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Lecture 6 - Axial Deformation: ME 323 - Mechanics of Materials

This document summarizes a lecture on axial deformation in mechanics of materials. The key points covered are: 1. Axial deformation assumes a straight, slender member with a constant or slowly changing cross section. Cross sections remain plane and perpendicular to the axis after deformation. 2. The assumptions reduce the problem to one-dimension and the strain is simply the change in length divided by the original length. 3. An isotropic, linearly elastic material following Hooke's law is considered, allowing the problem to be further simplified. 4. Equilibrium can be analyzed considering the member subjected to body forces that vary along the axis, resulting in a one-dimensional problem. Thermal effects can also be included through

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173 views

Lecture 6 - Axial Deformation: ME 323 - Mechanics of Materials

This document summarizes a lecture on axial deformation in mechanics of materials. The key points covered are: 1. Axial deformation assumes a straight, slender member with a constant or slowly changing cross section. Cross sections remain plane and perpendicular to the axis after deformation. 2. The assumptions reduce the problem to one-dimension and the strain is simply the change in length divided by the original length. 3. An isotropic, linearly elastic material following Hooke's law is considered, allowing the problem to be further simplified. 4. Equilibrium can be analyzed considering the member subjected to body forces that vary along the axis, resulting in a one-dimensional problem. Thermal effects can also be included through

Uploaded by

falcon724
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fall, 2020

ME 323 – Mechanics of Materials

Lecture 6 – Axial deformation

Reading assignment: 3.1–3.4, 3.6

News: .

Instructor: Prof. Marcial Gonzalez


Last modified: 8/22/20 11:21:00 PM
Generalized Hooke’s law

Generalized Hooke’s law (review)


- Isotropic material: material properties are independent of the
orientation of the body
- The principle of superposition can be used for linear elastic materials
and small deformations (i.e., strains may be added linearly)

Q: Plane stress and plane strain configurations?!


2
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Why axial deformations and not three-dimensional deformations?

As engineers, we will always try to identify simplifications in the


problem description that will produce idealized models amenable to
analytical solutions.
These simplifications are nothing but hypotheses that will have to be
verified experimentally or with more descriptive models.

Note: knowing the procedure for finding the analytical solution of an


idealized model is as important as knowing the hypotheses behind
the idealized model!!

3
Theory of deformable bodies

deformed
KINEMATICS
configuration
OF DEFORMATIONS
thermo-mechanical loads J.L. Lagrange

laws of nature .
CONSERVATION OF MASS
BALANCE OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
BALANCE OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
CONSTITUTIVE
reference CONTINUOUS material EQUATIONS
configuration MEDIA behavior
Empirical
observation

atomic/ Experimental
Mathematics micro/meso Multi-scale
structure approaches mechanics
is revealed

4
Axial deformation

Axial deformation (@ ME 323)


- Geometry of the solid body: straight, slender member with cross
section that is either constant or that changes slowly along the length
of the member.

- Kinematic assumptions: cross sections, which are plane and are


perpendicular to the axis before deformation, remain plane and
remain perpendicular to the axis after deformation. In addition, cross
sections do not rotate about the axis.

- Material behavior: isotropic linear elastic material;


small deformations.

- Equilibrium: the above assumptions reduce the problem to


a one-dimensional problem!!
5
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Geometry of the solid body: straight, slender member with cross
section that is either constant or that changes slowly along the length
of the member.

Q: Yes/No? Q: Yes/No? … “changes slowly”?!

6
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Kinematic assumptions: cross sections, which are plane and are
perpendicular to the axis before deformation, remain plane and
remain perpendicular to the axis after deformation. In addition, cross
sections do not rotate about the axis.

undeformed
The strain-displacement relationship is …
(recall lecture 2)

deformed

Q: Shall we go back to the


three-dimension problem?
7
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Kinematic assumptions: cross sections, which are plane and are
perpendicular to the axis before deformation, remain plane and
remain perpendicular to the axis after deformation. In addition, cross
sections do not rotate about the axis.

Q: what is the elongation of the member?


undeformed

deformed

Sanity check:

8
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Material behavior: isotropic linear elastic material;
small deformations.
Generalized Hooke’s law reduces to …

Q: Can the Young’s modulus depend on the axial coordinates?

- Can the Young’s modulus change across the cross-section?

If yes, would it still be a case of axial deformations?

9
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Equilibrium: the above assumptions reduce the problem to
a one-dimensional problem!!
+ Resultants for homogeneous materials (recall Lecture 5)

Q: Shall we use the centroid of the cross section as the axis of the member
and thus as the x-axis of the idealized model? Yes!

10
Axial deformation

Axial deformation
- Equilibrium: the above assumptions reduce the problem to
a one-dimensional problem!!
+ Let’s consider an axisymmetric member loaded
with axisymmetric body forces

Q: Units of the body forces p(x)?

Equilibrium:
… rearrange and take the limit for
a differential volume
11
Axial deformation

Axial deformation (simplest case)


Homogeneous, constant cross section, no body forces:

- Stiffness coefficient: force required to produce a unit elongation

- Flexibility coefficient: elongation produced when a unit force is applied

Note: recall the behavior of a linear spring

12
Axial deformation

Axial deformation (thermal effects)


+" +" +"

- Principle of superposition

- For material properties and thermal loads that only depend on x

- Resultant force:
- Elongation (force-temperature-deformation)

- Homogeneous, constant cross-section, thermal forces (no body forces)

13
Axial deformation

Axial deformation (summary)


- Geometry of the solid body: straight, slender member with cross section that
is either constant or that changes slowly along the length of the member.
- Kinematic assumptions: cross sections, which are plane and are perpendicular
to the axis before deformation, remain plane and remain perpendicular to the
axis after deformation. In addition, cross sections do not rotate about the axis.
Strain:

Elongation:

- Material behavior: isotropic linear elastic material; small deformations.


Homogeneous:

- Equilibrium:
Homogeneous:
Homogeneous, constant cross section, no body forces, thermal load:

Homogeneous, loaded with body forces: 14


Strain energy density – Axial deformation

Example 5 (Example 3 from Lecture 2):


Two solid circular rods are welded to a plate at B to form a single rod, as
shown in the figure. Consider the 30-kN force at B to be uniformly distributed
around the circumference of the collar at B and the 10 kN load at C to be
applied at the centroid of the end cross section. Determine the axial stress in
each portion of the rod. L1=300mm, L2=200mm, E1=600 GPa, E2=400GPa.

Determine the displacement of end C.


…. easy! Answer: uC = 3.6µm 15
Axial deformation

Any questions?

16

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