Scribd
Upload
74 views

Chapter 1 - Complex Analysis PDF

This chapter discusses complex analysis and introduces several key concepts: 1) It describes how functions defined over real numbers can be extended to complex numbers. 2) It explains trigonometric forms of complex numbers and how to multiply and divide them. 3) Euler's formula is derived, relating exponential functions to trigonometric functions. 4) De Moivre's theorem and nth roots of complex numbers are discussed.

Uploaded by

Kay Chan Sotheara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
74 views

Chapter 1 - Complex Analysis PDF

This chapter discusses complex analysis and introduces several key concepts: 1) It describes how functions defined over real numbers can be extended to complex numbers. 2) It explains trigonometric forms of complex numbers and how to multiply and divide them. 3) Euler's formula is derived, relating exponential functions to trigonometric functions. 4) De Moivre's theorem and nth roots of complex numbers are discussed.

Uploaded by

Kay Chan Sotheara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Chapter 2: Complex Analysis

Most of the functions with domain ℝ that we use in calculus can be meaningfully extended to the
larger domain ℂ.

Trigonometric Form of a a Complex Number

distance X is the
modulus of Z

Multiplication and Division of Complex Number

z$ = X$ (cos Y$ + A sin Y$ )
Z% = X% (cos Y% + A sin Y% )
Z$ ⋅ Z% = X$ (cos Y$ + A sin Y$ ) ⋅ X% (cos Y% + A sin Y% )
Z$ ⋅ Z% = X$ X% [(cos Y$ cos Y% − sin Y$ sin Y% + A(sin Y$ cos Y% + &B@Y$ sin Y% )]
Z$ ⋅ Z% = X$ X% [cos(Y$ + Y% ) + A sin(Y$ + Y% )]

Prepared by: Kay Chansotheara Page: 6


De Moivre’s Theorem

Euler’s Formula
!!" = #$% & + ( %)* &

Proposition: The Taylor series of the exponential function P' is still valid if z is a complex
number. We will also need the formula for powers of i:

Note that: the formula is periodic in the exponent with period 4, so that

Recalled that:

By computing the Taylor series of P 64

Euler’s formula is useful in terms of deriving more difficult trigonometric formulas from
easier formulas for the exponential function. Note that &B@# is the real part of the complex
number P 64 and @A4# is the imaginary part of the complex number P 64 . We can write:

Prepared by: Kay Chansotheara Page: 7


We have: P 6(809) = cos(] + ^) + A@A4(] + ^) (>. =)
P 6(809) = P 68 P 69 = (cos] + A@A4])(&B@^ + A@A4^)
= &B@]&B@^ + A&B@]@A4^ + A&B@^@A4] + A % @A4]@A4^
P 6(809) = (&B@]&B@^ − @A4]@A4^) + A(&B@]@A4^ + &B@^@A4]) (>. >)

By Equating real and imaginary parts of (2.1) and (2.2), we see:

cos(] + ^) = &B@]&B@^ − @A4]@A4^


(Sum formula of sine and cosine)
@A4(] + ^) = (&B@]@A4^ + &B@^@A4])

Euler’s formula allows us to rewrite exponentials in terms of trigonometric functions. It is also useful
to be able to go the other way: write trigonometric functions in terms of exponentials.

We have:
cos(−Y) = cos (Y)
sin(−Y) = sin (Y)
P 6; = cos(Y) + A@A4(Y) (>. ?)
16;
P = cos(Y) − A@A4(Y) (>. a)

By adding and subtracting (2.3) and (2.4):

e<= + P 16; e<= − P 16;


= &B@Y, = @A4Y
2 2A

P %6; + 2P 6; P 16; + P 1%6; P %6; + 2 + P 1%6;


cos % Y = =
4 4
P %6; − 2P 6; P 16; + P 1%6; P %6; − 2 + P 1%6;
sin% Y = = −K L
−4 4
4
cos % Y + sin% Y = =1
4

nth Root of a Complex Number

Prepared by: Kay Chansotheara Page: 8


We use De Moivre’s Theorem to develop a general formula for finding the nth roots of a
nonzero complex number. Suppose that c = d(cos e + A sin e) is an nth root of Z = X(cos Y +
A sin Y). Then :

c! = Z

[d(cos e + A sin e)]! = X(cos Y + A sin Y)

d! (cos 4e + A sin 4e) = X(cos Y + A sin Y) (2.5)

Taking the absolute value of both sides:

|d! (cos 4e + A sin 4e)| = X(cos Y + A sin Y)

gd%! (cos % 4e + sin% 4e) = gX % (cos % Y + sin% Y)

gd%! = gX %

d! = X
!
d = √X

Substituing d! = X into (2.5), we obtain :

cos 4e + A sin 4e = cos Y + A sin Y

4e = Y + 2Oi

Y 2Oi
e= +
4 4

Therefore:

Prepared by: Kay Chansotheara Page: 9

You might also like