Equalization - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India

Equalization - MATLAB & Simulink

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Equalization - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India

Equalization - MATLAB & Simulink

Uploaded by

Shiv Ram Meena

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Equalization

In a multipath fading scattering environment, the receiver typically detects several constantly changing,
delayed versions of the transmitted signal. These time-dispersive channels cause intersymbol interference
(ISI) that occurs when symbols received from multiple paths are delayed and overlap in time. ISI causes high
error rates because the symbols from multiple received paths interfere with each other and become
indistinguishable by the receiver.

Equalizers attempt to mitigate ISI and improve the receiver performance. Equalizer structures are filters that
attempt to match the propagation channel response. For time-varying propagation channels, adapting the
equalization filter tap weights so that they maintain a match to the channel over time improves the error rate
performance.

Equalizer Structure Options

The Communications Toolbox™ includes System objects and blocks to recover transmitted data using by
linear, decision-feedback, or maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) equalization structures. For
more information, see Selected References for Equalizers.

This figure shows the high-level configuration options for each equalization structure.

For each equalizer structure, you can configure structural settings (such as the number of taps and initial set of
tap weights), algorithmic settings (such as the step size), and the signal constellation used by the modulator in
your design. You also specify adaptability of the equalizer tap weights throughout the simulation.

• Linear and decision-feedback filter equalizer structures adapt tap weights by using the LMS, RLS, or CMA
adaptive algorithm. When using these equalizer structures, the number of samples per symbol determines
whether symbols are processed using whole or fractional symbol spacing.
˗ When using LMS and RLS adaptive algorithms, the equalizer begins operating in tap weights training
mode. Configure the equalizer to operate adaptively in decision-directed mode or without further
adjustment of taps after training is completed.
˗ When using the CMA adaptive algorithm, the equalizer has no training mode. You can configure the
equalizer to operate adaptively in decision-directed mode or in nonadaptive mode.

To explore the linear and decision-feedback filter equalizer capabilities, see Adaptive Equalizers.
• Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) equalizers use the Viterbi algorithm. The MLSE
equalization structure provides the optimal match to the received symbols but it requires an accurate
channel estimate and is the most computationally complex structure. To explore MLSE equalizer
capabilities, see MLSE Equalizers.

The computational complexity of each equalization structure grows with the length of the channel time
dispersion. Considering the Doppler and frequency selectivity characteristics of the channel, use the
information in this table when selecting which equalization structure to use in your simulation.

Is Channel Frequency Computational

Equalizer Structure Doppler Speed
Selective? Complexity

Linear RLS High No Medium

Linear LMS Low No Lowest
Linear CMA Low No Lowest
DFE RLS High Yes Medium
DFE LMS Low Yes Lowest
DFE CMA Low Yes Lowest
MLSE Low Yes Highest

Selected References for Equalizers

[1] Farhang-Boroujeny, B., Adaptive Filters: Theory and Applications, Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons,
1998.

[2] Haykin, Simon, Adaptive Filter Theory, Third Ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1996.

[3] Kurzweil, Jack, An Introduction to Digital Communications, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

[4] Proakis, John G., Digital Communications, Fourth Ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, 2001.

[5] Steele, Raymond, Ed., Mobile Radio Communications, Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Equalization - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India

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Equalization - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India

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Equalization

Equalizer Structure Options

Is Channel Frequency Computational

Linear RLS High No Medium

Selected References for Equalizers

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