CHE 3202

CENTRAL PHILIPPINE PHYSICAL

UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2
Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines

Name: Airon F. Eres Experiment No. Date Performed: Nov. 11, 2020
Course & Yr: BSChE-5 Date Submitted: Nov. 13, 2020

VIRTUAL LAB EXPERIMENT

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

I. Objectives
The objectives of this experiment is to determine the properties of a water
sample, namely:
o Alkalinity
o Acidity
o Total Hardness
o Calcium Content

II. Theory
Water is a vital part of our daily lives. It is used in a variety of ways such as
household use, industrial use, etc. and therefore it should fit the qualifications that is
required for its intended purpose.

Based on its use, water has different parameters that it should achieved to be
deemed appropriate for usage. Examples of these parameters are the following:

For drinking water;

 Turbidity should be not more than 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units
(NTU) as set by the World Health Organization
 pH levels should be within the range of 6.5 – 8.5 NTU based on the
guidelines set by the World Health Organization
 Alkalinity should be between 20 – 200 mg per Liter
 Total Hardness should be between 120 – 170 mg per Liter
 Calcium Content should be around 100 – 125 mg per Liter
 Magnesium Content should be between 24 – 42 mg per Liter

Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency
due to the presence of suspended particulates. There are various causes to turbidity,
such as:
o Phytoplankton
o Sediments from erosion
o Resuspended sediments from the bottom
o Waste discharge
o Algae growth
o Urban runoff
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14,
with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than
7 indicates a base.
Alkalinity is not a chemical in water, but, rather, it is a property of water that
is dependent on the presence of certain chemicals in the water, such as bicarbonates,
 carbonates, and hydroxides. A definition of alkalinity would then be "the buffering
capacity of a water body; a measure of the ability of the water body to neutralize
acids and bases and thus maintain a fairly stable pH level".
The simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium
and magnesium in the water. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, largely
calcium and magnesium.

III. Materials and Procedure

*Note: The procedures are broken down into segments for different experiments for the
different qualities of the sample water

A. For Alkalinity
Materials and Reagents Needed:
o Diluted Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
o Sample Water
o Sodium Carbonate Solution (Na2CO3)
o Methyl Orange Indicator
o Phenolphthalein Indicator
o Pipette
o Flask
o Burette
o Beaker
o Dropper

Standardization of Sulphuric Acid

Start by preparing a burette containing diluted Sulphuric Acid. Then add
10ml of 0.02N Sodium Carbonate to the flask followed by 2 drops of Methyl Orange
Indicator. Titrate the solution until the color changes to wine red. Record the amount
of diluted H2SO4 added.

Solve for the Normality of the diluted H2SO4 by using the formula:

where

Sample Titration
Start by preparing a burette containing the same diluted Sulphuric Acid from
the prior step. Use 100ml of sample water in a conical flask. Add a few drops of
Phenolphthalein Indicator until the sample turns pink which indicates a pH level
greater than or equal to 8.3 then titrate the diluted Sulphuric Acid into the sample
until it turns into a colorless sample. Record the amount of H 2SO4 used.

Solve for the Phenolphthalein Alkalinity by using the formula:

N acid x V acid x 50000

P as alkalinity of CaC O 3=
V sample
 where

Using the same solution, add a few drops of Methyl Orange Indicator. Then
titrate the diluted Sulphuric Acid until the color changes to wine red and record the
amount of H2SO4. Calculate for the

where

Things to note when performing this experiment:

 IF the normality of the Sulphuric acid is already known, ex. 0.02N, the
Standardization of Sulphuric Acid can be dismissed. Although it can also be
used to confirm the given normality.
 IF the solution turns pink when Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4) indicator is
added, this means that the sample has a pH of 8.3 or above.
 IF the solution turns light orange when methyl orange indicator is added, this
means that the sample has a pH greater than 4.3.
 IF after adding the Phenolphthalein Indicator no color change happens,
directly proceed to adding the methyl orange indicator. This means that P is
equal to 0.
 Total alkalinity is often expressed in mg CaCO3 per liter.
 For Vacid, it is equal to final volume minus initial volume.

B. For Acidity
C. For Total Hardness
D. For Calcium Content

IV. Diagram
For Alkalinity, a very interactive guide to this experiment where the students are given a
better idea of how to perform the experiment and can perform this experiment “virtually”
can be found on the following url:
http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-
dev/labs/nitk_labs/Environmental_Engineering_1/experiments/determination-of-
alkalinity-nitk/simulation.html

The following are screenshots from the site:

V. Computations
VI. Recommendations for Data Assumptions

For Alkalinity, the following are recommended for data assumptions to help the
students familiarize themselves with the effects of the impacts of various values in the
data.
o Try changing the value for Vacid
o Try changing the values for Nacid
o Do multiple computations with different values
o Try changing one the value of one variable at a time to have a better
understanding of how this will impact the final answer

VII. References
Calcium and Magnesium Content in Drinking Water
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43836/9789241563550_eng.pdf;jsess
ionid=148716A853496E263926FBA8E5158B12?sequence=1
Hardness in Drinking Water
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/hardness.pdf
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf
pH in Drinking Water
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ph_revised_2007_clean
_version.pdf
DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A Series of 1994
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from http://water.emb.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/DAO-1994-26A.pdf
DOH Administrative Order No. 2017-0010 Philippine National Standards for Drinking
Water of 2017
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from https://www.foodshap.com/PNSDW2017.pdf
Turbidity
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from
https://www.lenntech.com/turbidity.htm#:~:text=Turbidity%20is%20a%20measure
%20of,of%20the%20quality%20of%20water.
pH and Water
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-
science-school/science/ph-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
Alkalinity and Water
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-
science-school/science/alkalinity-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
Hardness of Water
retrieved on November 11, 2020 from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-
science-school/science/hardness-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
Alkalinity and Acidity
 retrieved on November 11, 2020 from
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~arunku/files/CEL212_2012/CEL%20212%20Lab
%202%20Alkalinity%20and%20Acidity.pdf
Alkalinity Virtual Lab Experiment
retrieved on November 12, 2020 from http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-
dev/labs/nitk_labs/Environmental_Engineering_1/experiments/determination-of-
alkalinity-nitk/simulation.html