CHAPTER NO.

1 Introduction

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

Maleic Anhydride is an unsaturated oxy-organic anhydride. It is anhydride of cis-

butenedioic acid (maleic acid); this molecule has a cyclic structure with a ring containing
four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

Maleic Anhydride Maleic Acid Fumaric Acid

At room temperature Maleic Anhydride is a white solid with pungent odor. Other
names for Maleic Anhydride are 2, 5-furandione, dihydro-2, 5-dioxofuran, toxilic
anhydride, or cis-butenedioic anhydride. Maleic acid is also called (Z)-2-butenedioic
acid, toxilic acid, maleic acid, maleinic acid, or cis-1, 2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid.

Maleic Anhydride has numerous industrial uses and is of significant commercial

interest worldwide. The primary use of Maleic Anhydride is in the manufacture of
polyester and alkyd resins. These resins are added to fiberglass reinforced plastics to
make a strong, lightweight, and corrosion resistant material that is found in boats, autos,
trucks, pipelines and electrical goods.

1.2 History:

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

Maleic Anhydride is not found in nature. It was first prepared by Pelouze in 1834
by heating Maleic Acid (hydroxy-succinic acid, a compound found in apples and many
other fruits). In 1920 four commercial plants were made on production of Maleic
Anhydride from vapor phase oxidation of benzene. But Maleic Anhydride was not
commercially available until 1930 when catalytic air oxidation of benzene was begun by
National Aniline and Chemicals on an industrial scale. The use of benzene feedstock for
the production of Maleic Anhydride was dominant in the world market well into the
1980’s. But rapid increase in the price of benzene and recognition of benzene as
hazardous material intensified the search of alternative process technology in United
State. These factors led to the first commercial production of Maleic Anhydride from
Butane feedstock at Monsanto’s Queeny plant in 1974.

In United States switch over from benzene to butane started in 1974 and was
completed in 1983. Major reason for switch over from form benzene to butane was low
C4 feed stock price and low investments as compared to high cost involved in pollution
control equipment to eliminate benzene emission. In 1985 benzene was still predominant
raw material in UK and Europe.

At first Maleic Acid produced in scrubber was dehydrated by direct heating but
later technology development has suggested the use of azeotropic dehydration which
lowers the dehydration temperature and chances for thermal decomposition of Maleic
Anhydride are reduced.

1.3 Uses of Maleic Anhydride:

About 950 ktons of Maleic Anhydride are consumed each year in the world.
Production is progressively increased in last few years due the high consumption of its
derivatives, in Figure 1.1 world production capacity and effective production of Maleic
Anhydride from 1999 to 2004 is shown along with estimated data for next five years.
Maleic Anhydride is truly a remarkable molecule in that it possesses two types of
chemical functionality making it uniquely useful in chemical synthesis and applications.
Maleic Anhydride itself has few, if any, consumer uses but in derivative form it is

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

extremely versatile in the consumer uses in which it is found. Use of Maleic Anhydride in
United States in2000 is shown in the Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.1‡: World production capacity of Maleic Anhydride and its effective
production

Use of Maleic Anhydride - 2008

Agricultur Others
al 11%
chemicals
2%
Fumaric
Acid and Unsaturate
Maleic d polyester
Acid resin
5% 63%
Co-
polymers
8%
Lube-oil
additives
11%

Figure 1.2†: Uses of maleic anhydride

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

‡ D.S. Carlotta Cortelli and Prof. Fabrizio Cavani “Heterogeneous Catalysts for Gas-
Phase Selective Oxidation Reactions” Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials
University of Di Bologna, Italy p. 8.
† World Petrochemical (WP) report on Maleic Anhydride “http://www.sriconsulting.com/
WP/Public/Reports/ma/”

Maleic Anhydride is co-polymerized with many monomers to form a co-polymer

which found its uses in a number of applications. Maleic anhydride is used in the
manufacture of maleic acid. Maleic acid is used as food and beverage acidulant. Co-
polymers of maleic anhydride are made by the reaction with styrene, ethylene and methyl
vinyl ether. Chlorendic anhydride and Cloran TM provide polyester resins with fire-
retardant properties and greater light stability. Maleic Anhydride’s use in the agricultural
products includes herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and plant growth regulators. Maleic
hydrazine obtained by the reaction between maleic anhydride and hydrazine
hydrochloride is used as a growth inhibitor and as herbicide.

The largest and most important use of Maleic Anhydride is in the manufacture of
unsaturated polyester resins. In such articles glass fibers are imbedded to improve the
impact strength by mixing the fibers with an ethyl benzene (styrene) solution of Maleic
Anhydride polyester and thus producing a cross linked polymer between the styrene and
the double bonds in the polymer chains. These after reinforcement with glass fiber are
used in boats, autos, trucks, buildings, tanks, piping’s and electrical goods. Principal
advantages of these materials are corrosion resistance, light weight and strength.

Maleic Anhydride is the principal raw material for fumaric acid. The largest use
of fumaric acid is in the manufacture of sizing of resins for papers. It is also used in
unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, quick-setting resins and as food acidulant.
Maleic Anhydride is used to manufacture lube-oil additives.

1.4 Physical properties:

Major Physical and chemical features of Maleic Anhydride are given in table 1.1:

1.5 Chemical Properties:‡

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

The General References and two other reviews provide extensive descriptions of
the chemistry of maleic anhydride and its derivatives. The broad industrial applications

‡ Timothy R. Felthouse, Joseph C. Burnett, Ben Horrell, Michael J. Mummey, and

Yeong-Jen Kuo “Maleic Anhydride, Maleic Acid and Fumaric Acid” Submitted for Kirk
Online April 26, 2001 p. 3.
for this chemistry derive from there activity of the double bond in conjugation with the
two carbonyl oxygen

1.5.1 Oxidation:
Maleic acid is oxidized in aqueous solution by ozone. Products of the reaction
include glyoxylic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid. Catalytic oxidation of aqueous
maleic acid occurs with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium tungstate and
sodium molybdate. Both catalyst systems avoid formation of tartaric acid and produce
cis-epoxysuccinic acid at pH values above 5.

Table 1.1‡: Physical properties of Maleic Anhydride

1.5.2 Reduction:
Heterogeneous catalytic reduction processes provide effective routes for the
production of maleic anhydride derivatives such as succinic anhydride (30), succinates,

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

g-butyrolactone (31), tetrahydrofuran (32), and 1, 4-butanediol (33). The technology for
production of 1, 4-butanediol from maleic anhydride has been reviewed

‡ D.S. Carlotta Cortelli and Prof. Fabrizio Cavani “Heterogeneous Catalysts for Gas-
Phase Selective Oxidation Reactions” Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials
University of Di Bologna, Italy Table 1.1, p. 7.

1.5.3 Sulfonation:
Maleic anhydride is sulfonated to a-sulfomaleic anhydride (34) with sulfur trioxide.
Uses for this monomer have not been published.

1.5.4 Acylation:
In chlorinated solvents, maleic anhydride reacts with aromatic hydrocarbons (ArH)
in the presence of aluminum chloride AlCl3, to form b-aroylacrylic acids (30).

Under Friedel-Crafts conditions, trans-1, 2-dibenzoylethylene is synthesized by the

reaction of one mole of fumaryl chloride with two moles of benzene.

1.5.5 Alkylation:

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

Maleic anhydride reacts with alkene and aromatic substrates having a C-H bond
activated by a,b-unsaturation or an adjacent aromatic resonance (32,33) to produce the
following succinic anhydride derivatives.

Typical reaction conditions are 150 to 300°C and up to 2 mPa pressure. Polyalkenyl
succinic anhydrides are prepared under these conditions by the reaction of polyalkenes in
a non-aqueous dispersion of maleic anhydride, mineral oil, and surfactant.

1.5.6 Acid Chloride Formation:

Monoacid chlorides of maleic and fumaric acid are not known. Treatment of maleic
anhydride or maleic acid with various reagents such as phosgene phthaloyl chloride.

Noncyclic maleyl chloride (6) forms in 11% yield at 220°C in the reaction ofone
mole of maleic anhydride with six moles of carbon tetrachlorideover an activated carbon
catalyst.

1.5.7 Amidation:

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

Reaction of maleic anhydride or its isomeric acids with ammonia, primary amines,
and secondary amines produces mono- or diamides. The monoamide derivative from the
reaction of ammonia and maleic anhydride is called maleamic acid (8). Another
monoamide derivative formed from the reaction of aniline and maleic anhydride is
maleanilic acid.

The reactions of primary amines and maleic anhydride yield amic acids that can be
dehydrated to imides, polyimides , or isoimides depending on the reaction conditions .
However, these products require multistep processes. Pathways with favorable economics
are difficult to achieve. Amines and pyridines decompose maleic anhydride, often in a
violent reaction. Carbondioxide is a typical end product for this exothermic reaction.

1.5.8 Decomposition and Decarboxylation:

Maleic anhydride undergoes anaerobic thermal decomposition in the gas phase in a

homogeneous unimolecular reaction to give carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and
acetylene in equimolar amounts. The endothermic (DH = +142kJ/mol (33.9kcal/mol))
decomposition was studied in a quartz tube with and without quartz packing in the
temperature range of about 370 to 490°C.

Maleic anhydride is decomposed in the liquid phase by various nitrogen bases.

Treatment of maleic anhydride in refluxing acetic acid with 2-aminopyridine gives, after
work-up in 4 N H2SO 4 at 100°C, the decarboxylative dimerization product, 2,3-
dimethylmaleic anhydride (75% yield), and CO2 .

1.5.9 Esterification:

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

Both mono - and dialkyl maleates and fumarates are obtained on treatment of
maleic anhydride or its isomeric acids with alcohols or alkoxides (26). Alkyl fumarates
(22) often are made from isomerization of the corresponding maleate (23)

Glycols and epoxides react with maleic anhydride to give linear unsaturated
polyesters .Ethylene glycol and maleic anhydride combine to form the following
repeating unit. This reaction is the first step in industrially important polyester resin
production

1.5.10 Halogenation:

Halogens add directly to the double bond of maleic anhydride to give

dihalosuccinic acids. However, different procedures are used for dihalomaleic anhydride
derivatives. Fluorinated C4 substrates offer access to difluoromaleic anhydride.
Hexafluoro-2,5-dihydrofuran is distilled into sulfur trioxide at 25°C. Addition of tri
methyl borate initiates a reaction which upon heating and distillation leads to a 53% yield
of difluoromaleic anhydride. The molecular structure of difluoromaleic anhydride has
been determined by both gas-phase electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy.
Structural and theoretical data within the dihalomaleic anhydride series (X=X,F,Cl, or Br)
indicate an interplay between steric and electronic effects such that neither effect
accounts for the observed bond distances and angles. Dichloromaleic anhydride can be

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

prepared with 92% selectivity by oxidation of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene with SO3 in the

presence of iodine containing molecules . Passing vaporized hexachlorobutadiene over a
vanadium-phosphorus oxide catalyst also gives dichloromaleic anhydride (80). A
benzene solution of tetrabromofuran [32460-09-6] can be photooxidized to
dibromomaleic anhydride in 85% yield with UV light. Radical chain mechanisms are
suggested.

1.5.11 Hydration and Dehydration:

Maleic anhydride is hydrolyzed to maleicacid with water at room temperature. A

process has been reported for continuous hydration of maleic anhydride at a constant
temperature near 65oC in a continuous stirred tank reactor. By limiting the aqueous
maleic anhydride acid concentration to 40% and the temperature to below 85 oC, fumaric
acid will not form in higher than 0.1% be weight of the reaction mixture. Catalysts
enhance formation of fumaric acid from maleic anhydride hydrolysis through maleic acid
isomerization.

Maleic acid can be thermally dehydrated to maleic anhydride, dehydrated from

aqueous solution or dehydrated through azeotropic distillation. Solvents such as xylenes
or dibutyl phthalate are preferred but conditions must be carefully adjusted to avoid
isomerization to fumaric acid.

1.5.12 Polymerization:

Maleic anhydride which contains a double bond and an anhydride group is used in
both addition and condensation polymerization schemes. An enormous amount of
literature on polymers exists and representative references are given here, e.g., see
General References. Aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was first
described in 1989 and it has been applied to maleic anhydride to give exo-7-oxabicyclo
hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate anhydride (28). The condensed product is treated with a
soluble ruthenium (III) catalyst in water to give upon acidification the polymer (29).
Several applications for this new copolymer have been suggested.

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CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction

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