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The Schematic Diagram of Linear Accelerator

A linear accelerator is a device that uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons to high energies in a linear path inside a tube. It consists of cylindrical electrodes arranged in a straight line, with alternating electrodes connected to opposite terminals of a high-frequency power supply. This creates alternating electric potentials that accelerate the charged particles as they pass through each gap between electrodes, gaining kinetic energy with each acceleration. The length of each electrode is calculated to match the particle's velocity so it is accelerated further in the next gap. This allows the linear accelerator to greatly increase the speed and energy of particles.

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891 views

The Schematic Diagram of Linear Accelerator

A linear accelerator is a device that uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons to high energies in a linear path inside a tube. It consists of cylindrical electrodes arranged in a straight line, with alternating electrodes connected to opposite terminals of a high-frequency power supply. This creates alternating electric potentials that accelerate the charged particles as they pass through each gap between electrodes, gaining kinetic energy with each acceleration. The length of each electrode is calculated to match the particle's velocity so it is accelerated further in the next gap. This allows the linear accelerator to greatly increase the speed and energy of particles.

Uploaded by

bishal topno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR ACCELERATOR

INTRODUCTION
➢ A linear accelerator is a device that uses high Radio-Frequency (RF) electro magnet waves to accelerate charged
particles (i.e. electrons) to high energies in a linear path, inside a tube-like structure called the accelerator
waveguide.
➢ The resonance cavity frequency of the medical lilacs is about 3 billion hertz (cycle/sec).
➢ A linear particle accelerator is a type of accelerator that greatly increases the velocity of charged subatomic
particles or ions by subjecting the charged particles to series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear
beamline.
➢ Linear accelerator is the device most commonly used for external beam radiation treatments (teletherapy).

AIM
It is used to accelerate charged particles like electron, proton, α-particles to very high kinetic energy by moving them in
a linear path that’s why, it is called linear accelerator.

PRINCIPLE
1. A charged particle can be accelerated by making it to pass through in electric field.
2. The electric field in a hollow conductor is zero.

WORKING

The schematic diagram of linear accelerator

The linear accelerator consists of a number of cylindrical electrodes of increasing length arranged in a straight line.

Alternate cylinders are connected together, the cylinders no. 1,3,5 etc. being joined to one terminal & the remaining
cylinder to the second terminal of high frequency power of supply.

At ones therefore, alternate electrode carried opposite electrical potentials.

All the electrodes which are positive potential in a particular half cycle becomes negative in the next half cycle.

Suppose positive ion from the ion source moves from left to right along the common axes of the cylindrical electrodes,
the ions receive no acceleration since they are within a uniform potential.

If the first is positive and second is negative, the positively charged particle will be accelerated in the gap between these
electrodes.

The positive ions then on the second electrode and travel through it at a constant but higher speed.

The length of the second electrode is such that just as the ions reach the gap between it and the third electrode the
potential of these electrodes is reversed.

Now the second becomes positive & third becomes negative.


Thus, the positive ion is accelerated in this gap.

Length cylindrical electrode across a gap is the distance covered by the particles during one half cycle of applied field of
frequency ‘f’.

So, the distance is given by

𝑇 𝑉𝑛
𝐿𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛 =
2 2𝑓
Here Vn is the velocities of the particle in the nth electrode.

Let V be the peak value of potential difference between two terminals

So, energy acquired by ions in passing one gap is qV

So, if there are n numbers of gaps total kinetic energy gain by ions= qVn

So, velocity of ion in the nth electrode is given by,

1
𝑀𝑉𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑞𝑉 + 𝑘
2
Where k is constant, M is mass of particles, q is its charge.

So, combining the above two equation length in nth electrode is given by
1
1 2(𝑛𝑞𝑉 + 𝑘) 2
𝐿𝑛 = [ ]
2𝑓 𝑀
This relation Indicates that to get large energy the peak voltage of the accelerator should be large and also the no. of
cylinder should be large as possible.

ADVANTAGES
• More commonplace technology in hospital
• Noninvasive stereotactic frame
• Can be used for extracranial tumors also

DISADVANTAGE
• Painful head frame
• Less targeting accuracy and treatment accuracy when treating extracranial tumors

CONCLUSION
• The electric field distribution and acceleration rate and particles motion, can be controlled inside of the design
specification.
• The accelerating structure, after a short conditioning, is free from electrical breakdown and the final vacuum
levels are better of the design specification.

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