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Lecture notes, lectures 1-5

Advanced Structural Analysis (University of Sheffield)

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Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures

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Textbook and Reference

Textbook: Structural Analysis,

by R.C. Hibbeler
Pearson
7th (2009) or 8th (2012) Edition

Reference: Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

by Leet, Uang and Gilbert
McGraw Hill
3rd (2008)or 4th (2011) Edition

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Influence Lines

1 Basic Concepts
2 Influence Lines for Beams
3 Application of Influence Lines
4 Müller-Breslau Principle
5 Influence Lines for Floor Girders
6 Influence Lines for Trusses
7 Maximum Influence at a Point due to a
Series of Concentrated Loads
8 Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

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Why Influence Line?

You have leant techniques for analyzing
structures subject to dead or fixed
loads. If a structure is subjected to a live
or moving load, the variation of the
shear and bending moment is best
described using the influence line.
Influence lines have important
application for the design of structures
that resist large live loads, e.g. bridges,
industrial crane rails, conveyors, etc.

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Dead Load

The uniformly-distributed load q

does not move (stationary). It is
called dead or fixed load.

The shear and moment diagrams

display the variation of the
respective quantities along the
beam. They represent the effect of
fixed loads at all points along the
beam. The variable x indicate the
location of the point (section).

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Live Load

An influence line represents the

variation of either the reaction, shear,
bending moment or deflection at a
specific point in a member as a unit
load moves over the structure.
The variable x indicate the location
of the dimensionless unit load.
Where should the moving load be
placed on the structure so that it
creates the largest moment at the
center of the span?
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How to Construct Influence Line

Two procedures to construct influence lines:
1. Tabulate values
 Place the unit load at various locations, x, along the structure.
 At each location use statics to determine the value of the
function (reaction, shear or moment) at the points of interest.
 All statically determinate structures will have influence lines
that consists of straight line segments (why?). It is sufficient
to locate the unit load only at the end points of each line
segment.
2. Influence-line equations
 Place the unit load at variable position x.
 Compute the value of R, V, or M, at the points of interest as a
function of x.

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Sign Convention
Sign convention is the same as what you learnt in STRUCTURES I.

All the above indicate “positive”.

A vertical reaction is “positive” if it acts upward on the beam.

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Example 1
Construct the influence line for the vertical
reaction at A.

Solution:
Tabulate value

It is sufficient to
locate the unit load
only at the end points
(A and B)
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Example 1 (cont’d)
Influence-line equation

(Linear equation)

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Example 2
Construct the influence line for
the shear at point C.

Solution:

Tabulate value

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Example 2 (cont’d)
Influence – line equation

1
VC  x 1
VC  1 x
8 8
(Linear equations)

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Example 3
Construct the influence line for the bending
moment at point C.

Solution:
Tabulate value

It is sufficient to
locate the unit load
only at the end points
of segments AC and
CB (A, B and C)

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Example 3 (cont’d)
Influence – line equation

(Linear equations)

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Example 4
E
Construct the influence line for:
F D
 Vertical reaction at Support A.
 Shear force at Point B.
 Bending moment at Point C.

Solution:

F E E

Secondary struct Primary struct

F
E E

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Example 4 (cont’d)

F
E E

F
E E

F
E E

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Example 4 (cont’d)
F F E

E E

F
E E

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Example 4 (cont’d)
Influence – line equation

F
E

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Example 4 (cont’d)

E
F
E

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Application of Influence Line

Once the influence line for a function ( reaction, shear or moment) has
been constructed, it will then be possible to position the live loads on the
structure which will produce the maximum value of the function.
1. Concentrated Load
The value of the function ( in this case, the
reaction at point A) can be found by
multiplying the ordinate of the influence
line at the position x by the magnitude of F.

when F is at centre.

The maximum value of reaction at A

occurs if the load F is placed at point A:

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Application of Influence Line

2. Uniform Load
The value of the function due to dF is:

The value of the function due to w0

along the beam is:

The value of a function caused by a

uniform load is the area under the
influence line for the function multiplied
by the intensity of the uniform load.
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Example 5
Determine the maximum
positive live shear that can be
developed at point C due to a
concentrated moving load of 4
kN and a uniform moving load
of 2 kN/m.

Solution:
1. Concentrated Load
The max positive shear at C will
occur when the 4 kN load is
located at x = 2.5+ m.

VC = 0.75 x 4 = 3 kN

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Example 5 (cont’d)

2. Uniform Load
The maximum positive shear at
C will occur when the 2kN /m
load is placed between x = 2.5+m
and x = 10m.

0.75

3. Combined Loads

VC = 3 + 5.625 = 8.625 kN

What is max VC if the uniform

load covers the entire length?
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Example 6
The frame is used to support a hoist.
The load on the dolly is 3kN and
beam CB has a mass of 24kg/m. The
dolly can travel the entire length of
the beam. Assume A is a pin and B is
a roller. Determine maximum support
at A and B and maximum positive
bending moment at D.
Solution:
1. Maximum reaction at A

Ay, max = 3000(1.33)

+24(9.81)[(1/2)(4)(1.33)]
= 4.63 kN

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Example 6 (Cont’d)
2. Maximum reaction at B

By, max = 3000(1)

+24(9.81)[(1/2)(3)(1)]
+24(9.81)[(1/2)(1)(-0.333)]
= 3.31 kN

3. Maximum positive moment at D

MD, max = 3000(0.75)

+24(9.81)[(1/2)(3)(0.75)]
+24(9.81)[(1/2)(1)(-0.5)]
= 2.46 kNm
What is the max positive/negative
MD if the 24kg/m is a live load?
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Müller-Breslau Principle
In 1886, Heinrich Müller – Breslau developed a technique for rapidly
constructing the shape of an influence line.

The influence line for any reaction or internal force ( shear or

moment) corresponds to the deflected shape of the structure
produced by removing the capacity of the structure to carry that
force and then introducing the modified (released) structure a unit
deformation that corresponds to the restraint removed.

A unit deformation refers to:

 A unit displacement for reaction
 A relative unit displacement for shear
 A relative unit rotation for moment

[Proof shown later, from p.217-218, Hibbeler, 8th Ed.]

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Müller-Breslau Principle (Cont’d)

The influence line for the vertical reaction

at A:

Step 1: Remove the vertical restraint supplied

by the reaction at A

Step 2: Displace Point A vertically upward, in

the direction of RA , a unit displacement .
Meanwhile, Point B is not free to move in
vertical direction but it is free to rotate.

Step 3: The deflected shape (a triangle) is

the influence line for the reaction at A.
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Müller-Breslau Principle (Cont’d)

The influence line for the vertical reaction

at B:

Step 1: Remove the vertical restraint supplied

by the reaction at B

Step 2: Displace Point B vertically upward, in

the direction of RB , a unit displacement .
Meanwhile, Point A and D are not free to move
in vertical direction but it is free to rotate.

Step 3: The deflected shape (a triangle) is

the influence line for the reaction at B.

What about IL for RD and RA? 32

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Müller-Breslau Principle (Cont’d)

The influence line for the shear at C:

Step 1: Remove the capacity of the cross

section to transmit shear but not axial force
or moment.

Step 2: Offset the beam segments to the left

and right of section C by ∆1 and ∆2.
∆1 + ∆2=1
Segment AC and CD should remain
parallel.
∆1 =5θ, ∆2=15θ
 θ = 1/20
 ∆1 = 1/4, ∆2= 3/4

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Müller-Breslau Principle (Cont’d)

General case: IL of shear at point C

C
Similar triangles,
a b Δ1 a

Δ2 b

∆2
Δ1  Δ 2  1

Solving,
∆1
a b
b Δ1  , Δ2 
VC ab
ab ab

values on the IL of VC.

x
a

ab
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Müller-Breslau Principle (Cont’d)

The influence line for the moment at C:

Step 1: Remove the capacity of the

cross section to transmit moment at C

Step 2: Apply a relative unit

rotation at C

Step 3: The deflected shape represents

the shape of the influence line.

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Müller-Breslau Principle (Cont’d)

General case: IL of moment at point C

C
1 tan 1 h / a b
  
a b  2 tan  2 h / b a

1   2  1
h Solving,
θ1 θ2
b a
C 1  , 2 
ab ab
ab
MC ab ab
h
ab

x
peak value on the IL of MC.

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Müller-Breslau Principle (Proof)

If a beam is in equilibrium, the sum of
all forces and moments on it must be
zero. Consequently, if the beam is given
a virtual displacement, the work done by
Principle of virtual work all forces and couple moments must also
be zero.

Consider the beam is subjected to a unit

load. Given a virtual displacement δy at
A, then only Ay and the unit load do the
work.
Ay δy -1 δy’ = 0

Setting δy=1 : Ay = δy’

That is, deflection δy’ (when δy=1) represents the value of Ay . The
deflected shape represents the influence line of Ay.
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Müller-Breslau Principle (Proof)

Given a virtual displacement δy at C,
VC δy -1 δy’ = 0

Setting δy=1 : VC = δy’

The deflected shape represents the
influence line of VC.

Given a virtual rotation δφ at C,

MC δφ -1 δy’ = 0

Setting δφ =1 : MC = δy’
The deflected shape represents the
influence line of MC .
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Example 7
For each beam, sketch the influence line for the vertical reaction at A.

1.5
L/2 L L/2 1
1
-0.5

2
L L L L 1
1

A
-2

1
1

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Example 8
For each beam, sketch the influence line for the shear force at B.

1
-1

L L L L 0.5 0.5
1
-0.5

1 1

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Example 9
For each beam, sketch the influence line for the moment at B.
a 0 1

-a

a a a a 0.5a
0.5 0.5

-0.5a

a
0 1

-a

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Example 10

Construct the influence line for:

 Vertical reactions at Supports A and E
 Shear force and bending moment at Point 1
 Shear force and bending moment at Point 2
 Shear force and bending moment at Point C
 Bending moment in the beam at point E
 Shear force to the left and right of Support E

If the beam is subjected to a uniform dead load of 10 kN/m, a uniform

live load of 5 kN/m and a concentrated live load of 40 kN, determine the
maximum vertical reaction at A and the maximum negative moment at
Point 1.
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Example 10 (Cont’d)

(m)

(m)

(m)
(m)
(8’) (7’) 43
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Example 10 (Cont’d)

(4’) 1 1  1 
RA,max  10 (4)(1)  (6)(0.5)  5 (4)(1)  40(1)
2 2  2 
RA,max  55kN
(3’)

1 1  1 
M 1,neg ,max  10 (0.75)(4)  (6)(1.5)  5 (6)(1.5)  40(1.5)
(m) 2 2  2 
M 1,neg ,max  112.5kN.m

(3’)
(m)
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Influence Lines for Floor Girders

Floor loads are transmitted from slabs to floor beams then to side girders and
finally supporting columns.

E F

(a) (b)

Vp  VE  VF  F1  FB
FB  FC  1
FB s  1 (2s  x)

V p  F1  FB
M p  F1d  FB (d  s)

(c) F1 (3s)  FB (2s)  FC s (d)

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Example 11
Draw the influence line for
the shear in panel CD of the
floor girder.

Solution:

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Example 11 (Cont’d)

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Example 11
How to use Müller-Breslau Principle to construct IL for VCD?

VP
1/2
1/3

-1/2
VCD
1/2
1/3 1/3
x
-1/3
-1/2

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Example 12
Draw the influence line for
the bending moment at point
B of the girder.

Solution:

Draw the influence line of the

vertical reaction at A.

When the unit load is at point

A, the bending moment at
point B is equal to 0.

Place the unit load at point B.

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Example 12 (Cont’d)
When the unit load is at C: When the unit load is at D:

The influence line for the bending moment at point B of the girder:

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Example 12
How to use Müller-Breslau Principle to construct IL for MB?

M B (m ) 15/4

M B (m ) 5
15/4
3 9/4

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Influence Lines for Floor Trusses

The loading on the bridge deck is

transmitted to stringers, which in
turn transmit the loading to floor
beams and then to the joints along
the bottom cord of truss.

Since the truss members are affected

only by the joint loading, the ordinate
values of the influence line for a
member can be obtained by loading
each joint along the deck with a unit
In a truss, all joints are pins and load and then use the method of
loads are applied at joints. All joints or method of sections to
members are two-force members, calculate the force in the member.
i.e., subjected to axial load only.
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Example 13

Draw the influence line for

the force in member GB.

Solution:

Each successive joint is loaded

with a unit load and the force in
member GB is calculated using
the method of sections.

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Example 13 (Cont’d)

Since the influence line extends over the entire span of truss, member
GB is referred to as primary member. This means that GB is subjected
to a force regardless of where the bridge deck is loaded.

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Example 14

Draw the influence line for

the force in member CG.

Solution:

By inspection, member CG is a zero-

force member unless the unit load is
applied at joint C.
Member CG is referred to as
secondary member since its influence
does not extend over the entire span of
truss. 55
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Series of Point Loads

The max effect caused by a live concentrated force is determined by
multiplying the peak ordinate of the influence line by the magnitude of the
force.
In some cases, e.g. wheel loadings, several concentrated loadings must be
placed on structure.

The max force at a point due to a series of point loads can be obtained by
trial-and-error procedure using the influence line.
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Example 15

Determine the maximum

positive shear at point C.

Solution:

Case 1

(VC)1 = 4.5(0.75) + 18(0.625) + 18(0.5)

= 23.63 kN

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Example 15 (Cont’d)

Case 2

(VC)2 = 4.5(-0.125) + 18(0.75) + 18(0.625)

= 24.19 kN

Case 3

(VC)3 = 4.5(0) + 18(-0.125) + 18(0.75)

= 11.25 kN

The maximum positive shear at point C is 24.19 kN when the positions of

the point loads are as shown in Case 2.
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Example 16

Determine the maximum positive

moment at point B.

Solution:

Point A can be assumed as a hinge

and C as a roller. The influence
line for moment at B is calculated
first.

Case 1: when the 3 kN load is at B.

(MB)1 = 3(1.2) = 3.6 kN.m

Case 2: when the 8 kN load is at B.

(MB)2 = 8(1.2) + 3(0.4) = 10.8 kN.m
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Example 16 (Cont’d)

Case 3: when the 4 kN load is at B.

(MB)2 = 4(1.2) + 8(0) + 3(-0.8) = 2.4 kN.m

The maximum moment at Point B is 10.8 kN and occurs when the 8 kN

load is at B.
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Example 17

Determine the maximum

compressive force developed in
member BG.

Solution:

The influence line for the force in

member BG is calculated first.

Case 1: when the 1.5 kN load is at C.

0.3125
( FBG )1  1.5(0.625)  4(0)  2( )  0.729 kN
3
Case 2: when the 4 kN load is at C.
 0.625
( FBG ) 2  1.5(  4)  4(0.625)  2(0.3125)  2.50 kN
6
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Example 17 (Cont’d)

Case 3: when the 2 kN load is at C.

 0.625  0.625
( FBG )3  1.5( )  4( )  2(0.625)  2.66 kN
6 2

The critical loading is Case 3.

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Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

In previous section, we have developed the methods for computing the maximum
shear and moment at a specific point due to a serious of concentrated moving
loads.
Here, we want to determine both the location of the point in the beam and the
position of the loading so that we can obtain the absolute maximum shear and
moment caused by the loads

Cantilever beams

The absolute maximum shear occurs at a

point just next to the fixed support, with the
loads positioned anywhere on the span.

The absolute maximum moment occurs at a

point just next to the fixed support, with the
loads positioned at the far end of the beam.

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Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment (cont’d)

Simply supported beam

The absolute maximum shear occurs just next to

one of the supports, with the loads positioned
close to the support.

The absolute maximum bending moment always

occurs directly under the load. The amplitude
increase from zero when the load is at the
support to 0.25 PL when the load is at midspan.

The moment envelope represents the maximum

value of moment produced by the live load that
can develop at each section of the beam.

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Reference / Further Reading

Hibbeler, R. C. “Structural Analysis,” 7th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall,
2009, Chapter 6. (OR 8th Ed. 2012)

Leet, K. M., Uang, C. M., Gilbert, A. M. “Fundamentals of Structural

Analysis,” 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008, Chapter 8. (OR 4th Ed. 2011)

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