Notch

Sallen-Key double T (Active Filter)

Luis Orozco Quintero Sergio Bolaños Ramirez

Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.
Ingeniería Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones Ingeniería Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones
Cali, Colombia Cali, Colombia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract​—This electronic document will support the

investigation about active filters. What they are, how do they II. T​HEORETICAL​ F​RAMEWORK
work and specially the configuration known as Notch, as a
compliment of the class of electronics 2. To understand the concept of filter and its use, it's important to
first know why the filters exist; because of the signals, all
Keywords-component; filter, Notch, frequency. signal has a amplitude and frequency, also any type of signal
can be created by the mix of many signals with different
Resumen- Este documento electrónico respalda la investigación
sobre filtros activos, de como funcionan, su comportamiento y en amplitudes and frequencies (these are sinusoidal), with filters
especial una configuración conocida como Notch, siendo these selected signals can be eliminated.
complemento del tema visto en la asignatura de electrónica 2.
Palabras Clave- Filtro, Notch, Frecuencia.

I. I​NTRODUCTION
Almost all communication systems use filters. Being very
useful for different situations. A filter lets through one (or
more) band of frequencies while rejecting another(s).
Filters are known due to its characteristics, it has 1 input and 1
output which appears with part of the input signal
components.
They are used in many fields, as signal conditioning, data Fig. 2. Decomposing signals. Taken from All about circuits.
acquisition systems and telecommunications.

There are many configurations and types of filters, however in Filters can be passive or active.
the following article, the Notch will be presented and
explained specially. Passive filters. ​Built using resistors, capacitors, and coils.
They are generally used for frequencies above 1 MHz and
have no power gain.

Fig. 1. Type of Response of filters. Taken from All about circuits

 Fig. 3. Passive filter. Taken from Slide Player. Sallen-Key Topology. ​Or active filtering Sk cell is
characterized by having an amplifier operational with simple
Active filters. Built using resistors, capacitors, and feedback, typically in a follower configuration. Sk filters are
operational amplifiers. They are useful for frequencies below also called positive feedback filters or filters with finite gain
1 MHz, have power gain, and are relatively easy to adjust. amplifiers (even though the overall filter feedback is negative
to ensure its stability). But have poor sensitivity, very
dependent on the gain K of the filter. They are generally used
for quality factor values of the poles, Q, small (Q < 10).

III. N​OTCH
The notch also known as Sallen-key Double T is the only
Filter used for rejecting only one frequency, letting all the
others frequencies pass. Many times this is used for
Fig. 4. Active filter. Taken from Slide Player. eliminating frequencies that can cause damage to an electronic
device.
Filters can separate signals letting the user choose the wanted
or unwanted signal, block out signals known like noise or
interferences.

General Parameters of filters.

Central frequency (f 0 )
It is most used for pass-band and notch filters, being the
frequency between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies. In
the notch, this is the frequency eliminated.

Bandwidth (Bw)
It's the width of the passband, where there are the frequencies
that do not have attenuation when moving from the input to Fig. 6. Passive filter. Taken from Principios de Electronica. A: Malvino
the output of the filter. In the Notch there is no bandwidth. This filter can have a gain which its behaviour is like an
Non-Inverse. It's also important to remember that the signal
-3dB frequency. (f 1 , f 2 ) will have a certain level of offset.
Being the Cutoff frequency where the input signal starts to
drop by -3dB, all the frequencies below this value are The Voltage gain should be less than 2, if it's over 2 it can
attenuated. These are normally referred as f 1 & f 2 . maybe cause oscillations in the system (Instability). Also the
Q should be much less than 10 to not generate oscillations.
Quality Factor (Q)
Conveys the damping characteristics of the system, a higher Q
IV. C​ALCULUS
corresponds for more peaking in the system's magnitude.
Central frequency
1
f 0 [Hz] = 2π RC
Or if we have f 1 & f 2 :

f 0 [Hz] = √f 1 * f 2

Voltage Gain
R2
Av = R1 +1
Quality Factor
0.5
Fig. 5.General Parameters of a filter. Taken from TEC Digital.
Q= 2− Av
 V. S​IMULATION​ ​AND​ R​ESULTS

Eliminating 60 Hz, Av=1

f 0 = 60 Hz , C = 120 nF
R1 = 10 M Ω
R2 = 1 kΩ
1 1
R= 2πCf , R= 2π(120 nF )(60 Hz)

R = 22.1 kΩ
For Gain (Av=1)

Av = 1 + 1 kΩ = 1.0001
10 M Ω Fig. 7. Filter Notch. Taken from Multisim

when observing the graph, it can see that the -3dB are located
in f 1 = 14.16 Hz and f 2 = 254.67 Hz .
So:

f 0 = √(14.16 Hz) * (254.67 Hz)

f 0 = 60.051 Hz
Fig. 8. Response of Notch General. Taken from Multisim

For the amplitude (Vout)

dB
V out = V in * 10 20

When frequency f = 60 Hz , attenuation= -32 dB

−32
V out = 5 V rms * 10 20 Fig. 9. Response of Notch Amplitud. Taken from Multisim

V out = 0.125 V rms

When frequency f ≠ 60 Hz , attenuation tends to be 0

f = 2 Hz, Attenuation = − 100m dB

V out = 4.95 V rms
Fig. 10. Response of Notch Phase. Taken from Multisim
f = 2k Hz, Attenuation = − 64m dB
V out = 4.96 V rms
 VI. E​RROR​ T​ABLE
Filters serve a critical role in many common applications.
Such applications include power supplies, audio electronics,
Theory Simulation Error (%) and radio communications.
(Vrms) (Vrms)
Some advantages of using active filters over passive filters;
Vout1 (2 Hz) 5 4.951 0.98 they are more accurate at low frequencies, economical
designs, easy to assemble, isolation between stages and there
Vout2 (2k Hz) 5 4.964 0.72 is no coil so its less ideal.

Vout3 (60 Hz) 0 0.125 + 100 but also, there exist some disadvantages; they require a Vcc
(More sources), Limit frequency by the Op-Amp, low power.
f 0 (cutoff) 60 63 5
The Sallen-Key topology

R​EFERENCES
VII. B​UDGET​ T​ABLE
[1] All About Circuits. An introduction to filters. [Online]:
Unit price Quantity total Price https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/an-intr
(COP) (COP) oduction-to-filters/
[2] Slides Player. Active Filters [Online]:
Resistor 1/4 W 50 5 250 https://slideplayer.es/slide/13824374/
[3] Eng. Faruk Fonthal. Active Filters. Campus UAO Virtual.
Capacitor 16 V 3 700 2100 [4] Dispositivos electrónicos. Albert Malvino. Cap. 21.
Filtros.
LM358 1 700 700 [5] Eng. Juan Esteban Palacios. Filters. Campus UAO virtual
[6] Amplificadores Operacionales y filtros Activos. Antonio
3050 Pertence Junior. Cap 8. Filtros Activos
[7] Universidad de las fuerzas armadas de Ecuador
https://www.studocu.com/latam/document/universidad-de
-las-fuerzas-armadas-de-ecuador/electronica-ii/ejercicios-
VIII. C​ONCLUSION obligatorios/diseno-filtro-notch/5411422/view
[8] Diseño de Circuitos y Sistemas Electrónicos
According to the calculus and simulation, we can see that Filtros.Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica
when the frequency is different from 60 Hz, the signal and Universidad de Sevilla. http://www.dinel.us.es/
voltage will pass over, in this case 5 Vrms.
But when frequency is 60 Hz, the signal of only that frequency
is eliminated, dropping the voltage from 5 Vrms to almost 0
Vrm,