rotation results in a broader distribution

o may not be acceptable to small farmers

because it gives no immediate income and the of labor and income
Cover crop may compete with the main crop Relay Cropping (usod-tanim)
for water and nutrients involves the planting of two or more annual

gops with the arter

Strip Cropping (Pilas-tanim)refers to the
and soil-
second
rop planted
first caup has lower ed or nearing its harvest
the
growing o erosiori-pemilling aop the objective is to allow the second crop to
conserving on
crop in aternate strips aligned the
contour make use of the residual moisture and to
provide continuous ground cover to protect the
Crop Rotation (Ikot-tanim)
o the systematic planting of different crops in soil from erosive rains throughout the year
succession on the same piece of land o Example: corn and sweet potato
o general guide: grain crops such as corn andjor Multiple Cropping
upland rice should be followed by legumes o refers to a
practice whichbetter
while
increase crop
protection
such as mungbean, soybean, and peanut producbvity providing
of the soil from erosion
o allows the soil to renew the supply of nutrients
whidh are prererentdally depleted by specinic o can be sequentlal cropplng( growing of two or
more rops a year in sequence) or
dops
intereropping and/or mixed cropping (growing
advantages all or more dops on the same piece of
soil-building crops are distributed over or two
fields land at the same time)
still young,
rotation provides for more uniform Example: with
whle sugarcane is
distribution of stable manure and ntercrop mungbean, sorghum or com
fertilizer to all fields oAlley Copping (interhedgerow ropping)
o system where arable crops are grown in n e
well-planned rotations provide for more
continuous cover alleys between rows of shrubftree legumes
solls are gven time to recuperate rom which are pruned periodically to prevent

the efects of
cops that may have extra-
shading and to provide green manure to the

demands for certain Companion crops

heavy nutrients commonly used contour hedges are
crops vary in the feeding range of their o
ipil-ipil,
rooted
roots, therefore provides for more gliricidia, camachile (should be deep
complete use of the soil pronle Compared to the main crop)
rotation favors control of weeds, pests High density plarting: practice of increasing with
thee
and diseases
population of the crop per unit of land area
due regard to the effedt of crop competition

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 AgTOrOresuy erers t0 he System o ldnd

management where woody perennials and conditioning the soil along narrow strips in and
raised at the same time or adjacent to the seed rows
agricultural crops are
of hard
sequentialy subsoiling: practice
below the
breaking up the pan
to inrease infiltration and to
plow layer
reduce runoff
Cultural_practicesreinforcina1oll
conservation
andwater ridge-tyin9
o the technique of connecting the
ridges with
ross-ties to form depressions for storing
i Consenvation tillage: broad term referring to the
reducuon
or soil and water losses relative to conventional rainwater which is allowed to infiltrate later
tillage; technically refers tillage system which corection ofsoil problemse.g. Liming9
to a
30% residue cover after planting; Involves the following:
leaves
contour cultivation and furrowing across the
plowing, harrowing
sope of the land
o effective in minimizing soil erosion on gentie
VII. SOIL SURVEY AND
sopes reducing soil loss up to S0% CLASSIFICATION
should be used with other
conservation
practices on areas with steeper slopes, high Sollsurvey
rainfall and erodible solls
a n inventory of the soil resourcedescribing the
minimum tillageof the seedbed characteristics of the soils in a given area
preparation with minimal
soil a Province is usually the unit of publication.
disturbance
Example: Soil Survey of Bohol Province
done with
the use of herbicide or farm tools to
remove weeds, followed by tillage to open only
o dassifies the soils according to a standard system
of dassification
narrow seedbed or hole where the seeds are o plots the boundaries of the soils on a map; the
SOwn
map uses an aerial photo as the base
o leaves the interrow areas untilled o
makes predictions about the behavior of solls
tillage, weeding and planting are carried out
to
simultaneously minimize exposure time of
bare soil surface to the elements of soil erosion
mulch tilage: tillage practice that leaves a large 3Flements ofathe Soil Survey
a map showing geographic relation ships of each sol
percentage of (leaves,
residues and
talks, crowns, . a text describing the soils
roots) on or near surface as a protective mulch
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 . tables giving Physical and chemical data and e To establish groups or dasses for practical
interpretations for various uses. purposess
Map Scale: refers to how many
represents inches on the ground
inches on the map o predicting behavior
o identirying best uses
1 inch on map 24,000 o estimating productivity
Scale of 1:24,000 says
inch on the ground o extending research results
S o i l maps differ in their map scale
Levels of sollclassification
e.g. Fine-loamy mixed, mesicAquicArgiudolls; Lipa series
orders
i
of Soll Survey from the town
First order very intensive (detailed); experimental -
or landscape feature near where the soil
plots, building sites; minimum size delineation is 1 was first recognized (Lipa)
Order
hectare
. Second order. intensive (detailed); general agriauture Soil-forming processes as indicated by presence or
urban planning; minimum size delineation is 0.6 to 4 has. absence of major diagnostic horizons
Suborder
mird order extensive; rangeland, community area
planning; min. size delineation is 1.6 to 16 has Subdivision of soil order based on moisture and
fV.
Fourth order exten sive (reconnaissance; for broad
land management; min.
temperature regime
il. Great group
land use potentialis 16
andtogeneral
252 has.
V.
size delineation
Finh order. exploratory; regional planning, national
subdivisionof suborder based on differen ces,
arrangement, and degree of expression between
planning; min. size delineation is 252 to 4000 has soil horizons
ubgroup
Soll Taxonomy refers
developed by the UsDA
to the system of dassification
Soil Survey with the following
bypic (central concept of the great group)
intergrades or transitional forms to other orders,
basic guidelines Suborders, or great groups; extragrades or
Cassiry soils on basis of properties additional properties not common to great group
. Soil properties should be readily observable and / or characteristics
measurable V. Family
ii Soil properties should either affect soil genesis or result Properties important for plant root growth; broad
from soil genesis soil textural dasses averaged over control section
dasses for dominant
or "solum; mineralogical
Reasons for classifving solls
T o organize knowledge about soils
mineralogy of solum; soll temperature dasses

T o understand relationships among different soils vh. Series

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 a dass of soils and the basic units used to
dassiry saturation of > 50%; mineral sol; soils formed
soils; nearly 400 soil series in the Philippines
parent material; under prairie vegetation
in
kind, number and arrangement or Anthropic : like mollic but contains more than
horizons the profile structure,
kind and consistence
arrangementand of 250 of citric add soluble
ppm P2Os
horizons; ofcolor, texture,chemical and Umbric (L. umbra, shade) : like
but low mollic,
reaction ofhorizons; mineralogical base saturation
properties the horizons (Gr. histos, tissue) : Organic soil (20-
Histicorganic
30% matter); saturated with water
Ochric (Gr. ochros, pale) thin, light colored
i.
Reguired knowiedae.in classivina solls Surface layers that do not fit any of the above
Diagnostic Horizons: distinct types of horizons that Plaggen (Gr. sod, grass roots): man-made,
reflect nature of soil formation
Surface horizon that is greater than 50 am
ii. Mineralogy: dominant type of clay minerals thick reated by many years of addition of
1.
Partice size distributiom. proportion of
coarse manure

fragments (2mm-74mm size particdes) in combination

With fine fragments (<2 mm size partides)
LOchric LHistic]
Temperature Regimes: mean annual soil temperature
(MATD measured at 50 cm from surtface ighter Tore
thinner
number of days when soil contains
V.
Moisture Regimes:
available water during the period
g
mattcr
when soil temperature Mollic
at 50 cm below the surface is above 5°C

base
Saturation

Daon0stic_horzons
dassifying soil order level
used for differentiating or
Umbric
Fg 3. Characteristics of selected surface horizons
L Diagnostic surface horizom the Eppedon (Gr. ep
over, upon, and pedon, soil); a horizon that forms at or
near the sSurface and in which most of the rock structure
been not necessarily the A
has destroyed; upper horizon,
horizon only but may include B or part of B horizon . Diagnostic subsurface horizon (or the lower
horizons)
o Mollic (L. mollis, soft) dark, soft, Surrace
layer; thick, greater than 10 inches; high base Argilc (L. argila, white day) : illuvial horizon
of day acCumulation; Bt

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 o Agric (L. ager, ield): has an accumulation of None no diagnostic subsurface horizon
day and humus to the extent of 15% of the
present
soil volume
sodium ): same as argillic
Natrt (L. natrium,
but with> 15% Soll Temperature Beaimes are measured at 50 am
exchangeable sodium (Na) from ground surface
Btn
o Spodic (Gr. spodos, wood ash): illuvial Pergelic: mean annual temperature (MAT) is <0°C
Cryic: MAT is 0°C-8°C
accumulation of
(sesquioxIdes) and
oxides of Al and Fe
OM; red or dark red color,
ii.Frigid:MAT is 8°C < (warmer inthan cryic summer)
v. Mesic: MAT is 8°C 15°C
only found in acid sandy solls; with hign Thermic: MAT is 15°C-22°C
below E horizon;
rainfall; generally found
contains a Bhs or Bs horizon
Vi. Hyperthermic: MAT is > 22°C

o OxiC: very weathered layer of only Fe and A o

Prefix "Iso" is used if mean summer une,
oxides and 1:1 day minerals; low pH and not Juy
August) and winter (December, January, February)
very fertile (found in tropical soils);
o Sombric : light-colored, low % base-saturation
Bo
temperature differ ISby<5C
Isofrigid MAT <8C
and well-drained Isomesic: MAT is 8°C-15°C
o Placic (Gr. plax, fat stone ): a thin, bladk to Isothermic: MAT is 15°C- 22C
dark reddish pan cemented by iron, iron Isohyperthermic: MAT is> 22°C
and
manganese or by iron-organic matter complex
o
Duripan(L. dunus, hard): subsoil cemented by Soil Moisture Realmes
Silica measured in terms of the absence or presence of
o Fragipan (L fragis, brittle) subsoil that is water held at a tension of <15 bars in thne

hard when dry but brittle when moist

o Albic (L. albus, white) : light colored subsoil
moisture control section by a period of one year
section: 10-30 cm in dayey
and free iron oxides have
soil moisture cm
control
in
from where day solls; 20-60 loamy soils; and 30-90 am in
Deen leadhed out sandy soils
Calcic: accumulation of CaCO, Ca Mg(CO3)2
o or
o aquic moisture regime: soil is saturated and
o
Ypsic accumulation of gypsum
cemented by CaCO
no dissolved oxygen (reducng regime)
o

o
Petrocalcic:
Cambic: slightly altered layer; not weathered
o aridic and torric: soil moisture control section
is half the time when soil temp.
enough to be argillic; Bw horizon designation
dry more than
at 50 cm is >5°C; moist for <3 months only
or development of color and or structure o ustic moisture regime dry for>3 months and
continuously moist for at least 3 months
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 udic moisture regime: soil is dry for< 3 7. Spodosol( od, G. spodos, wood ash): acid sandy
months only soils with thick E and red; Bhs, ochric and spodic;
subsoil has accumulation of Fe and Al oxides,
o
xeric moisture regime: soil is continuously dry
45 days after summer and continuously moist humus and amorphous days
45 days after winter (dry summer-wet winter) AMIsol (aE, no meaning) argilic B horizon with
fertile forested soils with
high base saturation;
The 12 Soil orders: Each Order has a diagnostic ochric and argillic
epipedon and subsurface horizons; could be "none" Uitisol (ult, L. utimus,last ): the B horizon has
high amount soft day but low base saturation; soils
more weathered than Afisols
1. Entisol (ent, recent): very young soil showing very
limited profile development; characteristically have 10 Oxisol (ox, Fr. oxide): highly weathered soil with
A/C or A/R profiles, exhibit only ephemeral soil Bhorizon containing mainly 1:1 Kaolinite days
development, largely connined to surface horizon 11. Vertisol ( ert, L. verto, to turn ) : shows large
may have Ap horizon; 12.5%
an of world racks upon drying due to dominance or
Inceptisol (ept, inception) young soil with montmorllonite
moderate profile development; shoS the 12 Histosol ( ist, Gr. histos, tissue): organic soils
beginning of horizon development; little or no peat soils, organic material
in colluvial material Peat: undecomposed to slightly decomposed
uviation Soll formed
3, Aridisol ( id, L. aridus, dry): limited change in organic matter in waterlogged areas;
parent material due to dryness; Arid regions of the Muck: highly decomposed organic matter
world (19%), < 10 in of rainfall, usually contain
carbonates

Gelisol (elno meaning):

young soils with Ilittle Classificatlon of sollsinto Land suitability classes
profile development; presence of permafrost layer; Soils are dassified according to their capability for
remains at temperatures below 0°C for>2 agricultural use or non-agricultural use with a
consecutive years; 8.6% of the world primary aim of protecting the soil from erosion and
5
Mollisol ( oll, L. molis, soft ):soils with thick, degradation
t h e major considerations are the following9:
dark, soft surface; solls of the grassland
O.
Andisol (and. no meaning): soils from volcanic o risk of runoff and erosion
ash and cinders; very light, low bulk density, early o wetness or need for

stage secondary minerals (allophane, imogolite,

drainage
limitations to root development and tilage
ferrihydrite days), High P fixing capacity; 0.7%% of operations e.g. shallow soil, low water holding
the world capacity, salinity, presence of stones or
boulders and climatic dharacteristics
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 9 suitability classes of sois
1 ClasA: good land that can be cultivated safe and
extensively to most rops with ordinary good
farming practices
Cass B: good land which can be cultivated safely
using easily applied conservation pracices
3.
Cass C: moderately good land that can be used
regularly for cultivated crops in good rotation but

needs intensive soil con servation treatments

Class D fairly good land that is best suited for
pasture but which can be used for agricultural
crops in g0od rotation provided intensive soil

conservationandpractices are applied

that is flat but is too
Cass L:
therefore more suited to
wet or stony
and pasture or forestry
Cass M: land that is to0 steep, eroded or shallow
for cultivation of regular agricultural crops and is
to pasture forestry
better left
N:
Class land that is very steep, eroded, rough,
shallow or dry and is better suited to pasture
forestry if handled carefully
Cass X level land that is wet most of the time
and cannot be drained economically; best suited for

ponds or rereational areas Review Questions in Soil Science

Cass Y land that is too steep, eroded, barren and
rugged and should be left for wildlife or parks

*****"*****---End of Soil Scencee****************** 1.

Afiving
dynamic natural bodymaterials
on the earth's surface composed of both
a.
and non-living
Soll profile
where plants
can grow
Soil
C. Soil horizon
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