EE750

Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 2

1
Boundary Conditions

• Maxwell’s Equations are partial differential equations

• Boundary conditions are needed to obtain a unique
solution
• Maxwell’s differential equations do not apply on the
boundaries because the fields are discontinuous
• Our target is to determine the electric and magnetic fields
in a certain region of space due to excitations satisfying the
problem’s boundary conditions

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 2

Finite Conductivity Case
y
n
E1, H1 x
ε1, µ1, σ1 Co
E2, H2 So
∆y
∆x
ε2, µ2, σ2
∂
• Applying Faraday’s law we get ∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ B.dS
Co ∂ t So
• As ∆y→ 0, the RHS vanishes and we get
E 1 . ∆ x a x − E 2 . ∆x a x = 0 = t
E E2
t
1

or alternatively, n × ( E 1 − E 2) = 0
• It follows that the tangential component of the electric field
is continuous (no magnetic current is assumed)
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 3
 Finite Conductivity Case (Cont’d)

• Similarly, starting with the modified Ampere’s law

∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ D.dS (no current J at the interface), we get
Co ∂ t So
H 1 . ∆x a x − H 2 . ∆x a x = 0 H1 = H 2
t t

or alternatively, n × ( H 1 − H 2) = 0
• It follows that the tangential component of the magnetic
field intensity is continuous if there are no boundary
electric currents

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 4

 Finite Conductivity Case (Cont’d)
n
E1, H1 Ao
ε1, µ1, σ1 A1
E2, H2
∆y
ε2, µ2, σ2
Ao

• Assuming there are no surface charges, Gauss’s law

gives ∫∫ D.dS = Qev lim ∫∫ D.dS = 0
S ∆y → 0 S

• It follows that D1. Ao a y − D2 . Ao a y = 0 n

= n
D D2
1

or alternatively, n.( D1 − D 2) = 0
• But as D = ε 1, 2 E
n n
=
ε 2
n n
1, 2 1, 2 E 1 E2
ε1
• Normal components of the electric field are
discontinuous across the interface
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 5
 Finite Conductivity Case (Cont’d)

• Similarly, by applying Gauss’s law for magnetic fields we

get ∆lim ∫∫ B.dS = 0
y →0S

• It follows that B1. Ao a y − B 2 . Ao a y = 0 n

= n
B B2
1

or alternatively, n.( B1 − B 2) = 0
µ2 n
• But as B = µ 1, 2 H 1, 2 H =
n n n
1, 2 H2
µ1
1

• Normal components of the magnetic fields are

discontinuous

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 6

 Finite Conductivity Boundary Conditions

n × ( E1 − E 2) = 0 , no interface surface magnetic currents

n × ( H 1 − H 2) = 0 , no interface surface electric currents

n.( D1 − D 2) = 0 , no interface surface electric charges

=
n ε 2 n
discontinuous normal electric field
E 1 E2
ε1
n.( B1 − B 2) = 0 , no interface magnetic surface charges

µ2 n
H = discontinuous normal magnetic field
n
H2
µ1
1

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 7

 Boundary Conditions with Sources

• Boundary conditions must be changed to take into account

the existence of surface currents and surface charges
n
E1, H1

ε1, µ1, σ1 So
Co
E2, H2
∆y

ε2, µ2, σ2 ∆x

• Applying the modified Ampere’s law we get

∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
• Taking the limit as ∆y→ 0, each integral term gives

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 8

 Boundary Conditions with Sources (Cont’d)

lim ∫ H .dl =( H 2 − H 1).∆x a x

∆y → 0
C

lim ∫∫ D.dS = 0
∆y → 0 S

lim ∫∫ J .dS = lim J .∆x∆y a z = lim ( J∆y ).∆x a z = lim J s .∆x a z

∆y → 0S ∆y → 0 ∆y → 0 ∆y → 0

Js is the surface current density A/m

• It follows that ( H 2 − H 1).∆x a x = Js .∆x a z
or alternatively ( H 2 − H 1). (a y × a z ) = Js . a z
(a y × ( H 1 − H 2)). a z = Js . a z n × ( H 1 − H 2) = Js

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 9

 Boundary Conditions with Sources (Cont’d)

• Tangential components of the magnetic field intensity

are discontinuous if surface electric current density Js
(A/m) exists
• If medium 2 is a perfect conductor, we have
n × H 1 = Js H 1 = Js
t

• Similarly, starting with Faraday’s Law

∂
∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
C S ∂t S
We can reach − n × ( E1 − E 2) = µs
• For a perfect conductor we have − n × E1 = µs
• If no fictious magnetic current is assumed we have
− n × E1 = 0 E1 = 0
t

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 10

 Boundary Conditions with Sources (Cont’d)
n
E1, H1 Ao
ε1, µ1, σ1 A1
E2, H2
∆y
ε2, µ2, σ2
Ao

• Applying Gauss’s law for the shown cylinder we have

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV lim ∫∫ D.dS = lim ∫∫∫ q ev dV
S V ∆y →0 ∆y →0 V
Ao
( D1 − D 2). Ao n = lim (qev ∆y ) Ao = qes Ao
∆y →0

or alternatively, D1n − D 2n = qes

• Normal components of the electric flux density are
discontinuous by the amount of surface charge density

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 11

 Boundary Conditions with Sources (Cont’d)

• If medium 2 is a perfect conductor, we have D1n = qes

• Similarly, for the magnetic flux density we may show
that n.( B1 − B2) = qms
• For perfect conductors with no magnetic charges we
have B2n = B1n = 0

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 12

 Summary of Boundary Conditions

n × ( H 1 − H 2) = Js

− n × ( E 1 − E 2) = µ s

n.( D1 − D2) = qes

n.( B1 − B 2) = q ms

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 13

 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields

• If sources are sinusoidal and the medium is linear then

the fields everywhere are sinusoidal as well. The field
at each point is characterized by its amplitude and phase
(Phasor)
• Ex: f(x,t) = 3.0 cos(ωt-βx)=3.0 Re(exp(j(ωt-βx)))
f(x,t) = Re(3.0 exp(-jβx) exp(jωt))
~
f ( x, t ) = Re( f exp( jω t ))
~
f = 3.0 exp( − jβ x )

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 14

 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields (Cont’d)

• Similarly, for all field quantities we may write

~
E ( x, y , z , t ) = Re( E ( x, y, z ) exp( jωt ))
~
H ( x, y, z , t ) = Re( H ( x, y, z ) exp( jωt ))
~
D ( x, y , z , t ) = Re( D ( x, y, z ) exp( jωt ))
~
B ( x, y , z , t ) = Re( B ( x, y , z ) exp( jωt ))
~
J ( x, y , z , t ) = Re( J ( x, y , z ) exp( jωt ))
q ( x, y , z , t ) = Re( q~ ( x, y, z ) exp( jωt ))

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 15

 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields (Cont’d)
• Maxwell’s equations for the time-harmonic case are
obtained by replacing each time vector by its
corresponding phasor vector and replacing ∂/∂t by jω
• Maxwell’s equations in the integral form are given by
~ ~ ~
∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev
S
~ V
~ ~
∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV = Q mv
S V
~ ~ ~
∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − jω ∫∫ B.dS
C S S
~ ~ ~
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + jω ∫∫ D.dS
C S S
~ ~
∫∫ J .dS = − jω Q e
S
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 16
 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields (Cont’d)

• Maxwell’s equations in the differential form become

~ ~
∇.D = q ev
~ ~
∇ .B = q m v
~
∇.J = − jω q~ev
~ ~ ~
(∇ × E ) = − µ − jωB
~ ~ ~
(∇ × H ) = J + jωD

• Same boundary conditions apply

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 17

 Energy and Power

• We would like to derive equations governing EM energy and

power
• Starting with Maxwell’s equations
∂B
(∇ × E) = − µi − = − µi − µ d (.H)
∂t
∂D
(∇ × H ) = J i + J c + = Ji + Jc + Jd (.E)
∂t
Subtracting we get
H • (∇ × E ) − E • (∇ × H ) = − H • ( µi + µd ) − E • ( J i + J c + J d )

or alternatively,
∇ • ( E × H ) = − H • ( µi + µ d ) − E • ( J i + J c + J d )

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 18

 Energy and Power (Cont’d)
• Integrating over the volume of interest
∫∫∫ ∇ • ( E × H )dV = − ∫∫∫ H • ( µi + µd )dV − ∫∫∫ E • ( J i + J c + J d )dV
V V V

• Utilizing the divergence theorem, we get

∫∫ ( E × H ) •dS + ∫∫∫ H • ( µi + µd )dV + ∫∫∫ E • ( J i + J c + J d )dV = 0
S V V

• Explanation of different terms

P = E×H is the Poynting vector (W/m2)
P o = ∫∫ P .dS is the power flowing out of the surface S
S

PS = − ∫∫∫ ( H • µi + E • J i ) dV is the supplied power (W)

V

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 19

 Energy and Power (Cont’d)

Pd = ∫∫∫ E • J c dV = ∫∫∫ σE •EdV = ∫∫∫ σ E dV

2

V V V
=dissipated power (W)
∂B ∂H
P m = ∫∫∫ H • µd dV = ∫∫∫ H • dV = ∫∫∫ µH • dV
V V ∂t V ∂t
∂ 1 ∂
P m = ∫∫∫ µ H dV = W m = magnetic power
2

∂t V 2 ∂t
W m = magnetic energy ∂D ∂E
Pe = ∫∫∫ E • J d dV = ∫∫∫ E • dV = ∫∫∫ εE • dV
V V ∂t V ∂t
∂ 1 ∂
Pe = ∫∫∫ ε E dV = W e=magnetic power
2

∂t V 2 ∂t
W e = electric energy
P s = P o + P d + ∂ (W e + W m ) / ∂t conservation of EM energy
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 20