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EXPERIMENT 8 : GAS LAW

COURSE CODE : AS2291A

NAME : NUR FAIZATUL ATIQAH BINTI SHAMSUDIN

STUDENT ID : 2018435816

PARTNER NAME : NUR SYAHMINA BINTI NOOR AZMAN SHAH (2018248786)

INTAN ASLINDA BINTI DANIK (2018410212)

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 27 NOVEMBER 2018

LECTURER’S NAME : DR AMALINA MOHD TAJUDDIN

OBJECTIVE

1. To identify the Graham’s law by measuring the distance traveled during the same
period of time by two different gases of known molecular mass
2. To determine the molar mass of a volatile liquid by measuring mass of vapour of
the liquid is needed to fill a flask of known volume at a perticular temperature and
pressure.

INTRODUCTION

The gas law found when the scientists found the relationship between the gas
behaviour with the change of pressure, volume and temperature. The behaviour of gas
is similar in a wide variety of condition because the molecules are widely spaced and
the kinetic theory derived the ideal gas.

GRAHAM’S LAW

Thomas Graham who found experimentally the rate of diffusion of the two different
gases inversely propotional to the square root of the mass of its particle by the formula :

Rat e1 M2
Rat e2
=
√
M1

Rate 1 = Rate of diffusion of the first gas

Rate 2 = Rate of difussion of the second gas

M1 = Molar mass of gas 1

M2 = Molar mass of gas 2

In the experiment, the of relative rate diffusion of hydrogen chloride and ammonia
gases can be determined by measuring the distance traveled by the two gases. In this
time period, the gas will be able to diffuse further than the heavier gas. Diffusion is the
process of gas movement of one gas through another.
A. MOLAR MASS AND VOLATILE LIQUID
The ideal gas law is PV =nRT which is related to the quantity of gas in one
sample. Only a possible quantity of ideal gas can be present in one fixed volume
at a particular temperature and pressure.

P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of oles
R = ideal gas constant ( 8.21 x 10-2 atm mol-1K-1)
T = temperature
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS
NH3 (conc.) Stopper
HCl (conc.) Medical dropper
Aceton (conc.) Tweezers or crucible tongs
Retort stand Stock watch
Glass tube (50ml length,10mm internal) Marker pen
Cotton Long ruler
Boiling chips Retord stand
Unknown volatile liquid – aceton 400/500mL beaker
Thermometer 100/125 conical flask
Aluminium foils 500 mL graduated cylinder
Bunsen burner Pin
 PROCEDURE
A. GRAHAM’S LAW
1. Obtain two cotton swab in a dry 50 cm length glass tube
2. Dropper is used to droped 10- 15 drops of concentrated HCl on one cotton
swab and 10 – 15 drops of concentrated NH 3 to another cotton swab.
3. The cotton swab then immedietly added into the opposite end of the tube
using tweezers.
4. After a several minutes, the tube been marked where the white ring formed
from the reaction of HCl as and NH3 gas.
5. Tweezers then used to remove the cotton swab and immersed it into a beaker
of tap water.
6. The tube then rinsed with acetone and let it dried.

B. MOLAR MASS OF VOLATILE LIQUID

1. Boiling bath prepared in 400 mL beaker containing 250 mL of water.
2. Boiling chps added into a 125 mL conical flask. The mouth of the flask tightly
covered with a small square of aluminium foil.
3. The empty, capped flask and the boiling chips been weigh.
4. 2 ml of sample of the liquid added into the conical flaskand the foil is
replaced.
5. After clamp the conical flask with single burette flask, the flask then immersed
into the boiling tube and were heated.
6. The flask been heated until theres no longer visible liquid or vapour be seen.
7. The falsk then remove and put on a hot pad and let to be cool in room
temperature.
8. The content in the fask then disposed in the waste bottol and then tap water
filled in the same flask. The barometric pressure is measured.

DATA
 8A

Observation of NH4Cl appearance :

Trial 1
Start time 11.36
Finish time ( first visible smoke) 11.56
Distance traveled by NH3 68
Distance traveled by HCl 30.0
Ammonia diffusion rate (cm/sec) 0.57
HCl diffusion rate (cm/sec) 0,25

8B

Unknown liquid number or letter :

Mass of flask,foil, boiling chips, and

condensed vapor, g 86.3567
Mass of flask, boiling chips and foil ,g 86.2924
Mass of condensed vapor (mass of
vapor) , g 0.0643
Temperature of vapor, ℃ 31
Barometric pressure (pressure of vapor) 760 mmHg (Torr)
Volume of flask (volume of vapor) , ml 160 mL

QUESTIONS

1. Experiment 1
(a) Calculate the rate of diffusion for each gas by dividing the distance traveled
(cm) by the time required (sec) for the apperance of the white deposit.

Answer :
Rate of diffusion by HCl
Distance travelled by HCl : 30.0 cm
Time required : 1200 s
Rate of diffusion : 30.0cm / 1200s = 0.025 cm/sec

Rate diffusion by NH3

Distance travelled by NH3 : 68.0 cm
Time required : 1200 s
Rate of difussion : 68.0cm/ 1200 s = 0.0567 cm/sec

(b) Calculate the ratio of the rate of difffudion of NH 3 to the rate of diffusion of HCl
Answer :

Rate of diffusion HCl : 00.25cm/sec

Rate of difussion NH3 : 0.0567cm/sec

Ratio = (0.0567cm/sec) / (0,025cm/sec)

= 2.268
=2
So, the ratio of rate of difussion of NH3 to the rate of difussion HCl is 2:1

(c) Using the molecular masses of NH3 and HCl, calculate the thoretical ratio of
the rates of diffusion of these gases.
Answer :

Molecular mass NH3 = (14.3 +3)

= 17.3g/mol
Molecular mass of HCl = (35.46 + 1)
 = 36.46g/mol

Ratio rate of difussion : (36.46g/mol) / (17.03 g/mol)

: 2.14
So, the ratio is 2:1

(d) Calculate the % error in your experimentally determined value for the ratio of
the rates of diffusion of NH3 and HCl. Use the thereotical ratio calculated in
(c) as the accepted value for the ratio.
Answer :
theoretical−experiment
Percentage error : theoretical
×100

2.268−2
: 2.268
× 100 = 11. 82 %

(e) [% error = absolute value of ( theoretical ratio – experimental ratio /

theoretical ratio) ] x 100%

Answer :

theoretical−experiment
Percentage error : theoretical
×100

2.268−2
: 2.268
× 100 = 11. 82 %

2. Experiment 2
Calculate the molecular weight of the unknown liquid, show your calculations and
include units of the different quantities in your calculations.
Answer :

Use pV = nRT
 P = 1 atm, V = 0.16 L, R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 , T = 298 K
n = pV/RT
= (1atm x 0.16 L) / ( 0.0821 L atm K-1 x 298 K )
= 6. 5397x 10-3 mole

Molar mass = mass/n

Mass = 0.0643 g
Molecular weight = 0.0643 g / 6. 5397x 10 -3 mole
= 9.8322 g/mol

DISCUSSION

Graham’s law state that the rate diffusion of two dfferent gasses is inversely
propotional to the square root of the mass of its particle.

In the experiment, the rate of diffusion of ammonia gas and hydrogen chloric
gasses determined by measuring the distance of the gasses in the same period time.
During the experiment, white ring ammonia appear in the tube. The reaction occurs is :
HC l (g )+ N H 3 ( g ) → N H 4 C l ( s)

From the experiment, the time taken for white ring to formed is 1200s. the
distance white ring travelled by HCl is 30.0 cm and the distance travelled by NH 3 is 68.0
cm

The rate of difussion is by NH3 is 0.025cm/sec and rate of difussion by HCl is

0.0567cm/sec and the ratio of rate of difussion is 2:1.

The ring formed first nearly to the hydrochloric acid and end of the tube because
hydrogen chlori diffused slowly than ammonia. This due to the molecular weight of
hydrogen chloric is twice of ammonia.

The rate of diffusion is different because ammonia less dense and moving at a
further distance than hydrogen chloric.

The ideal gass law is PV= nRT. The ideal gas law is directly related to he mol of
gas in the sample.

In the experiment, the volume of the flask is 160 mL and the mass of condensed
vapour is 0.0643 g

CONCLUSION

 The rate of diffusion of two different gasses is inversely propotional to the square
root of the mass of its particles.
 The ideal gas law related to the quantity of gas in the sample.
 The distance travelled by NH3 is 68 cm and the distance travelled by HCl is 30
cm.
  The rate of difussion is 0.0567 cm/sec for ammonia and the rate of difussion by
HCl is 0.025.
 The volume of flask is 160 ml
 The mass of condensed vapor is 0.0643g

REFERENCES

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grraham%27s_law
 http://Chemed.chem.perdue.edu
DATASHEET
EXPERIMENT