MODULE 2: Weather

What is weather?
- It is the state of the atmosphere at a given place and time in
regards to heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, and rain.
It depends majorly on climate, seasons, and various other
factors.
• It describes the condition of the air at a particular time and
place.
• Weather also tells how the air moves (wind) and describes
anything it might be carrying such as rain, snow or clouds.
Thunder, lightning, rainbows, haze and other special events
are all part of weather.
A. Types and Effects of Weather
1. Sunny
- It is described as the sun shining and giving warmth to the land.
There are little to no presence of clouds.
- Cold temperatures and wind, however, will also be present on
some areas of the earth.
2. Cloudy
- In this weather, the clouds form up a barrier to block the rays of
the sun.
- At the same time, it also traps heat from the ground, which
explains why the heat doesn’t instantly go away during cloudy
weather.
3. Windy
- Majorly formed as a warm air mass rises upward and cold air
rushes in to fill the vacuum. Wind gusts also form as air is
pushed into smaller and smaller spaces.

- You can tell it’s windy due to the tress swaying in one direction.
4. Rainy/Snowy
- When the clouds are heavy enough, they cannot hold the water
or snow anymore so they fall in the form of raindrops, in the case
of rain; or snowflakes, in the case of snow.
Effects of Weather in the
Community
1. Weather is one of the fundamental processes which shape the
Earth.
- The process of weathering breaks down rocks and soils into smaller
fragments, and then into their constituent substances.
- These are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect
the surface further, or are re-formed into other rocks and soils. In this
way, weather plays a major role in the erosion of the earth’s surface.

2. Weather is an important part of our lives, and one that we

cannot control.
- The weather often controls how and where we live, what we do,
what we wear, and what we eat.
Effects of Weather in the
Community
3. Weather has played a large and sometimes direct part
throughout human history.
- Apart from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of
populations, extreme weather events have also caused small-
scale population movements which intruded directly on historical
events, e.g., the 2015 floods in Leyte.

4. Weather affects people’s health

- The human body is negatively affected by extremes in
temperature, humidity, and wind.
- Our mood can also be affected by the weather.
What does he do?
Meteorologist study the weather. He
gathers information and reports it to the
people. He also helps trace weather
disturbances through the use of different
weather instruments.
• Using a variety of weather instruments, maps and
reports, meteorologists study the ever- changing
weather information in order to discover trends
and patterns which help them forecast the
weather for the next few hours and days.

• Meteorologists can now give advance warning on

extreme weather conditions so that communities
can prepare for the worst.
B. Weather Instruments
So, what are the different weather instruments
they use to gather information?

• Air thermometer • Barometer

• Anemometer • Rain gauge
• Wind vane • Weather maps
• Wind sock • Weather balloon
• Hygrometer • Weather satellites
• Compass
1. Air thermometer
• Use to measure air temperature
• It is a hollow-glass tube with a liquid (alcohol or mercury)
inside.
• When the air temperature is high the liquid inside expands
or goes up but when the air temperature is low the liquid
goes down.
2. Anemometer

• Measures wind speed

• The cups catch the wind, turning a dial
attached to the instrument. The dial
shows the wind speed.
3. Wind vane
• an instrument that determines the
direction from which the wind is blowing.
4. Weather balloon

•measures weather
conditions higher up in the
atmosphere through a
radar.
 5. Hygrometer
• Measures the water vapor
content of air or humidity

6. Sling Psychrometer
measures relative humidity, using
the cooling effect of evaporation.
Two thermometers are used in a
sling psychrometer.
7. Barometer
• Measures air pressure
• It tells whether or not the pressure is rising or falling.
• A rising barometer means sunny or dry conditions, while
falling barometer means stormy and wet conditions.
8. Rain gauge
• Measures amount of rain that has fallen
over a specific time or period.
9. Compass
• is a navigational instrument for
finding directions.
10. Weather maps
• Indicate atmospheric conditions above a
large portion of the Earth’s surface.
11. Weather Satellite
• It is used to photograph and track large-
scale air movements such as typhoon,
hurricane etc.
Weather station
- is the place where all data about the weather are
being gathered and evaluated. They are also the
one who is responsible in informing the people
about the daily weather condition of the country.
In the Philippines we also have our own weather
station. Do you know what is it?
In the Philippines we have a weather station that
gives the daily weather report and observation we
call it PAGASA.

Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical

and Astronomical Services
Administration.
•

PAGASA
- is a Philippine national institution dedicated to provide
flood and typhoon warnings, public weather forecasts
and advisories, meteorological, astronomical,
climatological, and other specialized information and
services primarily for the protection of life and property
and in support of economic, productivity and
sustainable development.
C. Weather maps
Weather maps
- show different weather indicators to tell about
prevailing weather conditions in an area

- Weather maps come in different types, telling a

different weather story with each one. Some may
show the atmospheric pressure, or temperature.
Some also show multiple types of data in order to
give a well-rounded indication of the weather
conditions in a particular area.
1. Pressure Maps
- Pressure maps are measured in millibars, and tell the reader where
there is high atmospheric pressure, as compared to average sea-level
pressure, and where there is low atmospheric pressure.

• High pressure areas mean that the air is very stable, and usually
denotes good weather conditions.
• Low pressure on the other hand, means that the air is less stable,
clouds can form and rain or storms could ensue.

• Low and high air pressure systems are caused by the heating and
cooling of air masses; they vary daily.
2. Aviation Maps
- Aviation maps are live weather maps specifically
containing information necessary for the safe flight or
aircraft.
- Information such as wind speed and direction, dew
point readings, flight advisory information, temporary
flight restrictions, cool and warm weather fronts and
icing areas are all displayed on aviation maps.
- This information is updated in real time so that pilots
have an exact map of weather conditions and flight
conditions and can safely navigate the skies.
3. Temperature Maps
- Temperature maps show the current temperature in
either a color scale or by temperatures in numbers on
the map surface.
- Temperature maps are one of the most common types
of weather maps and often combine with cloud cover
and precipitation to give a basic weather indication for
newspapers and news programs.
4. Stream-line Maps
- Streamline maps show the wind patterns in particular
areas. Streamline maps use isobaric pressure readings as
part of the process but combine and convert the data
into much more useful images of actual wind patterns
rather than just a pressure reading at different points.

- A streamline chart is particularly useful in tropical

locations, given that the pressure gradients in the tropics
are weak and don’t give good indications of wind
condition.
5. Station-model Maps
- Station-model maps show the weather conditions at a
particular weather station.
- They report on all kinds of weather conditions, such
as temperature, humidity, air pressure, cloud cover or
wind speed.
- Station-model maps are written in meteorological
symbols that denote the different weather elements,
and larger area maps are made by combining the
station-model maps from multiple stations.
For next meeting…

- Types of Weather disturbances

- Weather precautionary measures
- Discussion of Learning Evidence #2
 Weather
D isturbances
What is a weather disturbance?
• A weather disturbance is a general
term that describes any pulse of
energy moving through the
atmosphere.
• They are important in that they can act
as focusing mechanisms for storm
formation, or even to intensify low
pressure systems.
• They are typically mid or upper
atmospheric troughs of low pressure that
are embedded in the general wind flow
of the atmosphere.
Thunderstorm
1. Thunderstorm
• It is a small-scale weather system in
which lightning and thunder are
produced by a funnel-shaped
cumulonimbus cloud.
• It is also known as an electrical
storm, a lightning storm,
thundershower or simply storm.
• It usually produces gusty winds,
heavy rains, and sometimes hail.
Examples of Thunderstorms
Tropical Cyclone
 2.Tropical Cyclone
• A tropical cyclone is a generic term for a storm
with an organized system of thunderstorms that
are not based on a frontal system.
• It is a low pressure system that generally forms
over tropical ocean areas, and brings wind and
thunderstorms.
• Comes from the Greek word “kyklos”, which
means “coiling snake.
Examples of Tropical Cyclones
Monsoon
3. Monsoon
• The term “monsoon” was from the
Arabic word “mausim” which means
“seasonal wind”.
• It is a seasonal flow of winds
between the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres.
• Monsoons are similar to Windflow.
 The 2 Monsoon Systems
1. Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)-
- felt during the months of June and
October.

2. Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)

-experienced from
November to February.
Examples of Monsoons
4. Tornado
Tornado is a small-diameter column of violently
rotating air developed within a convective cloud
and in contact with the ground.
Tornadoes that hit a populated area causes fantastic
destruction and great lossof life, mainly from flying
debris and collapsing structures.
Thisstrong winds occur in all continents except
Antarctica.