBV>m;
√Á¶©√Vπl[ z§©∏‚¶ keÏflE¬ Ô‚¶›]_ ∂m A≈¬Ôˬԩ√¶
xΩBV>m. ÷_ÈV>m º√VoÚÕ>VKD ∂m ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ∂m ŒÚ ƒJÔ›
266
º>Ák; {Ï ∂w˛B_ cıÁ\. √Á¶©√Vπ¬z ∂m √VÁ>ÔV‚|˛≈m.
÷™∫ÔV‚|˛≈m” 85 ®[√Ï.
kVƒÔ–¬z© √Á¶©√VπÁB ÷™∫ÔV‚|˛≈m

÷∫ºÔ ÷_ÈV>m º√V_ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ∂m ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[√m


∂©m_´z\V–¬zD ŒÚkÁÔl_ ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[º≈ ∂©m_´z\V–¬zfl
ƒ\B ºÂV¬zD, ].x.Ô.ƒVÏA ºÂV¬zD ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ∂kÏ
ƒ\B›m¬z^ºeºB ∂_Èm ].x.Ô.sºÈºB W[Æ º√V™k´_ÈÏ. ∂Õ> ƒVÏAÔ^
∂_ÈV\_ ƒJÔ s|>ÁÈ ºÂV¬z ÷Ú¬˛≈m ∂_ÈkV? ∂mºk ∂k´m ÷BÈVm
º√VoÚ¬zD ƒVÏÿ√™ÈVD. ÷>Á™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ kÁÔl_ º\È]Ô\VÔ©
AˆÕmÿÔV^e ∂kº´ kaÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.

“ÿ√VmWÁȬ
ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ÷BuÁÔÁB g[*Ô ∂ÔWÁÈ
cÏ°Ôπ[ ((Subjectivity)) z§X¶VÔ¬ ÔVbD º√V¬z tzÕm^em.
ƒVÏWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔºeV, ÷BuÁÔ¬ z§X|Ôπ_ cÈ˛B_, A≈WÁÈ
>Ú˛[≈™Ï” 86 ®[√Ï.
cÏ°Ô”¬ºÔ x>[Á\ >Ú˛[≈™Ï

“÷Õ>
÷Õ> kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏ \›]l_ \uÁ≈B
ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ^ Eu∏, >tw[√M¶D ÷ÚÕmD ºkÆ√‚|
se∫zkmD ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬ºÔ•ˆB E≈©√Dƒ\VzD. ∏´√fiƒ©
ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ BV°D ÷BuÁÔ s]©√ΩºB (Law of Nature) ÷B∫z˛[≈™.
÷ÀsB¬Ô›]_ {Ï {ø∫zxÁ≈ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> ÷BuÁÔ s]ÁB
÷Õ]B ºk>∫Ô”D c√W¶>∫Ô”D Ú>D ®[≈Áw¬˛[≈™ ®™ ˆ¬
ºk›]oÚÕº> >\m º>¶ÁÈ› ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
ƒD√kVt•ºÔ•ºÔ ®–D √Ôk› ˇÁ>l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÷BuÁÔl[ ƒ\[
ÿƒF•D xÁ≈ÁB zÏg[ >´V∑ ®–D z§X‚Ω[ JÈD ÿ>ˆs©√m¶–D
vV´>Vi‚Ω ºk>\V˛B ÿv[ ∂ÿkÏ>V°D ÷›>z ƒ\WÁÈ©√|›mD
xÁ≈ÁB› >´V∑ ®[≈ z§X‚Ω™VºÈºB se¬zk>Á™•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ”.. (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.58á66)

÷¸ÈVtB \VϬÔD ƒVÏÕ>kº´ ∂©m_´z\V[ ®[≈ º√V]KD


√´Dÿ√VÚπ[ ka z§›> Aˆ>o_ ˆ¬ºk>D ssoBD, zÏg[, ÿv[
267
∂ÿk¸>V ®™ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ∂kÏ ÔV‚E g˛[≈m.
÷›>ÁÔB ƒ\B∫Ô¶Õ> g[*Ô ÷B_A>V[ ƒVÏAÔ¶Õ> ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQ´VÔ
∂kÁ´ g¬˛©√Á¶¬Ô k_È>V˛[≈m.

4.4.2. z§X|D x´bD

*ÿ\FDÁ\lB›][ ƒV›]B©√V|Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D ÁÔBVı¶ ÔsQÏ


®[˛≈ kÁÔlÈV™ ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ E≈©√DƒD z§›m √Á¶©A ÿ§ z§›>
√z]l_ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∂kuÆ^”D z§X‚ΩBxD ∂>uÔ©√V_
x´ıÿ>VÁ¶•D ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™>VF ∂kÏ kw∫˛B E≈©√V™
ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®™ÈVD. ∂]KD ̶ gw∫ÔV_√‚¶ E≈©A BVÿ>M_ ÷Às´ıÁ¶•D
∂kÏ ÿkÆ\º™ c›] ®[˛≈ ∂es_ \‚|º\ √Vs›>kÏ ∂_ÈÏ. z§X‚Á¶•D
x´ıÿ>VÁ¶ÁB•D ∂kÏ xÁ≈ºB g[\ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™
∂˛È›mk¬ z§X¶VÔ°D; ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB›m¬ÔV™ x´ËB¬Ô\VÔ°D √Vs›>kÏ
®[√º> ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >MflE≈©√VzD.

“z§X|
z§X| ºkÆ√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe•D ÷Á©√m. ∂m √ڰȺÔV|
OıbÈÁÔ•D, ÔÚsºBV| ÔV´›Á>•D, ÷BuÁÔºBV|
\M>Á™•D, ∂ı¶›º>V| ∏ı¶›Á>•D ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m.
Œø∫Ôu≈ WÔμ°Ôπ_ Œø∫ÁÔ¬ ÔVı√m. ÿ√Vm, ∂˛È›mkD ®[≈
ÿƒVuÔ”¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ >Úkm. ÷>™V_ z§X‚ΩB© √VÏÁk ∂Á™›]KD
ŒÚÁ\© √V‚Á¶¬ ÔV›mÁAˆ•D; ÿ√V≈VÁ\¬zD ؃K¬zD
∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ ºkuÆÁ\ cÏ°ÔÁe Œa¬zD. ÷>™V_ g[\ºÂB
ŒÚÁD√V| keÏk>uz kVF©Aı|. ∂˛È›mk¬ z§X|Ô^ JÈD
÷BKD” 87
√ı√V‚ÿ¶VÚÁ\ÁB, \M>zÈ cÏ° ŒÚÁ\ÁB ∞u√|›> ÷BKD
®™ s·¬zkVÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

“x´ıÔ^
x´ıÔ^ / >Vl[ ÷Ú xÁÈÔ^ ÂV[ ÷´ıΩKD / √V_
zΩ¬˛º≈[ ÔkM / x´ı / ÿkÆD c›]B_È; ∂m ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEBD
´ÔEBD”
(∏›>[, √.99) ®™ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. “®™¬z^
®™¬z^ ÷ÚkÏ / ÷Ú¬˛[≈™Ï ŒÚk[

268
√V¶Ô[ / \uÿ≈VÚk[ ∏›>[ √V¶Ô[ ºÂBÏÔπ[ ´EÔ[ ∏›>[
®]ˆÔπ[ c√VvÔ[
c√VvÔ[” (∏›>[, √.99). x´ıÔπ[ ÷ÁkVF cÈÔD
÷Ú©√Á> s·¬˛¬ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD √V¶ÔM[
gÈV√Á™ ∏›>M[ ®]Ï¿flƒ_ z§›mD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›> ÷BoºÈºB
s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷∫ºÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿÂ|˛KD ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬zD
ºÂÏ x ®]Ï x´ıÿ>VÁ¶Ôπ[ x´ËB¬Ô›]ÈV™ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe
s·¬z˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

“ºÔ^sÔ^
ºÔ^sÔ^ ÷´ı|kÁÔ. Œ[Æ cÈÔ s≠B∫Ô^ √u§BÁk.
\uÿ≈V[Æ QV™D √u§BÁk. cÈÔ s≠B∫Ôπ_ ºÔ^s ºÔ‚√m
√B–Á¶Bm. ÷>™V_ ∂§° keÚD. ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ºkıΩB]_ tÔ
x¬˛B\V™m ®Á>›ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^e ºkı|D ®[√Á>› ÿ>ˆÕm
ÿÔV^km >V[. ºÔ^sÔ^ sÁ¶ÔeV_ ƒVk]_ÁÈ. sÁ¶ÔπoÚÕº>
A]B ºÔ^sÔ^ ®wÈVD. sÁ¶ ÂDt¶D ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ∏≈ˆ¶D º√VF¬
ºÔ^s ºÔ‚√Vº™[?
ºÔ‚√Vº™[?” (√E ®Õ> ƒV], √¬.82á83). gÔ cÈÔ WÔμ°ÔÁe©
√u§B ∂§ÿk[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ºÔ^sÔ^ x¬˛B\V™Ák g˛[≈™. QV™D
√u§B ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ \‚|D ÂDt¶º\ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m ®™ ∂m√u§B
ºÔ^sÔÁe ∂|›>kˆ¶D ºÔ‚√Vº™[ ®[˛≈VÏ.

“s™V¬Ôºe
s™V¬Ôºe / ÂDÁ\ ®ø©A˛[≈™ sÁ¶ÔºeV / c≈¬Ô\VF
÷Ú¬˛[≈™ s™V¬Ô^ / ÂDÁ\› ]≈¬˛[≈™, sÁ¶ÔºeV ÂDÁ\
J|˛[≈™. ∏´√fiƒ \Ï\›][ / Ô>°Ô”¬zfl ƒVsÔeVÔ ÷Ú©√Ák /
s™V¬Ôºe sÁ¶Ô^ ∂_È. kVμ¬ÁÔ› º>Ïs_ / ÿku§ ÿ√Æ˛≈kÏÔ^
/ sÁ¶ÔÁe ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ; / s™V¬ÔÁe ∂§Õ>kÏÔºe
∂§Õ>kÏÔºe” (∏›>[,
√¬.26á28). ∂§suÔV™ ºÔ^sÔÁe x¬˛B\V™ÁkBVÔ¬ ÔÚmD
∂©m_´z\V[ QV™›]uÔV™ ºÔ^sÔÁe \‚|D \Æ>o©√º>[. ∂§°¬zD
QV™›]uzD ®[™>V[ ºkÆ√V|? ∞[ QV™›]uÔV™ sÁ¶ ÂDt¶º\
÷Ú¬˛[≈ÿ>[˛≈VÏ? ÷¬ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ÔÁe ÷M¬ÔVıº√VD.

269
>[Á™ ∂§km ∂§kVD ∂‡>[§ ∏[Á™ ∂§km º√B§kVzD
®[√VÏ ]ÚJÈÏ. >[Á™ ∂§Bºkı|D á ∂Ô©º√F ƒV´V\_ ƒV´ ºkı|D
∏[Á™ ∂§kÿ>_ÈVD º√B§° gz\Ω. ®™© ÿ√VÚ^√|D ®[Æ ∂Ô©º√BVÏ
s·¬zkVÏ. “>[Á™B§>_
>[Á™B§>_ ®[√>Á™ºB ÿ\FlB_ ( Philosophy )
\uÆD ÷Á≈lB_ ( Theology ) ºÂV¬zxÁÈÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô©A^π
®™ÈVD”88 ®[√Ï ÿ√V]ÁÔE›>Ï.
®™ÈVD

÷>™V_>V[ \u≈Á> ∂§B cÈÔ s≠B∫ÔÁe ∂§B¬ ºÔ^sÔ^


÷[§BÁ\BV>™ ®[–D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ >[Á™B§BV\_ ŒÚk[ QV™›Á>
∂Á¶B ÷BÈVm ®™ ko•Æ›mxÔ\VÔºk QV™›]uÔV™ sÁ¶ ÂDt¶D
÷Ú¬ÁÔl_ ∂m√u§ ∂|›>kˆ¶D ºÔ‚√Vº™[ ®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©A˛[≈VÏ.
>[Á™B§Õm ÿÔV^e xΩBV> J¶√¬]WÁÈlºÈºB ÿ√Vm©A›]l[
sÁekV_ Á«ÿ¶¬ ÔVÏ©√º´‚ zÚ˝¬Ôπ[ ƒÕ>]l_ QV™›Á>¬ º>Ω
∂ÁÈ•D √V\´›>™›Á>•D ºÔ^s¬z^eV¬Ôk_Ⱥ> ∂©m_´z\VM[
QV™D. ÷ÀkVÆ s™V¬Ô”¬zD sÁ¶Ô”¬zD ÷Á¶lÈV™ x´ËB¬Ô›][
JÈD ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe ∂ÔμÕÿ>|›m ∂ÚÁ\BVÔ x[Ák©√]_ ∂kÏ>D
>M›mkD tÔfl E≈©√V™ Œ[≈VÔ tπÏ˛[≈m. º\È]Ô©Aˆ>K¬z *ı|D
∂§Ák•D QV™›Á>•D √u§ ∂kº´ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬˛fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.

∂§° ºkÆ, QV™D ºkÆ ∂§° A≈›Á> ∂§km. QV™D ∂Ô›Á>


∂§km. ∂§° √Á¶©AÔÁe ∂§km. QV™D √Á¶›>kÁ™ ∂§km. ∂§°
√z›m©√VϬzD QV™D ÿ>Vz›m© √VϬzD. ∂§° ÿ√u≈k[ sfiQVM
g˛≈V[. QV™D ÿ√u≈k[ ÿ\FfiQVM g˛≈V[ ∂§°. Ôu√>V_ kÚD.
QV™D Ôu≈Á>› m≈©√>V_ kÚD. tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºkÆ√V|. ∂§° ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB
cı¶V¬zD. QV™D ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ∂a¬zD.

Ôu≈Á>› m≈©√>V_ QV™D kÚD ®[√>Á™ºB º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›]


∂§Õ>>M[ÆD s|>ÁÈ ®[ÿ≈VÚ ±ÈVÔºk kw∫˛•^eVÏ. ÂD JÁel_
ÂDÁ\•D ∂§BV\_ Â\m ÔÚ›º> º√V_ ]ˬԩ√‚|^e™ ÂVD ÂD∏©
∏[√uÆ˛≈kÏÔπ[ EÕ>Á™Ô^ ®™ºk BVÁ´•D ∏[√u≈Vº> ®™› >M
270
ka¶Õ> QVMºB º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›]BVkVÏ. ÷>[ c^eVÏÕ> ÿ√VÚıÁ\
®[™ÿk[≈V_ ®kÁ´•D ∏[√u≈V\_ ∂k´kÏ ∑B›]oÚÕm ∂>[ \ÈÏflEBVF
∂k´kÚD \È´ ºkı|D ®[√º>BVzD. ÷Æ] x›>VF©√VÔ ∂kÏ x[Ák¬zD
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºkÆ√V| ∂ÔÕÁ> √u§B √VÏÁk ÷∫ºÔ tÔ x¬˛B\V™m.

“ÿ«´V¬o¶¸
ÿ«´V¬o¶¸ x´ı\[≈ \ÔV ƒx›]´›][ Jfl∑›]ÆD
gw›]uz ÂDÁ\ ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. cıÁ\l_ x´ıÔ^ ®[√Ák
x´ıÔ^ ∂_È. ∂Ák Œº´ ÿ√VÚπ[ ÷ÚWÁÈÔ^ ®[˛≈VÏ.
º>V[Ækm>V[ \Á≈•D. kVμkm>V[ ÷≈¬zD / ÷≈©A ®[√m
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ WÁ≈° ÷Á>©º√VÈ›>V[ sa©AD á c≈¬ÔxD ÷eÁ\•D
á xmÁ\•D ÷m>V[ ∂mkV˛≈m. ∂m>V[ ÷mkV˛≈m. ÷BuÁÔl_
>^”>_ á ~Ï›>_ ®[≈ x´ı√‚¶ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷Á¶s¶V\_ ÿƒB_√‚|¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™ ŒÀºkVÏ ∂bsKD ÷Õ> ÷´ı|D WÔμÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™. ÷Õ>©∏´√fiƒxD ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÷B¬Ô∫ÔeVºÈºB
√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÷B¬Ô∫ÔeVºÈºB ÷B∫˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB ÿ\FfiQV™xD ÿƒV[™m.
sfiQV™xD ÿƒV_˛≈m ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB ∂§Õ>k[ QVM g˛≈V[
g˛≈V[”
(Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, √¬.66á67).

x´ËB¬Ô›]uz ª¶VÔ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB›Á>fl E≈©√VÔ


ÿkπ¬ÿÔVÏ˛[≈VÏ. Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ÔV‚E ®[≈kÏ ko•Æ›mD √V∫zD
÷∫z E≈Õ]¶¬ ÔVÈVD. “º√V´V‚¶º\
º√V´V‚¶º\ √ˆV\›][ √VÁ> / º√V´V‚¶º\
ƒ¬]l[ ªuÆ / º√V´V‚¶›]uz› º>Ák / ÷Úx´ıÔ^ √Á¶©√¬z›
º>Ák / ÷Úx´ıÔ^ ®]KD cı| / ∂Ï›>ÂVZ¸k´D. ºÂÏxÔ / ®]ÏxÔ
ƒ¬]Ôπ[ º\V>o_ t[ÿ™Vπ ∏≈©√m º√VȺk x´ıÔπ[ º\V>o_
√Á¶©A” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.85á86) “√ÁwÁ\
®_ÈVD º>V[Æ˛≈m A]B √Á¶©A √ÁwÁ\
®[√m / kB>V˛© º√V™ AmÁ\>V[ / AmÁ\ ®[√m \Æ∏≈©ÿ√|›>
√ÁwÁ\>V[
√ÁwÁ\>V[”(gÈV√Á™, √.9)

271
“cı|
cı| ®[√k–D / cıÁ\ºB ÿƒV_K˛≈V[ / ÷_ÁÈ
®[√k–D cıÁ\ÁBºB ÿƒV_˛≈V[ / ÷´ı|D cıÁ\l[ ÿkÀºkÆ
>ˆƒ™∫Ôºe ÿ>ˆkm \‚|\_È cıÁ\ / √VÏÁk¬z ∂©√VKD
÷Ú¬˛≈m cıÁ\. cı|D ÷_ÁÈ•D ºƒÏÕ>º> xø cıÁ\
cıÁ\”
(gÈV√Á™, √.95)

º√V´V‚¶›]uzD √Á¶©∏uzD ÷[§BÁ\BV› º>ÁkÔeVÔ ÷Ú x´ıÔ^


÷Ú©√>Á™•D; ºÂÏ x ®]Ï ÷ÚÁ\ x´Ë[ ƒ∫Ô\›]_ ∏≈¬zD t[ƒV´D º√VÈ
ÔsÁ>ÔπKD x´ıÔπ_ º\V>o_ Ômÿ\™©A›ÿ>Vπ ∏≈©√>Á™•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. √ÁwÁ\ºB AmÁ\ gk>Á™•D AmÁ\ºB √ÁwÁ\
gk>Á™•D x[Ák¬˛≈VÏ. BVÁ™ÁB© √VÏ›> zÚ¶ÏÔπ[ √z]©√VÏÁkÔ^
√z] cıÁ\Ôºe. xø cıÁ\ ®[√mD cı|D ÷_ÁÈ•D ºƒÏÕ>º>
®[√>[ JÈD g›]Ô x ÂV›]Ô ÷ÚÁ\ ®]ÏÁk¬Ô¶Õm º√V˛[≈VÏ.
zÚ¶ÏÔπ[ BVÁ™ ®[√>Á™ºB J¶\>∫Ôπ[ ÔÁ>¬ÔV™ z§X¶V¬˛
s|˛[≈VÏ.

“ÔıßÏ
ÔıßÏ ÔıÔπ[ A[™ÁÔ A[™ÁÔ ÷>μÔπ[ ÔıßÏ
ÔıßÏ”
(gÈV√Á™, √.131). “c>B›Á>ºB
c>B›Á>ºB EÈV˛©√kº™ ∂¸>\™›]KD
÷Ú¬˛≈m. kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∂Ï›>D ØÁkºB AÔμÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ©√kº™
x^πKD ÷Ú¬˛≈m / √Á¶©∏[ WBVBD. se¬zÔ^ ÿkÀºk≈V™VKD
ÿkπflƒD Œ[Æ>V[. ¿ √V|km \‚|D>V[ / √V¶_ ®[Æ ÿƒV_ÈVº> /
ºkÆ√V¶_Ô”D ÷Ú¬˛[≈™
÷Ú¬˛[≈™” (gÈV√Á™, √.142))

m[√›Á>ºB ÷[√\VÔ \Á¶\Vu§¬ ÿÔV^”D kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷´ÔEB›Á>fl


∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ ÷Ú^ ¿Ï›º> ŒπBV™m ®™ cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ. “∏´√fiƒD
∏´√fiƒD
x´ı√‚¶ ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ g™m. ÷Õ> ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ ÷B∫zm √≈Ák¬z
÷Ú E≈zÔÁe©º√VÈ© ∏´√fiƒ ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÷Õ> ÷Ú ƒ¬]Ô^
º>Ák©√|˛[≈™. ∂bs_ ~Ï›>_, A≈Õ>^e_ ®[≈ ÷Ú x´ı√‚¶
ƒ¬]Ô^ ÷B∫z˛[≈™. ÷ÀkVº≈ Œπ•D ÷Ú”D, gbD ÿ√ıbD,
ºÂÏ xÔxD ®]Ï xÔxD, cıÁ\•D ÿ\[Á\•D, cBÏ°D >Vμ°D
272
÷Õ>© ∏´√fiƒ ÷B¬Ô›]uz c>°˛[≈™. ®>uzD x´ı√‚¶ ÷´ı|
ºkı|D Ô›]ˆ¬ºÔVo[ ÔV_Ô^ ®]ÿ´]´VÔ ÷B∫zk>V_>V[ ÿk‚¶
xΩ˛≈m
xΩ˛≈m” (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.60á62)

“Œ[º≈
Œ[º≈ √È g™mD / √È *ı|D Œ[§_ Œ|∫zkmD ∂§.
∂m>V[ ƒ›]B›][ ´ÔEBD
´ÔEBD” (gÈV√Á™, √.100). ÿ>Vz›m ºÂV¬ÁÔl_
x´ı√‚¶ ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ g™ ∏´√fiƒD ∂ÀsÚƒ¬]ÔeV_ ÷B∫z˛[≈™
®[√m ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEBD z§›>mD; Œ[º≈√È g™mD √È *ı|D Œ[§_
Œ|∫zkmD ®–D ƒ›]B›][ ´ÔEBxº\ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ \V–¶›]uz kw∫˛B
\ÔVkV¬˛B∫Ô^ ®™ÈVD.

“Œ[≈VÔ¬
Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ÔV‚E ®[Æ >tμ©√V¶_ ÌÆ˛≈m. ŒÚ
√VÏÁkl_ ∂Á™›Á>•D c^πø›m ∂_Èm ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m
®[Æ ÷>Á™© AˆÕmÿÔV^eÈVD. >M›>MºB √z›m©√VÏ©√m ®[√m
ŒÚ ÿƒB_√V|. √ÈkuÁ≈•D ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿƒB_√V|.
÷ÀsÚ ÿƒB_√V|Ô”¬zD º>Ák ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÿ√VmÁ\©√|›m>_
®[√m ∂Úk©√|›>ÈVÔ°D EÈ ƒ\BD √VFÕm ÿƒ_KD. √z›m©√VÏ›>_
®[√mD Eȃ\BD O‚√∫Ô”¬z^ >[Á™ ÷wÕms|D. ÷ÀsÚ
º√V¬zÔ”D, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^, Œ[º≈Vÿ¶V[Æ Œ[Ƭz^
ÿƒ[Æ ÔÈÕ]Ú¬zD. Œ[§_ÈV\_ \u≈>uz clÏ©∏_ÁÈ.
ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ∂>[ ®_ÁȬzfl ÿƒ_KD ÿ√Vøm ∂>uz ∂m
®]Ï\Á≈BV˛s|D” 89 .
®]Ï\Á≈BV˛s|D

÷∫ºÔ ÷›>ÁÔB Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVbD ÿ√Ú∫ÔV‚El_ Eu∏•D


ƒ∫Ôt›]Ú©√m z§›> \uÿ≈VÚ √]°D ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.

“>ta_
>ta_ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]B ÔsQÏÔπ_ ŒÚ √z]l™Á´fl
º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›] EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿkzkVÔ© √V]›m^e™. ÂzÈ[,
√∑kFBV, ∏´t^, ÂV´ºV ÿ¤B´VD, g›\VÂVD, g™Õ›, ∂∏,
º>kº>k[ ®[Æ ÷kÏÔÁe© √‚ΩBo¶ÈVD. ÷Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Eu∏ÁB•D

273
ºƒÏ›m¬ÿÔV^eÈVD. \™›]oÚÕm s|>ÁÈÁB ÷kÏÔ^
ºkı|˛≈VÏÔ^. ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ŒÚA^πl_ Ák›m¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏÔ^.
Œ[≈VÔ¬ÔVbD ÷Õ>© ÿ√Ú∫ÔV‚El[ º√Vm ÂV[ ÷_ÁÈ. ÂV[ sÈ˛
Wu˛≈m”90. ÂV[ ∂u≈ Ô∫Ô^ ∂uA>\V™Ák, ∂wÔV™Ák.
Wu˛≈m

>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D z§›> >\m ∂ˆB


xÁ™kÏ√‚¶ gFºk‚Ω_ \.\mÛ>™[ AÈ©√|›mD √]sm. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[
ÁÔBV”ÁÔl_ x´ıÿkÆD c›]BVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe©
A]´sμ¬zD \Õ]´¬ºÔVÈVÔºk sÕÁ>Ô^ Aˆkm>V[. x´Á ÿkÆD
c›]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBV”D \u≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕmD ∂kÏ Tu§Ú¬zD
>MflE≈©√V™ ÷¶\VzD. ÷∫ºÔ AÁ™ÔÁ>Ôπ_ x´ı k˛¬zD k˛√VÔD
z§›m© º√∑xÔ\VÔ ŒÚº\ÁÈ› ]≈™VFkVeÏ z§©∏|kmD ÷›m¶[ Œ©A
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.

“x´ı
x´ı kVμ¬ÁÔl[ √È ºkÆkÁÔÔÁe•D WÁÈÔÁe•D
∑Ák√¶¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈m. ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈQ[ ÁÔl_ x´ı ŒÚ\Õ]´¬
AˆBk_Èm” 34. ÂVD Aw∫zD ÿ\ValoÚÕm ºkÆ√‚¶
ºÔVÈVF sÕÁ>Ô^ AˆBk_Èm
Œ[º≈ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\Va >M›mk\V™m. “Â\m
Â\m ∂[≈V¶
ÿ\ValoÚÕm ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ºkÆ√|˛≈m. ∂[≈V¶ ÿ\Va Aw∫zD
>e›Á>ºB >™m ÿƒVuÔeVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| \™ ®øflEÁB› >Ú˛[≈
ÔsÁ>” 91 ®[√Ï º>kº>k[.
\Ï\\V™ ∏§ÿ>V[§[ ÿ\VaBV˛≈m ÔsÁ>

“∂Õ>
∂Õ> ÿ\Va ∂Ï›> WÏB∫Ô”¬z xÕ]B g]ÿ\Va
(∂ΩºBV‚¶›]oÚÕm ∂Àk©º√Vm ®øD∏kÚD g]ÿ\Va)
\™∑¬z^πÚÕm \™∑¬z^ ÿkπ¬ÔVuÆ©√¶V\_ √V¶› ÿ>ˆÕ> ÿ\Va.
ÿƒV_ ÷∫ºÔ ÿƒV_k>uzD ÿƒV_ÈV]Ú©√>uzD √B[√|k>V˛≈m. gÔ
∂Ï›> \]©∏™V_ ∂_ÈV\_ ∂–√k \]©∏™V_ clÏ›]Ú©√Ák>VD
ÿƒVuÔ^” 92 ®[˛≈VÏ ∂∏. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒVuÔ^
∞Á™©∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Val_ ÷ÚÕmD ®∫z ºkÆ√|˛[≈ÿ>™
∂>[ E≈©Á√ √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
274
“®ø›m
®ø›m kV™D√VΩ ®[–D ÷Ú\VÆ√‚¶ ÷Ȭ˛BxÔVD ƒVÏÕm
ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿƒB_√‚| kÕ> ÔVȬԂ¶›]_, ÷ÀsB¬Ô∫ÔÁefl ƒV´V>
√ÈÏ>MBVÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ®ø]kÕ>™Ï. ∂∏, ∂©m_´z\V[, º\›>V ®[˛≈
∂Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–¬zD ÷¶xı|. t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV|
ÿ√e´VËÔ›Á>•D ÔÈÕm ®øm˛≈ xÁ≈Á\ ∂©m_ ´z\VM¶D cı|.
÷¸ÈVtB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe ∂]ÔD ÿ>V‚¶kÏ ÿ«fl.˜.´Û_. ÷Õ]B›
ÿ>V[\\´Á√ t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV| ÔÈÕm ®ø]BkÏÔ^ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D. ÷Õ]B A´V›Á> >›mk cϺkV| gw\VÔ›
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[” 93 ®[√Ï.
ÿ>V‚¶kÏ Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[

º\›>V ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ \mÁ´› ]BVÔ´VƒÏ


Ô_Ÿˆ \VkÏÔ^ gkÏ. “\mÁ´
\mÁ´ ]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_Ÿˆl_ ®™¬z© √V¶D
¶›]B ŒeÁk ∑.mÁ´ƒVt©∏^Áe, ƒ∫Ô´ ÂV´VB[,
º>VF°Á¶BkÏÔ^” 94 .
∑√.∂ıV\ÁÈ g˛ºBVÏ Áƒk ÷Ȭ˛B› º>VF°Á¶BkÏÔ^
“®™¬z›
®™¬z› >tμ ®[≈ ∂ÚÿÂ_o¬ÔM >Õ> nBV ŒeÁk. ∑.mÁ´ƒVt
WÁ™kVÔ” 95 ®™› >D ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚmÿ√u≈ gÈV√Á™
∂kÏÔ^ WÁ™kVÔ
±ÁÈfl ƒ\Ï©√D ÿƒF]Ú©√VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[ ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D
∑√.∂ıV\ÁÈ Áƒk› º>VFs_ \‚|\_ÈV\_ E›>Ï √V¶_ÔπKD z§X‚|
se¬Ô∫ÔÁefl E≈©√VÔ x[Ák©√kÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB QV™©√VÁÈ ª‚ΩB
>[Á\l™VºÈºB \mÁ´› ]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_ŸˆÁB ÷´ı¶VD ÔÚ©Á√ ®™¬
ÿÔVı¶VΩ Wu˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.

“The best part of our religion in, its unconcious poetry ®[Æ \V‚R
∂Ï™V_| ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ ∏´fiÁQ ØÏk\V™ ÷[§›>V™VÔ kÕm ºƒÏ˛≈
Ôs›mkD ƒ\B ÷Ȭ˛B›]_ cı|. √¬] ÷Ȭ˛B›Á> \>√´\VÔ©
√VϬÔV\_ ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √VÏ¬Ô ºkı|D ..... √VkÁ™ºBV| √¬]
÷Ȭ˛B›Á> ∂bÔ Ákk›]_ √VkÁ™ ̶Vs‚¶V_ ∂›>Á™•D
∂√›>D. ƒ\, A›> \>∫ÔÁe© √u§ ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,
\lÁÈ ÊM ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt ±_ÔÁe kVE›>º√Vm ∂§Õº>[. ÷>[
275
∏[™Ï ®_ÈV \>∫Ô”D ∏[M© ∏ÁÕ]Ú¬˛[≈™. ŒÚ \>D, ŒÚ
ÿÂl_ÁÈ ®_ÈVD ÔÈÕm ∏[M© ∏ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈ WÁÈ>V[
ÿ>[√|˛≈m ®[√Á> cÏÕº>[. \mÁ´ ∂wÔÏ \ÁÈl_
ÿ√e›>©√^π ÷ÚÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®™ºk Ô^ewÔˆ[ WwoKD
ÿƒFº>[” 96 .
ÿ√e›>›Á>©√VϬÔÈVD ®[√Á> ®[ ÔsÁ>l_ √]° ÿƒFº>[

÷›>ÁÔB √¬] ÷Ȭ˛B© √VkÁ™Ô^ ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z¬ ÁÔÌΩ™.


√¬] ÷Ȭ˛B©∏as[ ÂÆÕº>≈_ÔÁe ∂k´m ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√BV™
]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_Ÿˆ© º√´VEˆB© ÿ√Ú\¬Ô”D ƒVÈ©√ˆÕm ª‚Ω ª‚Ω ∂kÁ´
keÏ›ÿ>|›>™Ï.

“gı¶Vπ[
gı¶Vπ[ Ô¶°‚ ÔV>ÁȬ ÔsÂÁ¶l_ ÿƒV_KD Ô‚|Á´ÁB
®ømDº√Vm ÔsQÏ º√™Vs_ Á\¬z© √]_ √flÁƒ¬ ÔuØ´D \¬zD
ÿ√Ú\V^ºÔVs_ meE› yÏ›>›Á> W´©∏¬ ÿÔVı¶Vº´V ®[Æ WÁ™¬Ô
ºkıΩ•^em. √VÁk ®[√>uzfl ÿƒV_KD ÔV´∫Ôπ_ \VÏÔa¬
zπˆ[ ÷MÁ\ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>¬Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe© º√´VEˆBÏ
∂.ƒV.QV.√Ω›]ÚÕ>V_ ÔsQÁ´ ∂©m_ gμkVÏ ®[º≈ ∂Áw›m
\˛μkVÏ” 97
\˛μkVÏ

®™ \™\V´© √V´V‚|kVÏ. ∂©m_ gμkV´VÔ \‚|\[§; ∂©m_


ÂVB[\V´VÔ°D, ∂©m_ ÂuÿƒF]BVe´VÔ°D, ∂©m_ E›>´VÔ°D, Û‡∏
∂©mÈVÔ°D ®_ÈVx∫ ̶ ∂kÏ \V§ \V§ ∂k>V´∫Ô^ ®|›m› >V[
]Ôμ˛[≈VÏ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ \>ÿk§ÁBfl ƒV¶k_È ∂k>V´xD \>∫Ô¶Õ>
g[\ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚| ∂k>V´xD gÔ ∂kÏ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.

∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^:

1. √¬]lȬ˛B ™soB¬ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va•D, ƒ\B∫Ô¶Õ> \Á≈QV™


(Mystic) ÿ\Va•D ƒ∫Ôt¬zD ƒ∫Ô\\VÔ ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ô^
∂Á\Õm^·™.

276
2. z§X| ®[√>Á™ ÷Ȭ˛B c›] ®–D ®_ÁȬzD ∂©√VÈVÔ¬ Ôı|
∂>Á™ g[\ ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™ g>V´∑Ú]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVek_È
]≈Á\ ÷kÏ>D ]≈Á\BVzD.

3. x´ı ÿ>VÁ¶ÁB c›]BVÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_ cÈÔ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe¬


Ô‚¶sμ¬zD \Õ]´¬ ºÔVÈVÔ°D ÷kÏ>D √Á¶©AÔπ_ x´ıÿ>VÁ¶
]Ôμ˛≈m.

4. *ÿ\FDÁ\lB›][ ∂Á™›mfl ƒV›]B©√V|ÔÁe•D ÁÔBVı|^e


E≈©A (√V_T]) √V_T]¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^eVÏÕ> *ÿ\FDÁ\lB
se¬Ô∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬zD ÿ>V¶Ï Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe ÿkzƒ™ ÷>aºÈºB
(˝MBÏsÔ¶[) (\´D xu§©A^π ∂_È) ®ø]BÁ\ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô
÷kÏ>D √∫Ôπ©√VzD.

5. cÚm¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÂÎD, Ô¤_ º√V[≈ kΩk∫ÔÁe•D t[tMÔeV_


ŒÚ ÔΩ>D, ´ÔEB©Ø, x™s´V ®–D Ôs´V›]ˆ xÁ≈Á\•D ∂©m_
´z\V[ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^·VÏ.

6. Á«¬Ì x[º™VΩÔπ_ ŒÚk´VÔ s·∫˛ (E›>Ï, √V_T]) WÁ≈B


\VkÏÔÁe ∂>uÔV™ ]Áƒ kal_ ÷kÏ guÆ©√|›]BÁ\
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.

7. >tμ±ÈVÏ, k¶±ÈVÏ, º\™V‚¶Ï ÔÚ›>Á\°Ôπ[ Œ©√VFkVÔ kw∫˛B


÷kÏ>D xÁ™kÏ√‚¶ gFºk¶V™, (Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|) z§X|Ôπ[
∂Á™›m kÁÔÁ\ÔÁe•D Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ∂>[ sˆkV™ √∫Ôπ©A
z§›mD E≈©√VÔ s·¬˛•^· ]≈D º√VuÆ>uzˆB>VzD.

8. ʈB ÷Ȭ˛B kVƒÔÏÔÁe \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÿkz\¬ÔÁe•D


Ôk´k_È>VÔ°D, g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛™Á´•D ~ϬÔk_È>VÔ°D ∂kÏ>D
ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÔsQˆ[ ÂÁ¶kı\V™ (Poet’s prose) Ô‚|Á´Ô”D
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπºÈºB ÿkπBV˛© √´kÈV™
k´ºkuÁ√© ÿ√uÆ^·™.
277
xΩ°Á´

1. x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÿ√VmsB_A, E≈©∏B_A, >M> g”Á\,


g”Á\l_ ∂w˛B_ z§›m s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

2. \´A¬ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔsB´∫Ô¬ÔsÁ>, ®ø›m ÿ\Va¬ÔsÁ>,


º√fl∑ÿ\Va¬ÔsÁ>, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>, zÆ∫ÔsÁ> ®[≈ kÁÔÔπ_
ÿ√VmsB_º√V| x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏÔ^.

3. B>VÏ›>kV>D, ∂uA> ÂsuElB_, *ÿ\FÁ\lBD x>ÈV™kuÁ≈


x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”D >\m √Á¶©AÔπ_ ÿkÀÿkÆ s>\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶
s>›Á> ∂§BxΩ˛≈m.

4. Eu∏•D, >tw[√–D ƒVÏAWÁȬ ÔsQÏÔ·VÔ°D, ∂©m_ ´z\V[


ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQ´VÔ°D kÁÔ©√|›>©√|›>ÈVD.

5. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\Ô^ s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

6. Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>, \´A¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>, ÂV¶ÔD,


÷Áƒ©√V¶_ ®™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ]≈D√¶ s·∫z√kÏ
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËBM[ >M ÷B_√VÔ s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

7. √V´]>VƒÁ™ zÚÂV>´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ÔsÁ> ®ø> g´D∏›> ÔsQÏÔ^


º√V_ ÷_ÈV\_ ∂kÚÁ¶B ∂ƒÈVÔ› ]Ôμ√kÏ >tw[√[. >tμ \´A
∏≈wV\_ >M›]≈Á\ ÿÔVı| ]Ôμkº> ÷kˆ[ >MflE≈©√VzD.

278
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. z.Ák›]BÂV>[, Áƒk E›>VÕ> >Á¶Ô”D sÁ¶Ô”D, z§X‚|fl
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V], ]ÚkVk|mÁ≈ gy™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ºÂÏxÔ© luE
Á\BD, ]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï, 1995, √¬.5á6.

2. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √¬.113á144.

3. º\Èm., √¬.137á144.

4. º\Èm., √¬.144á145.

5. º\Èm., √.144á145.

6. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|, √.40.

7. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √¬.100á101.

8. º\Èm., √¬.100, 101, 113.

9. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.410.

10. ÷Ȭ˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™, ∏©´. 1983.

11. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.412.

12. Eu∏, √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D, √¬.71á72.

13. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.402.

14. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ‘x[–Á´’, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], 2004.

15. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.409á464.

16. º\Èm, √¬.409á464.

17. º\Èm, √¬.409á464

18. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.100.

19. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.450, 458,


465.

279
20. º\Èm.,

21. º\Èm,. √.454.

22. º\Èm., √¬.445á455.

23. ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, √.69.

24. √VÈV, Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ ÔÁÈ,


ÔÁÈ ¬Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸, \mÁ´, 1993,
√.17.

25. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.469, 470,


410.

26. º\Èm, √.410.

27. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^,


√.210.

28. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.5.

29. √VÈV, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.14.

30. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.106.

31. ∂.\VϬ¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √.24.

32. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬. 52á53.

33. >·kVF ∑Õ>´D, ºÂÏÔV_ >tw[√[, y´VÂ], ÿƒ[Á™, h[á2005.

34. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬


ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √¬.87á88.

35. ∂.\VϬ¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √¬. 63á64.

36. ºÔV.>º\V>´[, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μá4,


ÿƒ[Á™, hÁÈ, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï,2008.

37. >·kVF ∑Õ>´D, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, y´VÂ], ÿƒ[Á™, h[,


2005.

38. ºÔV.>º\V>´[, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μá4,


280
ÿƒ[Á™, hÁÈ, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï,2008.

39. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,


√.327.

40. º\Èm, √¬.325á327.

41. º\Èm.,

42. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, 2005.

43. >·kVF ∑Õ>´D, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μá4,


ÿƒ[Á™, hÁÈ, ÿƒ©. 2008.

44. ∂.\VϬ¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √¬. 68.

45. QVM, x[–Á´, Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^, saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,


ÿƒ[Á™á2004.

46. ∂.\VϬ¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √¬. 68.

47. QVM, >tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D, \ËkVƒÔÏ √]©√ÔD,


ÿƒ[Á™, 1998, √.137.

48. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,


2005.

49. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^, √¬.


150á151.

50. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 553á554.

51. AsB´∑, x[–Á´, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ.

52. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, x[–Á´, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ.

53. ∑.ºk∫Ô¶´V\[, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^,


ÿ>Vz]á1, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
sÂVBÔÂ_ŸÏ 2003, √¬. 22á42.

54. x.∑>Õ]´x›m, √Ω\∫Ô·VF EÕ]¬zD ÔsÁ>¬ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔ^, ~º´V|

281
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ¬
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.211.

55. ÷´V\.zÚÂV>[, x´bD ¶©∏BKD, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©


√ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬
Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.64.

56. ÷Õ]´[, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x´ı ®–D ÷B∫˛B_, ~º´V|


>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.194.

57. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x´ı ®–D ÷B∫˛B_, ~º´V|


>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.47.

58. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷ÁwºBV|D ÷´°/÷Ú^, ~º´V|


>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.38.

59. QVM, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÿ>Vz©Á√ x[Ák›m› >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_


c^πB¬ÔD, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™©
√_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √¬. 11á30.

60. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ∂§xÔD, ∏›>[, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,


2004.

61. ÔV.ÿƒ_È©√[, x[–Á´, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,


2003, √.7.

62. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,


√.246.

63. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 611á612.

64. gÏ.c>BflƒÕ]´[, Thamizhanban’s Vanakkam Valluva >tμ©


Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √[xÔ© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, gF°¬ Ô·fiEBDá3,
√V´› ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ, >tμ© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD, >fiƒV∆Ï, 2007,
pp. 399á400.
282
65. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ŒÚkıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆR, \Ú>V √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,
2001.

66. º\Èm, x[–Á´

67. º\Èm, x[–Á´

68. º\Èm, x[–Á´

69. º\Èm, x[–Á´

70. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÿkπ•D, ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™


EÈz´_Ô”D, √.107.

71. t›´V, zÁ¶l_ ºÔ‚¶ º√fl∑, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔΩ>D, ∏[™‚Á¶,


>tºwVÁƒ ∂flƒÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1993.

72. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÿkπ•D, ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ


z´_Ô”D, √.106.

73. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.106.

74. >tw[√[, ŒÚ kıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆR, x[–Á´.

75. ÷Õ]´[, x[–Á´, Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^.

76. QVM, x[–Á´, Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^, √.26.

77. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,


√.342.

78. ÔV.Ek›>D∏, ÔÁBVa ÷>μ, \VÏfl 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.

79. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬. 187, 234.

80. º\Èm.,

81. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,


√.73.

82. ÿ√.∑√V∑ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>? √.65.

283
83. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.72á73.

84. ].∑.¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.141.

85. º\Èm, √.141.

86. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.72á73.

87. º\Èm, √.190.

88. ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>Ï, Œ©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ E›>Ï ÿ\FlB_, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,


ÿƒ[Á™, ΩƒD√Ï, 2009.

89. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, x[–Á´, gÈV√Á™.

90. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.414.

91. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^, √.211.

92. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVȬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬


ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √.97.

93. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,


ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, 2009.

94. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,


ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, 2009.

95. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘ƒ\Ï©√D’, gÈV√Á™.

96. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,


ÿƒ©.2009.

97. ∑˛EkD, ‘x[–Á´’, Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,


ÿƒ[Á™, 2003.

284
WÁ≈°Á´
1. >twÔ›]_ º>EB, ]´Vs¶ ÿ√Vm°¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ÷Ák J[ÆD ƒJÔ
cÏ°t¬Ô x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√VπÔ”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>© ∏[™ËBVÔ
se∫˛B™.

2. x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔeVÔ› ]ÔøD Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V|


>tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®ø›m¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]oÚÕm \VÆ√‚| \´Á√
ÿƒ§kVÔ c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı¶ kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔVÈÔ‚¶¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ gkÏ.

3. º\ÁÈ \´∏[ ÷Ȭ˛B ÷ƒ∫Ôπ[ >V¬Ô›>V_ x˛μÕ>m ®ø›m \´A.


®ø›m¬ zøs™Ï √ÁwÁ\© º√bD kÁÔlºÈºB Am¬ÔsÁ>ÁB¬
ÁÔBVı¶™Ï.

4. \Æ©A, ®]Ï©A, ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®–D x›]´ WÁÈ kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_


ÔV©√‚¶™. xuº√V¬ÔV™ A]B \Vu≈∫ÔÁefl ƒJÔ›]Á¶ºB
kV™D√VΩÔ^ WÔμ›]™Ï.

5. Á«¬Ì ®[Æ ÿƒV_ȬÌΩB zÆD√V \´A √u§•D, ÿv[


>›mk›]oÚÕm Á«¬Ì \´√V™m º>V[§uÆ ®[√m √u§•D
se¬Ô©√‚|^e™.

6. ŒÚ √Á¶©√Vπl[ cuÆ ºÂV¬Ôo_ ∂kÁ´© √V]©√™°D, ∂k´m


>›mk ∂bzxÁ≈•D √Á¶©∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe› yÏ\VM¬˛[≈™.
∂>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ”D \´Á√ ∞uÆ ∂>Á™
ÿƒøÁ\BV™ xÁ≈l_ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >\m √V|ÿ√VÚÁe›
º>ÏÕÿ>|›>™Ï.

7. Eu∏ A´Vfl ÿƒF]ÔÁe *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFm ƒ\ÔVÈ ƒx>VB›][


º>ÁkÁB› >\m ÔsÁ> ka E≈©√VÔ se¬˛•^eVÏ. kVFÿ\Va \´∏[
ÌÆÔÁe•D, ÂÔσVÏ ÂV‚¶VÏ √]°ÔÁe•D ÁÔBV^k]_ ∂kÏ>D
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®πÁ\•D ∂wzD ÿÔVı| ]Ôμ˛[≈™.
8. ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÿkz \¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ[ Â[Á\ yÁ\ √u§•D,
Ô_s› mÁ≈lKD, g‚ElKD ¶¬zD ÊϺÔ|ÔÁe•D, >\m
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬˛ c^eVÏ.

9. Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÂT™ c›]xÁ≈ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBVı¶kÏ ®[≈


ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ >tw[√[.

10. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ z§X‚|¬ ÔsQÏ ®[√Á> ∂kÏ>D ‘ √V_T] ’ ,


‘ gÈV√Á™ ’ , ‘ ∑‚|s´_ ’ g˛B ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ JÈD
AÈ©√|›>ÈVD. *ÿ\FlB¬ ÔsÁ>© √V∫z ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
ÔV©√|˛[≈™.

11. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ √V|ÿ√VÚ”¬z ª¶VÔ ∂k´m ÿkπ©√V|Ô^


x´ı√V|ÔeVÔ› º>Vu≈\π¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ÷Õ> x´ËB¬Ôº\
∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô c›]BVÔ \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ ∂k´m Aˆ>o[
´ÔEB\VÔ°D ∂Á\˛≈m.

12. ÔsÁ> ®[√m √´Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈ \M> ºÂB ªuƬ ÔıÔÁe¬


Ôı¶Á¶˛[≈ xBuE ®™ kÁ´BƬzD Eu∏l[ kÁ´BÁ≈¬z ®_ÈV
kÁÔlKD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB™kVÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>©√BD
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™¬ ÔÚmD Eu∏l[
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D √Á¶©A ÿ§•D √V´] kalºÈºB ª¶VΩ Wu˛≈m.
J>VÁ>Bˆ¶D ÷ÚÕm ÿ√u≈¬ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[≈VKD >D √Á¶©Á√
ÿkπ©√|›mD ºkÆ√V¶V™ xÁ≈l_ Eu∏l[ Ôs›mkD E≈Õ]Ú¬Ô¬
ÔVÈVD.

13. Œ©√Á™Ô^ ÷[§ ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú©√º> ∂wz ®™ ‘ÿƒ[’ ÷B_√VF


\ÈÏ˛≈m. >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kVμsBo[ cıÁ\ÔeVÔ°D,
ÔsÁ>l[ xÁ≈lBÈVÔ°D ÂDÁ\ kÕ>Á¶˛[≈™.

14. ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>, º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì ®–D kÁÔÁ\©√V‚ΩKD; ʈB


÷Ȭ˛B kVƒÔ[, ÿkzƒ™ ´ƒÁ™ kVƒÔ[ ®–D kÁÔÁ\©√V‚ΩKD
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿku§Ô´\VÔ se∫zk>uz¬ ÔV´D Ôs›mkDt¬Ô
∂kÏ>D √Á¶©A ÿ§ԺeBVzD.

286
15. ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VϬEB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ ÔVÕ]ÁB•D,
g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛_ ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ÿÔVı¶V|√k´VÔ Eu∏ se∫z˛≈VÏ.
ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VϬEB›Á>•D, ÿ√ˆBVˆ›Á>•D, \M> ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_
k^eÈVÁ´•D º√VuÆ√k´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.

16. ÔsÁ>¬z^ E≈Õ> ÔÁ> ÿƒV_oBVÔ°D, z§X‚|¬ ÔsQ´VÔ°D, \M>


ƒx>VB›Á> kVw Ák¬zD ∂§sBÁÈ© º√VuÆ√k´VÔ°D, ∂>[
∂a°ÔÁe ®]Ï›m \M> zÈ›]uz¬ z´_ ÿÔV|©√k´VÔ°D Eu∏
se∫z˛≈VÏ.

17. zÆ∫ÔsÁ>, ÷ƬÔfl ÿƒ§°, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>, √´Õ>ºÂV¬z ®™


ÔsÁ>l[ ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKD >M x›]Á´ √]›>kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[.

18. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe ®]Ï›m© √V|>_, ÷™D, ÿ\Va, ÂV| ®[≈ ®_ÁÈ
Ô¶Õ> \M> ºÂBD, ÿ√ıÔÁe© º√VuÆ>_, \M> ƒJÔ›]uz
÷[§BÁ\BV>>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ∂§sBÁÈ© º√VuÆ>_, ÔVÕyB›>V¬ÔD,
\VϬEB √VÏÁk ®[≈ >e∫Ôπ_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛[≈™.

19. ÿ√VmWÁȬ ÔsQ´VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D, ƒVÏA WÁȬ ÔsQÏÔeVÔ Eu∏,


~º´V| >tw[√–D ]ÔμÕ>kÏÔ^ ®[≈ º√V]KD xuº√V¬ÔV™ A]B
EÕ>Á™Ô^, A]B ÷Ȭ˛B kΩkD, A]B ÿƒV_ÈV‚E ®[≈ J[Æ
WÁÈÔπKD ÷DJkÚD Œ[Æ√|˛[≈™Ï.

20. √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÚ¬z© ∏[™Ï >tμ¬ÔsÁ>ÁBfl ƒˆBV™


]Áƒl_ x[ÿ™|›mfl ÿƒ[Æ ÿku§Ôı¶ ÿ√ÚÁ\ ÷kÏÔ^ >D
ÿ√ÚÁ\BVzD.

287
mÁ±u√‚ΩB_

1. gF° JÈ ±_Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ‘ƒÏ©√BVÔD
ƒÏ©√BVÔD’,,
ƒÏ©√BVÔD
∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ,1983
3ágD √]©A,

” : ‘ÛˆB
ÛˆB Ww_
Ww_’,,
∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ,1990
3ágD √]©A,

” : ‘Œπ©√≈Ák
Œπ©√≈Ák’,,
Œπ©√≈Ák
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√V^eVflE,
2ágD √]©A,1971

” : ‘ÿ\e™
ÿ\e™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^
\B¬Ô∫Ô^’,,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√V^eVflE - 1982.

” : ‘\ÔV›\V
\ÔV›\V’,,
\ÔV›\V
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√V^eVflE - 2009.

” : ‘J|√M
J|√M’,,
J|√M
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.

” : ‘ŒÚ
ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]
Â]’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2004.
” : ‘Eu∏
Eu∏ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^
ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2005

~º´V| >tw[√[, : ‘sΩB_


sΩB_ sømÔ^
sømÔ^’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A-2005

” : ‘y°Ô^
y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™
ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A á 1985.

” : ‘∂Õ>ÂÕ>Á™
∂Õ>ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD
tflƒD’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A-1982

” : ‘ªÏ
ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ
{Áƒ’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A- 1989.

” : ‘˛w¬zfl
˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
ƒVe´D’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2005.

” : ‘®[T‚|
®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,

2
x>u√]©A á 2004.
” : ‘√M
√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_
√Ô_’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A á 2008.

” : ‘÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´°©√V¶Ô[’,,
÷´°©√V¶Ô[
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.

” : ‘ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B
{禥D
{Á¶•D’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
÷´ı¶VD √]©A - 2004.

” : ‘k¬ÔD
k¬ÔD k^”k
k^”k’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
÷´ı¶VD √]©A - 2005.

” : ‘kVÏ›Á>Ô^
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºÔ‚¶k´D
ºÔ‚¶k´D’,,
saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2002.

” : ‘Ô™V¬ÔVbD
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^
s™V¬Ô^’,,
saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2004.

” : ‘]Áƒ¬z^
]Áƒ¬z^ ]ÁƒÔ^
]ÁƒÔ^’,,
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2000.
3
” : ‘ŒÚ
ŒÚ kıΩflÿƒ[ˆ•
kıΩflÿƒ[ˆ•’,,
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2001.

” : ‘t[tM¬ÔV|
t[tM¬ÔV|’,,
t[tM¬ÔV|
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1999.

” : ‘ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ˛πºBV
ÿƒ[M\ÁȬ˛πºBV
√V›´V¬Ô^
√V›´V¬Ô^’,,
√V©ºÈV√V´] √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2002.

Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ : ‘ºÂBÏ


ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D
sÚ©√D’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
9ágD √]©A - 1993.

” : ‘∑‚|s´_
∑‚|s´_’,,
∑‚|s´_
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
3ágD √]©A - 2003.

” : ‘sÁ>º√V_
sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[
søÕ>k[’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
3ágD √]©A - 2004.

” : ‘√V_T]
√V_T]’,,
√V_T]
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
9ágD √]©A - 2004.

4
” : ‘gÈV√Á™
gÈV√Á™
gÈV√Á™’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
5ágD √]©A - 2004.

” : ‘∏›>[
∏›>[’,,
∏›>[
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
4ágD √]©A - 2004.

” : ‘´ÔEB©Ø
´ÔEB©Ø’,,
´ÔEB©Ø
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2005.

” : ‘\´D
\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È ∂_È’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
2ágD √]©A - 2004.

” : ‘√E
√E ®Õ>flƒV]
®Õ>flƒV]’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.

” : ‘Ô¶°π[
Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ
xÔkˆ’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.

” : ‘ÿÂÚ©Á√
ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A
ÿÂÚ©A’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.

5
2.mÁ ±_Ô^
∂©m_ ´z\V[, : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|
z§X|’,,
∂[™D,
>fiƒV∆Ï,
x>u√]©A á 2006.

∂Õº>VË ÷´V∑ : ‘÷>aB_ ∂§xÔD’,,


÷>aB_ {Ï ∂§xÔD
gº´V¬˛BD √]©√ÔD,
]ÚflE á 1986.

∂´∫ÔÂV>[, \V. : ‘ÿ√VÚπ[


ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ÔsÁ>
ÿ√VÚ^ÔsÁ>’,,
ÂÏ\>V √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1989.

∂´∫Ô´V∑,∑. (∂¬˛MA›]´[) : ‘>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>


>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ
]≈™VF°
]≈™VF°’,,
J[≈VD cÈÔ©√]©√ÔD,
ºÔVÁk - 1991.

∂≈ºkÕ>[,÷´V.(ÿ>Vz) : ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\
√Á¶©√V”Á\’,,
√Á¶©√V”Á\
>VB≈D,
]ÚflE á 2003.

gÁ™x›m (ÿ>Vz) : ‘ÿ√ˆBVÏ


ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V., ÿ√ˆBVÏ
~.ÿk.´V.EÕ>Á™Ô^ (ÿ>Vz]á1,2)
(ÿ>Vz]á1,2)’ ,
EÕ>Á™BVeÏ ÔwÔD,
]ÚflE,1974

÷´VºƒÕ]´[.ºƒ, : ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶
÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD
>V¬ÔD’,,
Ø\Ë √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1985.

6
÷´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[.÷´V, : ‘Eu∏l[
Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ
√Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ’,,
QV™ºƒÔ´[ (√]) ¬Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
\mÁ´ á 1993.

÷Ȭzt z\V´[ QV™]´sBD: ‘T‚Ωuz¬ Ô∫z’,,


T‚Ωuz¬ ˇºw•D Ô∫z
∂Ô´D,
>fiÁƒ.

Ô_BVı˜, : ‘º>ÏÕÿ>|›>
º>ÏÕÿ>|›> ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,,
ga ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™.

Ô™Ôƒ√V√],E, : ‘ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^ \´AD Am∑D
Am∑D’,,
E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.

zºƒÔ´[,∂. : ‘ÔÁÈ
ÔÁÈ ÷Ȭ˛B ÿkπ•D ƒJÔ
¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ z´_Ô”D
z´_Ô”D’,,
√VÁk √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2008.

ÁÔÈVƒ√].Ô, : ‘÷Ȭ˛BxD
÷Ȭ˛BxD ]≈™VF°D
]≈™VF°D’,,
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1981.

ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´D, (ÿ>Vz) : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>•D


Am¬ÔsÁ>•D Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D
Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D’,,
÷Ȭz WÔμ›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬
Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿ√∫ÔjÏ - 1985.

7
ƒVt E>D√´™VÏ, : ‘>twÏ
>twÏ >ÁÈkÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V.
kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ
k´ÈVÆ’,,
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ∏´flƒV´
WÆk™ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1971.

Ek›>D∏, ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑, : ‘ÂT™›mkD


ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD
\¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2001.

ÊMflƒVt,m. : ‘÷Ú√][
÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬
ºÔV‚√V|’ ,
ºÔV‚√V|
cÈÔ› >twV´VFflE WÆk™D,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1994.

∑©∏´\ËB[, ÂV.ÔÈVW], : ‘]≈™VF°


]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V|
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,,
ØDAÔVÏ,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2005.

∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑,ÿ√. : ‘®m


®m Am¬ÔsÁ>?
Am¬ÔsÁ>?’,,
ÔV√VoÔV √]©√ÔD,
]ÚflE - 1998.

” : ‘®]ÏÔVÈ
®]ÏÔVÈ ÷Ȭ˛BxD Ô_s•D
Ô_s•D’,,
∂Ô´D,
>fiƒV∆Ï - 2003.

ÿƒ_È©√V,E.∑. : ‘ªmk›]©A_
ªmk›]©A_’,,
ªmk›]©A_
¨ÔV¬ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1993,

8
” : ‘\VuÆ
\VuÆ ÷>BD
÷>BD’,,
®ø›m© ∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1974.

ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.E, : ‘>tw[√[
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD
ƒJÔD’,,
ÔVÕ] √]©√ÔD,
>fiƒV∆Ï - 2000.

QVM, ºÔVÁk, (ÿ>Vz), : ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ á ‘kV™D√VΩÔπ[


kV™D√VΩÔπ[
\V–¶ ˇ>D
ˇ>D’,,
ÁkÔÁ≈,
ºÔVÁk - 1973.

” : ‘>tw[√[
>tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
√VÏÁk•D’,,
\ËkVƒÔÏ,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1998.

” : ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>’,,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ III,
ÔVsBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2007.

>tμÂV¶[, ºƒÈD, : ‘¤©√VMB¬ÔsÁ>


¤©√VMB¬ÔsÁ> E∫ÔØ Á«¬Ì
ÿƒ[ˆR
ÿƒ[ˆR’,,
√VÏk] A¬≠V©,
ºƒÈD á 2001.

>twk[ : ‘√Á¶©AD
√Á¶©AD √Á¶©√Vπ•D
√Á¶©√Vπ•D’,,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿ√∫ÔjÏ á 1989.

>tw[√[, ~º´V|, : ‘ÔsÁ>


ÔsÁ> EÕ>Á™Ô^
EÕ>Á™Ô^’,,
√B[ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1990.
9
#´[,ÿ√. (ÿ>Vz), : ‘√V´]>tμ
√V´]>tμ kƒ™›]´‚|
kƒ™›]´‚|’,,
ºÂƒ™_ A¬ Ω´¸‚,
Am]_o á 1912.

ÂVÔ´V¤[,®¸.®[, : ‘ˇÁw \VϬEBD’,,


ˇÁw \VϬEBD
√ˆ\VD ÿkπX|,
ºÔVÁk á 1982.

” : ‘ÔDRMƒD
ÔDRMƒD s|>ÁÈl[
÷ȬÔD
÷ȬÔD’,,
√ˆ\VD ÿkπX|,
ºÔVÁk á 1990.

¶´Vƒ[,].∑. : ‘>ta[
>ta[ ∂Á¶BVeD
∂Á¶BVeD’,,
ÿk^πT] ÿkπX|,
\mÁ´ - 1999.

” : ‘ÔsÁ>ÿB–D
ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va
ÿ\Va’,,
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, (∏) o‚.,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2008.

ÂV´VB[, ÷´V : ‘\VuÆ©


\VuÆ© √ı√V|D Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>Ô”D
ÔsÁ>Ô”D’,,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2008.

O‡\V[, ®D.∞. : ‘]≈™VF°¬


]≈™VF°¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^
Ô‚|Á´Ô^’,,
∂[™D, EkÔ∫ÁÔ - 1985.

√VÈ∑©∏´\ËBD, Eu∏, : ‘√Á¶©AD


√Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
√VÏÁk•D’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2001.

10
√VÈV, : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ Am©√VÏÁk
Am©√VÏÁk’,,
∂Ô´D,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ á 1981.

Ø´flƒÕ]´[,Ô. : ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD
∂Á\©AD
∂Á\©AD’ ,
EÕ>™V,
]ÚflE - 1998.

ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï : ‘kVμkV∫z
kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ
ÔÁÈ’,,
\º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2005.

” : ‘\™t≈¬zD
\™t≈¬zD ƒVÔV¬ÔÁÈ
ƒVÔV¬ÔÁÈ’,,
\º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2000.

ÿ√V]Bÿku√[,ºk.x. : ‘ƒ\ÔVȬÔsÁ>Ô”D
ƒ\ÔVȬÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D’,,
kDE A¬¸,
]ÚkıV\ÁÈ - 2009.

\mÛ>™[,\. : ‘ >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu


EÕ>Á™Ô^ ’ ,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.

\ˬÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[, : ‘\ˬÿÔVΩ


\ˬÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[
®ø›m¬Ô^
®ø›m¬Ô^’ ,
ÔÁBVa ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1984.

11
\VϬ¸,∂. : ‘∂]ÔV´›Á>
∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛
cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD
º√∑ºkVD’,,
ÔÚ©A© ∏´]Ô^,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2004.

\V>k[, \.√., (√]) : ‘>tμ©Am¬


>tμ©Am¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
√[xÔ© √ˆ\V∫Ô^
√ˆ\V∫Ô^’,,
º>EB¬ ÔÚ›>´∫Ô
gF°¬ÔefiEBDá3,
√V´› ∂§sB_ WÏkVÔsB_ Ô_Ÿˆ,
>fiƒV∆Ïá5, 2007.

t›´V, : ‘zÁ¶l_
zÁ¶l_ ºÔ‚¶ º√fl∑
º√fl∑’,,
>tºwVÁƒ ∂flƒÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1993.

x›mº\VÔ[,Â. : ‘∂Á\©∏B_
∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_
∂Á\©∏B_’,,
ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ á 1998.

x´π>´[.∑. : ‘ÌÁ¶¬z^
ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD
º>ƒD’,,
\ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX|,
ÔıΩ á 1988.

´zÂV>[.ÿ>V.x.E. : ‘∂¬º¶V√Ï
∂¬º¶V√Ï A´‚E•D >tμ
÷Ȭ˛BxD’,,
÷Ȭ˛BxD
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1980.

kV™\V\ÁÈ. : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> xuº√V¬zD
∏uº√V¬zD
∏uº√V¬zD’,,
\¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1975.

12
Ák›]BÂV>[,z. : ‘ÁƒkE›>VÕ>›
ÁƒkE›>VÕ>› >Á¶Ô”D
sÁ¶Ô”D z§X‚|fl
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V]•D
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V]•D’,,
]ÚkVk|mÁ≈ gy™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ>
ºÂÏxÔ© √luE Á\BD,
]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï á 1995.

ÁkBVAˆ ∏^Áe.®¸ : ‘>ta[


>ta[ \Æ\ÈÏflE
\Æ\ÈÏflE’,,
>tμ©A›>ÔVÈBD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1980.

ºkbºÔV√VÈ[,].ºƒV. : ‘ºÔVÁ¶kB_
ºÔVÁ¶kB_’,,
ºÔVÁ¶kB_
®ø›m©∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1965.

ÿ¤Bº>k[.k, (\.√) : ‘~º´V|


~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©
(√.]) √ˆ\V∫Ô^
√ˆ\V∫Ô^’,, ÿ>Vz]á1
ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD ¶›]B
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
sÂVBÔÂ_ŸÏ á 2003.

BHATNAGAR,S.SONI : SOCIAL JUSTICE AND


EQUALITY IN INDIA,
ESS ESS PUBLICATIONS,
NEWDELHI- 1987.
÷>μÔ”D \ÈÏÔ”D (Ô‚|Á´Ô”D ºÂÏÔV_Ô”D)
1. ‘∂x>∑´∏’, y√Vkπ\ÈÏ, 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.
2. ‘÷Ȭ˛B©√VƒÁ≈’, ƒ™kˆ, ∏©´kˆ 1993, ºÔVÁk.
3. ‘÷MB c>BD’, ∏©´kˆ 2006, ¬ˇ´[ zø\ ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
4. ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’, ÷>μ:14, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2003, kÕ>kVE.
4∂. ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’, ÷>μ:16, \VÏfl, ∞©´_ 2004, kÕ>kVE.
g. ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’, ÷>μ:17, º\ 2004, kÕ>kVE.

13
5. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ¤™kˆ 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
5∂. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ΩƒD√Ï 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
6. ‘clÏ ®ø›m’, º\ 2009, ]ÚflE.
7. ‘c^”Á≈’, ÷>μ:2, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2009, ºÔVÁk.
8. ‘®ø›m’, ÷>μ:62, 1964, ÿƒ[Á™.
9. ‘ÔÁBVa’, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 1997, ÿƒ[Á™.
9∂. ‘ÔÁBVa’, gÔ¸‚ 2001, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘ÔÁBVa’, \VÏfl 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.
÷. ‘ÔÁBVa’, ΩƒD√Ï 2003, ÿƒ[Á™.
~. ‘ÔÁBVa’, (Á«¬Ìfl E≈©∏>μ) \VÏfl 1991, ÿƒ[Á™.
10. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, ¤™kˆ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
10∂. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, h[ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, hÁÈ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
÷. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, ∂¬º¶V√Ï, ΩƒD√Ï 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
11. ‘ÔVÕ>^’, ÷>μ:1, ÔVÏÌ]Ï, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï 1999, \mÁ´.
12. ‘ÔV‚|©Ø’, \V> ÷>μ, ºÔVBDA›#Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2007.
13. ‘ÔVÈfl∑k|’, ÷>μ:119, ÂkD√Ï 2009, ÂVÔϺÔVs_.
14. ‘zΩ∂´∑’, 10.05.1925, ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
14∂. ‘zΩ∂´∑’, 06.11.1948, ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
15. ‘ÿƒD\ÈÏ’, ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ:1, gÔ¸‚ 1995, \mÁ´.
16. ‘>V\Á´’, ∏©´kˆ, 1969, ÿƒ[Á™.
16∂. ‘>V\Á´’, ΩƒD√Ï, 1968, ÿƒ[Á™.
17. ‘]™\Ë’, \VkÏ \ÈÏ, º\ 1996, ÿƒ[Á™.
17∂. ‘]™\Ë’, 17.10.1987 ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
18. ‘y´VÂ]’, ¤™kˆ 2005, ÿƒ[Á™.
18∂. ‘y´VÂ]’, h[ 2005, ÿƒ[Á™.
19. ‘ÂÁ¶’, ∞©´_ 1969, ÷Á©A, BV©∏B_, ÿƒ[Á™.
20. ‘√M¬z¶D’, ÷>μ:2, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2003, ÿƒ[Á™.

14
21. ‘∏´√fiƒD’, ÷>μ:1, hÁÈ 1979, ºƒÈD.
22. ‘A]B ÔVuÆ’, ¤™kˆ 2004, \mÁ´.
22∂. ‘A]B ÔVuÆ’, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2008, \mÁ´.
23. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, ÷>μ:17, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 1979, ÿ√V^eVflE.
23∂. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, ÷>μ:20, ¤™kˆ 1981, ÿ√V^eVflE.
g. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, (~w›m¬ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ) :21, ΩƒD√Ï 1982, ÿ√V^eVflE.

15
∂) Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[

1. ºÔVBDA›#Ï \Vk‚¶D, ÿ√V^eVflE k‚¶D, g›m© ÿ√V^eVflEl_


29.07.1936á_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ.

2. >ÕÁ> : E. ÿ√V[–ƒVt¬Ô°ı¶Ï
>VF : ÔıΩ ∂D\V^

3. 1951 gD gı| >›>\∫ÔeD Êo WÁ™° cBÏWÁÈ©√^πl_


10áD kz©A º>ÏflE.
4. 1956 gD gı| ]ÚflE ¤\V_ xÔ\m Ô_Ÿˆl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ kz©A
xΩ›> ∏[ ∂ıV\ÁÈ© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ›]_ >tμ xmÔÁÈ
kz©∏_ º>ÏflE (∞©´_á1956)
5. 1960-_ ]Ú\D. \Á™s ∂´∫ÔÂVB˛.
6. 1958á89 ÿ√V^eVflE Â_Èx›m \ÔVo∫ÔD Ô_Ÿˆl_
sˆ°Á´BVeÏ, mÁ≈›>ÁÈkÏ √Ë.
7. x>_ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A, WÈ°©Ø, 1963á_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
8. ƒÏ©√BVÔD 1976á_ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÷›ÿ>Vz©º√ ÔsQÁ´ cÈz¬z
∂Á¶BVeD ÔV‚ΩB ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz].
9. ÿ\e™ \B¬ÔD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>±K¬z >twÔ ∂´∑ 1982á_ √ˆ∑
kw∫˛Bm.
10. √_ºÔˆBV, ºƒVsB›RMB[ g˛B ÷¶∫Ô”¬z 1983á_ ∑uÆ©
√BD º\uÿÔVı¶VÏ.
11. ºÔVÁk √V´]BVÏ √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ›]_ >tμ›mÁ≈› >ÁÈk´VÔ
1989á97 kÁ´ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
12. 1991á_ >twÔ ∂´E[ √VºkÕ>Ï sÚm ÿ√u≈VÏ.
13. ]_o ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>tl_ 1993á98 kÁ´ cÆ©∏™´VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.
14. A Comparative Study of Bharathi and Vallathol ®[≈ ±K¬z›
>tμ©√_ÔÁȬÔwÔ© √ˆ∑ 1994á_ ˛Á¶›>m.
15. E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ±K¬z© √ˆƒπ©√>uÔVÔ 1996á_ Eu∏
∂≈¬Ô‚¶ÁeÁB WÆs™VÏ.
16. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV, ÷∫˛ÈVÕm, ∏´V[∑ g˛B ÂV|Ô”¬z 1997á_ ∑uÆ©
√BD º\uÿÔVı¶VÏ.
17. *ı|D 1999á_ \ºÈEBV, E∫Ô©ØÏ g˛B ÂV|Ô”¬z ÷Ȭ˛Bfl
∑uÆ©√BD º\uÿÔVı¶VÏ.
18. ØÎB∫Ôπ[ ƒ∫˛o ®[≈ ±K¬z 2000á]_ >twÔ ∂´∑ √ˆ∑
˛Á¶›>m.
19. ∂¬M ƒV‚E ®[≈ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A ±K¬z 2000ágD gıΩuÔV™
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A sÚm 2001ágD gı| ˛Á¶›>m.
20. 2001ágD gıΩ_ ∂Á™›]Õ]B© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ› >twVEˆBÏ
\[≈›][ >ÁÈk´VÔ© ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈VÏ.
21. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±K¬z 2002ágD gıΩuÔV™
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t sÚm 2003á_ ˛Á¶›>m.
g) ~º´V| >tw[√[
1. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : Â. ÿ¤Ôyƒ[
2. ∏≈Õ> ÂV^ : 28.09.1933
3. AÁ™ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : \ÁÈB\V[, sΩÿk^π
4. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ¶´V¤[, k^πBD\V^
5. 26.10.1972á_ ]Ú\D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. \Á™s ÿ√BÏ ƒVÕ>z\Vˆ.
6. ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ ª´V‚E\[≈› ÿ>V¶¬Ô√^πlK\, z\´©√V ÿƒ∫zÕ>Ï
cBÏWÁÈ©√^πlKD √l[≈VÏ.
7. AÈkÏ √‚¶›Á>¬ Ô´ÕÁ>© AÈkÏ Ô_Ÿˆ, >fiƒV∆ˆ_ 1952á56
gı| kÁ´ √l[≈VÏ.
8. xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gF° >M©√V¶_ ]´‚| {Ï gF° ®[√>VzD.
9. 1982á_ ÷È∫ÁÔl_ ]Á´©√¶›mÁ ÷B¬z´VÔ ŒÚ\V>D >∫˛B
∂–√kD.

2
10. ‘kƒÕ>›]_ ŒÚ kV™s_’ ®–D √¶›]uz (Best Creation Award)
ÿ√u≈m. ∂>uÔVÔ 1996á÷_ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV ÿƒ[≈VÏ.
11. 1963á_ ®ø] 1965á÷_ ÿÂfiE[ Ww_ ®[≈ A]™D ÿkπkÕ>m.
12. 1948á50 cBÏWÁÈ©√^π \Vk´VF ÷ÚÕ>º√Vm ∑BEÕ>Á™
®–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ÁÔÿBø›m ÷>Áw ¶›] kÕ>VÏ.
13. 1960 ~º´V| \>´ƒV ÷∑ÈVtBV cBÏWÁÈ©√^π >twVEˆB´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
14. ÿƒ[Á™ Am¬Ô_Ÿˆl_ 1970á_ >tμ›mÁ≈ sˆ°Á´BVe´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
15. EoÏ©AÔ^ ®–D cÁ´ºBVsB›Á> 1966á_ ®ø] 1970á_
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
16. kV™D√VΩ ÷>a[ x›]Á´¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB 1970á_ kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶º√Vm ®ø]™VÏ.
17. ÿƒ[Á™› ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E WÁÈBD ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ ∂>[
ÿƒF] √Ω©√k´VÔ© √z]ºÂ´© √Ëgu§™VÏ. 16 gı|Ô^ ÿƒF]
kVE©√Ve´VÔ© √ËBVu§™VÏ.
18. √VÈflƒÕ>Ï ∂Áw›>>V_ ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ ®–D
]Á´©√¶›]uz© √V¶_ ®ø]™VÏ.
19. w, ÔÁVa x>oB ÷Ȭ˛Bfl Eu§>μÔπKD, Ôs>V ƒ´ı,
∑√\∫ÔeV, x>oB ÷Á¶WÁÈ ÷>μÔπKD, xw¬ÔD, EÔ´D,
kV™D√VΩ, º>[\Áw, ÂB™>V´V x>oB xuº√V¬z ÷>μÔπKD,
zx>D, g™Õ> sÔ¶[, ÷>BD º√∑˛≈m, >VF, z∫z\D x>oB
ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπKD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D, Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe•D
®ø]•^eVÏ.
20. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷[≈e°D √È ÔsB´∫Ô∫Ôπ_ √∫ºÔu˛≈VÏ.
21. k¬ÔD k^”k ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±K¬z ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔVÿ>t sÚm
kw∫Ô©√‚|^em.
22. c[ T‚Ωuz ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[ ®[≈ ±_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x>_
√B ±ÈVzD.

3
23. ŒÚ kıΩ ÿƒ[ˆR >ta[ x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÔsÁ> ±_ ÷>ø¬z›
]Ú©ØÏ› >tμfl ƒ∫Ô›]_ x>u√ˆ∑ ˛Á¶›>m.
÷) Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[
1. 1937á÷_ ÂkD√Ï ]∫Ô^ 9á_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ.
2. ®‚¶Vkm √Ω¬zD º√Vm 1950á_ x>_ ÔsÁ> Ô_Ÿˆ \Ȉ_
ÿkπkÕ>m.
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ®¸. ÁƒBm ∂Ô\m á Áv™¨.
4. 1964á_ ƒ‹\V º√ÔD ®[√kÁ´ \Õ>VÏ.
5. √^π ÷Æ]© √Ω©Á√ 1954á_ xΩ›>VÏ. ∂>[∏≈z EÈ ÂV‚Ô^
Á>BuÔÁ¶l_ √ËBVu§™VÏ. \mÁ´ ]BVÔ´VBÏ Ô_Ÿˆl_
1955á61 kÁ´ >tÁwfl E≈©A© √V¶\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| √l[≈VÏ. 1959á_
÷e∫ÔÁÈ© √‚¶xD, 1961á_ xmÔÁÈ©√‚¶xD ÿ√u≈VÏ. 1985á÷_
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶D ÿ√u≈VÏ.
6. 1961á_ kVËBD√VΩ ÷∑ÈVtB¬ Ô_Ÿˆl_ sˆ°Á´BVe´VÔ°D,
>tμ› mÁ≈› >ÁÈk´VÔ°D √ËBVu§ ∏[™Ï 1993á_ √ËsÚ©√
{F° ÿ√uÆ >uÿ√Vøm xø ∂es_ ÷Ȭ˛B©√Ë gu§ kÚ˛≈VÏ.
7. g™Õ> sÔ¶M_ 1956á_ ÔV>_ ÿÔVıº¶[ ®[≈› >ÁÈ©∏_
ÿkπkÕ>m.
8. 1974á_ √V_T] ÿ>V¶∫˛ sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[ kÁ´ √]ÿ™‚|
±_ÔÁe cÚkV¬˛•^eVÏ.
9. \´A¬ ÔsQ´V™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g∫˛È ÷Ȭ˛B ∂§kV_
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÂV‚¶D ÿƒK›]™VÏ.
10. √È ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ±ÈVÔ ÿkπl‚| c>s•^eVÏ.
1975á_ \VkÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ±_ÔeV™ ÿƒÀkÕ]•D,
1976á÷_ ÷Èkƒ›]uz ŒÚ sÁÈ ®[≈ ÿ>Vz©AD, 1977á÷_
¿Ú¬z› >VÔD º√V[≈ ±_ÔÁe ÿkπl‚|^eVÏ.

4
∂Á\©∏[ ÿ√BÏ √‚¶D gı|
1. >tμ keÏflE\[≈D zΩºBu≈D Ôs¬ºÔV 1974
2. >tμ keÏflE\[≈D zΩºBu≈D cÚkÔ©º√ÿ´Vπ 1973
3. ÷Ȭ˛B© º√´Ák, ºkŸÏ Ôs\V\[™Ï 1975
4. ÷Ȭ˛B Âı√ÏÔ^, ºkŸÏ Ôs\V\[™Ï 1977
5. √≈DA \ÁÈ ÔsB´∑ 1986
6. >fiƒV∆Ï >tμ© √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD >tw[Á™ 1989
7. ÷Ȭ˛B Âı√ÏÔ^ k‚¶D ºkŸÏ >tμQVlÆ 1989
8. >twÔ ∂´∑ √V´]>Vƒ[ 1990
9. x´ÿƒVo ∂≈¬Ô‚¶Áe ÿ√Vu˛a 1997
ŒÚ È‚ƒD

5
g) ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∏≈ ±_Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : º>ìԔD \¬Ô”D,
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A,
\V¸ºÔV √]©√ÔD, 1982.

” : ÷Ȭ˛Bfl EÕ>Á™ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),


ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
1989.

” : \ÁÈBVe¬ÔsÁ> (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),
cÈÔ› >twV´VFflE WÆk™D,
1990.
” : A Comparative Study of
bharathi and Vallathol,
gF° ±_, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,1991.

” : g]Á´, ÂV¶ÔD,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|, 1992.

” : √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ,


√V´]BVÏ √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ ÿkπX|
1993.

” : Eu∏ >ÚD g›]ÛΩ,


zwÕÁ> ±_, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX| á 1993.

” : ÷_È≈º\ Â_È≈D,
Ô‚|Á´, >MBVÏ ÿkπX|, 1992.

” : ∂ÁÈ•D ∑k|D (Ô‚|Á´),


ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|, 1994.

” : Eu∏l[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
\ËkVƒÔÏ √]©√ÔD, 1996.

1
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ∂¬˛M ƒV‚E,
\ÁÈBVe ÂVk_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A
(ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|), 1996.

” : A Noon in Summer,
g∫˛È ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,1996.

” : ƒflE>V™Õ>[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
\ÁÈBVe¬ ÔsÁ> ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A,
ÔVÀBV, 1998.

” : ÷´V\V–¤Ï k´ÈVÆ,
kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
1999.

” : ]Ú©√VÁk cÁ´,
cÁ´, >MBVÏ ÿkπX|,1999.

” : ŒÚ ƒ∫ˇ>D º√VÈ,
\ÁÈBVe ÂVk_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A,
Ôs>V ÿkπX|,
1999.

” : ∂Ú‚√V ∂x>D,
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|, 2001.

” : ]Ú¬z≈^ cÁ´, Am\ÈÏ© √]©√ÔD,


2001.

” : √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D,
Ô‚|Á´, Ôs>V ÿkπX|, 2001.

” : √V´]BVÏ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|, 2002.

” : ºÂuÆ© ÿ√F> \Áw,


Ôs>V √]©√ÔD, 2003.

2
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ÔD√M_ \VM¶D, (gF° ±_),
kV™] √]©√ÔD, 2002.

” : ÔVu§_ kÁ´Õ> {sBD,


Ô‚|Á´, Ô¶uz]Á´ √]©√ÔD,
2005.

~º´V| >tw[√[ : zÁ¶ ´V‚Ω™D,


÷ÁeQÏ ÷Ȭ˛BD, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1990.

” : ÿÂfiE[ Ww_, ÂVk_, 1965.

” : >Vl[ \ˬÿÔVΩ,
Ô‚|Á´Ô^, 1966.

” : >M©√V¶_ ]´‚| {Ï gF°, 1987.

” : EÔ´∫Ô^ º\_ sˆ•D E≈zÔ^


(Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 1988.

” : ÔsÁ>fl EÕ>Á™Ô
EÕ>Á™Ô^ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),
1990.

” : ÷Ȭ˛B© √B[ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 1992.

” : A´‚E¬ÔsQÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ >tμ,


>tw[ >tμÂV|, 1994.

” : ŒÚ \ÁwÂVπ_ (EÆÔÁ>Ô^), 1995.

” : ∂Á¬ÔkV ®[≈ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV


(√B ÷Ȭ˛BD), 1998.

” : √V´]>Vƒº™V| √›m gı|Ô^


(Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 2000.

” : ÔÁÈBV! ÁÔsÁ™BV!
(Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 2001.

3
~º´V| >tw[√[ : Ôı\ˬzfl EÈ ÔÁ>Ô^
(EÆkÏ ÷Ȭ˛BD), 2001.

” : \]©¨|Ô^, (Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 2002.

” : ~´ ÿÂÚ©A (ÂV¶Ô∫Ô^), 2002.

” : ÿÔVΩÔV›> z\´[ (s_K©√V‚|), 1968.

” : √´Ë √¶ÈD, 2001.

Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[

1. \Ô´Õ>fl E≈z, Ô‚|Á´Ô^


2. ∂k”¬z WÈV ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
3. x‚Á¶ kVEÔ^, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
4. ÔV¬ÁÔ¬ºƒVÆ, hMBÏ º√V¸‚ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
5. ÿ>VÁȺ√E¬ ÔıßÏ, hMBÏ º√V¸‚ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
6. Ø©√Á¶Õ> ƒ©>D, hMBÏ º√V¸‚ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
7. ÔD√M[ ∂´EB_ ºÔV‚√V|, Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
8. ºƒV]tz Âk ÔsÁ>, Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
9. ÔVuÆ ®[ \Á™s, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
10. c≈∫zD ∂w˛, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
11. ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
12. √E ®Õ>fl ƒV]? hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
13. WÈsoÚÕm kÕ>k[, zx>D ˆ©º√VÏ‚¶Ï Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
14. Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, zx>D ˆ©º√VÏ‚¶Ï Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
15. x›>∫Ô^ {Fk]_ÁÈ, zx>D ˆ©º√VÏ‚¶Ï Ô‚|Á´Ô^.

º\uÔı¶ ±_Ô^ BV°D ºÂƒ™_ √]©√Ô›][ ka ÿkπkÕm^e™.

4
÷) ƒ\ÔVÈ ∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m
∂) Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[

1. º√´VEˆBÏ •.gÏ.∂™Õ>JÏ›]
(x[™V^ ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t >ÁÈkÏ)

A]Ï›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶ c∫Ô^ ∂–√k∫ÔÁe ®Õ> cÏsoÚÕm


cÚkV¬˛ÃÏÔ^ ®[√Á> ¿∫Ô^ √Á¶›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•^e x´ıÔ^
cÏ›m˛[≈™. √È ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ c∫Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿƒV_ ºÂÏ›]
∂uA>\V™ kVE©Á√› #ı|˛≈m. c∫Ô^ ÔV‚E© √Ω\∫Ô^ ƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ \™Á>
~Ϭ˛[≈™.

c∫Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂§kVÏÕ> c^e¶¬ÔD zΩ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[√m


®[ cÆ]BV™ ÔÚ›m.

2. ®D.Ω.kV∑º>k[ÂVBÏ
(QV™¨¶ sÚm ÿ√u≈ \ÁÈBVe ®ø›>VeÏ)

ÔsQÏ Eu∏¬z sB¬Ô›>¬Ô EÚiΩ©√´©A ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÂVD ŒÚ


ÿ√Ú∫zw©√›][ sπD∏_ kVμkÁ>•D, ŒÚ \VÆ>_ Ô‚¶›][ ƒV‚EBVF›
]ÔμkÁ>•D ∂kÏ ÔsÁ> AÈ©√|›m˛≈m. EÈ ƒ\BD ∂m Ô|Á\•D
Ô´|x´|\V™ >[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ÷Ú©√>uz¬ ÔV´D ƒ\ÔVÈ kVμs[
E¬Ô_ÔÁe ∂m ƒÕ]©√m>V[. ∞uƬÿÔV^e©√‚¶ \´AÔπoÚÕm sÈ˛, A]B
kΩk∫Ô^, A]B ÂÁ¶, A]B Ôu√Á™ÔÁe© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ.

3. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏

Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©Á√ kVE›>ÿ√Vøm ÷m ÔsÁ>


g[\ cƒVkK¬ÔV™ ÔÚsBV˛≈m. Eu∏l[ Ôs›mk›]uz x›]Á´
z›>©√|˛≈m. ÷m ÿkÆ\º™ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]B_È. Ôˬԩ√¶›>¬Ô ŒÚ
Ôs›mk›][ ˆ¥JÈD, Â]JÈD. Eu∏l[ ÿkπ©√V‚| gu≈_, ŒÀÿkVÚ
\™¬˛eÏÁk•D √]° ÿƒF˛≈ ]≈[ ÿ\flƒ›>¬Ôm.
4. √VÈV

]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô¬ ÔsBVÔ© A≈©√‚¶ Eu∏ ÷[Æ Eu∏ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>


ÿku§BVÔ ∂Á¶BVeD ÔV©√|km ∂kˆ[ >M›mk›]_ c^em. ¿∫Ô^
∂kˆ[ ÔsxÔD kÁ´B xu√|Dº√Vm ∂kÏ >[ ÔsÁ>¬z ŒÚ Am›]ÚxÔD
kÁ´Õm ÿÔVıΩÚ©√VÏ.

5. kV.ÿƒ.zwÕÁ>ƒVt

®™m EuG´V™ kV∫ÔÈVD √VÁeB›m¬z ∂Æ√m gı|Ô^


ÔVÈ©√VÁ>l_ ∏[ ¶Õmÿƒ[Æ, ∂Õ> ÂV‚ÔÁe xøÁ\BVÔ› ]Ú©∏ kVμÕ>
cÏ° kÕ>m. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V›]´xD, kˆ¬z kˆ, ÿÔV∫z ÂV‚|¬ ˛´V\›m
kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂Ω x>_ OM kÁ´ √¶D ∏Ω¬˛≈m. ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ®[√m
ŒÚA≈tÚ¬Ô ÷m ŒÚ ƒx>VB kVμs[ k´ÈVuÆ© √Á¶©A. ÿÔV∫z ÂV‚|¬
˛´V\›]_ ¶\V|√kÏÔ”Á¶B ´skÏ\V {sBD.

6. ÿ√V[ÃÈ[

ÔsQÏ Eu∏ >tμ ÷Ȭ˛B›][ mΩ©A t¬Ô kV™D√VΩ \M>


cÕÂ>∫Ôπ_ √´kƒ©√‚|D, ª™∫Ôπ_ ÔVB©√‚|D cÏflEÁB¬ ÿÔV‚|D
ÿƒV_ ∂Ús. >tμÿ\Val_ √V|D ŒÚ cÈÔ sƒVÈx^e Ôs. ∂kÚÁ¶B
gu≈_ JÈD ∂kÚ¬z^ºe ku≈V\_ √VFÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD gaBVÆD ∂>[
ÔÁ´ºBV´ g›m©ÿ√V^eVflE ˛´V\›][ Aø] √ΩÕ> ÿ>Ú¬ÔVDAÔπ_ Ø›m¬
˛¶¬zD T|Ô”D >V[.

7. ∂[™ √V¬˛B[

÷kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ EÆÔÁ>ÔeVÔ ÷Ú©√m AmÁ\ ®_ÈV¬


ÔÁ>ÔπKD ˛´V\›Á> ÿÂfiE_ Ák›m© º√VuÆ˛≈ \M>ºÂB¬z´_ ÔsÁ>Ô^
xø¬Ô Œo¬˛≈m. J¶ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔ”D, √V´√‚ƒ∫Ô”¬zD ®]Ϭz´ÈVÔ W[Æ
\V–¶ ƒ\›mkD º√∑˛≈ ÔsÁ>Ô^, kVE›> kVƒÔ–¬z^ Ôs›mk kVƒ›Á>
ƒV¸k>©√|›m˛≈ ÿ\Va keÁ\•D, ÔÁÈBVıÁ\•D, Ôu√Á™© º√´wzD
®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ØÏ\VÔ >mD∏ Wu˛[≈™.

2
g) ~º´V| >tw[√[

1. ¶V¬¶Ï ‹ÈVk]: (>tμ© º√´VEˆBÏ, ÷´VË º\ˆ


Ô_Ÿˆ)

Â[√V‚|© AÈk™VF¬ ÔsB´∫zÔ^ ∞§ Ô™Ô¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe› >tø¬z›


>Ú√kÁ´© √V´V‚Ω ÷Õ> \ıË[ ∑B›Á> ÿkπ©√|›mD ∂´∫zÔπ_ c∫Ô^
{Áƒ ÿku§ kÈD k´‚|D ®[Æ ∂kÁ´ kVμ›] \˛μ˛º≈[. ŒÚ ´EÁÔBVF
∂kÏ √Á¶©A› >ˆƒ™¬ ÔV‚EÔπ_ √´kƒD ÿÔVı| W[˛º≈[.

2. k_o¬Ôı[

ÔsÁ> AÁ™•D AmÁ\¬ ÔsQÏÔ”^, >›>\m >M›>[Á\ÁB


W‘∏›m^e ŒÚEÈ x[™Ë© √Á¶©√VπÔπ_ ~º´V| >tw[√–D ŒÚkÏ.
\´A¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈxD, Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈxD ÷kÏ >\m gu≈ÁÈ Â[z
AÈ©√|›]lÚ©√Á> ´EÔÏÔ^ ∂§kÏ.

3. ÔV.Ek>D∏

>tw[√M¶D ŒÚ ÿ\_oB ∂∫Ô>fl ∑Ák ÷ÁwºBV|˛≈m. g™V_


∂Õ>¬ ˛ı¶_Ô”¬z¬ ˇºw cÏflEÔeV_ ÿ²μÕ> cÏ°ÔeV_ ∂Ôı¶
ŒÚ \V–¶ c^eD mΩmΩ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ∂Õ> c^eD >tÁw©
AˆÕ>m. cÈÁÔ© AˆÕm¬ÿÔV^e› mΩ©√m.

4. ÔsQÏ AsB´∑

ÔsQÏ ]‚¶k‚¶\V™ ÿÔV^ÁÔfl ƒVÏAÁ¶BkÏ. ¿ı¶ ÔVÈ›]uz x[√VÔ


∂kÏ >D ƒx>VB¬ ºÔV√›Á>, >D ÔV_ kˆÔeV_ ®|›m Ák›>kÏ. cÁw©√kˆ[
sBÏÁkfl EÆ mπÔeVF, clÏ keϬzD ¿Ï›mπÔeVF, ∑Ák WÁ≈Õ> >tμ›
º>[ mπÔeVF, Â∑¬Ô©√‚¶kˆ[ ÔıßÏ› mπÔeVF, >ÁÈflÛ‚Á¶› >ˬzD
√M›mπÔeVF ..... ∂©A≈D ÿÂÚ©A› mı|ÔeVF© ÿ√Va˛[≈™ ÷k´m
ÔsÁ>Ô^.

3
5. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD

kVÏ›Á>Ô^ kÕm Ì|Dº√Vm >tw[√[ √πflÿƒ™ ÿkπ©√|˛≈VÏ.


º\KD >[ \™ \VπÁÔl_ Â_È Â_È ÔV‚EÔÁe ÂÁ™Bs¶V\_ ∂|¬˛
Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^kmD, º>Ák©√‚¶ ∂պ´›]_ ∂ÁkÔÁe¬ ÔV‚EBVÔºk
kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ kΩ›ÿ>|©√m>V[ {Ï cBÏÕ> ÔÁÈQM[ ÷BuÁÔBV™
z\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m.

6. ÔV. ÿƒ_È©√[ á (g∫˛È© º√´VEˆBÏ)

ÿ≠_o, ÔsÁ> √Ω\∫Ô^ JÈD cÚkt_ÈV> cıÁ\ÁBfl


(Imageless Truth ) ∑‚|k>VÔ¬ ÌÆkVÏ. >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>l_ ÷Ú^
∂uA>\V™ cÚkÔ¬ ÔV‚EÔπ_ ŒπÕm ˛¶¬zD cıÁ\BVÔ Œπs|˛≈m.
÷Úπ[ ÔsÁ>ÁB Œπ\B\V™ ƒx>VB¬ zÆ∫ÔV©∏B\VÔ© √Á¶›m^e
ÔsQϬz ®[Æ ÌÆDº√Vm, ®_ÁÈBu≈ ∂Ï›>›m¬z ÿkπflƒD >´ xBKD
®[ ÿƒVuÔπ[ ƒ¬]l[Á\ÁB ÂV[ cÏ˛º≈[. ∂Õ> cıÁ\ÁB
cÏ›mk>[ JÈD Â\¬zD ŒÚ ƒ¬] >Úkm>V[ Â_È ÔsÁ>.

7. ÁÔÈVƒ√]

>tw[√[ Ôs©ÿ√VÚÁe© √u§ ÂV[ s>ÕmÁ´©√>uz¬ ÔV´D,


∂mºk Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ A]Bÿ>VÚ ]Ú©√›Á>•D, ÂD∏¬ÁÔ >ÚD
x[º™u≈›Á>•D ∑‚Ω Wu√>VzD. >tw[√[ \´A¬ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD,
kÚÁ™Ô”¬zD ∂ΩÁ\BVÔs_ÁÈ. ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÔsÁ> ÷kÏ ÂVsºÈ
ÿƒV_ÈV•>\VÔºk ∑¶Ïs‚ÿ¶VπÏ˛≈m. ÿƒV_KD ÿ√VÚÁe ko•Æ›]•D,
∂ø›]•D ÿƒV_k>uz ÷›>ÁÔB kΩkD kVF©√V™m.

4
÷) Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[

1. ∑˛EkD

\>D Ô¶Õ> \V–¶›Á>•D, ÷Ȭ˛B ÷Á©Á√•D ÔsQÏ ÷©A›>Ô›]_


ÿkπ©√|›] ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ. c√W¶>∫Ô^ cÁ´¬zD cıÁ\ÔÁe cBÏ›]©
∏Ω¬˛≈VÏ. ƒ∫Ô´Á´•D ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ƒ´e\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”˛≈VÏ.
meE>VƒÁ´©√u§ ÷Õm¬Ô^̶ ∂§Õ]´V> ÷MB >Ôk_ÔÁe© √‚ΩB_
º√V|˛≈VÏ. ∂kÚ^ \D TEB \V–¶ \Ô´Õ>D √u§ \¬Ôfl ÿƒV_K˛≈VÏ.

2. ÔsQÏ *´V

gw¬Ô¶o_ JμÔ°D ∂ı¶ ÿkπl_ √≈¬Ô°D ŒÚ EÈϬºÔ xΩ•D.


∂Õ> ŒÚ EÈÚ^ ŒÚkÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ºƒV>Á™ xBuEÔ^
∂ØÏkD. ÷kº´V ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ºƒV>Á™•D ºƒV>Á™l_ ƒV>Á™•D
ÿƒF]Ú©√kÏ. ÿƒs ÷[√›m¬zˆB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬Ì¶fl ÿƒF ºÂÏ›]› ]≈›>V_
∂aBVfl E›]´∫ÔeV¬zD \Õ]´ƒ¬] t¬Ôm ÷k´m ®ømºÔV_.

3. Ôı>Vƒ[

ÂV[ Ô‹_ ˜©´VÁ™© √Ω¬zD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD >ta_ ÷©√Ω ®ø>


BVÚt_ÁȺB ®[Æ ∞∫zºk[. ∂Õ> ∞¬ÔD ÷©º√Vm ÷_ÁÈ. ÷º>V ∂©m_
´z\V[ kÕms‚¶VÏ. ÷kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>ÔÁe g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m
ÿkπl‚¶V_ BVÏ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsQ[? ®[Æ cÈÔD WflƒBD sƒVˆ¬zD.

4. x. ÔÚVW]

∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿƒVu E›]´∫Ô^ ∂uA>\VÔ kÁ´B¬ÌΩBkÏ.


kVÏ›Á>Ôπ[ E›m sÁeBV‚| ®[√m ∂kÏ Ô|Õ>kD ÷Bu≈V\ºÈ >tw[Á™
∂kÚ¬z kw∫˛•^e k´D. ∂kÏ ÿ>V‚ÿ¶ø>V> ÿ√VÚºe ÷_ÁÈ ®[˛≈
∂e°¬z ∂›mÁ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe, Ô>´VÁ¶ÔeVÔ, ÁÔ›>§ gÁ¶ÔeVÔ ∂m°D
Ôı ÔkÚD Ôs–Æ √‚¶VÁ¶ÔeVÔ ÿƒ° ÿƒFm ÿÔV|›m \M>ˆ[
\V™∫ÔV¬zD º>ÁkÁB WÁ≈° ÿƒFm kÚ˛≈ WÁ≈z¶¬ ÔsB´ƒÏ ∂kÏ.

5
5. xÁ™kÏ EÈDÿ√Vo ∑.ÿƒ_È©√[

∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÔ^ ÂVBÔD. >tμ ÷kÏ kVlÈVÔ ∂ˆB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe


ÿkπ©√|›] kÚ˛[≈m. ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ Am ÿ§l™. ÷Õÿ§ÁB©
∏[√uƺkVÏ cÈ˛_ cBÏ AÔwÁ¶kÏ ®[√m cÆ]. ÔsÔ^ ÂVBÔD ÷©Am
ÿ§l[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ›>kÏ. ÷Æ]BV™k´_ÈÏ. Amÿ§¬ÔsÁ> sÁ>ÔÁe
÷kÏ ®∫zD #s kÚ˛≈VÏ. ÷>™V_ ˛Áe›ÿ>øD √lˆ[ keÏflE ÔVÈÕº>VÆD
ÿ√Ú˛© √È™π›m¬ ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬zD. g>ÈV_ ÷kÏ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ÏÂVBÔD.

6. ŒeÁk ¶´V¤[

÷B_√VÔ keÏ›> ]≈Á\ Œ[Æ ~| ÿƒV_È xΩBV> ÷Ȭ˛B© AÈÁ\


÷´ı|, √≈Õm >Á´ ÿkπl_ √V•D guÆfl EÕ>Á™ÁB© √M\ÁÈloÚÕm
kaÕm søD ∂Úkfl EÕ>Á™BVÔ \Vu§¬ÿÔVı¶ AmÁ\ J[Æ. ÔÁÈ \™›]_
∂ÁÈ A´e ÔÁ´ A´e› >mDAD Ôu√Á™ ÂV[z. ÷Õ> ÂV[ÁÔ•D ∂ekVÔ¬
ÔÈÕm kÁ´Õ> cÁ´¬ºÔVÈ∫Ô^ >V[ ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.

7. ∑´>V

\Õ]´xD >Õ]´xD A]>V? E›> \Ú›mk›][ xÁ≈ Â\¬z© A]>V? ´V¤


>Õ]´›>V[ ÂD ÂV‚Ωu A]>V? Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏÔπ[ º√V´V‚¶D A]>V? gıÿ√ı
ƒÕ]¬zD xÁ≈ A]>V? ÷_ÁÈ, ÷_ÁÈ >twÔ›m¬ ÔsQÏÔ”^ ∂©m_
´„\V[ EÕ]¬zD xÁ≈ A]m. Œ[Á≈© √u§› ]≈™V•D ÷kÏ xÁ≈ºBV
A]B>VzD.

You might also like